cpython/typing.py at 3.9 · python/cpython

cpython/Lib/typing.py /

Jump to

Code definitions

_type_convert Function _type_check Function _type_repr Function _collect_type_vars Function _check_generic Function _deduplicate Function _remove_dups_flatten Function _flatten_literal_params Function _tp_cache Function decorator Function inner Function _eval_type Function _Final Class __init_subclass__ Function _Immutable Class copy Function deepcopy Function _SpecialForm Class init Function __mro_entries Function repr Function reduce Function call Function instancecheck Function subclasscheck Function getitem__ Function _LiteralSpecialForm Class getitem Function Any Function NoReturn Function ClassVar Function Final Function Union Function Optional Function Literal Function ForwardRef Class init Function _evaluate Function eq Function hash Function repr Function TypeVar Class init Function repr Function reduce Function _is_dunder Function _BaseGenericAlias Class init Function call Function __mro_entries Function getattr Function setattr Function instancecheck Function subclasscheck__ Function _GenericAlias Class init Function eq Function hash Function getitem Function copy_with Function repr Function reduce Function __mro_entries__ Function _SpecialGenericAlias Class init Function getitem Function copy_with Function repr Function subclasscheck Function reduce Function _CallableGenericAlias Class repr Function reduce Function _CallableType Class copy_with Function getitem Function __getitem_inner__ Function _TupleType Class getitem Function _UnionGenericAlias Class copy_with Function eq Function hash Function repr Function _value_and_type_iter Function _LiteralGenericAlias Class eq Function hash Function Generic Class __class_getitem Function init_subclass__ Function _TypingEmpty Class _TypingEllipsis Class _get_protocol_attrs Function _is_callable_members_only Function _no_init_or_replace_init Function _allow_reckless_class_cheks Function _ProtocolMeta Class instancecheck Function Protocol Class __init_subclass__ Function _proto_hook Function _AnnotatedAlias Class init Function copy_with Function repr Function reduce Function eq Function hash Function Annotated Class new Function __class_getitem Function init_subclass__ Function runtime_checkable Function cast Function _get_defaults Function get_type_hints Function _strip_annotations Function get_origin Function get_args Function no_type_check Function no_type_check_decorator Function wrapped_decorator Function _overload_dummy Function overload Function final Function SupportsInt Class int Function SupportsFloat Class float Function SupportsComplex Class complex Function SupportsBytes Class bytes Function SupportsIndex Class index Function SupportsAbs Class abs Function SupportsRound Class round Function _make_nmtuple Function NamedTupleMeta Class new Function NamedTuple Function _namedtuple_mro_entries Function _TypedDictMeta Class new Function subclasscheck Function TypedDict Function NewType Function new_type Function IO Class mode Function name Function close Function closed Function fileno Function flush Function isatty Function read Function readable Function readline Function readlines Function seek Function seekable Function tell Function truncate Function writable Function write Function writelines Function enter Function exit Function BinaryIO Class write Function enter Function TextIO Class buffer Function encoding Function errors Function line_buffering Function newlines Function enter Function io Class re Class

Code navigation index up-to-date

Cannot retrieve contributors at this time

2257 lines (1804 sloc) 75.2 KB

	"""
	The typing module: Support for gradual typing as defined by PEP 484.

	At large scale, the structure of the module is following:
	* Imports and exports, all public names should be explicitly added to __all__.
	* Internal helper functions: these should never be used in code outside this module.
	* _SpecialForm and its instances (special forms): Any, NoReturn, ClassVar, Union, Optional
	* Two classes whose instances can be type arguments in addition to types: ForwardRef and TypeVar
	* The core of internal generics API: _GenericAlias and _VariadicGenericAlias, the latter is
	currently only used by Tuple and Callable. All subscripted types like X[int], Union[int, str],
	etc., are instances of either of these classes.
	* The public counterpart of the generics API consists of two classes: Generic and Protocol.
	* Public helper functions: get_type_hints, overload, cast, no_type_check,
	no_type_check_decorator.
	* Generic aliases for collections.abc ABCs and few additional protocols.
	* Special types: NewType, NamedTuple, TypedDict.
	* Wrapper submodules for re and io related types.
	"""

	from abc import abstractmethod, ABCMeta
	import collections
	import collections.abc
	import contextlib
	import functools
	import operator
	import re as stdlib_re # Avoid confusion with the re we export.
	import sys
	import types
	from types import WrapperDescriptorType, MethodWrapperType, MethodDescriptorType, GenericAlias

