The issue of how best to combat the negative impacts of misinformation distributed via social media hangs on the following question: are there methods that most individuals can reasonably be expected to employ that would largely protect them from the negative impact that encountering misinformation on social media would otherwise have on their beliefs? If the answer is “yes,” then presumably individuals bear significant responsibility for those negative impacts; and, further, presumably there are feasible educational remedies for the problem of (...) misinformation. However, I argue that the answer is “no.” Accordingly, I maintain that individuals do not bear significant responsibility for the negative impacts at issue; and, further, I maintain that the only effective remedies for the problem of misinformation involve changing the information environment itself. (shrink)

Khalid Scenic Drive DOWNLOAD ALBUM ZIP Khalid comes through with a new album project titled “Scenic Drive” and is right here for your fast download. Khalid – Scenic Drive Album Tracklist: ???? 1. Intro Ft. Alicia Keys 2. Present 3. Backseat 4. Retrograde Ft. 6LACK & Lucky Daye 5. Brand New Ft. Quin 6. All I Feel Is Rain Ft. JID 7. Voicemail Ft. Kiana Led 8. Open Ft. Majid Jordan 9. Scenic Drive Ft. Ari Lennox & Smino.

Polo G Hall of Fame 2.0 ALBUM DOWNLOAD. DOWNLOAD Polo G — Hall of Fame 2.0 FREE ALBUM ZIP Mp3 Free Fakaza Leak 2021. Polo G Comes through with another banging and trending Album titled “Hall of Fame 2.0 Album Zip by Polo G” which is available for free Album Zip Download & Mp3.

There is, of course, The Given: what is given in experience. The ‘Myth Of The Given’ is just a wrong answer to the question ‘What is given?’ This paper offers a brief sketch of three possible right answers. It examines an early account by Charles Augustus Strong of why The Myth is a myth. It maintains that a natural and naturalistic version of empiricism is compatible with the fact that the Myth is a myth. It gives proper place to enactivist (...) considerations. It is ) broadly in line with the Sellarsian view as refined by John McDowell. It meets an important constraint: acknowledging the reality of something that seems at first to lend support to The Myth—i.e. the fact that we can engage in ‘non-inferential self-attribution of … sensations’ —without in any way succumbing to the Myth. (shrink)

Does the self exist? If so, what is its nature? How long do selves last? Galen Strawson draws on literature and psychology as well as philosophy to discuss various ways we experience having or being a self. He argues that it is legitimate to say that there is such a thing as the self, distinct from the human being.

many things were back to front in 20th century analytic philosophy.

I argue against two popular claims. The first is a descriptive, empiri- cal thesis about the nature of ordinary human experience: ‘each of us constructs and lives a “narrative” . . . this narrative is us, our identities’ (Oliver Sacks); ‘self is a perpetually rewritten story . . . in the end, we become the autobiographical narratives by which we “tell about” our lives’ (Jerry Bruner); ‘we are all virtuoso novelists. . . . We try to make all of our (...) material cohere into a single good story. And that story is our autobiography. The chief fictional char- acter . . . of that autobiography is one’s self’ (Dan Dennett). The second is a normative, ethical claim: we ought to live our lives narratively, or as a story; a ‘basic condition of making sense of ourselves is that we grasp our lives in a narrative’ and have an understanding of our lives ‘as an unfolding story’ (Charles Taylor). A person ‘creates his identity [only] by forming an autobiograph- ical narrative – a story of his life’, and must be in possession of a full and ‘explicit narrative [of his life] to develop fully as a person’ (Marya Schechtman). (shrink)

واجهت الدول بعد تفشي جائحة فيروس كوفيد-19 أصعب عام منذ عقود سبقت، فقد باغتت الأزمة العالم أجمع، بوصفها أمرًا مستجدًا لم يتوقعه أحد، ألقى بظلاله على مختلف قطاعات الحياة وأنشطتها، وتأثر بتبعاته الواقع العالمي اقتصاديًّا واجتماعيًّا، فتوقفت حركة السفر،وأغلقت الحدود، وفرض حظر التجول والتنقل، وأغلقت المنشآت التجارية أبوابها. وجائحة كوفيد-19 كغيرها من الجوائح لها تأثيرها على الالتزامات التعاقدية؛ حيث إن العقود- من حيث الأصل- تخضع لقاعدة "العقد شريعة المتعاقدين"، أي أن ما اتفق عليه الأطراف في العقد هو ما يجب الالتزام (...) به، ولا يجوز لأي طرف الإخلال بمقتضيات هذا الالتزام، أو أن يطلب تعديله من تلقاء نفسه، وهذا ما نص عليه قانون المعاملات المدنية الإماراتي في المادة (267): «إذا كان العقد صحيحًا لازمًا فلا يجوز لأحد المتعاقدين الرجوع فيه، ولا تعديله ولا فسخه إلا بالتراضي أو التقاضي، أو بمقتضى نص في القانون». غير أنّ الظروف المرافقة لتنفيذ العقد غير مضمونة في كثير من الأحيان، لا سيما إذا ما كان هذا العقد مستمرًا، وبالتالي فإن العقد يتأثر بتغير الظروف والمعطيات، تبعًا لتطورات الحياة، ومثال ذلك جائحة كوفيد- 19 التي تطورت إلى تهديد عالمي، حتى أعلنت منظمة الصحة العالمية في شهر مارس 2020 بأنها وباء عالمي. وينقسم هذا الإصدار إلى أربعة مباحث، يتناول الأول منها القوة القاهرة والآثار المترتبة عليها، بينما يتناول المبحث الثاني الظروف الطارئة، ويطرح المبحث الثالث تساؤلًا عن تصنيف جائحة كوفيد 19 وموقف القضاء الإماراتي، واختتمت الدراسة مباحثها بدور القانون رقم (12) لسنة 2020 بشأن العقود وإدارة المخازن في حكومة دبي في تنفيذ الالتزامات التعاقدية وعلاقة ذلك بالقوة القاهرة والظروف الطارئة وأثرها على العقود التي تبرمها الجهات الحكومية في الإمارة. (shrink)

La pedagogía Ignaciana, basada en los Ejercicios Espirituales de San Ignacio de Loyola, se adapta a los desafíos educativos contemporáneos. La educación virtual se constituye en el escenario idóneo para una educación mediada por la tecnología, el internet y las redes sociales. A partir de modelos y principios tecnoeducativos, el presente artículo plantea corolarios de los cinco momentos del Paradigma Pedagógico Ignaciano, como son el contexto, la experiencia, la reflexión, la acción y la evaluación; y los cinco principios para una (...) enseñanza eficaz, tales como el problema, la activación, la demostración, la aplicación y la integración. Estos corolarios, a manera de demostración, proponen puentes y conexiones para el diseño tecnopedagógico de la pedagogía Ignaciana evidenciados en la integración de las TIC en los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. (shrink)

My question in the chapter is this: could (and should) the role of the physician be construed as that of a friend to the patient? I begin by briefly discussing the “friendship model” of the physician-patient relationship—according to which physicians and patients could, and perhaps should, be friends—as well as its history and limitations. Given these limitations, I focus on the more one-sided idea that the physician could, and perhaps should, be a friend to the patient (a “physician-qua-friend model” of (...) the physician-patient relationship). I show that given recent developments in our understanding of the physician-patient relationship, this idea is far from asinine. I then make the case that the most plausible conception of the physician-qua-friend model incorporates the following components: (a) a common goal, that is, one that physician and patient share; (b) certain forms of equality between physician and patient; (c) an ideal of a caring physician. Finally, I show how the model can be instantiated in a certain type of physician-patient interaction, namely, in physician-assisted dying. (shrink)

Though recent years have seen a proliferation of critical histories of international law, their normative significance remains under-theorized, especially from the perspective of general readers rather than writers of such histories. How do critical histories of international law acquire their normative significance? And how should one react to them? We distinguish three ways in which critical histories can be normatively significant: (i) by undermining the overt or covert conceptions of history embedded within present practices in support of their authority; (ii) (...) by disappointing the normative expectations that regulate people’s reactions to critical histories; and (iii) by revealing continuities and discontinuities in the functions that our practices serve. By giving us a theoretical grip on the different ways in which history can be normatively significant and call for different reactions, this account helps us think about the overall normative significance of critical histories and how one and the same critical history can pull us in different directions. (shrink)

The model of a closed linear measure space, which can be used to model Aristotle’s treatment of motion (kinesis), can be analogically extended to the qualitative ‘spaces’ implied by his theory of contraries in Physics I and in Metaphysics Iota, and to the dimensionless ‘space’ of the unity of matter and form discussed in book Eta of the Metaphysics. By examining Aristotle’s remarks on contraries, the subject of change, continuity, and the unity of matter and form, Aristotle’s thoughts on motion, (...) on contraries, and on the unity of substance can be brought together under a single interpretive framework, which can provide an approach to interpreting his ontology. (shrink)

Die Beziehung der Entwicklung des Lebens im Weltall - von den einfachsten Formen bis zu Leben mit Geist und Bewusstsein – zu der Physik, wie wir sie aus der unbelebten Natur kennen, ist Thema dieses Essays. Ist die Entstehung des Lebens Zufall, ist es Folge einer physikalischen Logik, die noch zu entdecken ist, oder ist „Lebensfreundlichkeit“ ein eigenes Prinzip des Naturgeschehens, das zum Beispiel offene Naturkonstanten der physikalischen Gesetze festlegt, zu denen die geheimnisvollen Grossen Zahlen der Kosmologie gehören – „The (...) Lore of Large Numbers…“? Wissenschaftlich bleibt diese Frage nicht eindeutig zu klären; intuitiv wird das „Prinzip lebensfreundlich“ der menschlichen Evolution wohl am ehesten gerecht. Dabei ist „lebensfreundlich“ in diesem Artikel nicht psychologisch im Sinne menschlicher Beziehungen gemeint, sondern eine Art Kurzbezeichnung für eine Physik, die im Kosmos irgendwann und irgendwo Leben, auch menschliches Leben mit Geist und Bewusstsein ermöglicht. Der Artikel ergänzt auch Texte des Autors über Physik und Bewusstsein, um physikalische und anthropologische Aspekte der Kosmologie (unter philpapers im Volltext). (shrink)

