Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Lithium in Medicine: Mechanisms of Action

  • Chapter
The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life

Part of the book series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences ((MILS,volume 16))

Abstract

In this chapter, we review the mechanism of action of lithium salts from a chemical perspective. A description on how lithium salts are used to treat mental illnesses, in particular bipolar disorder, and other disease states is provided. Emphasis is not placed on the genetics and the psychopharmacology of the ailments for which lithium salts have proven to be beneficial. Rather we highlight the application of chemical methodologies for the characterization of the cellular targets of lithium salts and their distribution in tissues.

Please cite as: Met. Ions Life Sci. 16 (2016) 557–584

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
€34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 160.49
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 213.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 213.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

') var buybox = document.querySelector("[data-id=id_"+ timestamp +"]").parentNode var buyingOptions = buybox.querySelectorAll(".buying-option") ;[].slice.call(buyingOptions).forEach(initCollapsibles) var buyboxMaxSingleColumnWidth = 480 function initCollapsibles(subscription, index) { var toggle = subscription.querySelector(".buying-option-price") subscription.classList.remove("expanded") var form = subscription.querySelector(".buying-option-form") var priceInfo = subscription.querySelector(".price-info") var buyingOption = toggle.parentElement if (toggle && form && priceInfo) { toggle.setAttribute("role", "button") toggle.setAttribute("tabindex", "0") toggle.addEventListener("click", function (event) { var expandedBuyingOptions = buybox.querySelectorAll(".buying-option.expanded") var buyboxWidth = buybox.offsetWidth ;[].slice.call(expandedBuyingOptions).forEach(function(option) { if (buyboxWidth buyboxMaxSingleColumnWidth) { toggle.click() } else { if (index === 0) { toggle.click() } else { toggle.setAttribute("aria-expanded", "false") form.hidden = "hidden" priceInfo.hidden = "hidden" } } }) } initialStateOpen() if (window.buyboxInitialised) return window.buyboxInitialised = true initKeyControls() })()

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Z. Rappoport, I. Marek, The Chemistry of Organolithium Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  2. G. Eichinger, J. O. Besenhard, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1976, 72, 1–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. S. Huang, P. Cao, C. Wang, Z. Huang, W. Gao, J. As. Cer. Soc. 2013, 1, 46–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. F. Barnaby, How Nuclear Weapons Spread: Nuclear-Weapon Proliferation in the 1990s, Routledge, London, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. Shannon, Acta Cryst. 1976, A32, 751–767.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Mahler, I. Persson, Inorg. Chem. 2012, 51, 425–438.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. T. Dudev, J. A. Cowan, C. Lim, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 7665–7673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. D. Mota de Freitas, M. M. Castro, C. F. Geraldes, Acc. Chem. Res. 2006, 39, 283–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. J. J. Frausto da Silva, R. J. P. Williams, Nature 1976, 263, 237–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Dudev, C. Lim, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 9506–9515.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. G. S. Malhi, M. Tanious, D. Bargh, P. Das, M. Berk, Aust Prescr. 2013, 36, 18–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. W. Jahnen-Dechent, M. Ketteler, Clin. Kidney J. 2012, 5, i3–i14.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Ohgami, T. Terao, I. Shiotsuki, N. Ishii, N. Iwata, Br. J. Psychiatry 2009, 194, 464–465; discussion 446.

    Google Scholar 

  14. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5), American Psychiatric Pub., 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  15. E. Walker, R. E. McGee, B. G. Druss, JAMA Psychiatry 2015, 72, 334–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. L. H. Price, G. R. Heninger, N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331, 591–598.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. T. Suppes, R. J. Baldessarini, G. L. Faedda, M. Tohen, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1991, 48, 1082–1088.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. K. N. Fountoulakis, E. Vieta, M. Siamouli, M. Valenti, S. Magiria, T. Oral, D. Fresno, P. Giannakopoulos, G. S. Kaprinis, Ann. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 6, 27.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. M. C. Wong, Indian J. Psychol. Med. 2011, 33, 18–28.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. K. N. Fountoulakis, E. Vieta, Imt. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008, 11, 999–1029.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. L. V. Kessing, L. Sondergard, J. L. Forman, P. K. Andersen, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2008, 65, 1331–1335.

