NSTP 1 - Midterm Module
NSTP 1 - Midterm Module
to
NSTP 1
(NATIONAL SERVICE
TRAINING PROGRAM, 1)
MIDTERM
MODULE
Pursuant to Section 12 of Republic Act No. 9163 otherwise known as the National
Service training program (NSTP) Act of 2001, the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED), Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), and
Department of National Defense (DND), In consultation with concern government
agencies, The Philippine Association of State Universities and College (PASUC),
Coordinating Council of Private Educational Association of the Philippines (COCOPEA),
Non-Govenmenr Organization and recognized student organization, hereby jointly issue,
adopt and promulgate the following implementing rules and regulation to implement the
provision of the Act.
While it is the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens, in
turn it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defend the security of the state, sand in
fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal, military
of civil service.
In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation building, the State shall
promote civic consciousness among them and shall develop their physical, moral,
spiritual, intellectual and social well being, It shall inculcate the ideals of patriotism,
nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs.
As the most valuable resource of the nation, youths shall be motivated, trained,
organized and get involved in the military, literacy, civic welfare programs and other
similar endeavors in the service of the nation.
All incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting School year (SY)
2002-2003, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational
or associate courses, are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice,
as a graduation requirement.
a. All higher and technical vocational educational institutions must offer at least one
(1) of the NSTP components.
b. State Universities and College (SUCs), shall offer the ROTC component and at
least 0ne (1) other NSTP component.
c. The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy
(PMMA), Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), and other SUCs of
similar nature, in view of the special character of this constitution are exempted
from the NSTP.
d. Private higher and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350
student cadets may offer the ROTC component and consequently
establish/maintain a Department of Military Science and Tactics (DMST), subject
to the existing rules and regulations of the armed forces of the Philippines (AFP).
What is the duration of the NSTP components and equivalent course per
semester?
Who will take charge in the management and monitoring of the NSTP
implementation?
Section 9. Fees.
No fees shall be collected for any of the NSTP component except basic tuition
fees, which should not be more than fifty (50) percent of the charges of the school per
academic unit.
a. Graduates of the non ROTC components of the NSTP shall belong to the National
Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) that could be tapped by the state for literacy and
civic welfare activities through the joint efforts of DND, CHED and TESDA in
coordination with DILG, DSWD and other concerned agencies/associations.
b. The CHED TESDA and DND, in consultation with other concerns government
and non-government agencies, shall issue the necessary guidelines for the
establishment, organization, maintenance and utilization of the National Service
Reserve Corps.
The completion of ROTC training as a requisite for graduation is set aside for
students who have completed all their academic requirements for their respective courses
as certified by the school on or before the Effectivity of the NSTP Act of 2001, which is
March 23, 2002. The concerned students may apply for graduation with their respective
schools.
a. Male Students who are not covered by section 12 of this rule and are currently
enrolled but have not taken any of the Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare
Service (CWS) or Law Enforcement Service (LES) program shall be covered by
the NSTP Law.
b. Male student who have completed two semesters of the Expanded ROTC
(E_ROTC)/National Service Program (NSP) are deemed to have complied with
the NSTP requirement.
c. Male students who are not covered by section 12 of this rule and have taken only
one (1) semester of Basic ROTC or EROTC? NSP shall take one more semester
of any of the NSTP components to qualify for graduation.
d. Students who want to qualify for enlistment in the Reserve Force or attend the
advance ROTC program shall undertaken a special program for this purpose.
The CHED TESDA and DND shall provide information on these Act and IRR to
all concerned publics through the different modes of disseminating information.
Section 16. Separability Clause. If any section or provision of this IRR shall
declared unconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or
provision not affected thereby shall remain in full force and
effect.
Section 17. Effectively. These rules shall take effect immediately upon
adoption and issuance.
Signed By:
A. General:
1. All entering tertiary level students, male and female starting AY 2002-2003,
undertake training in any of the three (3) components (MS, CWS, LES) of the
National Service Program (NSP) of their choice as a requirement for graduation in
any baccalaureate decree.
2. For the second semester of AY 2001-2002 student who passed MS 11 under the
Expanded Reserve Officers Training Corps (E-ROTC), may either continue or opt
to enroll in any of the two (2) components.
3. All male non-freshmen tertiary level students who have not taken the E-ROTC
Program shall be covered by Guideline Number 1.
4. Students shall follow the policies and guidelines governing the program they pot
to undergo, as may be required by the lead agencies DND, CHED and DILG.
