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. 2014 Nov 20:2:862-79.
doi: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.10.007. eCollection 2014 Dec.

Southeast Asian mouth-brooding Betta fighting fish (Teleostei: Perciformes) species and their phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 DNA sequences and analyses

Bhinyo Panijpan  1 , Chanon Kowasupat  2 , Parames Laosinchai  2 , Pintip Ruenwongsa  1 , Amornrat Phongdara  3 , Saengchan Senapin  4 , Warapond Wanna  3 , Kornsunee Phiwsaiya  4 , Jens Kühne  5 , Frédéric Fasquel  6
Affiliations

Southeast Asian mouth-brooding Betta fighting fish (Teleostei: Perciformes) species and their phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 DNA sequences and analyses

Bhinyo Panijpan et al. Meta Gene. .

Abstract

Fighting fish species in the genus Betta are found in several Southeast Asian countries. Depending on the mode of paternal care for fertilized eggs and hatchlings, various species of the betta fish are classified as mouth brooders or nest builders whose members in turn have been grouped according to their similarities mainly in morphology. The mouth brooders as well as some nest builders involved in the present study include fishes discovered and identified subsequent to previous reports on species groupings and their positions on phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences that differ from those used by us in this study. From the mitochondrial COI gene and nuclear ITS1 gene sequences and more accurate analyses we conclude that the following members of the mouth-brooding pairs, named differently previously, are virtually identical, viz the Betta prima-Betta pallida pair and Betta ferox-Betta apollon pair. The Betta simplex, hitherto believed to be one species, could possibly be genetically split into 2 distinct species. In addition, several other established type-locality fishes could harbor cryptic species as judged by genetic differences. Assignments of fish species to groups reported earlier may have to be altered somewhat by the present genetic findings. We propose here a new Betta fish phylogenetic tree which, albeit being similar to the previous ones, is clearly different from them. Our gene-based evidence also leads to assignments of some fishes to new species groups and alters the positions of some species on the new phylogenetic tree, thus implying different ancestral relationships.

Keywords: Betta fish species; Bubble-nest builder; Cryptic species; Fighting fish; Mouth brooder; Phylogenetic tree; Sister group; Southeast Asia.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map of Southeast Asia showing our collection sites (with symbols) of mouth-brooding betta type-locality species (purple pentagon: B. prima; white pentagon: B. pallida; pink star: B. simplex; white star: B. kuehnei; red triangle: B. apollon; white triangle: B. ferox, yellow diamond: B. stigmosa; blue circle: B. pugnax; white circle: B. pulchra; green hexagon: B. pi; white hexagon: B. waseri; orange square: B. hipposideros and B. livida).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The phylogenetic tree reconstructed from the alignment of 83 COI and ITS1 sequences using Bayesian inference with Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MC3): the posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The dataset was divided into 4 partitions: one for each codon position and another for ITS1. An isosceles triangle 's depth (along the tree) corresponds to the depth of the most divergent specimen in the clade while its width represents the number of varieties. Each terminating line represents a single specimen.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The phylogenetic tree reconstructed from the alignment of 93 COI sequences using Bayesian inference with Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MC3): the posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The dataset was divided into 3 partitions according to the positions in the codons. An isosceles triangle's depth (along the tree) corresponds to the depth of the most divergent specimen in the clade while its width represents the number of varieties. Each terminating line represents a single specimen.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The phylogenetic tree reconstructed from the alignment of 74 ITS1 sequences using Bayesian inference with Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MC3): the posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. An isosceles triangle's depth (along the tree) corresponds to the depth of the most divergent specimen in the clade while its width represents the number of varieties. Each terminating line represents a single specimen.
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