I argue that any account attempting to do away with resultant or circumstantial moral luck is inconsistent with a natural response to the problem of constitutive moral luck. It is plausible to think that we sometimes contribute to the formation of our characters in such a way as to mitigate our constitutive moral luck at later times. But, as I argue here, whether or not we succeed in bringing about changes to our characters is itself a matter of resultant and (...) circumstantial moral luck. I conclude with a dilemma, both of horns of which require accepting some form of moral luck. (shrink)

New algorithms for the numerical solution of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) with initial condition are proposed. They are designed for work on a new kind of a supercomputer – the Infinity Computer, – that is able to deal numerically with finite, infinite and infinitesimal numbers. Due to this fact, the Infinity Computer allows one to calculate the exact derivatives of functions using infinitesimal values of the stepsize. As a consequence, the new methods described in this paper are able to work (...) with the exact values of the derivatives, instead of their approximations. (shrink)

In this paper, we deal with the computation of Lie derivatives, which are required, for example, in some numerical methods for the solution of differential equations. One common way for computing them is to use symbolic computation. Computer algebra software, however, might fail if the function is complicated, and cannot be even performed if an explicit formulation of the function is not available, but we have only an algorithm for its computation. An alternative way to address the problem is to (...) use automatic differentiation. In this case, we only need the implementation of the algorithm that evaluates the function in terms of its analytic expression in a programming language, but we cannot use this if we have only a compiled version of the function. In this paper, we present a novel approach for calculating the Lie derivative of a function, even in the case where its analytical expression is not available, that is based on the In finity Computer arithmetic. A comparison with symbolic and automatic differentiation shows the potentiality of the proposed technique. (shrink)

Feeling confused can sometimes lead us to give up on the task, frustrated. What is less emphasized is that confusion may also promote happy (epistemic) endings to our inquiries. It has recently been argued that confusion motivates effortful investigative behaviors which can help us acquire hard-to-get epistemic goods (DiLeo et al., 2019; D’Mello & Graesser, 2012). While the motivational power of confusion and its benefits for learning has been uncovered in recent years, the exact nature of the phenomenon remains obscure. (...) In this paper we attempt to shed light on the nature and epistemic value of an experience we are all familiar with: the experience of being confused at an object, a statement, etc. We first review the psychological literature on confusion, where it is most often considered to be an epistemic emotion. We then propose a refined account of confusion, by drawing on the literature on metacognitive or noetic feelings, both in psychology and in the philosophy of mind. In particular, we claim that confusion centrally involves the experience of the limits of one’s cognitive capacities, because it results from a monitoring of our cognitive activities as we encounter a cognitive obstacle while processing a given content. Finally we show how our account may explain findings about the role of the experience of confusion in motivating deeper inquiry into complex problems and bringing about epistemic success in these cases. (shrink)

Suffering can make sacred, so it may partly be nature, and not culture alone, that leads us to apprehend a sacred aspect in victims of oppression. Those who recognize this sacredness show piety—a special form of respect—toward members of oppressed groups. The result is a system of social constructions often dismissed as “identity politics.” This essay starts with an analysis of the intentionality of piety and sacredness and how they relate to suffering, sacrifice, sanctions, pollution, and purification. It then argues (...) that the sacralization of oppressed groups is an expression of the perennial human disposition to acknowledge sacredness and to respond piously. The essay then analyzes this sacred status as socially constructed. Based on the sacred-making power of suffering, the sacred status elicits piety, gives its bearers special authority, surrounds them with sanctions, and calls for symbolic sacrificial punishments of the impious. By dissecting sacrificial politics as a system of social constructions, we see that, although the oppressed groups are made sacred, certain people in the oppressor groups—“the Pious”—continue to exercise fundamental power. This essay, by displaying the inner logic of this cultural phenomenon, helps us both to sympathize with and to critique the system and then to pose questions about what good or bad the system might be doing. (shrink)

This chapter offers an overview of the philosophy of Robert S. Sokolowski with a focus on his account of what philosophy is, how philosophy arises out of pre-philosophical life, and how it is related back to pre-philosophical life. It also situates Sokolowsk’s achievements in articulating the relationship between Husserlian phenomenology and modern and pre-modern styles of philosophizing.

APK Spotify Apk Mod Music Premium For Android Download ApkPure, Free Download Spotify Apk Music Premium Online without paying or nulled. Apkpure Apk Pure Downloadz .

Free Download ZOOM APK, Zoom Download Apk Zoom Cloud Meetings for Android, Zoom ApkPure Download.

WAEC GCE 2021 Timetable: 2021 WAEC West African Examination Council (WAEC) Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) 2021 GCE Time-Table for Private Candidates Second (2nd) Series - August/September Session Final International Timetable [12th November - 22nd December, 2021] [Download In PDF].

“Gecenin bir yarısı kalktığınızı düşünün; bedeniniz yatağın ayakları arasında tam olarak ne kadar aralık olduğunu ve ne yapması gerektiğini bilir. Bir bakıma, etrafınızdaki mekân sizinle konuşur ve incelikle kurulmuş ritim oyunları arasına yerleştirir sizi. Mekânı hareket, ses ve doku ritimleriyle özümsediğimiz —etrafımızdakilerle yankılandığımız— her gün dolu dolu yaşanan bir olaydır bu. Mekân ve zaman bedende birleşir. Bu derin beden bilinci tam da yerleşmenin tanımıdır. Bachelard mimarinin Öklidci geometriye dayanarak anlaşılmasından kurtarıp mekânın yaratıcı poetikasına ulaştırdı bizi.” -/- Gaston Bachelard’ın hayranlık uyandıran (...) mekân çalışmalarını farklı disiplinlerle birlikte kat etmeyi amaçlayan bu kitap, okurunu hem Bachelard’la hem de onun felsefi, edebi, mimari, tasarım yorumlarıyla buluşturuyor. Farklı disiplinlerin “mekân” fikrinden hareketle aslında sadece mimari için değil ilgili her disiplin için sorulması gereken soruyu gündeme getiriyor: “Mimarlar neden Bachelard okur?” Elinizdeki derleme barındırdığı metin ve görsel çeşitliliğiyle mekânların ritmini bulmaya çalışıyor. Mimari, felsefe ve edebiyat meraklısı okurların keyifle peşine düşeceği bir serüven sunduğumuzu düşünüyoruz. (shrink)

YouTube To MP3 Converter Best Download YouTube to MP3. Ytmp3 320ytmp3 Y2mate. Are you looking for How To Convert YouTube videos, Download MP3 from YouTube Ytmp3 Y2Mate. Download YouTube To Mp3 Converter, YouTube To Mp3 Mp4 - 4K ytmp3 ytmp4 Download ... YouTube to Mp3 Converter Downloader YtMp3, Click the “Download” Button Above To Convert YouTube Videos to MP3.

Watch Tiwa Savage sextape with boyfriend leaked Video, Tiwa Savage Full Sextape Leaked (+18 Video) , Tiwa Savage leaks, Tiwa Savage Leaks Sex Video, Tiwa Savage's Sex Tape Finally Leaked Online (Watch Video), Tiwa Savage Nude Video, Click “Download” Button Above To Watch & Download Tiwa Savage Sextape.

New algorithms for the numerical solution of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) with initial condition are proposed. They are designed for work on a new kind of a supercomputer – the Infinity Computer, – that is able to deal numerically with finite, infinite and infinitesimal numbers. Due to this fact, the Infinity Computer allows one to calculate the exact derivatives of functions using infinitesimal values of the stepsize. As a consequence, the new methods described in this paper are able to work (...) with the exact values of the derivatives, instead of their approximations. (shrink)

Numerous problems arising in engineering applications can have several objectives to be satisfied. An important class of problems of this kind is lexicographic multi-objective problems where the first objective is incomparably more important than the second one which, in its turn, is incomparably more important than the third one, etc. In this paper, Lexicographic Multi-Objective Linear Programming (LMOLP) problems are considered. To tackle them, traditional approaches either require solution of a series of linear programming problems or apply a scalarization of (...) weighted multiple objectives into a single-objective function. The latter approach requires finding a set of weights that guarantees the equivalence of the original problem and the single-objective one and the search of correct weights can be very time consuming. In this work a new approach for solving LMOLP problems using a recently introduced computational methodology allowing one to work numerically with infinities and infinitesimals is proposed. It is shown that a smart application of infinitesimal weights allows one to construct a single-objective problem avoiding the necessity to determine finite weights. The equivalence between the original multi-objective problem and the new single-objective one is proved. A simplex-based algorithm working with finite and infinitesimal numbers is proposed, implemented, and discussed. Results of some numerical experiments are provided. (shrink)

This article is concerned with the status and stakes of Gilles Deleuze’s “break” with structuralism. With a particular focus on a transitional text of Deleuze, the 1967/1972 article “How Do We Recognize Structuralism?,” it asks how Deleuze understood structuralism and why, after his encounter with Félix Guattari and Guattari’s own transitional text, 1969’s “Machine and Structure,” Deleuze felt the need to break with structuralism. It argues that reading these two texts together allows us to see that Deleuze already perceived tensions (...) within the structuralist project, and argues that Guattari’s non-structural account of the machine allowed Deleuze to clarify this perception, and see it as necessitating a departure from structuralism. To close, however, it turns to recent work by philosophers such as Étienne Balibar and Patrice Maniglier that re-examines the structuralist moment and identifies an ongoing legacy that the “poststructuralism” of Deleuze and Guattari may be part of. By considering Deleuze and Guattari’s break with structuralism in light of this work, this article considers how the polemical rejection of structuralism by Deleuze and Guattari may not fully account for the ongoing legacy of the structuralist program and the persistence of a structuralist problematic in their thought. (shrink)