5. All freshmen student trainees shall, initially undertake 5 Common Basic Training
Module (CBTM), to a semester for a total of 51 hours. Those who have taken MS
1. CHED as lead agency and as part of its Extension Service function shall oversee
the conduct of CWS for tertiary level student, including the formulation of the
basic CWS curriculum in constitution collaboration with DSWD, OCD and other
concerned agencies, the CHEDROs and HEIs.
2. CWS program activities shall be part of the HEIs extension service and shall
focus on those, which help promote the general welfare and development of the
community members, particularly in terms of health education, safety, livelihood,
recreation, environmental protection and the morale of the citizenry.
3. HEIS are given the flexibility, in line with the developmental and deregulation
policy of CHED, to enrich the basic CWS Cirriculum/POI provided however, that
the proposed projects for implementation are duly approved by the school
administration and the CHEDROs are properly informed of the same.
4. Involvement in the community/extension services of the HEIs/curricular
requirements of internship/community immersion/practicum/ on-the-job training
in such courses as education, social work, dentistry, nursing, nutrition and
dietetics and other courses maybe credited in favor of the student trainee taking
the said activity.
5. The evaluation scheme and rating of student trainees shall be devised by the HEIs
based on the quality of their performance, project accomplishments and
attendance, and shall form part of their scholastic records.
Constitution refers to “that body of rules and maxims in accordance with which
the power of sovereignty are habitually exercised.
Section I of the Philippine Constitution provides that the following are the
citizens of the Philippines:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
We have to realize that for every right we are enjoying as enumerated in the Bill
of Rights of the Philippine Constitution, it is coupled with corresponding obligation.
There will be no chaos in our society if only everybody will perform his or her duties and
obligations.
Hereunder are the important duties and obligations of every citizen in a
democratic society:
Our country is considered our home, the home of our forefathers who fought for
our country against the invaders, the home of our children and the grand children,
the seat of our affections, and the source of our happiness and well-being.
2. To defend the State. Considering the fact that our country is our home, it is our
prime duty to love and defend the state at all costs regardless of our creed,
religious beliefs, and wisdom.
Loving ones country can be shown not by words but by deeds. It should be a
continuous flame of live considering the fact that we receive benefits and
protection from the State of which we are a part. In turn, it is our primary duty
and honor to defend it against any peril whether from within or from without.
(Art. II, Sec. 3).
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State. We are a part of the
State and we directly receive the benefits from the government in the form of
infrastructure, peace and order, etc. In return, how can we contribute to the
development and welfare of the State? We can do this in the form of paying our
taxes willingly and promptly, by helping maintain peace and order, conserving of
the natural resources and the promotion of social justice by suggesting or
supporting measures beneficial to the people as a whole, by patronizing local
products and trades and by engaging in productive work.
4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. It is our prime obligation to
uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. If the people would disregard them,
our country would collapse and we will not have peace and order.
6. To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others.
No man is an island and we have to live with others. In the exercise of our rights,
we have to see to it that we also respect the rights of other people. If we do this,
we can expect harmonious relationship between members of the society.
It is not sufficient to just register and vote; it must be coupled with intellectual
judgment during election. We have to consider the different political issues by
different candidates, so that at least we can choose the right person to manage
government affairs.
“We the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build
a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals
and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and
secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy
under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
The Filipino people possess certain values, shared perceptions on what we hold dear,
what we regard as important to us. These sixteen values are enshrined in the above
Preamble of our 1987 Philippine Constitution. These are unity, patriotism, faith in
Almighty God, respect for life, respect for law and Government, work, truth,
justice, freedom, love, equality, peace, promotion of the common, concern for the
environment, and order. These values of the Filipino people serve as the guiding
principles in our life as a nation and provide the underlying framework for all the
provisions of the Constitution.
For adults, his basic values can be seen in his outward manifestations as well as in
decision – making. There is always a consistency on what he thinks, what he feels and
what he says.
Hereunder are the different Good Citizenship values together with the different verses
from the Bible as well as quotations from notable persons.
Jesus said to them “Have faith in God. Whoever says to the mountain, „Be lifted up and
thrown to the sea,‟ and does not doubt in his heart but believes that what he says will
happen, it shall be done for him.”
Mark 11:22-23
“For just as a body without a spirit is dead, so also faith without work is dead”.
James 3:26
The only limit our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today; Let us move
forward with strong and active faith.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Every Filipino should recognize their unique Faith in God. Everybody should reflect on
the blessings of God in their lives as well as the unique gift of faith and how they can
continue to live a life of faith in God.
