The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe

doi:10.1038/nature25738

. 2018 Mar 8;555(7695):190-196.

doi: 10.1038/nature25738. Epub 2018 Feb 21.

The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe

Iñigo Olalde¹, Selina Brace², Morten E Allentoft³, Ian Armit⁴, Kristian Kristiansen⁵, Thomas Booth², Nadin Rohland¹, Swapan Mallick^{1

6

7}, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy⁸, Alissa Mittnik^{9

10}, Eveline Altena¹¹, Mark Lipson¹, Iosif Lazaridis^{1

6}, Thomas K Harper¹², Nick Patterson⁶, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht^{1

7}, Yoan Diekmann¹³, Zuzana Faltyskova¹³, Daniel Fernandes^{14

15

16}, Matthew Ferry^{1

7}, Eadaoin Harney¹, Peter de Knijff¹¹, Megan Michel^{1

7}, Jonas Oppenheimer^{1

7}, Kristin Stewardson^{1

7}, Alistair Barclay¹⁷, Kurt Werner Alt^{18

19

20}, Corina Liesau²¹, Patricia Ríos²¹, Concepción Blasco²¹, Jorge Vega Miguel²², Roberto Menduiña García²², Azucena Avilés Fernández²³, Eszter Bánffy^{24

25}, Maria Bernabò-Brea²⁶, David Billoin²⁷, Clive Bonsall²⁸, Laura Bonsall²⁹, Tim Allen³⁰, Lindsey Büster⁴, Sophie Carver³¹, Laura Castells Navarro⁴, Oliver E Craig³², Gordon T Cook³³, Barry Cunliffe³⁴, Anthony Denaire³⁵, Kirsten Egging Dinwiddy¹⁷, Natasha Dodwell³⁶, Michal Ernée³⁷, Christopher Evans³⁸, Milan Kuchařík³⁹, Joan Francès Farré⁴⁰, Chris Fowler⁴¹, Michiel Gazenbeek⁴², Rafael Garrido Pena²¹, María Haber-Uriarte²³, Elżbieta Haduch⁴³, Gill Hey³⁰, Nick Jowett⁴⁴, Timothy Knowles⁴⁵, Ken Massy⁴⁶, Saskia Pfrengle⁹, Philippe Lefranc⁴⁷, Olivier Lemercier⁴⁸, Arnaud Lefebvre^{49

50}, César Heras Martínez^{51

52

53}, Virginia Galera Olmo^{52

53}, Ana Bastida Ramírez⁵¹, Joaquín Lomba Maurandi²³, Tona Majó⁵⁴, Jacqueline I McKinley¹⁷, Kathleen McSweeney²⁸, Balázs Gusztáv Mende⁸, Alessandra Modi⁵⁵, Gabriella Kulcsár²⁴, Viktória Kiss²⁴, András Czene⁵⁶, Róbert Patay⁵⁷, Anna Endrődi⁵⁸, Kitti Köhler²⁴, Tamás Hajdu^{59

60}, Tamás Szeniczey⁵⁹, János Dani⁶¹, Zsolt Bernert⁶⁰, Maya Hoole⁶², Olivia Cheronet^{14

15}, Denise Keating⁶³, Petr Velemínský⁶⁴, Miroslav Dobeš³⁷, Francesca Candilio^{65

66

67}, Fraser Brown³⁰, Raúl Flores Fernández⁶⁸, Ana-Mercedes Herrero-Corral⁶⁹, Sebastiano Tusa⁷⁰, Emiliano Carnieri⁷¹, Luigi Lentini⁷², Antonella Valenti⁷³, Alessandro Zanini⁷⁴, Clive Waddington⁷⁵, Germán Delibes⁷⁶, Elisa Guerra-Doce⁷⁶, Benjamin Neil³⁸, Marcus Brittain³⁸, Mike Luke⁷⁷, Richard Mortimer³⁶, Jocelyne Desideri⁷⁸, Marie Besse⁷⁸, Günter Brücken⁷⁹, Mirosław Furmanek⁸⁰, Agata Hałuszko⁸⁰, Maksym Mackiewicz⁸⁰, Artur Rapiński⁸¹, Stephany Leach⁸², Ignacio Soriano⁸³, Katina T Lillios⁸⁴, João Luís Cardoso^{85