Ubuntu originated in small-scale societies in precolonial Africa. It stresses metaphysical and moral interconnectedness of humans, and newer Africapitalist approaches absorb ubuntu ideology, with the aims of promoting community wellbeing and restoring a love of local place that global free trade has eroded. Ecological degradation violates these goals, which ought to translate into care for the nonhuman world, in addition to which some sub-Saharan thought systems promote environmental concern as a value in its own right. The foregoing story is reinforced (...) by field research on African hunting operations that appear—counterintuitively—to reconcile conservation with business imperatives and local community interests. Though acknowledging shortcomings, I maintain these hunting enterprises do, by and large, adopt Africapitalist and ubuntu attitudes to enhance community wellbeing, environmental sustainability, and long-term economic viability. I also examine how well-intentioned Western conservation agendas are neocolonial impositions that impede local control while exacerbating environmental destruction and socioeconomic hardship. Ubuntu offers a conciliatory epistemology, which Africapitalism incorporates, and I conclude by considering how standard moral theories and political divisions become less antagonistic within these sub-Saharan frameworks, so even opponents can find common cause. (shrink)

The standard interpretation of Descartes's ethics maintains that virtue presupposes knowledge of metaphysics and the sciences. Lisa Shapiro, however, has argued that the meditator acquires the virtue of generosity in the Fourth Meditation, and that generosity contributes to her metaphysical achievements. Descartes's ethics and metaphsyics, then, must be intertwined. This view has been gaining traction in the recent literature. Omri Boehm, for example, has argued that generosity is foundational to the cogito. In this paper, I offer a close reading of (...) Cartesian generosity, arguing that the meditator cannot acquire generosity in the Second or Fourth Meditation. (shrink)

Commentators have noticed the striking similarities between the skep­tical arguments of al-Ghazālī’s Deliverance from Error and Descartes’ Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. However, commentators agree that their solutions to skepticism are radically different. Al-Ghazālī does not use rational proofs to defeat skepticism; rather, he relies on a supernatural light [nūr] sent by God to rescue him from skepticism. Descartes, on the other hand, relies on the natural light of reason [lumen naturale] to prove the existence of God, (...) mind, and body. In this paper, I argue that Descartes’ solution is closer to al-Ghazālī’s than commentators have allowed. A close reading of the cosmological argument of the Third Meditation reveals that there is also a type of divine intervention em­ployed in the Meditations, which helps Descartes defeat skepticism. This reading may buttress the case made by some that al-Ghazālī influenced Descartes; but more importantly, it requires us to rethink key features of Descartes’ epistemology. (shrink)

This paper studies the cooperation of theology in the new evangelization in societies of ancient Christian tradition which are suffering an advanced process of secularization. It begins with Spain, where a recent debate on the influence of Christian intellectuals on social life suggests the ineffectiveness of ecclesiastical resources in transmitting the rich Catholic doctrinal heritage. Then the author deals with the idiosyncrasy of contemporary man, which lies near the one of the immediate future’s man: an uprooted subject who does not (...) believe that life has any meaning, is deeply marked by emotivism and attaches little significance to truth. The theology of tomorrow cannot feed this emotivism but must be proactive in its own way. The proclamation of the Gospel is not different from the exposition of the Church’s doctrine. To detach evangelization from the teaching of Christian doctrine cannot help the encounter with Christ. In order to succeed in transmitting this doctrine by making it suggestive, theologians should work together with experts in communication. (shrink)

Leibniz is unclear about the nature of pleasure. In some texts, he describes pleasure as a perception of perfection, while in other texts he describes pleasure as being caused by a perception of perfection. In this article, I disambiguate two senses of “perception of perfection”, which clarifies Leibniz’s considered position. I argue that pleasure is a perception of an increase in a substance’s power which is caused by a substance’s knowledge of a perfection of the universe or God. This reading (...) helps clarify the nature of Leibnizian happiness. Happiness is a cognitive process (akin to a mood), constituted fundamentally out of pleasure, which is grounded in increases in a substance’s power. A rational substance will sustain its happiness so long as it is more powerful than it is weak, and it is engaging in activities that increase its power. (shrink)

Commentators have neglected a tension in Descartes’ virtue theory. In some texts, Descartes seems to argue that there are distinct virtues. In other texts, Descartes seems to argue that there is only a single virtue–the firm and constant resolution to use the will well. In this paper, I reconcile this tension. I argue that Descartes endorses a specific version of the unity of the virtues thesis, namely, the identity of the virtues. Nonetheless, Descartes has the resources to draw conceptual distinctions (...) between various virtues. Distinct virtues are conceptually generated when we regard the firm and constant resolution to use the will well in different ways, that is, based on the different ways this resolution manifests in moral situations. (shrink)

El libro se abre con unas palabras de Javier Gomá, director de la Fundación Juan March, promotora de la colección en la que se ha publicado este trabajo. Gomá observa que el género biográfico no ha alcanzado en Es-paña la maestría que es notoria en otros países. Por ello, para contribuir al desarrollo patrio de este género, “el proyecto Españoles eminentes aspira a ser una contribu-ción a una historia de la cultura española a la luz de la ejemplaridad de determinados (...) nombres, acerca de cuya excelencia moral hay amplio consenso”3. Gomá pone en práctica así, en un sentido histórico, la idea de ejem-plaridad sobre la que ha llamado la atención en algunos de sus libros. Se trata, según Gomá, de “la aplicación de una razón histórico-ejemplar” capaz de “reescribir la historia de España en una forma mucho más integradora de lo que hasta la fecha ha sido posible”4. Creemos, sin embargo, a la luz de lo manifestado por Villacañas en el prólogo del libro, que la ejemplaridad indagada y pues-ta de manifiesto a propósito de Vives no es tanto ética, sino, diría, metafísica. El libro, como nos confiesa su autor, contiene “el perfil de un alma” que, situada “en la más crucial divisoria de la historia europea” (la que se da entre Carlos V, Erasmo, Lutero y Moro), se halla perpleja en un presente incierto y sin rumbo, pero que “lucha por reconocer sus antecedentes y construir una tradición moral en ese proceso”5. De esta alma perpleja interesa no tanto darla a conocer como exemplum a emu-lar, siendo, como todos los grandes hombres, inimitable. El caso de Vives es más bien el de quien en una coyun-tura de crisis y de dolor descubre en su interior el exem-plar que debe reproducir vitalmente: la imagen de Cristo repristinada bajo el impulso de las grandes virtudes del republicanismo romano y del platonismo agustiniano. He aquí vocación y destino, llamada y cumplimiento de un valenciano inmortal, un español eminente sin duda. (shrink)

The thesis that there is a reciprocal relationship between human beings and work—i.e., although man controls work, he may find in it either fulfillment or degradation—has its roots in the Marxist theory of alienation. This paper, therefore, tackles this problem from a Marxist perspective. It examines Marx and Engels’s analysis of the history and causes of human alienation by presenting their views on human nature and how work is related to the individual’s search for meaning and fulfillment. The two—man and (...) work—cannot be separated, for doing so leads to alienated work (production alienation) and alienated worker (self-alienation). Hence, the problem of employee satisfaction has to be dealt with from the perspective of how employees experience their relation to their work. (shrink)

This paper tackles the current challenges to private sector unionism in the United States in light of Catholic social teaching (CST). The focus of the study is unionism in the private sector where the fall-off in membership is observed. CST is contained in a wide variety of official documents of the Catholic Church, in particular papal encyclicals, which present ethical norms for economic life in response to the changing realities of the modern world. The study begins with an analysis of (...) the concrete situation: the causes of decline in union membership. It is followed by an ethical reflection on CST’s perspectives and exploration of practices, strategies, and policies that can help reverse the ongoing trend of union decline and revitalize the labor movement in the country. The paper argues that unions are good in themselves as an expression of the workers’ right to associate and instrumentally good as they invoke such values as the dignity of work, solidarity, subsidiarity, common good, and economic equality. While it has been proven that workers and society as a whole gain material benefits from effective unionization, focus on intangible benefits and moral principles offered by CST may give labor organizing a new impetus and inspiration. (shrink)

This paper aims to synthesize two equally impressive systems of thought: Indian philosophy in the East and Presocratic philosophy in the West, which are separated not only by space and time but by our prejudices. It attempts to show the universality of philosophy by exploring the parallelisms and similarities, clarifying contrasts, and highlighting the common themes that are emphasized and de-emphasized in them. The study does not intend to give a complete account of the early Greek and Hindu thoughts. The (...) discussion of Hindu philosophy focuses on the Upanishads, the main source of Hinduism. We will use for our primary source the following texts which majority of Indologists consider as the most authoritative: Aiteriya, Kaushitaki, Taittiriya, Chandogya, Brihadharanyaka, Katha, Mandukya, Maitriyani, Svetasvatara, Isa, and Kena. On the side of Presocratic philosophy are included such major thinkers as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Anaxagoras, and Empidocles. (shrink)

This article presents an ethical analysis and critique of personalized service in the tradition of Catholic social teaching (CST) that is both Catholic and Personalist. It tackles the ethical issues involved when service delivery is personalized, issues that affect both the consumers and the service providers. It focuses on nonprofessional services that are offered by low-skilled blue-collar workers through corporations that are organized to produce efficient service to a high volume of consumers. Customer service involves intersubjectivity, that is, interaction between (...) two persons as subjects. Ethics in the service context is not only about treating consumers in a just manner; the threats to the personhood of the service providers are also significant, for their work cannot be separated from their very being. By focusing on the ethical issues of emotional labor and consumerism of human service, the study will argue that the human interaction in personalized service runs the risk of alienating us from our authentic selves and from each other. If the objective of personalized service is to create authentic human relationship in the service encounter, the latter can arise even in a nonpersonalized service. We do not have to personalize our actions in order to create genuine human interaction. Instead, what we must do is to treat each other as persons. (shrink)

YouTube To MP3 Converter Best Download YouTube to MP3. Ytmp3 320ytmp3 Y2mate. Are you looking for How To Convert YouTube videos, Download MP3 from YouTube Ytmp3 Y2Mate. Download YouTube To Mp3 Converter, YouTube To Mp3 Mp4 - 4K ytmp3 ytmp4 Download ... YouTube to Mp3 Converter Downloader YtMp3, .