	# Please keep __all__ alphabetized within each category.
	__all__ = [
	# Super-special typing primitives.
	'Annotated',
	'Any',
	'Callable',
	'ClassVar',
	'Final',
	'ForwardRef',
	'Generic',
	'Literal',
	'Optional',
	'Protocol',
	'Tuple',
	'Type',
	'TypeVar',
	'Union',

	# ABCs (from collections.abc).
	'AbstractSet', # collections.abc.Set.
	'ByteString',
	'Container',
	'ContextManager',
	'Hashable',
	'ItemsView',
	'Iterable',
	'Iterator',
	'KeysView',
	'Mapping',
	'MappingView',
	'MutableMapping',
	'MutableSequence',
	'MutableSet',
	'Sequence',
	'Sized',
	'ValuesView',
	'Awaitable',
	'AsyncIterator',
	'AsyncIterable',
	'Coroutine',
	'Collection',
	'AsyncGenerator',
	'AsyncContextManager',

	# Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols.
	'Reversible',
	'SupportsAbs',
	'SupportsBytes',
	'SupportsComplex',
	'SupportsFloat',
	'SupportsIndex',
	'SupportsInt',
	'SupportsRound',

	# Concrete collection types.
	'ChainMap',
	'Counter',
	'Deque',
	'Dict',
	'DefaultDict',
	'List',
	'OrderedDict',
	'Set',
	'FrozenSet',
	'NamedTuple', # Not really a type.
	'TypedDict', # Not really a type.
	'Generator',

	# Other concrete types.
	'BinaryIO',
	'IO',
	'Match',
	'Pattern',
	'TextIO',

	# One-off things.
	'AnyStr',
	'cast',
	'final',
	'get_args',
	'get_origin',
	'get_type_hints',
	'NewType',
	'no_type_check',
	'no_type_check_decorator',
	'NoReturn',
	'overload',
	'runtime_checkable',
	'Text',
	'TYPE_CHECKING',
	]

	# The pseudo-submodules 're' and 'io' are part of the public
	# namespace, but excluded from __all__ because they might stomp on
	# legitimate imports of those modules.


	def _type_convert(arg, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False):
	"""For converting None to type(None), and strings to ForwardRef."""
	if arg is None:
	return type(None)
	if isinstance(arg, str):
	return ForwardRef(arg, module=module, is_class=allow_special_forms)
	return arg


	def _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False):
	"""Check that the argument is a type, and return it (internal helper).

	As a special case, accept None and return type(None) instead. Also wrap strings
	into ForwardRef instances. Consider several corner cases, for example plain
	special forms like Union are not valid, while Union[int, str] is OK, etc.
	The msg argument is a human-readable error message, e.g::

	"Union[arg, ...]: arg should be a type."

	We append the repr() of the actual value (truncated to 100 chars).
	"""
	invalid_generic_forms = (Generic, Protocol)
	if not allow_special_forms:
	invalid_generic_forms += (ClassVar,)
	if is_argument:
	invalid_generic_forms += (Final,)

	arg = _type_convert(arg, module=module, allow_special_forms=allow_special_forms)
	if (isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias) and
	arg.__origin__ in invalid_generic_forms):
	raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
	if arg in (Any, NoReturn, Final):
	return arg
	if isinstance(arg, _SpecialForm) or arg in (Generic, Protocol):
	raise TypeError(f"Plain {arg} is not valid as type argument")
	if isinstance(arg, (type, TypeVar, ForwardRef)):
	return arg
	if not callable(arg):
	raise TypeError(f"{msg} Got {arg!r:.100}.")
	return arg


	def _type_repr(obj):
	"""Return the repr() of an object, special-casing types (internal helper).

	If obj is a type, we return a shorter version than the default
	type.__repr__, based on the module and qualified name, which is
	typically enough to uniquely identify a type. For everything
	else, we fall back on repr(obj).
	"""
	if isinstance(obj, types.GenericAlias):
	return repr(obj)
	if isinstance(obj, type):
	if obj.__module__ == 'builtins':
	return obj.__qualname__
	return f'{obj.__module__}.{obj.__qualname__}'
	if obj is ...:
	return('...')
	if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
	return obj.__name__
	return repr(obj)


	def _collect_type_vars(types):
	"""Collect all type variable contained in types in order of
	first appearance (lexicographic order). For example::