    Google Scholar 

  22. R. Nitrini, P. Caramelli, E. Herrera Jr, V. S. Bahia, L. F. Caixeta, M. Radanovic, R. Anghinah, H. Charchat-Fichman, C. S. Porto, M. T. Carthery, A. P. Hartmann, N. Huang, J. Smid, E. P. Lima, L. T. Takada, D. Y. Takahashi, Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 2004, 18, 241–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Hong, D. C. Chen, P. S. Klein, V. M. Lee, J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 25326–25332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. S. Lovestone, D. R. Davis, M. T. Webster, S. Kaech, J. P. Brion, A. Matus, B. H. Anderton, Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 45, 995–1003.

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. R. Munoz-Montano, F. J. Moreno, J. Avila, J. Diaz-Nido, FEBS Lett. 1997, 411, 183–188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. L. Trujillo-Estrada, S. Jimenez, V. De Castro, M. Torres, D. Baglietto-Vargas, I. Moreno-Gonzalez, V. Navarro, R. Sanchez-Varo, E. Sanchez-Mejias, J. C. Davila, M. Vizuete, A. Gutierrez, J. Vitorica, Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 2013, 1, 73.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. C. Parr, R. Carzaniga, S. M. Gentleman, F. Van Leuven, J. Walter, M. Sastre, Mol. Cell. Biol. 2012, 32, 4410–4418.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. C. Feyt, P. Kienlen-Campard, K. Leroy, F. N’Kuli, P. J. Courtoy, J. P. Brion, J. N. Octave, J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280, 33220–33227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Caccamo, S. Oddo, L. X. Tran, F. M. LaFerla, Am. J. Pathol. 2007, 170, 1669–1675.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. M. A. Nunes, T. A. Viel, H. S. Buck, Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2013, 10, 104–107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. O. V. Forlenza, V. J. De-Paula, B. S. Diniz, ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2014, 5, 443–450.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Kohrle, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1999, 151, 103–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. S. C. Berens, R. S. Bernstein, J. Robbins, J. Wolff, J. Clin. Invest. 1970, 49, 1357–1367.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. C. H. Emerson, A. J. Anderson, W. J. Howard, R. D. Utiger, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1975, 40, 33–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. D. Barbaro, G. Boni, G. Meucci, U. Simi, P. Lapi, P. Orsini, C. Pasquini, F. Piazza, M. Caciagli, G. Mariani, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88, 4110–4115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. D. Mota de Freitas, M. Espanol, E. Dorus, in Lithium Transport in Red Blood Cells of Bipolar Patients, Vol. 4 of Lithium and the Blood, Eds F. Johnson, V. Gallicchio, Karger, Basel, 1991, pp. 96–120.

    Google Scholar 

  37. G. D. Christian, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1996, 14, 899–908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. C. J. Jameson, J. Mason, in The Parameters of NMR Spectroscopy, Multinuclear NMR, Ed J. Mason, Plenum Press, New York, 1987, pp. 3–50.

    Google Scholar 

  39. H. Günther, in Advanced Applications of NMR to Organometallic Chemistry, Eds B. Wrackmeyer, M. Gielen, R. Willem, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1996, pp. 247–290.

    Google Scholar 

  40. V. Saudek, P. Vincendon, Q. T. Do, R. A. Atkinson, V. Sklenar, P. D. Pelton, F. Piriou, A. J. Ganzhorn, Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 240, 288–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. A. Haimovich, U. Eliav, A. Goldbourt, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 5647–5651.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. D. Mota de Freitas, in Alkali Metal Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 227 of Methods in Enzymology: Metallobiochemistry Part D: Physical and Spectroscopic Methods for Probing Metal Ion Environments in Metalloproteins, Eds J. F. Riordan, B. L. Vallee, Academic Press, Waltham, USA, 1993, pp. 78–106.

    Google Scholar 

  43. M. C. Espanol, D. Mota de Freitas, Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 4356–4359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Q. Rong, M. Espanol, D. Mota de Freitas, C. F. Geraldes, Biochemistry 1993, 32, 13490–13498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. T. L. James, J. H. Noggle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1969, 62, 644–649.