86}, Michael Parker Pearson⁸⁷, Piotr Włodarczak⁸⁸, T Douglas Price⁸⁹, Pilar Prieto⁹⁰, Pierre-Jérôme Rey⁹¹, Roberto Risch⁸³, Manuel A Rojo Guerra⁹², Aurore Schmitt⁹³, Joël Serralongue⁹⁴, Ana Maria Silva⁹⁵, Václav Smrčka⁹⁶, Luc Vergnaud⁹⁷, João Zilhão^{85

98

99}, David Caramelli⁵⁵, Thomas Higham¹⁰⁰, Mark G Thomas¹³, Douglas J Kennett¹⁰¹, Harry Fokkens¹⁰², Volker Heyd^{31

103}, Alison Sheridan¹⁰⁴, Karl-Göran Sjögren⁵, Philipp W Stockhammer^{46

105}, Johannes Krause¹⁰⁵, Ron Pinhasi^{14

15}, Wolfgang Haak^{105

106}, Ian Barnes², Carles Lalueza-Fox¹⁰⁷, David Reich^{1

6

7}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
² Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
³ Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.
⁴ School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
⁵ University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden.
⁶ Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
⁷ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
⁸ Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
⁹ Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands.
¹² Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
¹³ Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
¹⁴ Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
¹⁵ Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
¹⁶ Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
¹⁷ Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury SP4 6EB, UK.
¹⁸ Center of Natural and Cultural History of Man, Danube Private University, Krems 3500, Austria.
¹⁹ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Basel University, Basel 4123, Switzerland.
²⁰ Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland.
²¹ Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
²² ARGEA S.L., Madrid 28011, Spain.
²³ Área de Prehistoria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30001, Spain.
²⁴ Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
²⁵ Romano-Germanic Commission, German Archaeological Institute, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany.
²⁶ Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Parma, Parma 43100, Italy.
²⁷ INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Buffard 25440, France.
²⁸ School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
²⁹ 10 Merchiston Gardens, Edinburgh EH10 5DD, UK.
³⁰ Oxford Archaeology, Oxford OX2 0ES, UK.
³¹ Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
³² BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
³³ Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK.
³⁴ Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK.
³⁵ University of Burgundy, Dijon 21000, France.
³⁶ Oxford Archaeology East, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK.
³⁷ Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 118 01, Czech Republic.
³⁸ Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DT, UK.
³⁹ Labrys o.p.s., Prague 198 00, Czech Republic.
⁴⁰ Museu i Poblat Ibèric de Ca n'Oliver, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08290, Spain.
⁴¹ School of History, Classics & Archaeology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
⁴² INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Nice 06300, France.
⁴³ Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 31-007, Poland.
⁴⁴ Great Orme Mines, Great Orme, Llandudno LL30 2XG, UK.
⁴⁵ Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
⁴⁶ Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany.
⁴⁷ INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Strasbourg 67100, France.
⁴⁸ Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3, UMR 5140 ASM, Montpellier 34199, France.
⁴⁹ INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Metz 57063, France.
⁵⁰ UMR 5199, Pacea, équipe A3P, Université de Bordeaux, Talence 33400, France.
⁵¹ TRÉBEDE, Patrimonio y Cultura SL, Torres de la Alameda 28813, Spain.
⁵² Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain.
⁵³ Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales (IUICP), Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain.
⁵⁴ Archaeom, Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
⁵⁵ Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy.
⁵⁶ Salisbury Ltd, Budaörs 2040, Hungary.
⁵⁷ Ferenczy Museum Center, Szentendre 2100, Hungary.
⁵⁸ Budapest History Museum, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
⁵⁹ Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
⁶⁰ Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
⁶¹ Déri Museum, Debrecen 4026, Hungary.
⁶² Historic Environment Scotland, Edinburgh EH9 1SH, UK.
⁶³ Humanities Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
⁶⁴ Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague 115 79, Czech Republic.
⁶⁵ Soprintendenza Archeologia belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e per le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna, Cagliari 9124, Italy.
⁶⁶ Physical Anthropology Section, University of Philadelphia Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
⁶⁷ Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
⁶⁸ 46 Cuidad Real Street, Parla 28982, Spain.
⁶⁹ Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
⁷⁰ Soprintendenza del Mare, Palermo 90133, Italy.
⁷¹ Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy.
⁷² Soprintendenza per i beni culturali e ambientali di Trapani, Trapani 91100, Italy.
⁷³ Prima Archeologia del Mediterraneo, Partanna 91028, Italy.
⁷⁴ Università degli Studi di Palermo, Agrigento 92100, Italy.
⁷⁵ Archaeological Research Services Ltd, Bakewell DE45 1HB, UK.
⁷⁶ Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
⁷⁷ Albion Archaeology, Bedford MK42 0AS, UK.
⁷⁸ Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
⁷⁹ General Department of Cultural Heritage Rhineland Palatinate, Department of Archaeology, Mainz 55116, Germany.
⁸⁰ Institute of Archaeology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław 50-137, Poland.
⁸¹ Institute of Archaeology, Silesian University in Opava, Opava 746 01, Czech Republic.
⁸² Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK.
⁸³ Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
⁸⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, USA.
⁸⁵ Centro de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1600-214, Portugal.
⁸⁶ Universidade Aberta, Lisboa 1269-001, Portugal.
⁸⁷ Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK.
⁸⁸ Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-016, Poland.
⁸⁹ Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
⁹⁰ University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
⁹¹ UMR 5204 Laboratoire Edytem, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry 73376, France.
⁹² Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Valladolid University, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
⁹³ UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, EFS, Faculté de médecine Nord, Marseille 13015, France.
⁹⁴ Service archéologique, Conseil Général de la Haute-Savoie, Annecy 74000, France.
⁹⁵ Laboratory of Prehistory, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
⁹⁶ Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 121 08, Czech Republic.
⁹⁷ ANTEA Bureau d'étude en Archéologie, Habsheim 68440, France.
⁹⁸ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
⁹⁹ Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08001, Spain.
¹⁰⁰ Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
¹⁰¹ Department of Anthropology & Institute for Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
¹⁰² Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁰³ Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, Section of Archaeology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
¹⁰⁴ National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK.
¹⁰⁵ Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
¹⁰⁶ Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.
¹⁰⁷ Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.