YouTube To MP3 Converter Best Download YouTube to MP3. Ytmp3 320ytmp3 Y2mate. Are you looking for How To Convert YouTube videos, Download MP3 from YouTube Ytmp3 Y2Mate. Download YouTube To Mp3 Converter, YouTube To Mp3 Mp4 - 4K ytmp3 ytmp4 Download ... YouTube to Mp3 Converter Downloader YtMp3.

This is a discussion note on Michael Ayers’ Knowing and Seeing. Groundwork for a New Empiricism.

This is a discussion note on Michael Ayers’ Knowing and Seeing. Groundwork for a New Empiricism.

Brain activity determines which relations between objects in the environment are perceived as differences and similarities in colour, smell, sound, etc. According to selectionism, brain activity does not create those relations; it only selects which of them are perceptually available to the subject on a given occasion. In effect, selectionism entails that perceptual experience is diaphanous, i.e. that sameness and difference in the phenomenal character of experience is exhausted by sameness and difference in the perceived items. It has been argued (...) that diaphaneity is undermined by phenomenological considerations and empirical evidence. This paper considers five prominent arguments of this sort and shows that none of them succeeds. (shrink)

In recent years, disagreement as a philosophical topic has started to attract considerable attention, giving rise to rich debates not only on the logical nature of disagreement but also on specifically political and religious forms of it. Moreover, in some recent documents of the Catholic Church, we see corresponding attempts at understanding religious pluralism, dialogue among religions, and doctrinal tensions that sometimes arise within various parts of the Church itself. In such debates, many assume that the realm of the humanities (...) is clearly distinct from that of the natural sciences and, as a consequence, the dynamics of disagreement within the two realms is distinct as well. This paper challenges this assumption. Sociological studies of science are undermining the idea of a strict dichotomy between the dynamics of disagreement within the sciences and that within other areas of inquiry. Engaging in comparative methodology, this paper critically evaluates the dynamics of ecclesial disagreement and the associated idea of doctrinal authority by comparing them with what happens in the sciences. (shrink)

The iroha song of human concepts (2021) -/- The iroha is a Japanese poem of a perfect pangram and isogram, containing each character of the Japanese syllabary exactly once. It also mimics an ultimate conceptual engineering, in that there is more and more restricted scope for meaningful expressions, given more and more condensed means of description. This culminates in crystallizations of human values by auto-condensations of meaningful concepts. Instead of distilling Japanese values of 11th century, I try for those of (...) human concepts, given our merging mind, language and culture. (shrink)

In Marxist circles it is common to refer to Karl Marx’s The Civil War in France for a theoretical analysis of the historical significance of the Paris Commune, and to Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray’s History of the Commune of 1871 for a description of the facts surrounding the insurrection of the Paris workers and its repression by the National Assembly led by Adolphe Thiers. What is less well-known is that Marx himself oversaw the German translation of Lissagaray’s book and made numerous additions (...) to it. In this article we describe Marx’s addenda to Lissagaray’s work, showing how they contribute to concretising his analysis of the Paris Commune and how they relate to the split in the International Working Men’s Association between Marxists and anarchists that took place after the Commune’s defeat. We also show how Marx’s additions to the German version of Lissagaray’s book were linked to his involvement with the recently created Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany and to his criticism of the programme it had adopted at the congress celebrated in the city of Gotha. (shrink)

The serendipity-based creativity process in their conceptual development papers has been particularly appealing for me due to its power to harness unexpectedly useful information as a strategic advantage in business operations, technological innovations, and scientific discoveries. Their metaphor for the serendipity process resembles the radar technology for detecting fast-flying objects. Nonetheless, others refer to it as "lightning strikes". So I call it a serendipity strike.

This dissertation is an investigation into how scientific values may influence the kinds of theories which are investigated, and in turn which theories become ‘mainstream’. I have focussed on psychedelic therapy as a family of theories, and I identified three main reasons as to why psychedelic therapy is somewhat incompatible with the current psychiatric paradigm: (1) the inability to conduct double-blind trials, (2) The inability to isolate one explanatory variable, and (3) The mystical and spiritual dimensions of the mechanisms of (...) action of psychedelic drugs. Because double-blind randomised controlled trials, isolating one explanatory variable, and neurobiological- style explanations of mechanisms of action are seen as an integral part of good psychiatric research, this means that psychedelic therapy is inherently disadvantaged as a research avenue in the current paradigm. These three things also arguably embody scientific values proposed by Kuhn (1977), such as accuracy, simplicity, and consistency. Helen Longino (1995) argues that Kuhn’s values do not simply increase the likelihood of a theory being true, but in some instances serve to perpetuate discriminatory ideologies. She proposes her own list of values as a route to a more equitable science, and by extension, a more equitable society. Interestingly, psychedelic therapy as a theory embodies many, if not all of the values proposed by Longino. This led me to my conclusion that if the psychiatric paradigm were more feminist according to Longino’s criteria, then psychedelic therapy would be considered a “better” theory. It would therefore be easier to conduct research in this area, and psychedelic therapy would have a better chance at becoming a mainstream treatment. (shrink)

The attempt to define life has gained new momentum in the wake of novel fields such as synthetic biology, astrobiology, and artificial life. In a series of articles, Cleland, Chyba, and Machery claim that definitions of life seek to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for applying the concept of life—something that such definitions cannot, and should not do. We argue that this criticism is largely unwarranted. Cleland, Chyba, and Machery approach definitions of life as classifying devices, thereby neglecting their other (...) epistemic roles. We identify within the discussions of the nature and origin of life three other types of definitions: theoretical, transdisciplinary, and diagnostic definitions. The primary aim of these definitions is not to distinguish life from nonlife, although they can also be used for classificatory purposes. We focus on the definitions of life within the budding field of astrobiology, paying particular attention to transdisciplinary definitions, and diagnostic definitions in the search for biosignatures from other planets. (shrink)

Recent work in moral psychology that claims to show that human beings make moral judgements on the basis of multiple, divergent moral foundations has been influential in both moral psychology and moral philosophy. Primarily, such work has been taken to undermine monistic moral theories, especially those pertaining to the prevention of harm. Here, I call one of the most prominent and influential empirical cases for moral pluralism into question, namely that of Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues. I argue that Haidt (...) et al.’s argument is not as strong as it is often made out to be, given significant problems with the design of one of the key experiments used to ground the claim that there are divergent moral foundations across cultures. The flaws that I point out pose a significant challenge to Haidt et al.’s findings and have a detrimental impact on subsequent work based on this immensely influential experiment. Accordingly, I argue that both empirical and normative claims made on the basis of Haidt et al.’s findings should be treated with caution. I conclude by making some suggestions as to how some of the problems that I point out might be addressed. (shrink)

In recent attempts to define ‘harm’, the most promising approach has often been thought to be the counterfactual comparative account of harm. Nevertheless, this account faces serious difficulties. Moreover, it has been argued that ‘harm’ cannot be defined without reference to a substantive theory of well-being, which is itself a fraught issue. This has led to the call for the concept to simply be dropped from the moral lexicon altogether. I reject this call, arguing that the non-comparative approach to defining (...) harm has not been sufficiently explored. I then develop such an account that avoids the difficulties faced by comparative accounts whilst not presupposing a substantive theory of well-being. I conclude that this definition renders a concept of harm that can be meaningfully employed in our moral discourse. (shrink)

Children continue to be overlooked as a topic of concern in discussions around the ethical use of people’s data and information. Where children are the subject of such discussions, the focus is often primarily on privacy concerns and consent relating to the use of their data. This paper highlights the unique challenges children face when it comes to online interferences with their decision-making, primarily due to their vulnerability, impressionability, the increased likelihood of disclosing personal information online, and their developmental capacities. (...) These traits allow for practices such as hypernudging to be executed on them more accurately and with more serious consequences, specifically by potentially undermining their autonomy. We argue that children are autonomous agents in the making and thus require additional special protections to ensure that the development of their autonomy is safeguarded. This means that measures should be taken to prohibit most forms of hypernudging children and thus ensure that they are protected from this powerful technique of digital manipulation. (shrink)

The great advances of the last decades both in cognitive theories and in evolutionary biology have not yet fully merged. Most evolutionary hypotheses around the mind still rely on classical cognitivism, while most theories of cognition still look for adaptive explanations. We believe that the merging of novel cognitive theories into a pluralistic account can greatly improve our understanding of both what cognition is and how it evolved.

Reading Todorov’s The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre - Irfan Ajvazi.

