Abstract
Although synergies between reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+) and biodiversity conservation are generally expected, they will not be achieved through poorly designed REDD+ schemes. Perceptions of actors in REDD+ implementation processes can guide the design of appropriate policies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Peru with actors in REDD+ working groups at the national and subnational level (n = 50) to explore how they relate REDD+ implementation to biodiversity conservation and other policy issues, and to identify the aspects of biodiversity they regard as especially important (biodiversity conservation values). Interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis; actors’ statements were summarised into nine policy issue categories. Issues raised often were related to governance, socioeconomic aspects and land management in REDD+ implementation (47 % of the statements). Biodiversity issues were mentioned less often (23 %). Direct synergies between REDD+ and biodiversity conservation were assumed by most actors and few concrete risks and corresponding safeguards were mentioned. Actors mentioned 177 biodiversity conservation values, which were classified into different value types. Most values were aspects of biodiversity with direct or indirect use values (68 %). Aspects which potentially provide future benefits (option values) or resilience values were mentioned less often (5 and 16 %, respectively). The opportunity to foster conservation of use values as additional benefits from REDD+ is generally recognised by the actors, but aspects of biodiversity that are important for the long-term integrity of forest ecosystems received less attention. It is thus important to push for the integration of respective safeguards in REDD+ strategies.



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See supplementary Online Material 1, OM-Table 1 for the interview schedule.
Examples of codings are provided in the supplementary Online Material 1, OM-Table 2.
See supplementary Online Material 1 OM-Table 4 for the matrix containing exemplary codings for such overlaps and the number of overlaps of the different main categories.
The difference of numbers of national and subnational actors was controlled for. See supplementary Online Material 1, OM-Table 3.
See supplementary Online Material 1, OM-Table 3.
See Online Material 1 for exemplary statements that related to more than one main category and the number of overlaps between categories (OM-Table 4) that were used for the calculation of the distances using PROXSCAL (OM-Table 5).
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all individuals, organisations and institutions that supported this project by providing information during data collection in Peru. They would like to thank Prof. Dr. Gerald Kapp and Prof. Dr. Werner Konold for their comments and ideas on earlier versions of the manuscript. This study was carried out as part of the research project “The Protection of Forests under Global Biodiversity and Climate Policy,” hosted by the Chair of Landscape Management and the Chair of Forest and Environmental Policy of Freiburg University, Germany. The project was financed by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation with funds from the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The paper reflects solely the opinion of the authors and not necessarily that of the supporting organisations.
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Entenmann, S.K., Schmitt, C.B. Actors’ perceptions of forest biodiversity values and policy issues related to REDD+ implementation in Peru. Biodivers Conserv 22, 1229–1254 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0477-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0477-5