	_collect_type_vars((T, List[S, T])) == (T, S)
	"""
	tvars = []
	for t in types:
	if isinstance(t, TypeVar) and t not in tvars:
	tvars.append(t)
	if isinstance(t, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
	tvars.extend([t for t in t.__parameters__ if t not in tvars])
	return tuple(tvars)


	def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen):
	"""Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).
	This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
	"""
	if not elen:
	raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
	alen = len(parameters)
	if alen != elen:
	raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} parameters for {cls};"
	f" actual {alen}, expected {elen}")


	def _deduplicate(params):
	# Weed out strict duplicates, preserving the first of each occurrence.
	all_params = set(params)
	if len(all_params) < len(params):
	new_params = []
	for t in params:
	if t in all_params:
	new_params.append(t)
	all_params.remove(t)
	params = new_params
	assert not all_params, all_params
	return params


	def _remove_dups_flatten(parameters):
	"""An internal helper for Union creation and substitution: flatten Unions
	among parameters, then remove duplicates.
	"""
	# Flatten out Union[Union[...], ...].
	params = []
	for p in parameters:
	if isinstance(p, _UnionGenericAlias):
	params.extend(p.__args__)
	elif isinstance(p, tuple) and len(p) > 0 and p[0] is Union:
	params.extend(p[1:])
	else:
	params.append(p)

	return tuple(_deduplicate(params))


	def _flatten_literal_params(parameters):
	"""An internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters"""
	params = []
	for p in parameters:
	if isinstance(p, _LiteralGenericAlias):
	params.extend(p.__args__)
	else:
	params.append(p)
	return tuple(params)


	_cleanups = []


	def _tp_cache(func=None, /, *, typed=False):
	"""Internal wrapper caching __getitem__ of generic types with a fallback to
	original function for non-hashable arguments.
	"""
	def decorator(func):
	cached = functools.lru_cache(typed=typed)(func)
	_cleanups.append(cached.cache_clear)

	@functools.wraps(func)
	def inner(args, *kwds):
	try:
	return cached(args, *kwds)
	except TypeError:
	pass # All real errors (not unhashable args) are raised below.
	return func(args, *kwds)
	return inner

	if func is not None:
	return decorator(func)

	return decorator

	def _eval_type(t, globalns, localns, recursive_guard=frozenset()):
	"""Evaluate all forward references in the given type t.
	For use of globalns and localns see the docstring for get_type_hints().
	recursive_guard is used to prevent infinite recursion with a recursive
	ForwardRef.
	"""
	if isinstance(t, ForwardRef):
	return t._evaluate(globalns, localns, recursive_guard)
	if isinstance(t, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
	ev_args = tuple(_eval_type(a, globalns, localns, recursive_guard) for a in t.__args__)
	if ev_args == t.__args__:
	return t
	if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
	return GenericAlias(t.__origin__, ev_args)
	else:
	return t.copy_with(ev_args)
	return t


	class _Final:
	"""Mixin to prohibit subclassing"""

	__slots__ = ('__weakref__',)

	def __init_subclass__(self, /, args, *kwds):
	if '_root' not in kwds:
	raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")

	class _Immutable:
	"""Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied."""
	__slots__ = ()

	def __copy__(self):
	return self

	def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
	return self


	# Internal indicator of special typing constructs.
	# See __doc__ instance attribute for specific docs.
	class _SpecialForm(_Final, _root=True):
	__slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')

	def __init__(self, getitem):
	self._getitem = getitem
	self._name = getitem.__name__
	self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__

	def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
	raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")

	def __repr__(self):
	return 'typing.' + self._name

	def __reduce__(self):
	return self._name

	def __call__(self, args, *kwds):
	raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}")

	def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
	raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()")

	def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
	raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()")

	@_tp_cache
	def __getitem__(self, parameters):
	return self._getitem(self, parameters)


	class _LiteralSpecialForm(_SpecialForm, _root=True):
	def __getitem__(self, parameters):
	if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
	parameters = (parameters,)
	return self._getitem(self, *parameters)


	@_SpecialForm
	def Any(self, parameters):
	"""Special type indicating an unconstrained type.

	- Any is compatible with every type.
	- Any assumed to have all methods.
	- All values assumed to be instances of Any.

	Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
	static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
	or class checks.
	"""
	raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")

	@_SpecialForm
	def NoReturn(self, parameters):
	"""Special type indicating functions that never return.
	Example::

	from typing import NoReturn

	def stop() -> NoReturn:
	raise Exception('no way')

	This type is invalid in other positions, e.g., ``List[NoReturn]``
	will fail in static type checkers.
	"""
	raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")

	@_SpecialForm
	def ClassVar(self, parameters):
	"""Special type construct to mark class variables.

	An annotation wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given
	attribute is intended to be used as a class variable and
	should not be set on instances of that class. Usage::

	class Starship:
	stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable
	damage: int = 10 # instance variable

	ClassVar accepts only types and cannot be further subscribed.