In this article we wonder how a person can discharge the political responsibility for supporting and benefiting from unjust social structures. Firstly, we introduce the concept of structural injustice and defend it against three possible objections: ‘explanatory nationalism’, a diachronic interpretation of the benefits of industry-led growth, being part of a social structure does not automatically mean being responsible for its negative consequences. Then, we hold that both Iris Marion Young’s ‘social connection model’ and Robin Zheng’s ‘role-ideal model’ provide clear (...) indications on how to unload responsibility for supporting/participating in unjust social structures, but fail to explain how to get rid of responsibility for unjust enrichment. We maintain that both models should be complemented with a global redistributive scheme that allows to disgorge the benefits that are unfairly obtained in the global economic system, besides undertaking collective transformative actions and assuming ideal-role responsibilities. (shrink)

Watch Sex Tape Leaked Video Of Tiwa Savage Having Sex With Boyfriend, Download Tiwa Savage Sex Video Watch Tiwa Savage Leaked SexTape Full Video Mp4 HD. Watch Tiwa Savage sextape with boyfriend leaked Video, Tiwa Savage Full Sextape Leaked (+18 Video) , Tiwa Savage leaks, Tiwa Savage Leaks Sex Video, Tiwa Savage's Sex Tape Finally Leaked Online (Watch Video), Tiwa Savage Nude Video, Tiwa Savage Xvideos , Tiwa Savage Porn Video, Tiwa Savage Fucking video, Tiwa Savage Sex Video, Tiwa Savaging (...) receiving Dick from Boyfriend, sex leaked video of Tiwa Savage. (shrink)

The art of Simon Finn has always had a markedly temporal dynamic. Vast structures built and annihilated again and again across different media, their fragmentation across space and time simultaneously methodical and darkly chaotic. Roiling waters and eldritch surfaces held captive in their unrest. Finn’s works render cycles of construction and disintegration, of stasis and motion, in ways that shed light upon the underlying structures of our experience of time while shattering simplistic notions of linearity. This is nowhere more apparent (...) than in Instability, through which Finn allows us to explore the intertwining of personal and historical time, ancestral memory and radical futurity, artefactual form and temporal function. (shrink)

The diaries that detail Ernst Jünger’s time in occupied Paris can be as frustrating as they are captivating. Their tone is often both elegiac and detached, at once keenly aware of and distant from the suffering occurring all around their author. This ambiguity becomes particularly apparent in the contrast between the remarkable everyday encounters the diaries describe and their broader cosmic and world-historical ruminations. In this paper, I want to suggest that this tension can be read as a response to (...) the imperatives through which totalising thought shapes how subjects operating under its confines relate to time itself. This dynamic, which can already be found in Jünger’s own earlier work, is dramatized in the way that the diaries construct the alternative temporal perspective of the witness. The witness here is one who survives outside of, and yet also remains caught between, two temporal imaginaries characteristic of modernity: Totalising historicization – the sweeping narrative of progress that demands the sacrifice of the present individual and individual present – and mechanised temporality, that is, instrumentalised clock time. (shrink)

I develop a contractualist theory of just intelligence collection based on the collective moral responsibility to deliver security to a community and use the theory to justify certain kinds of signals interception. I also consider the rights of various intelligence targets like intelligence officers, service personnel, government employees, militants, and family members of all of these groups in order to consider how targets' waivers or forfeitures might create the moral space for just surveillance. Even people who are not doing anything (...) prejudicial to other states' security can be modeled as ceding rights against diagnostic collection--light touch collection limited to ascertaining if someone is likely an intelligence threat--as part of their duty to support just foreign institutions. Foreign intelligence officers could not perform the same job potential targets can reasonably demand their intelligence agencies perform on their behalf without this ceding of rights. More invasive forms of collection can only be justified if officers can reasonably model their citizens consenting to being the target of the same sort of collection by adversary states. (shrink)

Apk YouTube Downloader Apk, Free YouTube Downloader Apk Pure, Download YouTube Apk, YouTube to MP3 Downloader, Convert Apk YouTube Videos. YouTube Video Downloader.

Watch Sex Tape Leaked Video Of Tiwa Savage Having Sex With Boyfriend, Download Tiwa Savage Sex Video Watch Tiwa Savage Leaked SexTape Full Video Mp4 HD. Watch Tiwa Savage sextape with boyfriend leaked Video, Tiwa Savage Full Sextape Leaked (+18 Video) , Tiwa Savage leaks, Tiwa Savage Leaks Sex Video, Tiwa Savage's Sex Tape Finally Leaked Online (Watch Video), Tiwa Savage Nude Video, Tiwa Savage Xvideos , Tiwa Savage Porn Video, Tiwa Savage Fucking video, Tiwa Savage Sex Video, Tiwa Savaging (...) receiving Dick from Boyfriend, sex leaked video of Tiwa Savage. (shrink)

Click on ”Download” Button Above to Convert Youtube videos to Mp3. -/- YouTube To MP3 Converter Best Download YouTube to MP3. Ytmp3 320ytmp3 Y2mate. Are you looking for How To Convert YouTube videos, Download MP3 from YouTube Ytmp3 Y2Mate. Download YouTube To Mp3 Converter, YouTube To Mp3 Mp4 - 4K ytmp3 ytmp4 Download ... YouTube to Mp3 Converter Downloader YtMp3, -/- Click on ”Download” Button Above to Convert Youtube videos to Mp3.

Transcendental philosophy was not born like Athena out of Zeus’s head, mature and in full armour from the very beginning. That is why in both prefaces to the Critique of Pure Reason (1781 and 1787) Kant introduces the concept of transcendental philosophy as an “idea.” The idea understood architectonically develops slowly and only gradually acquires a definite form. As witnessed by the works of Kant himself and of his predecessors and followers, the idea of transcendental philosophy has undergone a series (...) of changes and adjustments compared to the initial plan. In this context, my goal is not simply exegesis and historical investigation of transcendental philosophy, but also to look at it from a systematic and methodological perspective. I examine the concept of transcendental philosophy from the viewpoint of programmatic metaphilosophy. The first part discusses programmatics as a distinct subsection of metaphilosophy. I argue that Kant’s architectonic methodology and the methodology of Lakatos can be used to understand the inception, development and degradation of philosophical systems. In the second part I look at the project of transcendental philosophy and the stages of its development from the standpoint of architectonics. The third part shows that Lakatos’s methodology can provide a detailed insight into the elements of transcendental philosophy, a clear idea of its logic and identify the component parts that can be improved and developed. In spite of the different levels of detailing and epistemological prerequisites, the methodologies of Kant and Lakatos can be combined to achieve a metaphilosophically informed and progressive understanding of philosophical projects. -/- Keywords: transcendental philosophy, Kant, programmatics, architectonics, metaphilosophy, ideas of reason, Lakatos, research programmes. (shrink)

The assumption that natural selection alone is sufficient to explain not only which traits get fixed in a population/species, but also how they develop, has been questioned since Darwin’s times, and increasingly in the last decades. Alternative theories, linked to genetic and phenotypic processes, or to the theory of complex systems, have been proposed to explain the rise of the phenotypic variety upon which natural selection acts. In this article, we illustrate the current state of the issue and we propose (...) a logical space based on phenotypic robustness that allows a classification of evolutionary phenomena and can provide a framework for unifying all these accounts. (shrink)

The paper deals with the paradox that rationality demands rational substantiation which can’t be given in principle. Thus it is argued that only intuition can prevail against skepticism and subjectivism. But intuition is "transcendent" to rationality and therefore its acceptance as the substantiation of rationality implies existence of transcendental reality. In itself it has infinite regress qua infinite reiteration of reality levels without any qualitative ontological alteration, therefore only infinite transcendence is able to ground a finite immanence.

Kant’s views on animals have received much attention in recent years. According to some, Kant attributed the capacity for objective perceptual awareness to non-human animals, even though he denied that they have concepts. This position is difficult to square with a conceptualist reading of Kant, according to which objective perceptual awareness requires concepts. Others take Kant’s views on animals to imply that the mental life of animals is a blooming, buzzing confusion. In this article I provide a historical reconstruction of (...) Kant’s views on animals, relating them to eighteenth-century debates on animal cognition. I reconstruct the views of Buffon and Reimarus and show that (i) both Buffon and Reimarus adopted a conceptualist position, according to which concepts structure the cognitive experience of adult humans, and (ii) that both described the mental life of animals as a blooming, buzzing confusion. Kant’s position, I argue, is virtually identical to that of Reimarus. Hence Kant’s views on animals support a conceptualist reading of Kant. The article further articulates the historical antecedents of the Kantian idea that concepts structure human cognitive experience and provides a novel account of how the ideas of similarity and difference were conceptualized in eighteenth-century debates on animal cognition. (shrink)

This chapter first seeks to identify Huw Price's reasons for holding that "object naturalism" can be undermined by "subject-naturalistic" inquiry. It then addresses five questions about how his project bears on the prospects for a liberal naturalism. (1) Does Price’s strategy depend on his requirement that the relevant inquiry into human discourse and thought be conducted in natural-scientific terms? (2) Is Price’s strategy even compatible with that requirement? (3) Does the worldview Price arrives at amount to a liberal naturalism, i.e. (...) a naturalism that could be obtained by relaxing a more restrictive version? (4) Is Price’s strategy consistent with a liberal naturalism? (5) Should a proponent of Price’s strategy accept a liberal naturalism? (shrink)

Kant’s account of the pain of remorse involves a hybrid justification based on self-retribution, but constrained by forward-looking principles which say that we must channel remorse into improvement, and moderate its pain to avoid damaging our rational agency. Kant’s corpus also offers material for a revisionist but textually-grounded alternative account based on wrongdoers’ sympathy for the pain they cause. This account is based on the value of care, and has forward-looking constraints much like Kant’s own account. Drawing on both Kant’s (...) texts and recent work in empirical psychology, I argue that experiences of remorse which conform to the sympathetic account may fulfill Kant’s forward-looking goals better than those conforming to his own account. (shrink)

Kant’s conception of remorse has not received focused discussion in the literature. I argue that he thinks we ought to experience remorse for both retributivist and consequentialist reasons. This account casts helpful light on his ideas of conversion and the descent into the hell of self-cognition. But while he prescribes a heartbreakingly painful experience of remorse, he acknowledges that excess remorse can threaten rational agency through distraction and suicide, and this raises questions about whether actual human beings ought to cultivate (...) their consciences in such a way as to experience remorse on his model. (shrink)

