छत्त्र

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

छत्र (chatra)

Alternative scripts

ছত্ত্ৰ (Assamese script)
ᬙᬢ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
ছত্ত্র (Bengali script)
𑰔𑰝𑰿𑰝𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀙𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
ဆတ္တြ (Burmese script)
છત્ત્ર (Gujarati script)
ਛਤ੍ਤ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌛𑌤𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
ꦖꦠ꧀ꦠꦿ (Javanese script)
𑂓𑂞𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
ಛತ್ತ್ರ (Kannada script)
ឆត្ត្រ (Khmer script)
ຉຕ຺ຕ຺ຣ (Lao script)
ഛത്ത്ര (Malayalam script)
ᡮᠠᢠᢠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘔𑘝𑘿𑘝𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
ᠼᠠᢐᢐᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦴𑦽𑧠𑦽𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
𑐕𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
ଛତ୍ତ୍ର (Odia script)
ꢘꢡ꣄ꢡ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
𑆗𑆠𑇀𑆠𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
𑖔𑖝𑖿𑖝𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
ඡත‍්ත්‍ර (Sinhalese script)
𑩢𑩫 𑪙𑩫 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
𑚐𑚙𑚶𑚙𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
ச²த்த்ர (Tamil script)
ఛత్త్ర (Telugu script)
ฉตฺตฺร (Thai script)
ཚ་ཏྟྲ (Tibetan script)
𑒕𑒞𑓂𑒞𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
𑨤𑨙𑩇𑨙𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Uncertain;^[1] possibly related to छादयति (chādáyati, “to cover”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-Iranian *šćatˢtrás, Proto-Indo-European *sḱed-tró-s, from *sḱed-^[2]^[3] or *sked- (“to cover”).^[4] Possible cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬍 (sāδaiiaṇtī, “long trousers”), Old English hætera (“garments”). The Sanskrit root is छद् (chad).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐt.tɾɐ/, [t͡ɕʰɐt̚.tɾɐ]
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐt̪.t̪ɾɐ/, [t͡ɕʰɐt̪̚.t̪ɾɐ]

Noun

छत्त्र • (chattra) stem, n ^[5]^[6]^[7]

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of छत्त्र
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	छत्त्रम् (chattram)	छत्त्रे (chattre)	छत्त्राणि (chattrāṇi) छत्त्रा¹ (chattrā¹)
accusative	छत्त्रम् (chattram)	छत्त्रे (chattre)	छत्त्राणि (chattrāṇi) छत्त्रा¹ (chattrā¹)
instrumental	छत्त्रेण (chattreṇa)	छत्त्राभ्याम् (chattrābhyām)	छत्त्रैः (chattraiḥ) छत्त्रेभिः¹ (chattrebhiḥ¹)
dative	छत्त्राय (chattrāya)	छत्त्राभ्याम् (chattrābhyām)	छत्त्रेभ्यः (chattrebhyaḥ)
ablative	छत्त्रात् (chattrāt)	छत्त्राभ्याम् (chattrābhyām)	छत्त्रेभ्यः (chattrebhyaḥ)
genitive	छत्त्रस्य (chattrasya)	छत्त्रयोः (chattrayoḥ)	छत्त्राणाम् (chattrāṇām)
locative	छत्त्रे (chattre)	छत्त्रयोः (chattrayoḥ)	छत्त्रेषु (chattreṣu)
vocative	छत्त्र (chattra)	छत्त्रे (chattre)	छत्त्राणि (chattrāṇi) छत्त्रा¹ (chattrā¹)

¹Vedic

Derived terms

छात्त्र (chāttra)