God created a man in His image; in the divine image He created him; male and female
He created them.
Genesis 1:27
Do you know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have
from God, and that you are not your own? For you have been purchased at a price.
Therefore glorify God in your body.
Corinthians 6:19-20
I have come that they may have life, and have it to the full.
John 10:10
Cathy Better
Then Jesus entered the temple area and proceeded to those who were selling things
saying to them, “it is written, „My house shall be a house of prayer, but you made it a den
of thieves.”
Luke 19:45-46
I Corinthians 14:33
Order is the Sanity of the mind, the health of the body, the peace of the city, the security
of the state. As the beams of the house, as the bones of the body, so is order to all things.
Southey
Six days you shall labor and do all your works; on the seventh day you shall rest.
Exodus 20:9-10
2 Thessalonians 3:10
Give a fish to a man and have food to eat for a day; teach him how to fish and he shall
have food to eat throughout his lifetime.
Confucius
The Good Citizenship Value of Concern for the Family and Future Generations
From the beginning, the Creator „made them male and female‟ and said „for this reason
a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined with his wife, and the two shall
Matthew 19:4-7
When his parents saw Him, they were astonished, and his mother said to him, „Son why
have you done this to us? Your father and I have been looking for you with great anxiety
…‟ He went down with them to Nazareth, and was obedient to them; and His mother kept
all these things in her heart.
Francisco Balagtas
Love is patient and kind; love is not jealous or boastful; Love is not ill mannered or
selfish and irritable; love does not keep a record of the wrongs: love is not happy with
evil but delights in the truth. Love never gives up: its hope, faith and patience never fail.
Love is eternal … There are faith, hope and love and the greatest of these is Love.
I Corinthians 13
Romans 13:10
When man has love, he is no longer at the mercy of forces greater than himself for he,
himself becomes the powerful force.
Leo Buscaglia
Love is the will to extend to the purpose of nurturing one‟s own or another;s spiritual
growth.
M. Scott Peck
Galatians 5:13
Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the right to do what we ought.
The great gift from being a human being lies in our freedom to continuously correct our
wrong and make new persons of ourselves.
He that would make his own liberty secure, must guard even that of his enemies; for if he
violates this duty, he establishes a precedent that will reach himself.
Thomas Paine
Luke 2:14
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God.
Mt. 5:19
Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace
must be constructed.
UNESCO Constitution
John 8:31-32
But whoever lives the truth comes to the light, so that his good works may be clearly seen
as done in God.
John 3:21
St. Augustine
Matthew 7:12
But Zacchaeus stood there and said to the Lord, “behold, behalf of my possession, Lord,
I shall give to the poor, and if I have extorted anything from anyone, I shall repay it four
times over”. And Jesus said t him, “Today, salvation has come to this house”.
Luke 19:8-9
You Lord, are just in all your ways, faithful in all your works.
Psalm 145:17
The law is not the private property of lawyers, nor is justice the exclusive province of
judge and juries. In the mind analysis, true justice is not a matter of courts and law
books, but of a commitment in each of us to liberty and mutual respect.
Jimmy Carter
Behold how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity.
Psalms 133:1
If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. And if a house is
divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand.
Mark 3: 24-25
Make my joy complete by being of the same mind, maintaining the same love, united in
spirit, intent on one purpose.
Alexander de Great
Injure not the poor because they are poor, nor crush the needy at the gate; for the Lord
will defend their cause…
We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men are created equal; that they are
endowed by their Creator with inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness.
Thomas Jefferson
Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God‟s children. Now is the time
to lift our nation from the quick sands of injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.
They show that the demands of the law are written in their hearts, while their conscience
also bears witness and the conflicting thoughts accuse or even defend them.
Romans 2:15
Let every person be subordinate to the higher authorities, for there is no authority except
from God, and those that exist have been established by God. Therefore, whoever resists
authority opposes what God has appointed, and those that oppose it will bring judgment
upon themselves. For rulers are not a cause of fear to good conduct … for it is a servant
of God for your good.
William Pitt
Mark 8:35
Adlai E. Stevenson
The willing sacrifice of the innocent is the most powerful answer to insolent tyranny that
has yet been cancelled by God and man.
Mahatma Gandhi
All who believed were together and had all things in common; they would be sell their
property and possessions and dived them among all according to each one‟s need.
Acts. 2:44-45
St. Augustine
Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air, and the cattle, and
over all the wild animals and all the creatures that crawl on the ground.