Descartes is not widely recognized for his ethics; indeed, most readers are unaware that he had an ethics. However, Descartes placed great importance on his ethics, claiming that ethics is the highest branch of his philosophical system. I aim to understand the systematic relationship Descartes envisions between his ethics and the rest of his philosophy, particularly his metaphysics and epistemology. I defend three main theses. First, I argue against the recent trend in the literature that claims that the chief virtue (...) in Descartes’ ethics—generosity—is acquired in the Meditations. On this view, the presence of moral virtue in the Meditations shows that ethical practice is intertwined with metaphysics and epistemology. I argue that generosity cannot be acquired in the Meditations because acquiring generosity presupposes several metaphysical and physical truths that the meditator cannot access given her epistemic position. Thus, I maintain that metaphysics and epistemology is foundational to ethics. Second, I resolve the tension between Descartes’ description of distinct virtues, and his insistence that there is only a single virtue—the disposition to judge well. Drawing from his theory of conceptual distinction in his metaphysics, I argue that Descartes offers a unique account of the unity of the virtues. Although Descartes describes different virtues, he thinks that all of them are identical to each other because they are reducible to the disposition to judge well. Nonetheless, we can conceptually distinguish between the virtues because we can regard the disposition to judge well in different ways given the various applications it has in different types of moral situations. Third, I show that some of Descartes’ ethical concepts inform his epistemology. I draw from Descartes’ theory of virtue to address “the problem of knowledge preservation,” that is, how to render perfect knowledge— scientia—stable in light of the instability of clear and distinct perceptions. I argue that Descartes intends to preserve scientia by grounding items of scientia in virtuous habits of belief. These habits of belief are established through repeated engagement with cognitive routes to clear and distinct perceptions, and are ultimately grounded in memory. This reading has the advantage of explaining Descartes’ notoriously confusing remarks about memory in response to the Cartesian circle. (shrink)

This paper argues that Kant endorses a distinction between rational and natural sympathy, and it presents an interpretation of rational sympathy as a power of voluntary a posteriori productive imagination. In rational sympathy we draw on the imagination’s voluntary powers to subjectively unify the contents of intuition, in order to imaginatively put ourselves in others’ places, and to associate imagined intuitional contents with the concepts others use to convey their feelings, in such a way that those contents prompt feelings in (...) us that are like their feelings. (shrink)

Kant’s notion of (what I will call) rational sympathy solves a problem about how we can voluntarily fulfill our imperfect duty to adopt those ends of others which have value only because they have been set by rational agents, ends which I will refer to as merely permissible ends (MPEs). Others’ MPEs are individuated in terms of their own concepts of their MPEs, and we can only adopt their MPEs in terms of their concepts, since to adopt them in terms (...) of different concepts would be to adopt different ends. Others’ concepts of their MPEs may contain marks of the first person, and should contain no marks of law apart from permissibility. Rational sympathy allows us to adopt ends individuated in terms of concepts with marks of these kinds because rational sympathy allows us to voluntarily adopt others’ first-person perspectives in imagination, and to voluntarily shape our contingent feelings so that such concepts motivate us despite their underdetermination by law. (shrink)

Hoy en día se percibe una crisis en torno a las relaciones de la sociedad con el estado producto del descrédito por no sentirse identificados con el gobierno de turno, los actos de corrupción, la ineficacia de las acciones en torno a desastres naturales y humanos como la pandemia del Covid-19. Esta realidad planetaria nos invita a pensar en una nueva racionalidad política que sea incluyente reconociendo las diferencias y diversidades del ciudadano común. Para este cometido, el presente artículo realiza (...) una revisión de la literatura desde un recorrido histórico desde diferentes autores de la filosofía política sobre los sentidos y las tensiones en las relaciones entre la sociedad y el estado. Luego se plantea lo que es una nueva racionalidad política a partir de un sujeto político emergente que, ante las adversidades, las situaciones de marginalidad y pobreza, hace prevalecer el sentido de una conciencia colectiva. Desde un enfoque hermenéutico, se realiza una definición de lo político, como una forma alternativa de la praxis política que busca recuperar el sentido de organización, convivencia y toma de decisiones desde nuestra condición como seres políticos. De esta manera, las relaciones sociedad-estado serán resituadas para la búsqueda de un nuevo orden post-covid más justo, solidario, tolerante y resiliente. (shrink)

Practical reasoning is a domain of concerns that deal with our most intimate views on what should be done, every day, in facing the world. Unlike theoretical reasoning which forms only beliefs, practical reasoning forms intensions and sets ground for actions. It deals mostly with the notion of reason, broadly understood as a term that acquires both rationality and motivation for our actions. Bernard Williams in “Internal and external reasons” introduced a strong and influential distinction, the distinction between internal and (...) external reasons. Williams explicitly argues in favour of internalism, excluding the existence of external reasons and placing the burden of proof on the externalists. In this paper I will reconsider his views drawing on John Skorupski’s insights on Williams in “Internal Reasons and the Scope of Blame” and Skorupski’s cognitive internalism. I will criticise both of their internalistic accounts and argue for an Aristotelian framing of their main arguments which I believe is a fairer deal in their contribution to the practical reasoning issues. (shrink)

The article presents the advantages and limitations of adaptive clinical trials for assessing the effectiveness of medical interventions and specifies the conditions that contributed to their development and implementation in clinical practice. I advance two arguments by discussing different cases of adaptive trials. The normative argument is that responsible adaptation should be taken seriously as a new way of doing clinical research insofar as a valid justification, sufficient understanding, and adequate operational conditions are provided. The second argument is historical. The (...) development of adaptive trials can be related to lessons learned from research in cases of urgency and to the decades-long efforts to end the productivity crisis of pharmaceutical research, which led to the emergence of translational, personalized, and, recently, precision medicine movements. (shrink)

I examine the role of time-sensitivity in science by drawing on a discussion between Kevin Elliott and Daniel McKaughan and Daniel Steel, on the role of non-epistemic values in theory assessment and the epistemic status of speed of inference. I argue that: 1) speed supervenes on ease of use in the cases they discuss, 2) speed is an epistemic value, and 3) Steel’s account of values doesn’t successfully distinguish extrinsically epistemic from non-epistemic values. Finally, I propose an account of time-sensitivity.

This dissertation explores the influence of time constraints on different research practices. The first two parts present case studies, which serve as a basis for discussing the epistemological and ethical implications of temporal limitations in scientific research. Part I is a case study on gravitational wave research, conducted by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration. This exemplifies fundamental research – without immediate societal applications, open-ended in terms of timeline and in terms of research goals. It is based, in part, on qualitative interviews (...) conducted with gravitational wave physicists. I show that considerations about time and speed play a role in every stage of research: goal setting, method design, and the evaluation and communication of results. Part II provides a case study on translational medicine, an approach explicitly dedicated to accelerating research in order to develop and implement new therapies. This epitomizes applied research with high social stakes, motivated by non-epistemic goals. Here, epistemic trade-offs between speed and reliability intersect with ethical trade-offs between different types of harms. In Part III, the insights from both of these case studies are used as the basis for a more general discussion concerning the pragmatic aspects of epistemic practices, especially in relation to current debates centered on the role of values in science. A particular focus is on the value of speed and the ability to generate reliable results, either via choice of methods, or via decisions about which goals to set, as well as decisions about when to stop further testing. The primary thesis of the dissertation is that pragmatic considerations stemming from limitations of resources are a necessary feature of the pursuit of epistemic aims, and that the epistemic is thus inherently pragmatic. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to apply the metaphysics of John Duns Scotus in constructing a new conception of matter which does not stand in opposition to the mental realm, but is rather composed of both physical and mental elements. The paper is divided into four parts. Section one addresses Scotus’ claim that matter is intelligible and actual in itself. Section two aims to show that matter can be seen as a deprived thinking being. Section three analyzes Scotus’ conception (...) of place. The final section brings together the conclusions of the three preceding parts to confront the Cartesian psycho-physical problem anew and to suggest a viable solution. (shrink)

This chapter explores the relationship between the views of Leibniz and Berkeley on the fundamental nature of the created universe. It argues that Leibniz concurs with Berkeley on three key points: that in the final analysis there are only perceivers and their contents (subjective idealism), that there are strictly speaking no material or corporeal substances, and that bodies or sensible things reduce to the contents of perceivers (phenomenalism). It then reconstructs his central argument for phenomenalism, which rests on his belief (...) in the infinite division of matter, his doctrine of the ideality of relations, and the traditional principle of the convertibility of being and unity. Finally, it explores Leibniz’s belief that a body having its being in one perceiver can be “founded” on other perceivers, and considers Berkeley’s reasons for opposing such a view. (shrink)

An introduction to philosophy of language since Frege, focusing on the 20th century.

