Khadira, Khādira: 24 definitions
Introduction
Introduction:
Khadira means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: archive.org: The mirror of gesture (abhinaya-darpana)One of the Hands indicating Trees.—Khadira, the Tāmracūḍa quite face downwards.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (śāstra) of performing arts, (nāṭya, e.g., theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing dramatic plays (nataka) and poetic works (kavya).
Ayurveda (science of life)
Source: Wisdom Library: Āyurveda and botanyKhadira (खदिर) is a Sanskrit word referring to the “Catechu tree” tree from the Fabaceae family, and is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Caraka-saṃhitā. It is also known as Khayara or Khaira. Its official botanical name is Senegalia catechu (Acacia catechu), and is commonly known in English as “Catechu”, “Terra Japonica” and “Japan earth” among many others. It has been used since ancient times in traditional Ayurvedic medicine.
Source: Wisdom Library: Raj NighantuKhadira (खदिर) is the name of a tree (Khair) that is associated with the Nakṣatra (celestial star) named Ārdrā, according to the second chapter (dharaṇyādi-varga) of the 13th-century Raj Nighantu or Rājanighaṇṭu (an Ayurvedic encyclopedia). Accordingly, “these [trees] are propounded in Śāstras, the secret scriptures (śāstrāgama). These pious trees [viz, Khadira], if grown and protected, promote long life”. These twenty-seven trees related to the twenty-seven Nakṣatras are supposed to be Deva-vṛkṣas or Nakṣatra-vṛkṣas.
Source: Google Books: Essentials of AyurvedaKhadira (खदिर).—The Sanskrit name for an important Ayurvedic drug.—Khadira is a specific drug for kuṣṭha. It is astringent, cold, pacifies kapha and pitta, purifies blood, strengthens teeth and alleviates prameha and obesity.
Source: Shodhganga: Dietetics and culinary art in ancient and medieval IndiaKhadira (खदिर) refers to the “Acacia catechu” and is mentioned as a source of fuel for boiling water (jala), according to the 17th century Bhojanakutūhala (dravyaguṇāguṇa-kathana), and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—[...]. It is interesting to note that the properties of boiled water based on the fuel used to boil the same are described. The fuels discussed here are [viz., khadira (Acacia catechu)]
Khadira (Acacia catechu) is mentioned in a list of remedies for indigestion.—A complete section in Bhojanakutūhala is devoted for the description of agents that cause indigestion [viz., vāstuka (spinach) siddhārthaka (mustard)]. These agents consumed on a large scale can cause indigestion for certain people. The remedies [viz., khadira (Acacia catechu)] for these types of indigestions are also explained therewith.
Source: Ancient Science of Life: Vaidyavallabha: An Authoritative Work on Ayurveda TherapeuticsKhādira (खादिर) or Khera refers to Acacia catechu, and is the name of a medicinal plant dealt with in the 17th-century Vaidyavallabha written by Hastiruci.—The Vaidyavallabha is a work which deals with the treatment and useful for all 8 branches of Ayurveda. The text Vaidyavallabha has been designed based on the need of the period of the author, availability of drugs (viz., Khādira) during that time, disease manifesting in that era, socio-economical-cultural-familial-spiritual-aspects of that period Vaidyavallabha.
Source: Shodhganga: Edition translation and critical study of yogasarasamgrahaKhadira (खदिर) refers to the medicinal plant known as “Acacia katechu (Linn.f.) Willd.” and is dealt with in the 15th-century Yogasārasaṅgraha (Yogasara-saṅgraha) by Vāsudeva: an unpublished Keralite work representing an Ayurvedic compendium of medicinal recipes. The Yogasārasaṃgraha [mentioning khadira] deals with entire recipes in the route of administration, and thus deals with the knowledge of pharmacy (bhaiṣajya-kalpanā) which is a branch of pharmacology (dravyaguṇa).
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-śāstraKhadira (खदिर) is a Sanskrit word, identified with Senegalia catechu (catechu) by various scholars in their translation of the Śukranīti. This tree is mentioned as having thorns, and should therefore be considered as wild. The King shoud place such trees in forests (not in or near villages). He should nourish them by stoole of goats, sheep and cows, water as well as meat.