Genesis 1:26
You visit the Earth and water it; make it abundantly fertile. God‟s stream is filled with
water; with it you supply the world with grain. Thus do you prepare the Earth; you
drench plowed furrows and level their ridges. With showers you keep the ground soft,
blessing it young sprouts.
Charles A. Lindbergh
For 200 years we‟ve been conquering Nature. Now we‟re beating it to death.
Tom McMillan
State Policies
Section 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure
the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through
policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard
of living, and an improved quality of life for all.
This implies that the government is pursuing eradication of mass poverty, which causes
social problems such as: criminality, social unrest, diseases, ignorance, breakdown of
family and low productivity.
Section 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national
development.
It is the concern of the state to pay attention to the general welfare of the masses – the
poor, the under privileged, those who are less in life or the less fortunate members of the
community.
Human Dignity
Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full
respect for human rights.
Every human person has to be respected because each one should enjoy the rights
accorded to every individual. Our Philippine Constitution in Article III mandates these
rights. The rights of all citizens of the Philippines cannot be modified or taken away by
the lawmaking body.
The extent of respect for human rights is measured by the value accorded to human
dignity.
Rearing of the Youth for Civic Efficiency and Development of Moral Character
Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and
strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the
life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary
right and duty of parents in rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development
of moral character shall receive the support of the government.
The Philippines is a Christian Country, hence the sacredness of family life and
strengthening the family relationship are being given emphasis.
Even our Civil Code sustains the solidarity of the family not only for the guidance of the
courts and administrative officials, but also for their wholesome influence upon the
members of every family.
It is the duty of the State to promote their general welfare considering the fact that the
youth constitute a rich reservoir of productive manpower. It is made the Constitutional
duty of the State to promote and protect their holistic development for them to be able to
develop physically, spiritually, morally, intellectually, psychologically and socially. With
these developments, it could be expected that they grow healthy, upright, intellectual and
productive citizens of the country and potential community leaders.
Section 18. The State affirms as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the
rights of workers and promote their welfare.
The State recognizes the fact that human labor is not merely an article of commerce or a
factory of production to be similarly treated as land, tools or machinery. It is the
obligation of the State to give more concern to the protection of the rights of workers and
the promotion of their welfare (De Leon: 2001)
Rights of Workers
The protection of the workers by the State ceases when their action is no longer
within the bounds of the law;
5. Right to security of tenure. The State has an obligation to protect the workers in
terms of security of tenure. The employees can only be terminated with a just
cause. If the State protects the workers, the employers have to be protected, too.
Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural
communities within the framework of the national unity and development.
Indigenous cultural minorities refers to those non-dominant groups in our country who
wished that their preserved ethnic, religious, or linguistic traditions or characteristics
markedly different for the rest of the population be respected.
In the formulation of the policies, the State sees to it that the customs, traditions, beliefs
and interests of the indigenous cultural minorities are taken into consideration.
Introduction
In the course of your life, you have developed a personality. This is brought by your
upbringing, school, training, but also in normal interactions with the people around you.
This personality reacts to signals from your surroundings according to a pattern that is
successful to you, and you try to get and maintain a certain position in that world.
Success can be either positive or negative, negative attention is also a form of success for
a personality.
Within you, there is still a part that is being hidden and that is your inner Self. It is a quiet
, which will draw attention to itself. However, it is only you by your free will that its
awareness will come to mind. So, do not expect your inner Self to blow its horn in the
midst of stressful situations, loss, etcetera, to “save” you. It requires a conscious decision
to change the focus of your attention.
Your inner Self is a natural part of you, and by recognizing it; you start to actively
influence the balance that has so heavily leaned towards the part of your personality.
Your priorities in life will change when you start to give time and attention to your inner
Self.
The key to your inner Self is: awareness. Be consciously aware of the things you do, but
do not judge or act on them. Just be aware of the thoughts and feelings, but do not believe
that they are a reality in itself. Let them go by. Do not hurry this process, because too big
a step in one time will induce fear and resistance with your personality.
Your inner Self is subtler; it can easily be overpowered by your personality due to its
nature of defenselessness. It will wait until you return to it by free choice. It also takes
experience to be able to tell the difference. So do not underestimate the skills of your
personality to disguise itself as your Self.
According to Birch (1997), one of the most crucial processes in the early years of the
child‟s life is the development of sense of self. Gardner (1982) suggests that there are a
number of factors that the children should know. They should:
We have self – awareness if we can see ourselves by taking account of the attitudes and
perspectives of others. Self – esteem is that part of self – concept in which we judge our own
competence in comparison to others.