	Note that ClassVar is not a class itself, and should not
	be used with isinstance() or issubclass().
	"""
	item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
	return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))

	@_SpecialForm
	def Final(self, parameters):
	"""Special typing construct to indicate final names to type checkers.

	A final name cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
	For example:

	MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
	MAX_SIZE += 1 # Error reported by type checker

	class Connection:
	TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10

	class FastConnector(Connection):
	TIMEOUT = 1 # Error reported by type checker

	There is no runtime checking of these properties.
	"""
	item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
	return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))

	@_SpecialForm
	def Union(self, parameters):
	"""Union type; Union[X, Y] means either X or Y.

	To define a union, use e.g. Union[int, str]. Details:
	- The arguments must be types and there must be at least one.
	- None as an argument is a special case and is replaced by
	type(None).
	- Unions of unions are flattened, e.g.::

	Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]

	- Unions of a single argument vanish, e.g.::

	Union[int] == int # The constructor actually returns int

	- Redundant arguments are skipped, e.g.::

	Union[int, str, int] == Union[int, str]

	- When comparing unions, the argument order is ignored, e.g.::

	Union[int, str] == Union[str, int]

	- You cannot subclass or instantiate a union.
	- You can use Optional[X] as a shorthand for Union[X, None].
	"""
	if parameters == ():
	raise TypeError("Cannot take a Union of no types.")
	if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
	parameters = (parameters,)
	msg = "Union[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
	parameters = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters)
	parameters = _remove_dups_flatten(parameters)
	if len(parameters) == 1:
	return parameters[0]
	return _UnionGenericAlias(self, parameters)

	@_SpecialForm
	def Optional(self, parameters):
	"""Optional type.

	Optional[X] is equivalent to Union[X, None].
	"""
	arg = _type_check(parameters, f"{self} requires a single type.")
	return Union[arg, type(None)]

	@_LiteralSpecialForm
	@_tp_cache(typed=True)
	def Literal(self, *parameters):
	"""Special typing form to define literal types (a.k.a. value types).

	This form can be used to indicate to type checkers that the corresponding
	variable or function parameter has a value equivalent to the provided
	literal (or one of several literals):

	def validate_simple(data: Any) -> Literal[True]: # always returns True
	...

	MODE = Literal['r', 'rb', 'w', 'wb']
	def open_helper(file: str, mode: MODE) -> str:
	...

	open_helper('/some/path', 'r') # Passes type check
	open_helper('/other/path', 'typo') # Error in type checker

	Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. At runtime, an arbitrary value
	is allowed as type argument to Literal[...], but type checkers may
	impose restrictions.
	"""
	# There is no '_type_check' call because arguments to Literal[...] are
	# values, not types.
	parameters = _flatten_literal_params(parameters)

	try:
	parameters = tuple(p for p, _ in _deduplicate(list(_value_and_type_iter(parameters))))
	except TypeError: # unhashable parameters
	pass

	return _LiteralGenericAlias(self, parameters)


	class ForwardRef(_Final, _root=True):
	"""Internal wrapper to hold a forward reference."""

	__slots__ = ('__forward_arg__', '__forward_code__',
	'__forward_evaluated__', '__forward_value__',
	'__forward_is_argument__', '__forward_is_class__',
	'__forward_module__')

	def __init__(self, arg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, is_class=False):
	if not isinstance(arg, str):
	raise TypeError(f"Forward reference must be a string -- got {arg!r}")
	try:
	code = compile(arg, '<string>', 'eval')
	except SyntaxError:
	raise SyntaxError(f"Forward reference must be an expression -- got {arg!r}")
	self.__forward_arg__ = arg
	self.__forward_code__ = code
	self.__forward_evaluated__ = False
	self.__forward_value__ = None
	self.__forward_is_argument__ = is_argument
	self.__forward_is_class__ = is_class
	self.__forward_module__ = module

	def _evaluate(self, globalns, localns, recursive_guard):
	if self.__forward_arg__ in recursive_guard:
	return self
	if not self.__forward_evaluated__ or localns is not globalns:
	if globalns is None and localns is None:
	globalns = localns = {}
	elif globalns is None:
	globalns = localns
	elif localns is None:
	localns = globalns
	if self.__forward_module__ is not None:
	globalns = getattr(
	sys.modules.get(self.__forward_module__, None), '__dict__', globalns
	)
	type_ = _type_check(
	eval(self.__forward_code__, globalns, localns),
	"Forward references must evaluate to types.",
	is_argument=self.__forward_is_argument__,
	allow_special_forms=self.__forward_is_class__,
	)
	self.__forward_value__ = _eval_type(
	type_, globalns, localns, recursive_guard \| {self.__forward_arg__}
	)
	self.__forward_evaluated__ = True
	return self.__forward_value__