Descendants

Ashokan Prakrit:
- Magadhi Prakrit:
  - Assamese: ছাতি (sati), ছতা (sota)
  - Bengali: ছাতা (chata)
  - Odia: ଛତା (chatā), ଛାତା (chātā)
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
  - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
    - Hindustani:
      - Hindi: छाता (chātā)
        → English: chatta
      - Urdu: چھاتا (chātā)
→ Angkorian Old Khmer: chatra, chattra°
- Khmer: ឆត្រ (chat), ឆ័ត្រ (chat)
- → Thai: ฉัตร (chàt)
→ English: chhatra
→ Gujarati: છત્ર (chatra), છત્રી (chatrī)
→ Hindustani:
- Hindi: छतरी (chatrī)
- Urdu: چھتری (chatrī)
  - → Pashto: چترۍ
  - →? Persian:
    - Dari: چتری (čatrī)
  - → Yemeni Arabic: شِتْرِي (šitrī, “curtain”)
→ Konkani: सत्ते (satte)
→ Marathi: छत्री (chatrī), सत्री (satrī) — East Indian
- → Kannada: ಛತ್ರಿ (chatri)
→ Tamil: சத்தி (catti), சத்திரம் (cattiram)
→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (čādur, “sheet, veil”)
- →? Proto-Turkic: *čātïr
  - Karakhanid: چاتر (čātïr) [11th c.], [script needed] (čāčïr), [script needed] (čadïr) [13th c.], [script needed] (čādar, “canvas tent”) [14th c.]
    Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (čadïr, “tent”) [14th c.]
    - Chagatai: جادر (čadïr, “canvas tent”) [15th c.] (or ← Oghuz^[8])
      - Uyghur: چېدىر (chëdir)
      - Uzbek: chodir
    - → Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (čāšïr)^[9] [11th c.]
  - Kipchak: [script needed] (čatïr, “tent; sunshade; a woman's cloak”) [14th c.]
    - North Kipchak:
      - Bashkir: сатыр (satır)
      - Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (čatïr)
      - Tatar: чатыр (çatır)
    - South Kipchak:
      - Karakalpak: shatır
      - Kazakh: шатыр (şatyr)
      - Nogai: шатыр (şatır)
    - East Kipchak
      - Kyrgyz: чатыр (catır)
      - Southern Altai: чадыр (čadïr), чатыр (čatïr)
    - West Kipchak:
      - Crimean Tatar: şatır
      - Karachay-Balkar: чатыр (çatır)
      - Kumyk: чатыр (çatır)
    - → Old Chuvash: *чатыр (*čat̬yr), *шатыр (*šat̬yr)^[8]
      - Chuvash: чатӑр (čat̬ăr)
      - → Hungarian: sátor^[8] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Oghuz: *čādïr
    - Old Anatolian Turkish:
      - Azerbaijani: çadır
      - Ottoman Turkish: چادر (çadır)
        Gagauz: çadır
        Turkish: çadır
        → Albanian: çadër
        → Czech: čádor
        → Russian: шатёр (šatjór)
        → Serbo-Croatian: (“tent”)
        Cyrillic script: чадор
        Latin script: čador
        → Crimean Tatar: çadır
    - Salar: çadır
    - Turkmen-Khorasan:
      - Turkmen: çādyr
  - Siberian Turkic:
    - Southern Siberian
      - Shor: шадыр
      - Tuvan: чадыр (çadır)
      - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (čatïr, “sunshade; tent”) [14th c.]
- Classical Persian: چَادُر (čādur)
  - → Arabic: شَادُور (šādūr)
  - → Armenian: չադրա (čʻadra)
  - → Assamese: চাদৰ (sador)
  - → Azerbaijani: çador
  - → Belarusian: чадра (čadra)
  - → Bengali: চাদর (cador)
  - → Central Kurdish: چادر (çadir)
  - → Dutch: chador
  - → Finnish: tšador
  - → French: tchador
  - → Georgian: ჩადრი (čadri)
  - → German: Tschador
  - → Gujarati: ચાદર (cādar)
  - → Hindustani:
    Urdu: چادَر (cādar)
    Hindi: चादर (cādar)
    → Danish: chador
    → English: chador, chadar, chaddar, chuddar, chadah, chader, chadur, chuddah, chudder, chuddur, chudah
  - → Hungarian: csador
  - → Italian: chador
  - → Japanese: チャドル (chadoru)
  - → Kazakh: шатыр (şatyr)
  - → Korean: 차도르 (chadoreu)
  - → Marathi: चादर (cādar)
  - → Norwegian: chador
  - → Ottoman Turkish: چادر (çadır), چتر (çatır)
    - Turkish: çadır, çador
    - → Albanian: çadër
    - → Armenian: չատըր (čʻatər), չա̈դըր (čʻädər)
    - → Czech: čádor
    - → Hungarian: sátor
      - → Macedonian: шатор (šator)
      - → Polish: szatra
      - → Serbo-Croatian:
        Latin script: šator
        Cyrillic script: шатор
    - → Russian: шатёр (šatjór)
    - → Serbo-Croatian: (“tent”)
      Cyrillic script: чадор
      Latin script: čador
  - → Pashto: چادري (čādarí)
  - → Polish: czador
  - → Portuguese: xador
  - → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਚਾਦਰ (cādar)
    Shahmukhi script: چادر (čādar)
  - → Russian: чадра (čadra)
  - → Serbo-Croatian: (“chador”)
    Cyrillic script: чадор
    Latin script: čador
  - → Slovene: čador
  - → Spanish: chador
  - → Ukrainian: чадра (čadra)
  - → Uzbek: chodir
→ Odia: ଛତ୍ରି (chatri), ଛତ୍ରୀ (chatri)
Old Javanese: chattra
- > Javanese: ꦕꦠꦿ (catra) (inherited) (see there for further descendants)
Pali: chatta
→ Punjabi: (“roof”)
- Gurmukhi script: ਛੱਤਰੀ (chattarī)
- Shahmukhi script: چھتری (chattarī)

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*sād”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 341-342
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “sk̑ed-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 919
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “CHAD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 554-555
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2001) “Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European *sk in Indo-Iranian”, in Incontri linguistici‎^[2], volume 24, page 7
^ “छत्त्र” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 176, column 1.
^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “छत्त्र”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 096
^ Monier Williams (1899) “छत्त्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 404/1.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named TMN
^ Rybatzki, Volker, Mackenzie, A. F. (2017) “Vocabularies from the middle of the 20th century from Afghanistan: Part two: Özbek and Moghol materials*”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎^[3], volume 70, number 4, Akadémiai Kiadó, →DOI, pages 431–478

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*sād”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 341-342

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “sk̑ed-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 919

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “CHAD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 554-555

[4] Lubotsky, Alexander (2001) “Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European *sk in Indo-Iranian”, in Incontri linguistici‎^[2], volume 24, page 7

[5] “छत्त्र” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 176, column 1.

[6] Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “छत्त्र”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 096

[7] Monier Williams (1899) “छत्त्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 404/1.

[TMN-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named TMN

[9] Rybatzki, Volker, Mackenzie, A. F. (2017) “Vocabularies from the middle of the 20th century from Afghanistan: Part two: Özbek and Moghol materials*”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎^[3], volume 70, number 4, Akadémiai Kiadó, →DOI, pages 431–478

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