It is the ability to recognize our emotions and their effects on us. This means that we are
aware of how we react to environment factors and how our emotions affect our
performance. The person who possesses competency of emotional self – awareness is one
who:
It is the ability to know our inner resources, abilities and limits and to be aware of our
strengths and weaknesses. We can only know our potentials and limitations if we are
positive to constructive criticisms. We have to develop new perspectives about ourselves
and must always be motivated for professional growth. Hence, we have the ability to
target areas for personal change and improvement.
The person who possesses the competency for Accurate Self – Assessment should:
Self – Confidence
This is the belief in your own self, your capability to accomplish the task. This
competency is an acknowledgement of your potentials that you are the best for the job. It
We can develop self-confidence if we are equipped with sufficient knowledge and sure of
what we are doing and try to act decisively. We can improve ourselves if we accept
feedback positively. By doing so, we can be sure that we can change for the better.
The term “person” cannot be exclusively attached to human beings since not all persons
are considered human being and vice-versa . A business enterprise is a person, although,
it is not a human being. On the other hand, a slave is a human being, but he is not a
person by virtue of his being divested of his rights as a human being – although he is still
a human being. In this case, a slave is not considered as an existing subject but a mere
object.
Since personalism takes man as its main concern, it rejects the legalistic connotation of
the term person as that which refers to any thing or any reality which is endowed with
rights since this definition treats of persons both in the context of things, establishments,
or institutions ad human beings. Thus, in personalism the term person is solely attributed
to man in as much as it requires freedom and rationality as defined by Beothius.
Man as a person, then, means that man is unique, a who, a subject, and a self, man is
never alone in his existence in the world; man has that indelible trademark of his “ being-
with” existence in the world.
Since man is a person, his “being-with” existence should not be confused with a “being-
for” kind existence. “Being-for” is the opposite of “being-with” in the sense that the latter
is a heading to a direction of treating man a person. Thus, in man‟s intersubjectivity, man
is called to treat his fellowman as a person; this is made possible only in the context of
man‟s “being-with” existence.
Man‟s personhood should not be contrasted to man‟s humanity and individuality. The
personhood (pagkatawo or pagkatao). And man‟s individuality (pagka siya sa kanyang
pagkatawo or pagiging siya sa kanyang pagkatao) manifests man‟s individual unique
personhood, inasmuch as the individual is the person, and the person in the individual.
Man‟s co-existence or intersubjectivity, in the one hand, does not require a learning
process or experience, since man‟s “being-with” is a priori and intrinsic in his being a
person. On the other hand, man‟s “being-with-others” requires a learning process in the
context of the quality or made of man‟s being-with since human relatedness is not
immediately given but needs to be established.
Man establishes a relationship with his fellowman in three levels: I-it, I-He/She, and I –
thou.
Biblical Basis
The Self
Every one of us has an obligation to ourselves, but there are times that we are facing
difficulties in understanding these obligations. One of the reasons is how we understand
exactly what “self” is.
One way to understand this selfhood, is to conceive it as a personal role that one plays in
the general drama of life. In the totality of human history, I have my own unique role to
In understanding our selfhood, there are certain moral obligations that arise. If a person
has a particular life to live then he has a basic responsibility toward that life. He has the
obligation to see that life is “lived” to its fullest. He should play his role as well as he can
and not neglect it.
We cannot deny the fact that nobody is perfect. All human beings possess strengths and
weaknesses. Many of our strong points are also the sources of our limitations.
We are social beings and we have to interact with one another, since we are person-
oriented. Our relationship with others brings a very important part of our lives. Thus we
are capable of caring and having concern for others. Our person orientation leads us to be
concerned for people, and yet unfair to some.
Our family orientation is the source of our strengths and weaknesses. It gives us a sense
of rootedness and security, both very essential to any form of reaching out to others.
Our flexibility, adaptability and creativity are our strength that allows us to adjust to any
kind of environment and to make the best of the circumstances.
Our sense of joy and humor serves us well in ups and downs in our lives. It makes life
more pleasant, but serious problems need also serious analysis, and humor can be
destructive.
Our faith in God and our religiosity are sources of strength and courage, but they also
lead to become passive to external forces.
There are other conflicts in the many faces of the Filipino. We find pakikipagkapwa-tao
and the kanya-kanya mentality, which are the opposite, yet so many of us are living
comfortably with these contradictions. We are other-oriented and capable of severe
empathy, and yet we are self-serving, envious of others or with crab mentality, and
unconstructively critical with one another.
