The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals
Let There Be Mammals
The timing of the evolution and radiation of placental mammals and their most recent common ancestor has long been debated, with many questions surrounding the relationships of groups that pre- and postdate the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (66 million years ago). While the fossil record suggests that placental mammals radiated after the Cretaceous, molecular clocks have consistently placed the ancestors of mammalian lineages earlier. O'Leary et al. (p. 662; see the Perspective by Yoder) examined the morphology of fossil and extant taxa and conclude that living placentals originated and radiated after the Cretaceous and reconstruct the phenotype of the ancestral placental mammal.
Abstract
To discover interordinal relationships of living and fossil placental mammals and the time of origin of placentals relative to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, we scored 4541 phenomic characters de novo for 86 fossil and living species. Combining these data with molecular sequences, we obtained a phylogenetic tree that, when calibrated with fossils, shows that crown clade Placentalia and placental orders originated after the K-Pg boundary. Many nodes discovered using molecular data are upheld, but phenomic signals overturn molecular signals to show Sundatheria (Dermoptera + Scandentia) as the sister taxon of Primates, a close link between Proboscidea (elephants) and Sirenia (sea cows), and the monophyly of echolocating Chiroptera (bats). Our tree suggests that Placentalia first split into Xenarthra and Epitheria; extinct New World species are the oldest members of Afrotheria.
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Supplementary Material
Summary
Materials and Methods
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S15
Tables S1 to S8
References (44–323
Appendices S1 to S4
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Copyright © 2013, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
History
Received: 23 August 2012
Accepted: 12 December 2012
Acknowledgments
We thank R. Asher, L. Jurgielewicz, M. Marotta, S. Parent, E. Seiffert, and E. Woodruff for data collection; K. Johnson for paleobotanical contributions; K. de Queiroz and A. Turner for discussion; and S. Kaufman, K. Alphonse, M. Passarotti, and D. Ferguson for software development. Artist C. Buell drew Fig. 2A and L. Betti-Nash all other figures. Research assistance came from P. Bowden, D. Malinzak, S. B. McLaren, N. Milbrodt, R. Morgan, and J. Morgan Scott. Data are archived in the supplementary materials and in Project 773 of the public repository MorphoBank.org. Supported by NSF grants 0743309 and 0827993, and by 0629959, 0629836, and 0629811 from the "Assembling the Tree of Life" program of the Divisions of Environmental Biology and Earth Sciences.