PMID: 29466337
PMCID: PMC5973796
DOI: 10.1038/nature25738

The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe

Iñigo Olalde et al. Nature. 2018.

. 2018 Mar 8;555(7695):190-196.

doi: 10.1038/nature25738. Epub 2018 Feb 21.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
² Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
³ Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.
⁴ School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
⁵ University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden.
⁶ Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
⁷ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
⁸ Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
⁹ Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands.
¹² Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
¹³ Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
¹⁴ Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
¹⁵ Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
¹⁶ Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
¹⁷ Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury SP4 6EB, UK.
¹⁸ Center of Natural and Cultural History of Man, Danube Private University, Krems 3500, Austria.
¹⁹ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Basel University, Basel 4123, Switzerland.
²⁰ Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland.
²¹ Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
²² ARGEA S.L., Madrid 28011, Spain.
²³ Área de Prehistoria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30001, Spain.
²⁴ Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1097, Hungary.
²⁵ Romano-Germanic Commission, German Archaeological Institute, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany.
²⁶ Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Parma, Parma 43100, Italy.
²⁷ INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Buffard 25440, France.
²⁸ School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
²⁹ 10 Merchiston Gardens, Edinburgh EH10 5DD, UK.
³⁰ Oxford Archaeology, Oxford OX2 0ES, UK.
³¹ Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
³² BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
³³ Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK.
³⁴ Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK.
³⁵ University of Burgundy, Dijon 21000, France.
³⁶ Oxford Archaeology East, Cambridge CB23 8SQ, UK.
³⁷ Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 118 01, Czech Republic.
³⁸ Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DT, UK.
³⁹ Labrys o.p.s., Prague 198 00, Czech Republic.
⁴⁰ Museu i Poblat Ibèric de Ca n'Oliver, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08290, Spain.
⁴¹ School of History, Classics & Archaeology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
⁴² INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Nice 06300, France.
⁴³ Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 31-007, Poland.
⁴⁴ Great Orme Mines, Great Orme, Llandudno LL30 2XG, UK.
⁴⁵ Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
⁴⁶ Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany.
⁴⁷ INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Strasbourg 67100, France.
⁴⁸ Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3, UMR 5140 ASM, Montpellier 34199, France.
⁴⁹ INRAP, Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Metz 57063, France.
⁵⁰ UMR 5199, Pacea, équipe A3P, Université de Bordeaux, Talence 33400, France.
⁵¹ TRÉBEDE, Patrimonio y Cultura SL, Torres de la Alameda 28813, Spain.
⁵² Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain.
⁵³ Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales (IUICP), Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain.
⁵⁴ Archaeom, Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
⁵⁵ Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy.
⁵⁶ Salisbury Ltd, Budaörs 2040, Hungary.
⁵⁷ Ferenczy Museum Center, Szentendre 2100, Hungary.
⁵⁸ Budapest History Museum, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
⁵⁹ Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
⁶⁰ Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
⁶¹ Déri Museum, Debrecen 4026, Hungary.
⁶² Historic Environment Scotland, Edinburgh EH9 1SH, UK.
⁶³ Humanities Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
⁶⁴ Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague 115 79, Czech Republic.
⁶⁵ Soprintendenza Archeologia belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e per le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna, Cagliari 9124, Italy.