We are also noted for being hardworking and lazy as being portrayed by Juan Tamad.
Indeed, we see that we are capable of working long and industrious and efficient in any
job. However, our casual work ethics as well as our basic passivity in the work setting is
also apparent as we wait for instructions and orders rather than taking our own initiative.
The family and home environment. The home plays a vital role in the development of
the character of individuals. The childbearing practices, family relations, and family
attitudes and orientation are the main components of the home environment. The child
grows in the family, which is full of love, high nurturance, low independence training,
and low discipline. With this kind of environment, the child learns security and trust, but
dependent on the other hand. In the indulgent environment where rigid standards of
behavior have to be observed or performance are not imposed, there is lack of discipline.
Social Environment. We are social beings and we cannot live without the support of one
another, for “no man is an island.” No one can survive without depending on another
person.
Culture and Language. Filipinos have been noted as warm and our being person –
oriented, devoted to family, and with sense of joy and humor are part of our culture and
reinforced by all socializing forces such as the family, school, and the peer group.
Filipino culture is also characterized by being open minded to the outside forces which
easily accepts foreign elements without being conscious of cultural core. This is brought
by our colonial mentality I which we feel the white Americans are superior to us, hence
the acceptance of the English language as the medium of instruction in schools.
The introduction of the English language being used in the Philippine schools de-
Filipinized the youth and taught them to regard American culture as superior. This
implies that the Filipinos have no self-confidence. At our early age, we develop our self-
esteem the moment we have the mastery of something foreign.
History. Our mentality is the product of our colonial history, which is regarded as the
culprit for our lack of nationalism. Colonialism developed a mind-set on us, to think of
the colonial power as superior and more powerful. With the invasion of the Spaniards and
Americans, we developed a sense of dependence on foreign powers that made us believe
that we are a second class citizen to them and we are not responsible for our country‟s
fate.
The Educational System. Going back to our history, our curriculum was patterned from
the American educational system. Problems cropped up because the textbooks being used
are still dependent on foreign sources. The knowledge derived from these books is not
relevant to the Philippine setting. At present, we still lack suitable local textbooks.
Schools are highly authoritarian, with the teacher as the central focus. The Filipino
student is taught to be dependent on whatever the teacher says. As it is, everything should
be written verbatim by the students during the examination.
The Economic Environment. Poverty is the number one felt problem in our society and
it serves as an excuse for graft and corruption in our bureaucracy. It is also the vital factor
in the crime incidence in our country as well as all over the world.
Our Filipino traits are rooted from poverty and hard life. Our economic difficulties drive
us to take risks, impel us to work very hard and develop in us the ability to survive.
The Political Environment. Our government is obliged to deliver the basic services to
the people and in return, we pay our taxes.
Our Philippine political government is characterized by greed and power during election.
There are those who are killed if they actively participate in political campaigns. The
political power and authority are concentrated in the hands of the elite and the
participation of the people is limited only to voting in elections.
Mass Media. They have strong impact on the moral development of the youth. The
children idolize young actors and actresses. If they portray negative values, it is
internalized in our children‟s mind.
2. Family Orientation. This pertains to the concern for the family, which is
manifested in the honor, and respect for parents and elders. This is further
manifested in the care given to children, even up to the extent of extended
family, where married children still reside in their parents‟ house. This sense
5. Hard work and Industry. This pertains to the desire to raise one‟s standard
of living by working very hard, given proper conditions and to possess the
essentials of a decent life for their loved ones. This is manifested by their
courage to go abroad, and take the risk or even work at two or three jobs.
6. Faith and Religiosity. Filipinos are noted for deep faith in God because of the
belief of life after death. Their ultimate goal is to go to heaven and they are
afraid of the ball of fire or otherwise known as hell.
Filipinos live very intimately with religion and that is very tangible in our
everyday lives. Before you sleep, eat and go to school or work, we pray
because we believe that whatever bad omen we may face, we will always be
saved by HIM.
The Filipinos‟ faith results in courage, daring, optimism, inner peace, as well
as the capacity to genuinely accept tragedy and death.
7. Ability to Survive. We are known for our ability to survive despite the
economic difficulties we are encountering. Filipinos make the most with
whatever is available in the environment, e.g. by eking out a living from a
garbage dump. This is a survival instinct of the Filipinos, which is related to
basic optimism, flexibility, and adaptability.