    Google Scholar 

  46. J. Lee, C. Adler, M. Norris, W. Chu, E. M. Fugate, S. M. Strakowski, R. A. Komoroski, Magn. Reson. Med. 2012, 68, 363–368.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. B. Raju, E. Murphy, L. A. Levy, R. D. Hall, R. E. London, Am. J. Physiol. 1989, 256, C540–C548.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. D. Mota de Freitas, L. Amari, C. Srinivasan, Q. Rong, R. Ramasamy, A. Abraha, C. F. Geraldes, M. K. Boyd, Biochemistry 1994, 33, 4101–4110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. C. S. Malarkey, G. Wang, M. A. Ballicora, D. Mota de Freitas, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 372, 866–869.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Nikolakopoulos, C. Zachariah, D. Mota de Freitas, E. B. Stubbs Jr, R. Ramasamy, M. C. Castro, C. F. Geraldes, J. Neurochem. 1998, 71, 1676–1684.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Y. Chi, S. Mo, D. Mota de Freitas, Biochemistry. 1996, 35, 12433–12442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. M. Canessa, N. Adragna, H. S. Solomon, T. M. Connolly, D. C. Tosteson, N. Engl. J. Med. 1980, 302, 772–776.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. B. T. Layden, N. Minadeo, J. Suhy, A. M. Abukhdeir, T. Metreger, K. Foley, G. Borge, J. W. Crayton, F. B. Bryant, D. M. d. Freitas, Bipolar Disord. 2004, 6, 53–61.

    Google Scholar 

  54. L. P. Montezinho, C. B Duarte, C. P. Fonseca, Y. Glinka, B. Layden, D. Mota de Freitas, C. F. Geraldes, M. M. Castro, J. Neurochem. 2004, 90, 920–930.

    Google Scholar 

  55. B. T. Layden, A. M. Abukhdeir, C. Malarkey, L. A. Oriti, W. Salah, C. Stigler, C. F. Geraldes, D. Mota de Freitas, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2005, 1741, 339–349.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. A. M. Abukhdeir, B. T. Layden, N. Minadeo, F. B. Bryant, E. B. Stubbs, D. Mota de Freitas, Bipolar Disord. 2003, 5, 6–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. J. C. Soares, F. Boada, M. S. Keshavan, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000, 10, 151–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. J. Baek, G. Kinrys, A. Nierenberg, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2014, 129, 17–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. L. Carter, M. Zolezzi, A. Lewczyk, Can. J. Psychiatry 2013, 58, 595–600.

