Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the Wayback Machine after an embargo period.
Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Professor of History, Central Connecticut State University,
provides citations to books and links to web sites relating to the, "Background
History of Africa, African Food Processing Techniques, African Textile Techniques,
African Metallurgy, Colonialism and Africa's Technology, and Mathematics
in pre-colonial Hausaland, West Africa. http://www.africahistory.net
Includes issues of their newsletter, articles on "The
Ancients", pages on mathematics in Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria, Zambia,
Zimbabwe, profiles of African mathematicians. The newsletter has bibliographies
and web sites. Maintained by Scott W. Williams, Professor, Mathematics
Dept., State Univ. of New York at Buffalo. [KF] http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amuchma_online.html
Chronology with descriptions for Ancient Africa, African Empires, African
Slave Trade & European Imperialism, Anti-Colonialism, Post-Independence
Africa, plus Sources for Further Study. Site by Cora Agatucci, Associate
Professor of English, Central Oregon Community College, Bend, Oregon. http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimelinetoc.htm
In French. Site on
oral traditions, Amadou Hamp�th� B� and Boubou
Hama. Includes
audio clips of 'L'histoire de l'Afrique racont�e'
par Boubou Hama, (Pr�sident de l'Assembl�e nationale du Niger
de 1960 � 1974),
and 'L'explication d'un mythe' par Amadou Hamp�t� BA.
Has a database of
oral traditions holdings from Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Cameroun, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Senegal and other
countries.
Has
a French translation
of a 1236 document from
the Mali empire. Site maintained
by the Centre
d'�tudes
lingusitiques et historiques par tradition orale, CELHTO. Based in
Niamey,
Niger. [KF] http://www.africa-orale.org
Contains messages sent to a discussion list set up by publisher, Harper
Collins, on the Mary Lefkowitz book Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism
Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History. Page by Paul Kekai Manansala
who wrote the purpose of this page was to "provide resources to those
interested in learning about the Afrocentric argument concerning ancient
Egypt, and the contribution of Africa to Western civilization through ancient
Egypt.". http://members.tripod.com/kekaitiare/afro1.htm
"The empire of Mali, which dated from the early thirteenth century
to the late fifteenth century, rose out of what was once the empire of Ghana.
Mali had been a state inside of the Ghanaian empire. After Ghana fell because
of invading forces and internal disputes, Mali rose to greatness under the
leadership of a legendary king named Sundiata, the "Lion King." As
Mali declined, Songhai became the "largest and most powerful kingdom
in medieval West Africa." Part of Annenberg's Collapse,
Why do Civilizations Fall? http://www.learner.org/exhibits/collapse/mali.html
Draft of proposed uniform title headings for Anonymous Classics in African Literature. Compiled by Nadine Boddaert. Includes a bibliography of sources (for pre-colonial epics, oral literature). On the web site of the IFLA Cataloging Section. http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/pubs/AnonymousClassics_Africa_Draft.pdf
For teachers, lesson plans. Organised by themes - Africa before the Transatlantic Slave Trade, through to Legacies in Africa, the Americas, Caribbean and Europe and Slavery Today. African kingdoms timeline. Racist views of Africa, etc. "a joint initiative between UNESCO, Anti-Slavery International, the British Council and the Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (NORAD)." Based in London, England. [KF] http://www.antislavery.org/breakingthesilence/
Professor Asante is the former Chair, Department of African American Studies
at Temple University and the founder of the theory of Afrocentricity.
Has excerpts from
Prof. Asante's speeches and writings, his enstoolment as a traditional leader
of Ghana in 1993, establishment of the Pan African Cultural Center at Tafo,
Ghana, the Cheikh Anta Diop Conference, tours led by Prof. Asante to Egypt
and Ghana, the Association for Nubian Kemetic Heritage (ANKH), a review of
MS Encarta Africana, a talk "The
Future of African Gods," links to related sites. http://www.asante.net/
The African Studies Center, Leiden, Library, Documentation
and Information Department has a bibliography on the Asante Kingdom with
citations to books, journal articles, web sites plus an introduction to
Asante. Topics: History of the Asante Kingdom, Asante Kingship and Chieftaincy, European-Asante
Relations. [KF] http://asc.leidenuniv.nl/library/webdossiers/dossierasante.htm
"The Asantehene, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II, is the Head of the Ashanti
Kingdom."
His present-day activities, photographs." Site based in Ghana. http://www.asanteman.com/
History of the Ashanti people and kingdom, photographs. Sources are not
indicated. Maintained by Steve Garbrah, based in Australia. http://www.ashanti.com.au/
"a resource for the study of African epics. The core of the site
is a listing of available published epic texts divided by language group
and by performer, with brief performance data and bibliographic references." Has
lists of sources and bibliographies for - the epic of Sunjata and
the Mali empire; the history of the kingdoms
of Segou and Kaarta; hunters'
narratives ("hunters' songs often take the form of extended narratives
which closely resemble the historical epic singing"); historical narratives, "in
the times before and after Sunjata," which involve migrations
and genealogies; Fulbe
epic traditions (Futa
Tooro and Massina
and the East); Gambian
Mandinka histories. Belcher has taught Comparative Literature at the
Pennsylvania State University (1991-1998). He is the author of Epic
Traditions in Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).
http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/s/p/spb3/
"information on the pre-nineteenth-century literatures of the African continent. Medieval (600s through 1400s approx.); early modern (1400s through 1700s approx.)"
Wendy Belcher is a writer, editor. http://wbelcher.bol.ucla.edu/default.htm
"the history of the continent from an African perspective." "from
the origins of humankind to the end of South African apartheid" by
major African historians (Jacob Ajayi, George Abungu, Director-General of
the National Museums of Kenya and others). Includes audio of each segment
of the BBC program. (Requires sound card, speaker or headphone). Each segment
has a timeline, bibliography, useful links. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/
Contains full text conference papers and other studies by Bugaje.
Topics include Muslims and Islam in Nigeria, women and Islam, Islamic education
in Katsina State, Usman Dan Fodio, the Sokoto Caliphate, governance,
education, and the Hajj, the U.S. and the Middle East. [KF] http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/
One page each on Mali, Songhay, Great Zimbabwe, Kush, Ghana, Islamic invasions,
Swahili kingdoms, Hausa Kingdoms, Kanem-Bornu. "...designed as a learning
module in the form of a "research textbook." Part of the Washington State
University World Civilizations web
site. Text by Richard Hooker. Some links are not accessible. http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CIVAFRCA/CIVAFRCA.HTM
Des fronti�res en Afrique du XIIe au XXe si�cle.
In French. Full text book. Paris: UNESCO, 2005. 313 pages, in PDF.
Papers from a 1999 Bamako conference. Includes authors - Alpha Oumar Konar�, pr�sident de la R�publique du Mali, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Boubacar Barry, Anthony I. Asiwaju, Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Pierre Kipr�, Patrick Harries, Thierno Bah, Martin Z. Njeuma, S�k�n� Mody Cissokom and others.
Topics include - quel avenir pour les fronti�res africaines ?, cas en Afrique australe et orientale, cas en Afrique centrale, l’exemple des chefferies Bamil�k� et du royaume Bamum, la fronti�re entre le Cameroun et le Nigeria (1885-1992), cas en Afrique du Nord et du Nord-Ouest, les fronti�res du Songha� � la fin du XVe et au XVIe si�cle, le Soudan-Mali du XVIIe au XIXe si�cle, le Burkina Faso et ses voisins aux XIXe et XXe si�cles, etc. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
One of the goals of this site is to "Spread knowledge about advanced African kingdoms and black inventors and scientists who have helped shape and change our world." About African kingdoms and civilizations with citations to published sources. Maintained by Charles Six. http://endingstereotypesforamerica.org/african_history.html
"The Florida Geographic Alliance is a professional organization affiliated
with the National Geographic Society...and housed at the Florida State University
within the Institute of Science and Public Affairs. It is comprised of Primary,
Secondary, Community College, and University Geography Educators,..."
Has maps in Adobe pdf format - African
Continent with names, same map without
names, Timbuktu with Mansa
Musa's route, and other maps. [KF] http://getp.freac.fsu.edu/fga/maps.html
Essay (8 pages) covering Asante, the Benin Kingdom, the Luba and Kuba,
the Yoruba and the States of Ife and Oyo, by Professor Giblin, Department
of History, University of Iowa in "Art and Life in Africa Online" by L.
Lee McIntyre and Christopher D. Roy. http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/history/giblinstate.html
Essay, by Professor Giblin, Department of History, University of Iowa,
in "The Art and Life in Africa Project," web site Univ. of Iowa.
8 pages. http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/history/giblinhistory.html
An introduction to the history of Sudanic Africa (the states of Songhay,
Kanem-Bornu, and Hausaland.) Discusses trade and Islam. Photographs by Lucy
Johnson illustrate - Images of Islam (Grand Mosque at Jenne), River Scenes,
Daily Life, The Dogon, Traditions and Beliefs, The Desert. Has multiple-choice
tests. Project arises from a Andrew W. Mellon Foundation grant to Xavier
University's Center for the Advancement of Teaching (New Orleans, LA). Site
by J. Rotondo-McCord. [KF]�http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms/
Excerpts from Lefkowitz's book Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism
Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History. On The
History Place web site. http://www.historyplace.com/pointsofview/not-out.htm
"Scholars of Peace: The Islamic Tradition and Historical Conflict Resolution
in Timbuktu" by Dr. Mahmoud Zouber, Abdoul Kader Haidara, Mamadou Diallo,
Dr. Stephanie Diakit� (5 p.) - full text, in Adobe
PDF, of an account of 15th-18th century scholars in Timbuktu and the role
of Islamic scholars and leaders in conflict resolution.
"Dating from the 16th to the 18th centuries, the
ancient manuscripts... are indicative of the high level of civilization
attained by West Africans during the Middle Ages." "The manuscripts...are
from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library and the Library of Cheick Zayni
Baye of Boujbeha,..." Has images of the documents which concern Islamic
knowledge of astronomy, law, the Songhai Empire, slavery, Sufi religion,
mathematics, political governance, medical knowledge, attitude
towards non-Muslims, trade. [KF] http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mali/
"twenty-two Islamic
manuscripts [in Arabic script] containing important insights into the life and culture of
West Africans during the late Middle Ages and Early Modern Era." Topics include astrology, commerce, Islamic law, health care, mysticism,
slavery, and agriculture. A project of the Library of Congress and the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library of Timbuktu, Mali. photographs of Mali by Philip Harrington, as well as a
selection of maps from the Library of Congress's Geography and Map
Division. http://international.loc.gov/intldl/malihtml/malihome.html
Includes maps - Timbuktu in Space and Time, a history of Timbuktu as an Islamic cultural center, and Timbuktu architecture.
Covers from 3-1.5 Million BP to 1504 AD. From the book, Historical
dictionary of ancient and medieval Nubia, Scarecrow Press. To be pub.
2004. http://www.thenubian.net/chrnology.html
Archaeological
excavations and information on the people and culture of Jenn�. The
project leaders include Profs. Rod and Susan McIntosh, archaeologists,
from Rice University's Anthropology Dept. A goal is to save archaeological
information from destruction by erosion. See "Jenne-jeno,
an ancient African city." Jenn� is the earliest known urban settlement
south of the Sahara and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Photos, news, teaching
resources, information on Mali and archaeology. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~anth/arch/mali-interactive/index.html
Full text article, [co-authored with Humphrey J. Fisher], from History
in Africa, Vol. 23, 1996, pp. 197-232. The article "focuses on
the alleged Almoravid conquest of Ghana in 1076 AD and the spread of
Islam in the Sudanic Africa." "This version is not identical
to the printed version of 1996. Several printing errors are corrected
and there are a few additions, including subtitles. The arguments are,
however, unchanged." "...there is no direct evidence for any
conquest, still less a violent and destructive conquest, of Ghana by the
Almoravids. The conquest hypothesis is a European creation." On Dr.
Masonen's web site. http://www.uta.fi/~hipema/Venus.htm
The African Art section covers different regions (Central Africa, Eastern Africa, Guinea Coast, Southern Africa, Western & Central Sudan, Archaeology & Rock Art). Maps, bibliographies, timeline for the continent. Explanations of features in the works depicted. Covers pre-colonial African empires & kingdoms, Islam in Africa, Christianity in Ethiopia and the Kongo Kingdom, African leadership, women, Trade among European and African precolonial nations, etc. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm
History of Nubia the area partly in southern Egypt and partly in northern Sudan. Articles such as "How Much Can We Trust the Writen Record?" and "Where does Nubia fit in the Context of Nile Valley Civilization and the Ancient World?" Section for kids. Links to related sites. Conceived by Northeastern Univ. Professor Ron Bailey and Marcia Baynes. Produced by Education Development Center, Newton Massachusetts. [KF] http://www.nubianet.org/
"This document is a revised catalog of the 1,055 photographs [taken
by Professor James Henry Breasted and his colleagues] contained in an Oriental
Institute text/microfiche publication entitled THE 1905-1907 BREASTED EXPEDITIONS
TO EGYPT AND THE SUDAN: A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY." Based at the University
of Chicago. http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/PA/EGYPT/BEES/BEES.html
An annotated guide by Dr. Schmidt (former Africana Librarian, Indiana
University) to print and electronic database resources. In Phyllis M. Martin
and Patrick O'Meara (eds.), Africa.
Third edition. ( Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1995, pp. 413-434.)� " The author would
like to point out that this essay, published in 1995 and written a year
before, does not reflect some more recent publications and web resources." http://www.indiana.edu/~libsalc/african/schmidt.html
Site for a permanent exhibit at the Museum in Washington, D.C. Attractive
site featuring master sculptors (Lamidi Fakeye), an interactive timeline
(from pre-history, West African empires, to the present), society, metalworking,
clay pottery and a master potter, an annotated bibliography. Uses Flash
software; some captions are difficult to read. [KF] http://www.mnh.si.edu/africanvoices/
Has photos of two terracotta figures, a short history, map, timeline,
suggested classroom activities, readings, links to further web resources.
http://www.nmafa.si.edu/educ/mali/
This Macromedia Flash-dependent site describes a cd-rom
sold by Sindibad Multimedia produced in association with the Institut du
Monde Arab (Paris) and Editions Flammarion on the Sudan's history, culture,
and society. Has English or Arabic versions. Follow the CD-ROM link at the
bottom of the page. ttp://www.sindibad.co.uk/
An annotated directory of
"resources about Sondiata and Mansa Musa, kings of the Empire of Mali in the
13th and 14th centuries. It also covers some aspects of later history, including
the oral poetry that have preserved Sundiata's deeds for hundreds of years."
Includes histories, books, primary sources, teacher
materials. Maintained by Tim Spalding. Presented in Association
with Amazon. http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/mansa/
In� English and French. About the "richness, the diversity,
and the fragility" of Africa's cultural heritage. Includes Swahili
culture (Lamu, Gede), Ethiopian Christianity, etc. Only
brief descriptions. Lists World Heritage sites in Africa. Part of the UNESCO
World Heritage Centre. [KF] http://whc.unesco.org/exhibits/afr_rev/toc.htm
"The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and
Natural Heritage... agreement, signed to date by more than 150 States Parties,
was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972. Its primary mission
is to define and conserve the world's heritage, by drawing up a list of
sites whose outstanding values should be preserved for all humanity and
to ensure their protection through a closer co-operation among nations." Africa
sites are in Benin (Royal Palaces of Abomey), Egypt, Ethiopia
(Lalibela, Aksum), Ghana (forts, castles), Mali (Djenne, Timbuktu),
Mauritania (11-12th c. trading centres), Tanzania (Kilwa), Zimbabwe
(Great Zimbabwe, Khami): http://whc.unesco.org/nwhc/pages/sites/maplist/africa.htm
"In this historical geography unit, students follow the changes in
the ancient African city of Timbuktu from its founding to today." For
Grade 6. Part of the Geographic Education and Technology Program, of the
the "Florida Geographic Alliance, a professional organization affiliated
with the National Geographic Society...and housed at the Florida State University
within the Institute of Science and Public Affairs." http://getp.freac.fsu.edu/fga/academy/aftimb.htm
"From the introduction to the first millennium of Islamic history" Includes under Regional Dynasties, a section on West Africa. Developed by the Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/ also in hisreligion
Site for the book (London: Every Generation Media, 2006). Profiles of important figures in African history. Audio interview by Walker. Walker has taught in U.K. schools. Site based in London. http://www.whenweruled.com/
Four maps showing ancient empires and contemporary maps of West
Africa, Africa, Ghana; source of maps not given. On C.
K. Ladzekpo's African Music and Dance web site. http://www.cnmat.berkeley.edu/~ladzekpo/maps.html
A bi-lingual union catalog of records for over 20,000 Arabic manuscripts
from West Africa. Find citations by authors, nicknames, titles, subjects.
Includes manuscripts from Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Northern Nigeria and
from collections in Paris and Northwestern Univ. The documents represent
"the literary activity of Muslim literati in the Sahel region during
the approximately 150 years prior to colonial conquest." Charles C.
Stewart, Professor, Department of History, University of Illinois, Champaign
is General Editor. [KF] http://www.arabic.uiuc.edu/
Lesson plans on Kush (from a newsletter, Wide Horizon, Nov. 1999) produced by Wide-Horizon Education Resources, San Diego, Calif. WER, headed by Dr. David Mollet. Uses the Waldorf approach to education. Has an article about the lesson plan from Social Studies Review. http://members.cox.net/waldorfedu/weredu/index.html
Site for the Public Broadcasting Service TV series. Covers Black Pharaohs,
Nubia / Kush, Meroe, Gedi, the Swahili People, Zanzibar, the Ashanti and
Dahomey (Benin) Kingdoms, Aksum, Gondar, the Churches of Lalibela, the Dogon,
Grand Mosque of Djenne, Empires of Mali & Ghana, the Tuareg, Great Zimbabwe,
a 1,000 year old South African city - Mapangubwe, the Shona People, etc.
Site based on the TV programs hosted by Prof.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (Harvard Univ.) Includes a kids' activity page,
teachers' lesson plans, audio clips. [KF] http://www.pbs.org/wonders/
� The Board of Trustees of the Leland 