2. Extreme Family Centeredness. While it is true that concern for the family is
one of the Filipinos‟ greatest strengths, in the extreme it becomes a serious
flaw. (E.g. use of one‟s office and power as a means of promoting the
interests of the family members, in factionalism, patronage, and political
dynasties and in the protection of erring family members). Excessive
concern for the family could be detrimental to the common good and acts as
a block to national consciousness.
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative. Filipinos are generally passive and lacking
of initiative. One has to be told what has to be done. This is related to a
hammer (an authority), Filipinos need for a strong authority figure and feel
safer and more secure if the things that they are going to do come from the
instructions of the superior. Filipinos are submissive to those in authority,
and are not likely to raise issues or to question decisions. There is a high
tolerance for inefficiency, poor service, and even violation of one‟s basic
rights. In other words, Filipinos are too patient and can bear long suffering.
(matiisin) Hence, we are easily oppressed and exploited.
9. Mañana Habit. This negative attitude was inherited from the Spaniards. This
means putting off for tomorrow what can be done today or procrastination. It
has the element of fatalism and is linked with “bahala na” attitude.
10. The Fiesta Syndrome. This is still being celebrated in the rural areas.
Filipinos celebrated so many occasions like feast of the Patron Saint of their
place, birthdays, baptismal and confirmation of their child, marriage,
anniversaries, etc.
11. Hospitality. The Filipino families are very much well known for hospitality.
The visitors are welcomed warmly with full of enthusiasm. They are offered
the best food and even to the extent of depriving themselves just only to
please their visitors.
Introduction
In every organization, a leader is an essential person. He is the one that leads co-students
to attain the goals that they have set. An essential part of directing the people to work is
leadership. Several authors give different definitions of leadership to: 1)
distinguished people in an organization or group; 2) an ability; or 3) a relationship. In the
first sense, leadership refers to those who provide direction and guidance.
In the second sense, the leadership has been defined, among others, as “the art of
inducing subordinates to accomplish their assignments with zeal and confidence. (Koontz
& O"Donnell, 1981).
In the third sense, it has been defined as the relationship in which one person (the leader)
influences others to work together willingly on related tasks to attain goals desired by the
leader and, or group.” (Terry & Franklin, 1982).
Function of Leadership
Villamargo as cited by Coloma & Herrera (2004) give three functions of Leadership,
such as:
1. Providing vision
2. Achieving Goals
To make your vision a reality, it is very essential that you and your co-workers set
goals or objectives. It is your task to see to it that the objectives you have to set
are achieved. Your team members will have a good performance if you know how
to motivate them Through this, you can expect quality output.
Some whose immaculate life attracts people to Jesus. Just the sort of person that was
chosen by the early church (Acts 6:3); people who were of good reputation and
therefore trustworthy.
This emphasis is not so much on whether his relationship with the opposite sex is
above reproach. Christian leadership is costly and no Christian who aspires to
leadership can afford to heed worldly rather than Biblical attitude to sex relationship.
This is less a matter of moderation or lack of self-indulgence but more than of having
clear perspective. Walking in the light of God, rather than the darkness of men, gives
a wholly different perspective on matters, which to the world are of vital importance.
The Christian leader should be led and influenced by those things on which God
places high priority.
Literally one whose behavior, life-style, appearance and attitudes command respect
even from those who do not share his Christian commitment.
The overflow of „teachableness‟. There is a strong link between teaching and leading
(Timothy 5:17 & 1 Thessalonians 5:12 where individually applied and corrective
teaching is embraced in ‘admonishing’). Christian leaders must invest time and energy
in learning so that they can teach; learning is as much a heart activity as a head
activity!
This is not a command to total abstinence but rather that nothing should have the sort
of hold on us that alcohol has for the drunkard; sports, hobbies, or even, can demand
and gradually achieve too high a place in our time and attention.
“The fruit of the Spirit is … long -temperedness” -people and situations that
confront the Christian leader will frequently impose frustration. Only a Christ-like
response will achieve a Christ-like outcome.
This refers not only to physical violence but also to verbal violence (gossip, bitter
criticism, etc.). We are blessed, according to Jesus, when people maltreat us for His
sake, so we have no need to respond aggressively. If we are tempted to be pugnacious
for any other reason, it is an almost certain sign of sin in ourselves.
This is vital to corporate leadership. Some who are successful leaders in professions,
where they always have the final say, revert to being quarrelsome when place in a
team. No one has a monopoly of God‟s knowledge and wisdom.
“Blessed are the gentle for they shall inherit the earth”, say Jesus. A leader is much
more effective, even in a secular context, when he treats his subordinates gently
rather than harshly. Gentleness inspires affection, commitment and a willingness to
be led.
“Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also”. When money, possessions,
promotion, public recognition and the like tie us to our life on earth, we have
disqualified ourselves from leadership of God‟s people. If anything tempts us to say,
“Come back Lord Jesus, but not just yet”, we should beware.
15. One who manages his own household well (I Timothy 3:4)
Personality Development
Introduction
Personality is the sum total of one‟s traits and characteristics. There are other definitions
and most of these falls under one of two headings. The first is equated to the social skill.
The personality of an individual could be assessed by the effectiveness with which he
deals with other persons. The second considers personality of the individual to consist of
the salient impression that he creates on others. A person may be described your attribute
or characteristics based on his perceptions to the over-all impression.
Components of Personality
1. Spiritual and moral values. This pertains to the relationship with God. These are
piety, religiosity, honesty, generosity, sincerity, responsibility, keeping of
promise, punctuality, devotion to duty, absence of anti-social tendencies, etc.
2. Psychosocial traits. These traits refer to the ability to adjust to the society,
dominance-submissiveness, generosity, good manners, extroversion-introversion
lifestyle.
Id. this is the most primitive part of the personality. It represents all the instinctual drives
such as: sexual, aggressive and those concerned with the satisfaction of bodilu needs. it
operates on the “pleasure principle”. In the new born baby, all mental processes are id
processes.
Ego. It operates on the “reality principle” which means gratification of needs are
postponed until the appropriate time and place. For example, the young child learns that
hunger will only be satisfied when someone is available to prepare food.
Freud claims that these three parts are always in conflict with one another, with one
another, with the id trying to attain gratification of impulses and the superego setting,
often-unreasonable high moral standards. The ego is obliged to maintain an appropriate
balance between the two opposing forces and the external demands of social reality.
Theories of Personality
There are outstanding characteristics of individual, which are by-product of heredity and
environment. The theories explain the development and emergence of these personality
traits and characteristics. These theories by Hilgard (1962) as cited by Calderon are:
1. Physique (Body Types). this is a bodily constitution, health and vigor, associated with
temperament.
a. Kretschemer’s classification
b. Sheldon’s classification
Development of Personality
In the course of development, the children pass through a series of stages according to
Freud. During each stage, satisfaction is gained as the libido (or sexual energy) is directed
towards a different part of the body. He referred to as “sexual instincts” which means
“physical pleasure” for children. In the later development, each stage entails problems
to be overcome. If there is a failure to negotiate satisfactorily a particular stage results in
fixation or halting of development of the stage. Fixation causes the individual to retain
some of the characteristic of that stage in later life and in severe cases result in neuroses
in adult life.
passive
receptive
sucking sub phase of the earlier months; and
the later stage, active, aggressive, biting, sub-phase.
He can please his parents by being “clean” or can thwart them by making
a mess. A significant event in the child‟s life is the parents‟ efforts to
impose toilet training.
3. Phallic Stage ( )
In this stage, the libidinal energy centers on the genitals and feeling
become overtly sexual. Describing first the sequence of events for the
male child, Freud defined important issues arising from the Oedipus
Complex. The boys‟ fantasies include wishes for sexual intimacy with his
mother. He envies his father‟s intimacy relationship with his mother and
fears punishment in the form of castration for his forbidden wishes. The
Oedipus complex is resolved when the child identifies with his father in
order to appease him and to become like him in as many ways as possible.
1. The child adopts the gender-role, which will assume through life.
2. The child adopts the parents‟ moral standards, attributes and
prohibitions, together with the moral norms of the society they
reflect. Thus the superego is born and the values and beliefs of a
culture are passed on from one generation to the next.
Personality Development
The progress in and insistence on quality of education, coupled with rapid strides in
spread of knowledge calls for equally developed and able recipients. Thus a definite need
is felt for well-developed personality and character in our life. The Vedantic concept of
personality development is based on the concept of perfection of each soul and self-
confidence for realization and manifestation of this inner knowledge.
Five dimensions are involved in forming the human personality. These are:
1. physical self;
2. energy self;
3. intellectual self;
4. mental self; and
5. blissful self.
Physical self- relates to our senses. Proper nourishment and growth of physical
faculties is essential by way of balanced diet, recreation, music, and care and
concern from near and dear ones. Self confidence could be developed by just
merely patting on the back or shoulder for any achievement in life.
Anandamaya Kosha or blissful self- is the function of state of being. It calls for
remaining calm and unaffected, nay for remaining happy, in all the frivolities of
world, in all neck-breaking competition and struggle, failure and success.