    Google Scholar 

  60. E. D. Peselow, D. L. Dunner, R. R. Fieve, A. Lautin, J. Affect. Disord. 1980, 2, 303–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. M. Jafferany, Int. J. Dermatol. 2008, 47, 1101–1111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. A. Nassar, A. N. Azab, ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2014, 5, 451–458.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. P. R. Leeds, F. Yu, Z. Wang, C. T. Chiu, Y. Zhang, Y. Leng, G. R. Linares, D. M. Chuang, ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2014, 5, 422–433.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. T. M. Cabrera-Vera, J. Vanhauwe, T. O. Thomas, M. Medkova, A. Preininger, M. R. Mazzoni, H. E. Hamm, Endocr. Rev. 2003, 24, 765–781.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. J. Gonzalez-Maeso, J. J. Meana, Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2006, 4, 127–138.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. S. Avissar, G. Schreiber, Biol. Psychiatry 1992, 31, 435–459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. S. Avissar, G. Schreiber, A. Danon, R. H. Belmaker, Nature 1988, 331, 440–442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. J. Gonzalez-Maeso, R. Rodriguez-Puertas, J. J. Meana, J. A. Garcia-Sevilla, J. Guimon, Mol. Psychiatry. 2002, 7, 755–767.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. J. Ellis, R. H. Lenox, Lithium 1991, 2, 141–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. H. Y. Wang, E. Friedman, Neuropharmacology 1999, 38, 403–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. M. A. Pacheco, C. Stockmeier, H. Y. Meltzer, J. C. Overholser, G. E. Dilley, R. S. Jope, Brain Res. 1996, 723, 37–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. E. Friedman, H. Y. Wang, J. Neurochem. 1996, 67, 1145–1152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. D. Dowlatshahi, G. M. MacQueen, J. F. Wang, J. S. Reiach, L. T. Young, J. Neurochem. 1999, 73, 1121–1126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. M. L. Wong, J. Licinio, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2004, 3, 136–151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. H. K. Manji, R. H. Lenox, Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 48, 518–530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. H. K. Manji, J. A. Quiroz, J. L. Payne, J. Singh, B. P. Lopes, J. S. Viegas, C. A. Zarate, World Psychiatry 2003, 2, 136–146.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. R. K. Sunahara, J. J. Tesmer, A. G. Gilman, S. R. Sprang, Science. 1997, 278, 1943–1947.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. J. J. Tesmer, R. K. Sunahara, A. G. Gilman, S. R. Sprang, Science. 1997, 278, 1907–1916.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. D. E. Coleman, A. M. Berghuis, E. Lee, M. E. Linder, A. G. Gilman, S. R. Sprang, Science 1994, 265, 1405–1412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. D. E. Coleman, S. R. Sprang, Biochemistry 1998, 37, 14376–14385.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. D. E. Coleman, S. R. Sprang, Meth. Enzymol. 1999, 308, 70–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. D. E. Coleman, E. Lee, M. B. Mixon, M. E. Linder, A. M. Berghuis, A. G. Gilman, S. R. Sprang, J. Mol. Biol. 1994, 238, 630–634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. N. I. Nicely, J. Kosak, V. de Serrano, C. Mattos, Structure 2004, 12, 2025–2036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. L. Mann, E. Heldman, Y. Bersudsky, S. F. Vatner, Y. Ishikawa, O. Almog, R. H. Belmaker, G. Agam, Bipolar Disord. 2009, 11, 885–896.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. R. H. Belmaker, M. Kon, R. P. Ebstein, H. Dasberg, Biol. Psychiatry 1980, 15, 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  86. J. Forn, F. G. Valdecasas, Biochem. Pharmacol. 1971, 20, 2773–2779.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. R. P. Ebstein, A. Reches, R. H. Belmaker, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1978, 30, 122–123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. A. Reches, R. P. Ebstein, R. H. Belmaker, Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1978, 58, 213–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. L. Mann, E. Heldman, G. Shaltiel, R. H. Belmaker, G. Agam, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008, 11, 533–539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. R. Machado-Vieira, H. K. Manji, C. A. Zarate, Bipolar Disord. 2009, 11, Suppl 2, 92–109.

