
Formed in 2009, the Archive Team (not to be confused with the archive.org Archive-It Team) is a rogue archivist collective dedicated to saving copies of rapidly dying or deleted websites for the sake of history and digital heritage. The group is 100% composed of volunteers and interested parties, and has expanded into a large amount of related projects for saving online and digital history.
History is littered with hundreds of conflicts over the future of a community, group, location or business that were "resolved" when one of the parties stepped ahead and destroyed what was there. With the original point of contention destroyed, the debates would fall to the wayside. Archive Team believes that by duplicated condemned data, the conversation and debate can continue, as well as the richness and insight gained by keeping the materials. Our projects have ranged in size from a single volunteer downloading the data to a small-but-critical site, to over 100 volunteers stepping forward to acquire terabytes of user-created data to save for future generations.
The main site for Archive Team is at archiveteam.org and contains up to the date information on various projects, manifestos, plans and walkthroughs.
This collection contains the output of many Archive Team projects, both ongoing and completed. Thanks to the generous providing of disk space by the Internet Archive, multi-terabyte datasets can be made available, as well as in use by the Wayback Machine, providing a path back to lost websites and work.
Our collection has grown to the point of having sub-collections for the type of data we acquire. If you are seeking to browse the contents of these collections, the Wayback Machine is the best first stop. Otherwise, you are free to dig into the stacks to see what you may find.
The Archive Team Panic Downloads are full pulldowns of currently extant websites, meant to serve as emergency backups for needed sites that are in danger of closing, or which will be missed dearly if suddenly lost due to hard drive crashes or server failures.
Given an array nums containing n + 1 integers where each integer is between 1 and n (inclusive), prove that at least one duplicate number must exist. Assume that there is only one duplicate number, find the duplicate one.
Example 1:
Example 2:
Note:
这道题给了我们 n+1 个数,所有的数都在 [1, n] 区域内,首先让证明必定会有一个重复数,这不禁让博主想起了小学华罗庚奥数中的抽屉原理(又叫鸽巢原理),即如果有十个苹果放到九个抽屉里,如果苹果全在抽屉里,则至少有一个抽屉里有两个苹果,这里就不证明了,直接来做题吧。题目要求不能改变原数组,即不能给原数组排序,又不能用多余空间,那么哈希表神马的也就不用考虑了,又说时间小于 O(n2),也就不能用 brute force 的方法,那也就只能考虑用二分搜索法了,在区间 [1, n] 中搜索,首先求出中点 mid,然后遍历整个数组,统计所有小于等于 mid 的数的个数,如果个数小于等于 mid,则说明重复值在 [mid+1, n] 之间,反之,重复值应在 [1, mid-1] 之间,然后依次类推,直到搜索完成,此时的 low 就是我们要求的重复值,参见代码如下:
解法一:
经过热心网友 waruzhi 的留言提醒还有一种 O(n) 的解法,并给了参考帖子,发现真是一种不错的解法,其核心思想快慢指针在之前的题目 Linked List Cycle II 中就有应用,这里应用的更加巧妙一些,由于题目限定了区间 [1,n],所以可以巧妙的利用坐标和数值之间相互转换,而由于重复数字的存在,那么一定会形成环,用快慢指针可以找到环并确定环的起始位置,确实是太巧妙了!
解法二:
这道题还有一种位操作 Bit Manipulation 的解法,也十分的巧妙。思路是遍历每一位,然后对于 32 位中的每一个位 bit,都遍历一遍从0到 n-1,将0到 n-1 中的每一个数都跟 bit 相 ‘与’,若大于0,则计数器 cnt1 自增1。同时0到 n-1 也可以当作 nums 数组的下标,从而让 nums 数组中的每个数字也跟 bit 相 ‘与’,若大于0,则计数器 cnt2 自增1。最后比较若 cnt2 大于 cnt1,则将 bit 加入结果 res 中。这是为啥呢,因为对于每一位,0到 n-1 中所有数字中该位上的1的个数应该是固定的,如果 nums 数组中所有数字中该位上1的个数多了,说明重复数字在该位上一定是1,这样我们把重复数字的所有为1的位都累加起来,就可以还原出了这个重复数字,参见代码如下:
解法三:
Github 同步地址:
#287
类似题目:
First Missing Positive
Missing Number
Single Number
Find All Numbers Disappeared in an Array
Set Mismatch
Array Nesting
Linked List Cycle II
参考资料:
https://leetcode.com/problems/find-the-duplicate-number/
https://leetcode.com/problems/find-the-duplicate-number/discuss/72872/O(32*N)-solution-using-bit-manipulation-in-10-lines
https://leetcode.com/problems/find-the-duplicate-number/discuss/73045/Simple-C%2B%2B-code-with-O(1)-space-and-O(nlogn)-time-complexity
https://leetcode.com/problems/find-the-duplicate-number/discuss/72846/My-easy-understood-solution-with-O(n)-time-and-O(1)-space-without-modifying-the-array.-With-clear-explanation.
LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中...)
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