	def __eq__(self, other):
	if not isinstance(other, ForwardRef):
	return NotImplemented
	if self.__forward_evaluated__ and other.__forward_evaluated__:
	return (self.__forward_arg__ == other.__forward_arg__ and
	self.__forward_value__ == other.__forward_value__)
	return (self.__forward_arg__ == other.__forward_arg__ and
	self.__forward_module__ == other.__forward_module__)

	def __hash__(self):
	return hash((self.__forward_arg__, self.__forward_module__))

	def __repr__(self):
	return f'ForwardRef({self.__forward_arg__!r})'


	class TypeVar(_Final, _Immutable, _root=True):
	"""Type variable.

	Usage::

	T = TypeVar('T') # Can be anything
	A = TypeVar('A', str, bytes) # Must be str or bytes

	Type variables exist primarily for the benefit of static type
	checkers. They serve as the parameters for generic types as well
	as for generic function definitions. See class Generic for more
	information on generic types. Generic functions work as follows:

	def repeat(x: T, n: int) -> List[T]:
	'''Return a list containing n references to x.'''
	return [x]*n

	def longest(x: A, y: A) -> A:
	'''Return the longest of two strings.'''
	return x if len(x) >= len(y) else y

	The latter example's signature is essentially the overloading
	of (str, str) -> str and (bytes, bytes) -> bytes. Also note
	that if the arguments are instances of some subclass of str,
	the return type is still plain str.

	At runtime, isinstance(x, T) and issubclass(C, T) will raise TypeError.

	Type variables defined with covariant=True or contravariant=True
	can be used to declare covariant or contravariant generic types.
	See PEP 484 for more details. By default generic types are invariant
	in all type variables.

	Type variables can be introspected. e.g.:

	T.__name__ == 'T'
	T.__constraints__ == ()
	T.__covariant__ == False
	T.__contravariant__ = False
	A.__constraints__ == (str, bytes)

	Note that only type variables defined in global scope can be pickled.
	"""

	__slots__ = ('__name__', '__bound__', '__constraints__',
	'__covariant__', '__contravariant__', '__dict__')

	def __init__(self, name, *constraints, bound=None,
	covariant=False, contravariant=False):
	self.__name__ = name
	if covariant and contravariant:
	raise ValueError("Bivariant types are not supported.")
	self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant)
	self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant)
	if constraints and bound is not None:
	raise TypeError("Constraints cannot be combined with bound=...")
	if constraints and len(constraints) == 1:
	raise TypeError("A single constraint is not allowed")
	msg = "TypeVar(name, constraint, ...): constraints must be types."
	self.__constraints__ = tuple(_type_check(t, msg) for t in constraints)
	if bound:
	self.__bound__ = _type_check(bound, "Bound must be a type.")
	else:
	self.__bound__ = None
	try:
	def_mod = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__') # for pickling
	except (AttributeError, ValueError):
	def_mod = None
	if def_mod != 'typing':
	self.__module__ = def_mod

	def __repr__(self):
	if self.__covariant__:
	prefix = '+'
	elif self.__contravariant__:
	prefix = '-'
	else:
	prefix = '~'
	return prefix + self.__name__

	def __reduce__(self):
	return self.__name__


	def _is_dunder(attr):
	return attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__')

	class _BaseGenericAlias(_Final, _root=True):
	"""The central part of internal API.

	This represents a generic version of type 'origin' with type arguments 'params'.
	There are two kind of these aliases: user defined and special. The special ones
	are wrappers around builtin collections and ABCs in collections.abc. These must
	have 'name' always set. If 'inst' is False, then the alias can't be instantiated,
	this is used by e.g. typing.List and typing.Dict.
	"""
	def __init__(self, origin, *, inst=True, name=None):
	self._inst = inst
	self._name = name
	self.__origin__ = origin
	self.__slots__ = None # This is not documented.