When the reader turns to a text, he conceives of the narrated events as ordered in time. When the natural philosopher turns to the world, he also conceives of its events as ordered in time—or lately, in space-time. But each has the task of constituting this order on the basis of clues present in what is to be ordered. Interrogating the parallels to be found in their problems and methods, I shall argue that in both cases the definiteness of the (...) relation between the order and what is ordered resides mainly in how the matter is to be conceived, and is underdetermined by the facts. (shrink)

I (Hereafter: the writer) would think that arguing against the LGBTQ adoption right is similar with a battle. On the one side, some liberal democracies and its proponents would recognise themselves as a hero that would free human kind from religious, cultural and political chains i.e. promoting LGBTQ adoption right, on the other side, theocracies and its advocators insist on the theistic and otherworldly interpretation of rights e.g. they punish LGBTQ. The writer gravely agrees neither with the former and nor (...) the latter. The writer will propose these claims by Gay Adoption Disrespect Argument. (shrink)

In this paper, I will argue that man is a slave to his pleasure and nothing he does is not to serve it. I will use this conclusion to argue that man is incapable of acting in true altruism and thus is incapable of being, in any way, altruistic. The argument goes as follows: -/- (i) Every act man makes throughout his entire life is to experience a form pleasure; (ii) If man only acts to experience pleasure, man’s acts cannot (...) be acts of true altruism; (iii) If none of man’s acts are altruistic, then man himself is selfish. (shrink)

Many common arguments for physicalism begin with the principle that the cosmos is “causally closed.” But how good are the arguments for causal closure itself? I argue that the deductive, a priori arguments on behalf of causal closure tend to beg the question. The extant inductive arguments fare no better. They commit a sampling error or a non-sequitur, or else offer conclusions that remain compatible with causal openness. In short, we have no good arguments that the physical world is causally (...) closed. (shrink)

27 seconds ago [+123SEEMUVE-OFFICIAL-HBOstream+]→4K.HD.Downloads-! How to watch Eternals online free? HQ Reddit Video [DVD-ENGLISH] Eternals (2021) Full Movie Watch online free Dailymotion [#Eternals ] Google Drive/[DvdRip-USA/Eng-Subs] Eternals! Offical Stream. Stream your favorite Movie or TV show right now! We have the latest and greatest to the classics come sign up for free. Action Drama movies, Romantic chick flicks, Thrillers that will have you on the edge of your seat, we have it all for you to enjoy on your PC Eternals (...) (2021) Full Movie Watch online FULL Movie Sign Up 123 Movies Online !! [DvdRip-HINDI]]Eternals ! (2021) Full Movie Watch online free 123 Movies Online!! Eternals (2021)Watch Eternals (2021) Full Online HD Movie Streaming Free Unlimited Download, Eternals Full Series 2021 Online Movie for Free DVD Rip Full HD With English Subtitles Ready For Download. Watch Eternals (2021) Online Full Movie Streaming Free 123Movies Where can you watch? Eternals Movie (2021) Online Free Trial Access. Eternals [BlUrAy] | Watch Eternals Online 2021 Full Movie Free HD.720Px|Watch Eternals Online 2021 Full MovieS Free HD !! Eternals (2021) with English Subtitles ready for download, Eternals 2021 720p, 1080p, BrRip, DvdRip, Youtube, Reddit, Multilanguage and High Quality. Watch Eternals Online Free Streaming, Watch Eternals Online Full Streaming In HD Quality, Let’s go to watch the latest movies of your favorite movies, Eternals. come on join Eternals!!! 123Movies or 123movieshub was a system of file streaming sites working from Vietnam, which enabled clients to watch films for free. The 123Movies network is still active via clone sites. 123Movies is a good alternate for Eternals (2021) Online Movie Eternalsrs, It provides best and latest online movies, TV series, episodes, and anime etc. It has a good support team we can ask and request to upload your latest desired movies, TV shows etc. Here we can give a rating Eternals watching the movie. The online streaming is excellent to watch movies free online. 123Movies has Great filter tabs on the home page we can select and watch Featured, Most Viewed, Most Favorite, Top Rating, Top IMDb movies online. Here we can download and watch 123movies movies offline. 123Movies websites is best alternate to watch Eternals (2021) free online. we will recommend 123Movies is the best Solarmovie alternatives. 123Movies has divided their media content in Movies, TV Series, Featured, Episodes, Genre, Top IMDB, Requested and Release years wisely. What happened in this movie? I have a summary for you. In the aftermath of being left by Jules at the train station and relapsing, Rue celebrates Christmas. All About The movies Eternals takes place four years Eternals Train to BEternalsan as the characters fight to escape the land that is in ruins due to an unprecedented disaster. Public Group Watch Eternals Full Movie Eternals 2021Watch Eternals Online Free 2 minutes ago HD WATCH ONLINE Eternals FULL MOVIE 123MOVIES FREE STREAMING FILM COMPLETE Strengthens CrEternalsaders and mountan Moorish commanders rebelled against the British crown. How long have you fallen asleep during Eternals Movie? The mEternalsic, the story, and the message are phenomenal in Eternals. I have never been able to see another Movie five times like I did this. Come back and look for the second time and pay attention. Watch Eternals WEB-DL movies This is losing less lame files from streaming Eternals, like Netflix, Amazon Video. Hulu, Crunchy roll, DiscoveryGO, BBC iPlayer, etc. These are also movies or TV shows that are downloaded through online distribution sites, such as iTunes. The quality is quite good becaEternalse it is not re-encoded. Video streams (H.264 or H.265) and audio (AC3 / Eternals) are Eternalsually extracted from iTunes or Amazon Video and then reinstalled into the MKV container without sacrificing quality. Download Euphoria Movie Season 1 Movie 6 One of the streaming movies. Watch Eternals Miles Morales conjures his life between being a middle school student and becoming Eternals. However, when Wilson “Kingpin” FiskEternalses as a super collider, another Captive State from another dimension, Peter Parker, accidentally ended up in the Miles dimension. When Peter trained the Miles to get better, Eternals, they soon joined four otherAEternals from across the “Spider-Verse”. BecaEternalse all these conflicting dimensions begin to destroy Brooklyn, Miles mEternalst help others stop Fisk and return everyone to their own dimensions. the indEternalstry’s biggest impact is on the DVD indEternalstry, which effectively met its destruction by mass popularizing online content. The emergence of streaming media has caEternalsed the fall of many DVD rental companies such as BlockbEternalster. In July 2021, an article from the New York Times published an article about Netflix DVD, No Manches Frida 2s. It was stated that Netflix was continuing their DVD No. No Frida 2s with 5.3 million cEternalstomers, which was a significant decrease from the previoEternals year. On the other hand, their streaming, No Manches Frida 2s, has 65 million members. In a March 2021 study that assessed “The Impact of movies of Streaming on Traditional DVD Movie Rentals” it was found that respondents did not buy DVD movies nearly as much, if ever, becaEternalse streaming had taken over the market. So we get more space adventures, more original story material and more about what will make this 21st MCU movie different from the previoEternals 20 MCU films. Watch Eternals, viewers don’t consider the quality of movies to differ significantly between DVDs and online streaming. Problems that according to respondents need to be improved by streaming movies including fast forEternalsding or rewinding functions, and search functions. This article highlights that streaming quality movies as an indEternalstry will only increase in time, becaEternalse advertising revenues continue to soar on an annual basis across indEternalstries, providing incentives for the production of quality content. He is someone we don’t see happening. Still, Brie Larson’s resume is impressive. The actress has been playing on TV and film sets since she was 11 years Eternals. One of those confEternalsed with Swedish player Alicia Vikander (Tomb Raider) won an Oscar in 2016. She was the first Marvel movie star with a female leader. . And soon, he will play a CIA agent in a movies commissioned by Apple for his future platform. The movies he produced together. Unknown to the general public in 2016, this “neighbor girl” won an Academy AEternalsd for best actress for her poignant appearance in the “Room”, the true story of a woman who was exiled with her child by predators. He had overtaken Cate Blanchett and Jennifer Lawrence, both of them hadAEternals out of statues, but also Charlotte Rampling and Saoirse Ronan. Watch Eternals Movie Online Blu-rayor Bluray rips directly from Blu-ray discs to 1080p or 720p Torrent Full Movie (depending on source), and Eternalses the x264 codec. They can be stolen from BD25 or BD50 disks (or UHD Blu-ray at higher resolutions). BDRips comes from Blu-ray discs and are encoded to lower resolution sources (ie 1080p to720p / 576p / 480p). BRRip is a video that has been encoded at HD resolution (Eternalsually 1080p) which is then transcribed to SD resolution. Watch Eternals The BD / BRRip Movie in DVDRip resolution looks better, however, becaEternalse the encoding is from a higher quality source. (shrink)