⁶⁶ Physical Anthropology Section, University of Philadelphia Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
⁶⁷ Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy.
⁶⁸ 46 Cuidad Real Street, Parla 28982, Spain.
⁶⁹ Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
⁷⁰ Soprintendenza del Mare, Palermo 90133, Italy.
⁷¹ Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy.
⁷² Soprintendenza per i beni culturali e ambientali di Trapani, Trapani 91100, Italy.
⁷³ Prima Archeologia del Mediterraneo, Partanna 91028, Italy.
⁷⁴ Università degli Studi di Palermo, Agrigento 92100, Italy.
⁷⁵ Archaeological Research Services Ltd, Bakewell DE45 1HB, UK.
⁷⁶ Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
⁷⁷ Albion Archaeology, Bedford MK42 0AS, UK.
⁷⁸ Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
⁷⁹ General Department of Cultural Heritage Rhineland Palatinate, Department of Archaeology, Mainz 55116, Germany.
⁸⁰ Institute of Archaeology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław 50-137, Poland.
⁸¹ Institute of Archaeology, Silesian University in Opava, Opava 746 01, Czech Republic.
⁸² Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK.
⁸³ Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.
⁸⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, USA.
⁸⁵ Centro de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1600-214, Portugal.
⁸⁶ Universidade Aberta, Lisboa 1269-001, Portugal.
⁸⁷ Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK.
⁸⁸ Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-016, Poland.
⁸⁹ Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
⁹⁰ University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
⁹¹ UMR 5204 Laboratoire Edytem, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry 73376, France.
⁹² Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Valladolid University, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
⁹³ UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, EFS, Faculté de médecine Nord, Marseille 13015, France.
⁹⁴ Service archéologique, Conseil Général de la Haute-Savoie, Annecy 74000, France.
⁹⁵ Laboratory of Prehistory, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
⁹⁶ Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 121 08, Czech Republic.
⁹⁷ ANTEA Bureau d'étude en Archéologie, Habsheim 68440, France.
⁹⁸ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
⁹⁹ Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08001, Spain.
¹⁰⁰ Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
¹⁰¹ Department of Anthropology & Institute for Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
¹⁰² Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
¹⁰³ Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, Section of Archaeology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
¹⁰⁴ National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK.
¹⁰⁵ Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
¹⁰⁶ Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.
¹⁰⁷ Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.

PMID: 29466337
PMCID: PMC5973796
DOI: 10.1038/nature25738

Erratum in

Erratum: The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe.
Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, Rohland N, Mallick S, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mittnik A, Altena E, Lipson M, Lazaridis I, Harper TK, Patterson N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Diekmann Y, Faltyskova Z, Fernandes D, Ferry M, Harney E, de Knijff P, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Barclay A, Alt KW, Liesau C, Ríos P, Blasco C, Miguel JV, García RM, Fernández AA, Bánffy E, Bernabò-Brea M, Billoin D, Bonsall C, Bonsall L, Allen T, Büster L, Carver S, Navarro LC, Craig OE, Cook GT, Cunliffe B, Denaire A, Dinwiddy KE, Dodwell N, Ernée M, Evans C, Kuchařík M, Farré JF, Fowler C, Gazenbeek M, Pena RG, Haber-Uriarte M, Haduch E, Hey G, Jowett N, Knowles T, Massy K, Pfrengle S, Lefranc P, Lemercier O, Lefebvre A, Martínez CH, Olmo VG, Ramírez AB, Maurandi JL, Majó T, McKinley JI, McSweeney K, Mende BG, Modi A, Kulcsár G, Kiss V, Czene A, Patay R, Endrődi A, Köhler K, Hajdu T, Szeniczey T, Dani J, Bernert Z, Hoole M, Cheronet O, Keating D, Velemínský P, Dobeš M, Candilio F, Brown F, Fernández RF, Herrero-Corral AM, Tusa S, Carnieri E, Lentini L, Valenti A, Zanini A, Waddington C, Delibes G, Guerra-Doce E, Neil B, Brittain M, Luke M, Mortimer R, Desideri J, Besse M, … See abstract for full author list ➔ Olalde I, et al. Nature. 2018 Mar 21;555(7697):543. doi: 10.1038/nature26164. Nature. 2018. PMID: 29565364