	def __call__(self, args, *kwargs):
	if not self._inst:
	raise TypeError(f"Type {self._name} cannot be instantiated; "
	f"use {self.__origin__.__name__}() instead")
	result = self.__origin__(args, *kwargs)
	try:
	result.__orig_class__ = self
	except AttributeError:
	pass
	return result

	def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
	res = []
	if self.__origin__ not in bases:
	res.append(self.__origin__)
	i = bases.index(self)
	for b in bases[i+1:]:
	if isinstance(b, _BaseGenericAlias) or issubclass(b, Generic):
	break
	else:
	res.append(Generic)
	return tuple(res)

	def __getattr__(self, attr):
	# We are careful for copy and pickle.
	# Also for simplicity we don't relay any dunder names
	if '__origin__' in self.__dict__ and not _is_dunder(attr):
	return getattr(self.__origin__, attr)
	raise AttributeError(attr)

	def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
	if _is_dunder(attr) or attr in ('_name', '_inst', '_nparams'):
	super().__setattr__(attr, val)
	else:
	setattr(self.__origin__, attr, val)

	def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
	return self.__subclasscheck__(type(obj))

	def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
	raise TypeError("Subscripted generics cannot be used with"
	" class and instance checks")


	# Special typing constructs Union, Optional, Generic, Callable and Tuple
	# use three special attributes for internal bookkeeping of generic types:
	# * __parameters__ is a tuple of unique free type parameters of a generic
	# type, for example, Dict[T, T].__parameters__ == (T,);
	# * __origin__ keeps a reference to a type that was subscripted,
	# e.g., Union[T, int].__origin__ == Union, or the non-generic version of
	# the type.
	# * __args__ is a tuple of all arguments used in subscripting,
	# e.g., Dict[T, int].__args__ == (T, int).


	class _GenericAlias(_BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
	def __init__(self, origin, params, *, inst=True, name=None):
	super().__init__(origin, inst=inst, name=name)
	if not isinstance(params, tuple):
	params = (params,)
	self.__args__ = tuple(... if a is _TypingEllipsis else
	() if a is _TypingEmpty else
	a for a in params)
	self.__parameters__ = _collect_type_vars(params)
	if not name:
	self.__module__ = origin.__module__

	def __eq__(self, other):
	if not isinstance(other, _GenericAlias):
	return NotImplemented
	return (self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
	and self.__args__ == other.__args__)

	def __hash__(self):
	return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__))

	@_tp_cache
	def __getitem__(self, params):
	if self.__origin__ in (Generic, Protocol):
	# Can't subscript Generic[...] or Protocol[...].
	raise TypeError(f"Cannot subscript already-subscripted {self}")
	if not isinstance(params, tuple):
	params = (params,)
	msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
	params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
	_check_generic(self, params, len(self.__parameters__))

	subst = dict(zip(self.__parameters__, params))
	new_args = []
	for arg in self.__args__:
	if isinstance(arg, TypeVar):
	arg = subst[arg]
	elif isinstance(arg, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
	subparams = arg.__parameters__
	if subparams:
	subargs = tuple(subst[x] for x in subparams)
	arg = arg[subargs]
	new_args.append(arg)
	return self.copy_with(tuple(new_args))

	def copy_with(self, params):
	return self.__class__(self.__origin__, params, name=self._name, inst=self._inst)

	def __repr__(self):
	if self._name:
	name = 'typing.' + self._name
	else:
	name = _type_repr(self.__origin__)
	args = ", ".join([_type_repr(a) for a in self.__args__])
	return f'{name}[{args}]'

	def __reduce__(self):
	if self._name:
	origin = globals()[self._name]
	else:
	origin = self.__origin__
	args = tuple(self.__args__)
	if len(args) == 1 and not isinstance(args[0], tuple):
	args, = args
	return operator.getitem, (origin, args)

	def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
	if self._name: # generic version of an ABC or built-in class
	return super().__mro_entries__(bases)
	if self.__origin__ is Generic:
	if Protocol in bases:
	return ()
	i = bases.index(self)
	for b in bases[i+1:]:
	if isinstance(b, _BaseGenericAlias) and b is not self:
	return ()
	return (self.__origin__,)


	# _nparams is the number of accepted parameters, e.g. 0 for Hashable,
	# 1 for List and 2 for Dict. It may be -1 if variable number of
	# parameters are accepted (needs custom __getitem__).

	class _SpecialGenericAlias(_BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
	def __init__(self, origin, nparams, *, inst=True, name=None):
	if name is None:
	name = origin.__name__
	super().__init__(origin, inst=inst, name=name)
	self._nparams = nparams
	if origin.__module__ == 'builtins':
	self.__doc__ = f'A generic version of {origin.__qualname__}.'
	else:
	self.__doc__ = f'A generic version of {origin.__module__}.{origin.__qualname__}.'