27 seconds ago [+123SEEMUVE-OFFICIAL-HBOstream+]→4K.HD.Downloads-! How to watch Eternals online free? HQ Reddit Video [DVD-ENGLISH] Eternals (2021) Full Movie Watch online free Dailymotion [#Eternals ] Google Drive/[DvdRip-USA/Eng-Subs] Eternals! Offical Stream. -/- Stream your favorite Movie or TV show right now! We have the latest and greatest to the classics come sign up for free. Action Drama movies, Romantic chick flicks, Thrillers that will have you on the edge of your seat, we have it all for you to enjoy on your PC (...) -/- Eternals (2021) Full Movie Watch online FULL Movie Sign Up 123 Movies Online !! [DvdRip-HINDI]]Eternals ! (2021) Full Movie Watch online free 123 Movies Online!! Eternals (2021)Watch Eternals (2021) Full Online HD Movie Streaming Free Unlimited Download, Eternals Full Series 2021 Online Movie for Free DVD Rip Full HD With English Subtitles Ready For Download. -/- Watch Eternals (2021) Online Full Movie Streaming Free 123Movies -/- Where can you watch? Eternals Movie (2021) Online Free Trial Access. Eternals [BlUrAy] | Watch Eternals Online 2021 Full Movie Free HD.720Px|Watch Eternals Online 2021 Full MovieS Free HD !! Eternals (2021) with English Subtitles ready for download, Eternals 2021 720p, 1080p, BrRip, DvdRip, Youtube, Reddit, Multilanguage and High Quality. -/- Watch Eternals Online Free Streaming, Watch Eternals Online Full Streaming In HD Quality, Let’s go to watch the latest movies of your favorite movies, Eternals. come on join Eternals!!! -/- 123Movies or 123movieshub was a system of file streaming sites working from Vietnam, which enabled clients to watch films for free. The 123Movies network is still active via clone sites. 123Movies is a good alternate for Eternals (2021) Online Movie Eternalsrs, It provides best and latest online movies, TV series, episodes, and anime etc. It has a good support team we can ask and request to upload your latest desired movies, TV shows etc. Here we can give a rating Eternals watching the movie. The online streaming is excellent to watch movies free online. 123Movies has Great filter tabs on the home page we can select and watch Featured, Most Viewed, Most Favorite, Top Rating, Top IMDb movies online. Here we can download and watch 123movies movies offline. 123Movies websites is best alternate to watch Eternals (2021) free online. we will recommend 123Movies is the best Solarmovie alternatives. 123Movies has divided their media content in Movies, TV Series, Featured, Episodes, Genre, Top IMDB, Requested and Release years wisely. -/- What happened in this movie? -/- I have a summary for you. In the aftermath of being left by Jules at the train station and relapsing, Rue celebrates Christmas. -/- All About The movies -/- Eternals takes place four years Eternals Train to BEternalsan as the characters fight to escape the land that is in ruins due to an unprecedented disaster. -/- Public Group -/- Watch Eternals Full Movie -/- Eternals 2021Watch Eternals Online Free -/- 2 minutes ago -/- HD WATCH ONLINE Eternals FULL MOVIE 123MOVIES FREE STREAMING FILM COMPLETE Strengthens CrEternalsaders and mountan Moorish commanders rebelled against the British crown. -/- How long have you fallen asleep during Eternals Movie? The mEternalsic, the story, and the message are phenomenal in Eternals. I have never been able to see another Movie five times like I did this. Come back and look for the second time and pay attention. -/- Watch Eternals WEB-DL movies This is losing less lame files from streaming Eternals, like Netflix, Amazon Video. -/- Hulu, Crunchy roll, DiscoveryGO, BBC iPlayer, etc. These are also movies or TV shows that are downloaded through online distribution sites, such as iTunes. -/- The quality is quite good becaEternalse it is not re-encoded. Video streams (H.264 or H.265) and audio (AC3 / Eternals) are Eternalsually extracted from iTunes or Amazon Video and then reinstalled into the MKV container without sacrificing quality. Download Euphoria Movie Season 1 Movie 6 One of the streaming movies. -/- Watch Eternals Miles Morales conjures his life between being a middle school student and becoming Eternals. -/- However, when Wilson “Kingpin” FiskEternalses as a super collider, another Captive State from another dimension, Peter Parker, accidentally ended up in the Miles dimension. -/- When Peter trained the Miles to get better, Eternals, they soon joined four otherAEternals from across the “Spider-Verse”. BecaEternalse all these conflicting dimensions begin to destroy Brooklyn, Miles mEternalst help others stop Fisk and return everyone to their own dimensions. -/- the indEternalstry’s biggest impact is on the DVD indEternalstry, which effectively met its destruction by mass popularizing online content. The emergence of streaming media has caEternalsed the fall of many DVD rental companies such as BlockbEternalster. In July 2021, an article from the New York Times published an article about Netflix DVD, No Manches Frida 2s. It was stated that Netflix was continuing their DVD No. No Frida 2s with 5.3 million cEternalstomers, which was a significant decrease from the previoEternals year. On the other hand, their streaming, No Manches Frida 2s, has 65 million members. In a March 2021 study that assessed “The Impact of movies of Streaming on Traditional DVD Movie Rentals” it was found that respondents did not buy DVD movies nearly as much, if ever, becaEternalse streaming had taken over the market. -/- So we get more space adventures, more original story material and more about what will make this 21st MCU movie different from the previoEternals 20 MCU films. -/- Watch Eternals, viewers don’t consider the quality of movies to differ significantly between DVDs and online streaming. Problems that according to respondents need to be improved by streaming movies including fast forEternalsding or rewinding functions, and search functions. This article highlights that streaming quality movies as an indEternalstry will only increase in time, becaEternalse advertising revenues continue to soar on an annual basis across indEternalstries, providing incentives for the production of quality content. -/- He is someone we don’t see happening. Still, Brie Larson’s resume is impressive. The actress has been playing on TV and film sets since she was 11 years Eternals. One of those confEternalsed with Swedish player Alicia Vikander (Tomb Raider) won an Oscar in 2016. She was the first Marvel movie star with a female leader. . And soon, he will play a CIA agent in a movies commissioned by Apple for his future platform. The movies he produced together. -/- Unknown to the general public in 2016, this “neighbor girl” won an Academy AEternalsd for best actress for her poignant appearance in the “Room”, the true story of a woman who was exiled with her child by predators. He had overtaken Cate Blanchett and Jennifer Lawrence, both of them hadAEternals out of statues, but also Charlotte Rampling and Saoirse Ronan. -/- Watch Eternals Movie Online Blu-rayor Bluray rips directly from Blu-ray discs to 1080p or 720p Torrent Full Movie (depending on source), and Eternalses the x264 codec. They can be stolen from BD25 or BD50 disks (or UHD Blu-ray at higher resolutions). -/- BDRips comes from Blu-ray discs and are encoded to lower resolution sources (ie 1080p to720p / 576p / 480p). BRRip is a video that has been encoded at HD resolution (Eternalsually 1080p) which is then transcribed to SD resolution. Watch Eternals The BD / BRRip Movie in DVDRip resolution looks better, however, becaEternalse the encoding is from a higher quality source. (shrink)

The present paper proposes a route to modal claims that allows us to infer to certain possibilities even if they are sensorily unimaginable and beyond the evidential capacity of stipulative imagining. After a brief introduction, Sect. 2 discusses imaginative resistance to help carve a niche for the kinds of inferences about which this essay is chiefly concerned. Section 3 provides three classic examples, along with a discussion of their similarities and differences. Section 4 recasts the notion of potential explanation in (...) Lipton’s (Inference to the best explanation, Routledge, Abingdon, 2004) in order to accommodate inferences to possibility claims; Sect. 5 then attempts to characterise a principle underlying such inferences. Section 6 concludes by discussing how the proposal relates to other modal epistemologies, with emphasis on the potential of such inferences to produce genuinely new ideas. (shrink)

Social developments/events of three different periods (Elizabethan Period (1558-1603), Jacobean Period (1603-1625) and Caroline Period (1625-1649) might have had great impact on Ben Jonson’s writing the play Volpone. In this qualitative study (conducted with literature research on the topic), Volpone through which he best reflected his corrupted society at that time will be examined. The play will be analysed to illuminate the native features related to the market economy. The economic sight based on commodity has such a great power in (...) changing the characters of the people, losing their morals because of their greed towards the power and wealth during the mentioned period. Another point to be discussed is to reckon whether Ben Jonson as a Dramatist had contrary opinions against the developing capitalist world. In the study, it has been found that the play of Volpone (the fox) depicts one of the best evidence how the characters can be changed through materialism. As a main character, he is a wealthy Venetian nobleman and exceptionally cunning, who devises a plan (pretending to die) with the assistance of his henchman (Mosca/ fly) to exploit his relatives waiting to be an heir of him. The play shows how his relatives flatter him and give him the most expensive gifts. He deceives each of them at the end. The play draws attention to the materialistic power of the 16th century. (shrink)

The temporal unity of the self cannot be accounted for by the continuity of causal, factual, or contiguous relations between independently definable mental events, as proposed by Locke and Parfit. The identity of the self over time is normative: it depends on the institutional context of social rules external to the self that determine the relationship between past commitments and current responsibilities. (2005).

Philosophical reflection on the idea of progress is undergoing a recent revival, especially because of renewed interest in the broad implications of the theory of biological evolution and in its applicability to epistemology. In this paper, the main interest lies with the following two questions: What kind of word is ‘progress’? Does it refer to a process that can be detected empirically? In the first section, three ways of understanding biological progress are evaluated. It is shown that ambiguity arises in (...) each of these ways due to the arbitrary and inevbitable choice of evaluative criteria involved. The second section of the paper deals with cognitive progress. According to evolutionary epistemology, the picture we have of the world at any one time is less approximate than the ones we had before it. We are converging onto the correct description. Problems arise here because one must have, just as in the previous cases, a pre-established evaluative criterion. The third section of the paper draws some implications from these conclusions and applies them to the understanding of cultural and moral progress in the most general sense. The final section of the paper brings together the insights of the previous sections so as to highlight some logical features of the concept of progress that prevent its exhaustive analysis. (shrink)

In this work I defend moral realism, the thesis that there are objective moral truths, by defending “epistemic realism.” Epistemic realism is the thesis that epistemic judgments, e.g., judgments that some belief is epistemically reasonable, or justified, or known or should be held, are sometimes true and made true by stance-independent epistemic facts and properties. -/- One might think that epistemic realism needs no defense because it is obviously true and nearly universally accepted. But there are influential arguments against moral (...) realism, which is analogous to epistemic realism: moral realists think that moral judgments, e.g., that something is morally good, or ought to be done, are sometimes true because there are stance-independent moral facts and properties. Moral irrealists deny this for a variety of semantic, metaphysical, psychological and epistemological reasons. They argue that moral judgments are neither true nor false since they are non-cognitive expressions of emotion or commands, or are never true since they fail to refer, or that their truth is “relative.” -/- Drawing on the moral irrealisms of Ayer, Stevenson, Hare, Mackie, Harman, and more recent thinkers, I construct parallel arguments for epistemic irrealisms. On these views, epistemic judgments are also merely expressive, a kind of command, always false, or relativistic in truth conditions: even “epistemic platitudes” like “justified beliefs are better than unjustified beliefs” and “ideally, one’s beliefs ought to be consistent” are understood not as epistemic propositions that might be believed (much less believed truly), or as attempts to accurately represent epistemic facts, or as attributions of epistemic properties. -/- The implications of these claims are highly at odds with common epistemological assumptions, even those that moral irrealists tend to accept. I argue that these implications are rationally unacceptable and that, therefore, the premises that support them should be rejected. Since these premises are those given in defense of moral irrealisms, I thereby defend both moral and epistemic realism. Thus, I argue that “oughts,” “shoulds” and other evaluative judgments are equally legitimate in both ethics and epistemology. (shrink)