Abstract

From around 2750 to 2500 bc, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 bc. The forces that propelled its expansion are a matter of long-standing debate, and there is support for both cultural diffusion and migration having a role in this process. Here we present genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 226 individuals associated with Beaker-complex artefacts. We detected limited genetic affinity between Beaker-complex-associated individuals from Iberia and central Europe, and thus exclude migration as an important mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, migration had a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker complex. We document this phenomenon most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker complex introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry and was associated with the replacement of approximately 90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe over the previous centuries.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Figures

**Extended Data Figure 1. Beaker complex artefacts**
a, ‘All-Over-Cord’ Beaker from Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland. Photo: ãNational Museums Scotland. b, Beaker Complex grave goods from La Sima III barrow, Soria, Spain. The set includes Beaker pots of the so-called ‘Maritime style’. Photo: Junta de Castilla y León, Archivo Museo Numantino, Alejandro Plaza.

**Extended Data Figure 2. Ancient individuals with previously published genome-wide data used in this study**
a, Sampling locations. b, Time ranges. W/E/S/CHG, Western/Eastern/Scandinavian/Caucasus hunter-gatherers; E, Early; M, Middle; L, Late; N, Neolithic; CA, Copper Age; BA, Bronze Age. Map data from the R package *maps*.

**Extended Data Figure 3. Population structure**
a, Principal component analysis of 990 present-day West Eurasian individuals (grey dots), with previously published (pale yellow) and new ancient samples projected onto the first two principal components. b, ADMIXTURE clustering analysis with k=8 showing ancient individuals. W/E/S/CHG, Western/Eastern/Scandinavian/Caucasus hunter-gatherers; E, Early; M, Middle; L, Late; N, Neolithic; CA, Copper Age; BA, Bronze Age.

**Extended Data Figure 4. Hunter-gatherer affinities in Neolithic/Copper Age Europe**
Differential affinity to hunter-gatherer individuals (LaBraña1 from Spain and KO1 from Hungary) in European populations before the emergence of the Beaker Complex. See Supplementary Information, section 8 for mixture proportions and standard errors computed with *qpAdm*. E, Early; M, Middle; L, Late; N, Neolithic; CA, Copper Age; BA, Bronze Age; N_Iberia, Northern Iberia; C_Iberia, Central Iberia.

**Extended Data Figure 5. Modelling the relationships between Neolithic populations**
a, Admixture graph fitting a *Test* population as a mixture of sources related to both Iberia_EN and Hungary_EN. b, Likelihood distribution for models with different proportions of the source related to Iberia_EN (green admixture edge in (a)) when *Test* is England_N, Scotland_N or France_MLN. E, Early; M, Middle; L, Late; N, Neolithic.

**Extended Data Figure 6. Genetic affinity between Beaker Complex-associated individuals from southern England and the Netherlands**
a, f-statistics of the form f₄(Mbuti, Test; BK_Netherlands_Tui, BK_England_SOU). Negative values indicate that Test is closer to BK_Netherlands_Tui than to BK_England_SOU, and the opposite for positive values. Error bars represent ±3 standard errors. b, Outgroup-f₃ statistics of the form f₃(Mbuti; BK_England_SOU, Test) measuring shared genetic drift between BK_England_SOU and other Beaker Complex-associated groups. Error bars represent ±1 standard errors. Number of individuals for each group is given in parentheses. BK_Netherlands_Tui, Beaker-associated individuals from De Tuithoorn, Oostwoud, the Netherlands; BK_England_SOU, Beaker-associated individuals from southern England. See Supplementary Table 1 for individuals associated to each population label.

**Extended Data Figure 7. Derived allele frequencies at three SNPs of functional importance**
Error bars represent 1.9-log-likelihood support interval. The red dashed lines show allele frequencies in the 1000 Genomes GBR population (present-day people from Great Britain). Sample sizes are 50, 98, and 117 for Britain Neolithic, Britain CA-BA and Central European BC, respectively. BC, Beaker Complex; CA, Copper Age; BA, Bronze Age.

**Figure 1. Spatial, temporal, and genetic structure of individuals in this study**
a, Geographic distribution of samples with new genome-wide data. Random jitter was added for sites with multiple individuals. Map data from the R package *maps*. b, Approximate time ranges for samples with new genome-wide data. Sample sizes are given next to each bar. c, Principal component analysis of 990 present-day West Eurasian individuals (grey dots), with previously published (pale yellow) and new ancient samples projected onto the first two principal components. This figure is a zoom of Extended Data Fig. 3a. See Methods for abbreviations of population names.

**Figure 2. Investigating the genetic makeup of Beaker Complex individuals**
a, Proportion of Steppe-related ancestry (shown in black) in Beaker Complex-associated groups, computed with *qpAdm* under the model Steppe_EBA + Anatolia_N + WHG. The area of the pie is proportional to the number of individuals (shown inside the pie if more than one). Map data from the R package *maps*. b, f-statistics of the form f₄(Mbuti, *Test*; Iberia_EN, LBK_EN) computed for European populations (number of individuals for each group is given in parentheses) before the emergence of the Beaker Complex (Supplementary Information section 7). Error bars represent ±1 standard errors. c, Testing different populations as a source for the Neolithic ancestry component in Beaker Complex individuals. The table shows the P-values (highlighted if >0.05) for the fit of the model: Steppe_EBA + Neolithic/Copper Age source population.

**Figure 3. Population transformation in Britain associated with the arrival of the Beaker Complex**
Modelling Neolithic, Copper and Bronze Age (including Beaker Complex-associated) individuals from Britain as a mixture of continental Beaker Complex-associated individuals (red) and the Neolithic population from Britain (blue). Each bar represents genome-wide mixture proportions for one individual. Individuals are ordered chronologically and included in the plot if represented by more than 100,000 SNPs. Circles indicate the Y-chromosome haplogroup for male individuals.

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Comment in

Divided by DNA: The uneasy relationship between archaeology and ancient genomics.
Callaway E. Callaway E. Nature. 2018 Mar 29;555(7698):573-576. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-03773-6. Nature. 2018. PMID: 29595802 No abstract available.

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References

1. Czebreszuk J. Bell Beakers from West to East. In: Bogucki PI, Crabtree PJ, editors. Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Charles Scribner’s Sons; 2004. pp. 476–485.
1. Haak W, et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature. 2015;522:207–211. - PMC - PubMed
1. Allentoft ME, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522:167–172. - PubMed
1. Mathieson I, et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature. 2015;528:499–503. - PMC - PubMed
1. Czebreszuk J. Bell Beakers in Europe. Adam Mickiewicz University; 2004. Similar But Different.

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[1] Czebreszuk J. Bell Beakers from West to East. In: Bogucki PI, Crabtree PJ, editors. Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Charles Scribner’s Sons; 2004. pp. 476–485.

[2] Czebreszuk J. Bell Beakers from West to East. In: Bogucki PI, Crabtree PJ, editors. Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Charles Scribner’s Sons; 2004. pp. 476–485.

[3] Haak W, et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature. 2015;522:207–211. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Haak W, et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature. 2015;522:207–211. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Allentoft ME, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522:167–172. - PubMed

[6] Allentoft ME, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522:167–172. - PubMed

[7] Mathieson I, et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature. 2015;528:499–503. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Mathieson I, et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature. 2015;528:499–503. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Czebreszuk J. Bell Beakers in Europe. Adam Mickiewicz University; 2004. Similar But Different.

[10] Czebreszuk J. Bell Beakers in Europe. Adam Mickiewicz University; 2004. Similar But Different.

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The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe

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The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe

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