	@_tp_cache
	def __getitem__(self, params):
	if not isinstance(params, tuple):
	params = (params,)
	msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
	params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
	_check_generic(self, params, self._nparams)
	return self.copy_with(params)

	def copy_with(self, params):
	return _GenericAlias(self.__origin__, params,
	name=self._name, inst=self._inst)

	def __repr__(self):
	return 'typing.' + self._name

	def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
	if isinstance(cls, _SpecialGenericAlias):
	return issubclass(cls.__origin__, self.__origin__)
	if not isinstance(cls, _GenericAlias):
	return issubclass(cls, self.__origin__)
	return super().__subclasscheck__(cls)

	def __reduce__(self):
	return self._name


	class _CallableGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
	def __repr__(self):
	assert self._name == 'Callable'
	if len(self.__args__) == 2 and self.__args__[0] is Ellipsis:
	return super().__repr__()
	return (f'typing.Callable'
	f'[[{", ".join([_type_repr(a) for a in self.__args__[:-1]])}], '
	f'{_type_repr(self.__args__[-1])}]')

	def __reduce__(self):
	args = self.__args__
	if not (len(args) == 2 and args[0] is ...):
	args = list(args[:-1]), args[-1]
	return operator.getitem, (Callable, args)


	class _CallableType(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
	def copy_with(self, params):
	return _CallableGenericAlias(self.__origin__, params,
	name=self._name, inst=self._inst)

	def __getitem__(self, params):
	if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) != 2:
	raise TypeError("Callable must be used as "
	"Callable[[arg, ...], result].")
	args, result = params
	# This relaxes what args can be on purpose to allow things like
	# PEP 612 ParamSpec. Responsibility for whether a user is using
	# Callable[...] properly is deferred to static type checkers.
	if isinstance(args, list):
	params = (tuple(args), result)
	else:
	params = (args, result)
	return self.__getitem_inner__(params)

	@_tp_cache
	def __getitem_inner__(self, params):
	args, result = params
	msg = "Callable[args, result]: result must be a type."
	result = _type_check(result, msg)
	if args is Ellipsis:
	return self.copy_with((_TypingEllipsis, result))
	if not isinstance(args, tuple):
	args = (args,)
	args = tuple(_type_convert(arg) for arg in args)
	params = args + (result,)
	return self.copy_with(params)


	class _TupleType(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
	@_tp_cache
	def __getitem__(self, params):
	if params == ():
	return self.copy_with((_TypingEmpty,))
	if not isinstance(params, tuple):
	params = (params,)
	if len(params) == 2 and params[1] is ...:
	msg = "Tuple[t, ...]: t must be a type."
	p = _type_check(params[0], msg)
	return self.copy_with((p, _TypingEllipsis))
	msg = "Tuple[t0, t1, ...]: each t must be a type."
	params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
	return self.copy_with(params)


	class _UnionGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
	def copy_with(self, params):
	return Union[params]

	def __eq__(self, other):
	if not isinstance(other, _UnionGenericAlias):
	return NotImplemented
	return set(self.__args__) == set(other.__args__)

	def __hash__(self):
	return hash(frozenset(self.__args__))

	def __repr__(self):
	args = self.__args__
	if len(args) == 2:
	if args[0] is type(None):
	return f'typing.Optional[{_type_repr(args[1])}]'
	elif args[1] is type(None):
	return f'typing.Optional[{_type_repr(args[0])}]'
	return super().__repr__()


	def _value_and_type_iter(parameters):
	return ((p, type(p)) for p in parameters)


	class _LiteralGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):

	def __eq__(self, other):
	if not isinstance(other, _LiteralGenericAlias):
	return NotImplemented

	return set(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)) == set(_value_and_type_iter(other.__args__))

	def __hash__(self):
	return hash(frozenset(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)))


	class Generic:
	"""Abstract base class for generic types.

	A generic type is typically declared by inheriting from
	this class parameterized with one or more type variables.
	For example, a generic mapping type might be defined as::

	class Mapping(Generic[KT, VT]):
	def __getitem__(self, key: KT) -> VT:
	...
	# Etc.

	This class can then be used as follows::

	def lookup_name(mapping: Mapping[KT, VT], key: KT, default: VT) -> VT:
	try:
	return mapping[key]
	except KeyError:
	return default
	"""
	__slots__ = ()
	_is_protocol = False