The following is an ancient Indian horticultural recipe for the nourishment of such trees:
According to Śukranīti 4.4.110-112: “The powder of the dungs of goats and sheep, the powder of Yava (barley), Tila (seeds), beef as well as water should be kept together (undisturbed) for seven nights. The application of this water leads very much to the growth in flowers and fruits of all trees (such as khadira).”
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Source: Wisdom Library: Śrīmad Devī BhāgavatamKhadira (खदिर) is the name of a tree found in maṇidvīpa (Śakti’s abode), according to the Devī-bhāgavata-purāṇa 12.10. Accordingly, these trees always bear flowers, fruits and new leaves, and the sweet fragrance of their scent is spread across all the quarters in this place. The trees (e.g. Khadira) attract bees and birds of various species and rivers are seen flowing through their forests carrying many juicy liquids. Maṇidvīpa is defined as the home of Devī, built according to her will. It is compared with Sarvaloka, as it is superior to all other lokas.
The Devī-bhāgavata-purāṇa, or Śrīmad-devī-bhāgavatam, is categorised as a Mahāpurāṇa, a type of Sanskrit literature containing cultural information on ancient India, religious/spiritual prescriptions and a range of topics concerning the various arts and sciences. The whole text is composed of 18,000 metrical verses, possibly originating from before the 6th century.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: Shodhganga: The saurapurana - a critical studyKhādira (खादिर) wood is used for brushing the teeth in the month Pauṣa for the Anaṅgatrayodaśī-Vrata, according to the 10th century Saurapurāṇa: one of the various Upapurāṇas depicting Śaivism.—Accordingly, the Anaṅgatrayodaśī-vrata is observed in honour of Śiva for acquiring virtue, great fortune, wealth and for destruction of sins [...] This vrata is to be performed for a year from Mārgaśīra.—In the month of Pauṣa, the tooth-brush is that of khādira-wood. The food taken is candana. The deity to be worshipped is Yogeśvara. The flowers used in worship are marubhaka. The naivedya offerings is odana. The result accrued is rājasūya.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
General definition (in Hinduism)
Source: Wisdom Library: HinduismKhadira (खदिर)—Sanskrit word for a plant (Acacia catechu).
Source: archive.org: Vedic index of Names and SubjectsKhadira (खदिर) is mentioned frequently from the Rigveda1 onwards as a tree with hard wood—the Acacia catechu. The Aśvattha is referred to as engrafting itself upon it in the Atharvaveda, and from it the climbing plant Arundhatī is said to have sprung.
In Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Source: academia.edu: The Structure and Meanings of the Heruka MaṇḍalaKhadira (खदिर) or Bhadira refers to one of the eight trees (vṛkṣa) of the Kāyacakra, according to the 10th century Ḍākārṇava chapter 15. Accordingly, the kāyacakra refers to one of the four divisions of the nirmāṇa-puṭa (‘emanation layer’), situated in the Herukamaṇḍala. Khadira is associated with the charnel ground (śmaśāna) named Śūlabhinna and with the hell-guardian (narakapāla) named Bhadirakī.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionarykhadira : (m.) acacia tree.
Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English DictionaryKhadira, (Sk. khadira; Gr. kiζsaros, ivy; Lat. hedera, ivy) the tree Acacia catechu, in cpds. —avārā (pl.) embers of (burnt) acacia-wood J. I, 232; PvA. 152; —ghaṭikā a piece of a. -wood J. IV, 88; —tthambha a post of a. -wood DhA. III, 206; —patta a bowl made of a. -wood J. V, 389; —vana a forest of acacias J. II, 162; —sūla an impaling stake of a. -wood J. IV, 29. (Page 232)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionarykhadira (खदिर).—m (S) A tree, Mimosa catechu. 2 or khadirasāra m Catechu or Terra Japonica.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryKhadira (खदिर).—[khad-kirac]
1) Name of a tree, Acacia Catechu; Y.1.32.
2) An epithet of Indra.
3) The moon.
Derivable forms: khadiraḥ (खदिरः).
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Khādira (खादिर).—a. (-rī f.) [खदिरस्येदं, अण् (khadirasyedaṃ, aṇ)] Made of or coming from, the Khadira tree; खादिरं यूपं कुर्वीत (khādiraṃ yūpaṃ kurvīta); Ms.2.45.