    Google Scholar 

  91. M. J. Berridge, C. P. Downes, M. R. Hanley, Cell 1989, 59, 411–419.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. J. R. Atack, H. B. Broughton, S. J. Pollack, FEBS Lett. 1995, 361, 1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. R. Gill, F. Mohammed, R. Badyal, L. Coates, P. Erskine, D. Thompson, J. Cooper, M. Gore, S. Wood, Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 2005, 61, 545–555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. A. J. Harwood, Mol. Psychiatry 2005, 10, 117–126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. R. Bone, J. P. Springer, J. R. Atack, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89, 10031–10035.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. C. J. Phiel, P. S. Klein, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2001, 41, 789–813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. P. S. Klein, D. A. Melton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 8455–8459.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. A. Shaldubina, R. A. Johanson, W. T. O’Brien, R. Buccafusca, G. Agam, R. H. Belmaker, P. S. Klein, Y. Bersudsky, G. T. Berry, Mol. Genet. Metab. 2006, 88, 384–388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. N. Embi, D. B. Rylatt, P. Cohen, Eur. J. Biochem. 1980, 107, 519–527.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. J. A. McCubrey, L. S. Steelman, F. E. Bertrand, N. M. Davis, M. Sokolosky, S. L. Abrams, G. Montalto, A. B. D’Assoro, M. Libra, F. Nicoletti, R. Maestro, J. Basecke, D. Rakus, A. Gizak, Z. N. Demidenko, L. Cocco, A. M. Martelli, M. Cervello, Oncotarget 2014, 5, 2881–2911.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. L. Martin, X. Latypova, C. M. Wilson, A. Magnaudeix, M. L. Perrin, C. Yardin, F. Terro, Ageing Res. Rev. 2013, 12, 289–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. S. Amar, R. H. Belmaker, G. Agam, Curr. Pharm. Des. 2011, 17, 2264–2277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. C. Gao, C. Holscher, Y. Liu, L. Li, Rev. Neurosci. 2011, 23, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. H. Lal, F. Ahmad, J. Woodgett, T. Force, Circ. Res. 2015, 116, 138–149.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. M. Llorens-Martin, J. Jurado, F. Hernandez, J. Avila, Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2014, 7, 46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. U. Maurer, F. Preiss, P. Brauns-Schubert, L. Schlicher, C. Charvet, J. Cell. Sci. 2014, 127, 1369–1378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. D. A. Perez-Martinez, Neurologia 2009, 24, 143–146.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. A. R. Cole, FEBS J. 2013, 280, 5213–5227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. A. Wood-Kaczmar, M. Kraus, K. Ishiguro, K. L. Philpott, P. R. Gordon-Weeks, Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2009, 42, 184–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. F. Mukai, K. Ishiguro, Y. Sano, S. C. Fujita, J. Neurochem. 2002, 81, 1073–1083.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. P. Cohen, S. Frame, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001, 2, 769–776.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. R. Dajani, E. Fraser, S. M. Roe, N. Young, V. Good, T. C. Dale, L. H. Pearl, Cell 2001, 105, 721–732.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. E. ter Haar, J. T. Coll, D. A. Austen, H. M. Hsiao, L. Swenson, J. Jain, Nat. Struct. Biol. 2001, 8, 593–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. R. S. Jope, C. J. Yuskaitis, E. Beurel, Neurochem. Res. 2007, 32, 577–595.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. W. J. Ryves, A. J. Harwood, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2001, 280, 720–725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. W. J. Ryves, R. Dajani, L. Pearl, A. J. Harwood, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 290, 967–972.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. M. Aoki, T. Yokota, I. Sugiura, C. Sasaki, T. Hasegawa, C. Okumura, K. Ishiguro, T. Kohno, S. Sugio, T. Matsuzaki, Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 2004, 60, 439–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. J. A. Bertrand, S. Thieffine, A. Vulpetti, C. Cristiani, B. Valsasina, S. Knapp, H. M. Kalisz, M. Flocco, J. Mol. Biol. 2003, 333, 393–407.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. H. C. Zhang, L. V. Bonaga, H. Ye, C. K. Derian, B. P. Damiano, B. E. Maryanoff, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 2863–2868.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. C. A. Zarate, H. K. Manji, CNS Drugs 2009, 23, 569–582.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. R. S. Jope, Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4, 117–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. A. C. Newton, J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 28495–28498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. H. K. Manji, R. H. Lenox, Synapse 1994, 16, 11–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. A. C. Newton, J. E. Johnson, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1998, 1376, 155–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. M. Serova, A. Ghoul, K. A. Benhadji, E. Cvitkovic, S. Faivre, F. Calvo, F. Lokiec, E. Raymond, Semin. Oncol. 2006, 33, 466–478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. N. Goode, K. Hughes, J. R. Woodgett, P. J. Parker, J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 16878–16882.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. H. K. Manji, R. H. Lenox, Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 46, 1328–1351.

    Google Scholar 

  128. J. M. Graff, J. I. Gordon, P. J. Blackshear, Science 1989, 246, 503–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. A. Rosen, K. F. Keenan, M. Thelen, A. C. Nairn, A. Aderem, J. Exp. Med. 1990, 172, 1211–1215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. L. Wang, X. Liu, R. H. Lenox, J. Neurochem. 2001, 79, 816–825.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. E. F. Pettersen, T. D. Goddard, C. C. Huang, G. S. Couch, D. M. Greenblatt, E. C. Meng, T. E. Ferrin, J. Comput. Chem. 2004, 25, 1605–1612.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Work in our laboratory is a culmination of a thirty-plus effort on the part of very capable graduate and undergraduate students, and postdoctoral fellows, and a long collaboration with Professor Margarida Castro and Professor Carlos Geraldes from the University of Coimbra, Portugal. Professor Mota de Freitas acknowledges that, without their talent and dedication, the projects described herein would not have come to fruition. We are grateful for funding from the Research Cooperation, the American Heart Association of Metropolitan Chicago, NATO (CRG921011), and the National Institute of Mental Health (MH45926).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA

    Duarte Mota de Freitas, Brian D. Leverson & Jesse L. Goossens

Authors
  1. Duarte Mota de Freitas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brian D. Leverson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jesse L. Goossens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Duarte Mota de Freitas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland

    Astrid Sigel

  2. Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Helmut Sigel

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Roland K. O. Sigel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mota de Freitas, D., Leverson, B.D., Goossens, J.L. (2016). Lithium in Medicine: Mechanisms of Action. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, R. (eds) The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics