Abstract
Groundwater distribution and flow dynamics were studied in a small watershed located in the discontinuous permafrost zone near Umiujaq in Nunavik (Québec), Canada, to assess the seasonal variations and perform a quantitative analysis of the water cycle in a subarctic watershed. Due to the complexity of the subsurface geology within the watershed, an integrated investigation was instrumental to provide a detailed understanding of the hydrogeological context as a basis for the water balance. Based on this water balance, for the two studied hydrological years of 2015 and 2016, the average values are 828 mm for precipitation, 337 mm for evapotranspiration, 46 mm for snow sublimation, 263 mm for runoff, 183 mm for groundwater exchange (losses with other aquifers outside the watershed), and 0 mm for change in water storage. Although these values likely have significant uncertainty and spatial variability, this water balance is shown to be plausible. It was also found that permafrost influences surface water and groundwater interaction, even if located in low-permeability sediments. It is expected that permafrost degradation will likely increase stream baseflow, especially in winter.
Résumé
La distribution et la dynamique des eaux souterraines ont été étudiées dans un petit bassin versant situé dans la zone de pergélisol discontinu près d’Umiujaq au Nunavik (Québec, Canada), afin d’effectuer une analyse quantitative du cycle de l’eau dans un bassin versant subarctique. En raison de la complexité du contexte géologique dans le bassin versant, une approche intégrée a été utilisée afin de décrire le contexte hydrogéologique nécessaire à la réalisation du bilan hydrique. Sur la base de ce bilan hydrique, pour les deux années hydrologiques étudiées en 2015 et 2016, les valeurs moyennes sont de 828 mm pour les précipitations, de 337 mm pour l’évapotranspiration, de 46 mm pour la sublimation dans la neige, de 263 mm pour le ruissellement et de 183 mm pour l’échange entre les eaux souterraines avec d’autres aquifères situés en dehors du bassin versant et 0 mm pour les variations d’emmagasinement. Même s’il existe une incertitude significative et une variabilité spatiale de ces valeurs, ce bilan hydrique s’avère plausible. Il a également été constaté que le pergélisol limite les interactions entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines même s’il se retrouve uniquement dans des sédiments peu perméables. On s’attend à ce que la dégradation du pergélisol ait pour conséquence l’augmentation du débit de base des cours d’eau, en particulier l’hiver.
Resumen
Se estudió la distribución y la dinámica del flujo de agua subterránea en una pequeña cuenca ubicada en la zona discontinua de permafrost cerca de Umiujaq en Nunavik (Québec), Canadá, con el objeto de evaluar las variaciones estacionales y realizar un análisis cuantitativo del ciclo del agua en una cuenca subártica. Debido a la complejidad de la geología del subsuelo dentro de la cuenca, una investigación integrada fue fundamental para proporcionar una comprensión detallada del contexto hidrogeológico como base para el balance hídrico. En este balance hídrico, para los dos años hidrológicos estudiados, 2015 y 2016, los valores promedio son 828 mm para la precipitación, 337 mm para la evapotranspiración, 46 mm para la sublimación de la nieve, 263 mm para la escorrentía, 183 mm para el intercambio de aguas subterráneas (pérdidas con otros acuíferos fuera de la cuenca), y 0 mm para el cambio en el almacenamiento de agua. Aunque es probable que estos valores tengan una incertidumbre y variabilidad espacial significativas, se ha demostrado que este balance hídrico es plausible. También se encontró que el permafrost influye en la interacción entre las aguas superficiales y subterráneas, incluso si se encuentra en sedimentos de baja permeabilidad. Se espera que la degradación del permafrost aumente el flujo de base del arroyo, especialmente en invierno.
Resumo
A distribuição e fluxo das águas subterrâneas foram estudadas em uma pequena bacia hidrográfica localizada na zona de pergilissolo descontínuo perto de Umiujaq em Nunavik (Québec), Canadá, para compreender a variação sazonal e realizar uma análise quantitativa do ciclo hidrológico em uma bacia hidrográfica subártica. Devido à complexidade da geologia subsuperficial dentro da bacia, uma investigação integrada foi fundamental para fornecer uma compreensão detalhada do contexto hidrogeológico como base para o balanço hídrico. Baseado neste balanço hídrico, para os dois anos hidrológico estudados de 2015 e 2016, os valores médios são 828 mm para a precipitação, 337 mm para evapotranspiração, 46 mm para sublimação da neve, 263 mm para o escoamento superficial, 183 mm para trocas das águas subterrâneas (perdas para outros aquíferos fora da bacia hidrográfica) e 0 mm para mudança no armazenamento de água. Embora esses valores provavelmente tenham incerteza e variabilidade espacial significativas, esse balanço hídrico é plausível. Verificou-se também que o pergelissolo influencia a interação entre águas superficiais e águas subterrâneas, mesmo se localizados em sedimentos de baixa permeabilidade. Espera-se que a degradação do pergelissolo provavelmente aumente o fluxo de base, especialmente no inverno.













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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Centre d’études nordiques (CEN - Centre for Northern Studies) at Université Laval for their logistical support at the field site, Marie-Catherine Talbot-Poulin as a research assistant for her help in the field and at Université Laval, Georg Lackner and Daniel Nadeau for their advice with the precipitation data, and Barret Kuryluk who reviewed the manuscript.
Funding
This work was funded by the Ministère du développement durable, de l’environnement et de la lutte contre les changements climatiques du Québec (MDDELCC - Department of Sustainable Development, Environment and Fight against Climate Change), the Fonds de recherche Nature et technologies du Québec (Quebec Research Fund – Nature and Technology - Establishment of New Researchers Grant), the Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP) administered by Polar Knowledge Canada, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Strategic Project Grant and Discovery Grants).
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This article is part of the topical collection “Hydrogeology of a cold-region watershed near Umiujaq (Nunavik, Canada)
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Lemieux, JM., Fortier, R., Murray, R. et al. Groundwater dynamics within a watershed in the discontinuous permafrost zone near Umiujaq (Nunavik, Canada). Hydrogeol J 28, 833–851 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02110-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02110-4