-raḥ Catechu.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryKhadira (खदिर).—m.
(-raḥ) 1. A tree, the resin of which is used in medicine, Khayar Terra japonica or catechu, (Mimosa catechu.) 2. A name of Indra. 3. The moon. f. (-rī) A sensitive plant, (Mimosa pudica.) E. khad to hurt, Unadi affix irac.
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Khādira (खादिर).—mfn.
(-raḥ-rī-raṃ) 1. Derived from the Khayar tree. 2. made of its wood. E. khadira, and aṇ aff.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryKhadira (खदिर).—[khad + ira], m. A tree, Acacia catechu, the resin of which is used in medicine, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 21, 22; [Suśruta] 2, 76, 12.
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Khādira (खादिर).—i. e. khadira + a, adj., f. rī, Made of Khadira-wood, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 2, 45.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryKhadira (खदिर).—[masculine] [Name] of a tree (Acacia Catechu).
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Khādira (खादिर).—[feminine] ī made of Khadira wood.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Aufrecht Catalogus CatalogorumKhādira (खादिर) as mentioned in Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum:—said to be the author of the Drāhyāyaṇagṛhyasūtra. Brl. 56.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Khadira (खदिर):—[from khad] m. Acacia Catechu (having very hard wood, the resin of which is used in medicine, called Catechu, Khayar, Terra japonica), [Ṛg-veda iii, 53, 19; Atharva-veda; Taittirīya-saṃhitā] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] Name of Indra, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
3) [v.s. ...] the moon, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) [v.s. ...] Name of a man [gana] aśvādi
5) Khadirā (खदिरा):—[from khadira > khad] f. a sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica; ‘a kind of vegetable’ [Boehtlingk’s Sanskrit-Woerterbuch in kuerzerer fassung]), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) Khādira (खादिर):—mf(ī)n. ([gana] palāśādi) made of or coming from the Khadira tree (Acacia Catechu), [Taittirīya-saṃhitā iii; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa; Aitareya-brāhmaṇa; Kauśika-sūtra; Manu-smṛti] etc.
7) m. = -rasa, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+21): Khadira Sutta, Khadira-grihya-sutra, Khadirabhu, Khadiracancu, Khadiradi, Khadiragrihya, Khadiragrihyakarika, Khadiragrihyasutra, Khadiragrihyavritti, Khadiraja, Khadirajira, Khadiraka, Khadirakovida, Khadirakuna, Khadiramaya, Khadirangani, Khadirangara, Khadirangara Jataka, Khadirapatri, Khadirapatrika.
Ends with: Asrakhadira, Dutkhadira, Raktakhadira, Sarakhadira, Shvetakhadira, Vitkhadira.
Full-text (+117): Khadirasara, Somasara, Khadiramaya, Khadirakuna, Khadirayana, Khadiravana, Shvetakhadira, Mahasara, Vitkhadira, Yupa, Asrakhadira, Khadirapatri, Khadiri, Bahushalya, Pitudaru, Khadira-grihya-sutra, Saradruma, Adbhutasara, Khadiragrihya, Khadiraka.
Relevant text
Search found 56 books and stories containing Khadira, Khādira, Khadirā; (plurals include: Khadiras, Khādiras, Khadirās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Gobhila-grihya-sutra (by Hermann Oldenberg)
Kautilya Arthashastra (by R. Shamasastry)
Chapter 17 - The Superintendent of Forest Produce < [Book 2 - The duties of Government Superintendents]
Chapter 18 - The Superintendent of the Armoury < [Book 2 - The duties of Government Superintendents]
Chapter 2 - Wonderful and Delusive Contrivances < [Book 14 - Secret Means]
Khadira-grihya-sutra (by Hermann Oldenberg)
Brahma Sutras (Nimbarka commentary) (by Roma Bose)
Brahma-Sūtra 3.4.33 < [Adhikaraṇa 8 - Sūtras 32-35]
Sushruta Samhita, volume 4: Cikitsasthana (by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna)
Chapter X - The medical treatment of major cutaneous affections
Chapter IX - The medical treatment of cutaneous affections
Chapter XXXII - Description of Sveda (fomentation, calorification, etc.)
Sankhayana-grihya-sutra (by Hermann Oldenberg)