	@_tp_cache
	def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
	if not isinstance(params, tuple):
	params = (params,)
	if not params and cls is not Tuple:
	raise TypeError(
	f"Parameter list to {cls.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty")
	msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
	params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
	if cls in (Generic, Protocol):
	# Generic and Protocol can only be subscripted with unique type variables.
	if not all(isinstance(p, TypeVar) for p in params):
	raise TypeError(
	f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be type variables")
	if len(set(params)) != len(params):
	raise TypeError(
	f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be unique")
	else:
	# Subscripting a regular Generic subclass.
	_check_generic(cls, params, len(cls.__parameters__))
	return _GenericAlias(cls, params)

	def __init_subclass__(cls, args, *kwargs):
	super().__init_subclass__(args, *kwargs)
	tvars = []
	if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
	error = Generic in cls.__orig_bases__
	else:
	error = Generic in cls.__bases__ and cls.__name__ != 'Protocol'
	if error:
	raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
	if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
	tvars = _collect_type_vars(cls.__orig_bases__)
	# Look for Generic[T1, ..., Tn].
	# If found, tvars must be a subset of it.
	# If not found, tvars is it.
	# Also check for and reject plain Generic,
	# and reject multiple Generic[...].
	gvars = None
	for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
	if (isinstance(base, _GenericAlias) and
	base.__origin__ is Generic):
	if gvars is not None:
	raise TypeError(
	"Cannot inherit from Generic[...] multiple types.")
	gvars = base.__parameters__
	if gvars is not None:
	tvarset = set(tvars)
	gvarset = set(gvars)
	if not tvarset <= gvarset:
	s_vars = ', '.join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
	s_args = ', '.join(str(g) for g in gvars)
	raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
	f" not listed in Generic[{s_args}]")
	tvars = gvars
	cls.__parameters__ = tuple(tvars)


	class _TypingEmpty:
	"""Internal placeholder for () or []. Used by TupleMeta and CallableMeta
	to allow empty list/tuple in specific places, without allowing them
	to sneak in where prohibited.
	"""


	class _TypingEllipsis:
	"""Internal placeholder for ... (ellipsis)."""


	_TYPING_INTERNALS = ['__parameters__', '__orig_bases__', '__orig_class__',
	'_is_protocol', '_is_runtime_protocol']

	_SPECIAL_NAMES = ['__abstractmethods__', '__annotations__', '__dict__', '__doc__',
	'__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__slots__',
	'__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '__class_getitem__']

	# These special attributes will be not collected as protocol members.
	EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES = _TYPING_INTERNALS + _SPECIAL_NAMES + ['_MutableMapping__marker']


	def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
	"""Collect protocol members from a protocol class objects.

	This includes names actually defined in the class dictionary, as well
	as names that appear in annotations. Special names (above) are skipped.
	"""
	attrs = set()
	for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]: # without object
	if base.__name__ in ('Protocol', 'Generic'):
	continue
	annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
	for attr in list(base.__dict__.keys()) + list(annotations.keys()):
	if not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES:
	attrs.add(attr)
	return attrs


	def _is_callable_members_only(cls):
	# PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass() with protocols that have non-method members.
	return all(callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls))


	def _no_init_or_replace_init(self, args, *kwargs):
	cls = type(self)

	if cls._is_protocol:
	raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')

	# Already using a custom `__init__`. No need to calculate correct
	# `__init__` to call. This can lead to RecursionError. See bpo-45121.
	if cls.__init__ is not _no_init_or_replace_init:
	return

	# Initially, `__init__` of a protocol subclass is set to `_no_init_or_replace_init`.
	# The first instantiation of the subclass will call `_no_init_or_replace_init` which
	# searches for a proper new `__init__` in the MRO. The new `__init__`
	# replaces the subclass' old `__init__` (ie `_no_init_or_replace_init`). Subsequent
	# instantiation of the protocol subclass will thus use the new
	# `__init__` and no longer call `_no_init_or_replace_init`.
	for base in cls.__mro__:
	init = base.__dict__.get('__init__', _no_init_or_replace_init)
	if init is not _no_init_or_replace_init:
	cls.__init__ = init
	break
	else:
	# should not happen
	cls.__init__ = object.__init__

	cls.__init__(self, args, *kwargs)



	def _allow_reckless_class_cheks():
	"""Allow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules.

	The abc and functools modules indiscriminately call isinstance() and
	issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols.
	"""
	try:
	return sys._getframe(3).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc', 'functools']
	except (AttributeError, ValueError): # For platforms without _getframe().
	return True


	_PROTO_WHITELIST = {
	'collections.abc': [
	'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable',
	'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible',
	],
	'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'],
	}


	class _ProtocolMeta(ABCMeta):
	# This metaclass is really unfortunate and exists only because of
	# the lack of __instancehook__.
	def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
	# We need this method for situations where attributes are
	# assigned in __init__.
	if ((not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False) or
	_is_callable_members_only(cls)) and
	issubclass(instance.__class__, cls)):
	return True
	if cls._is_protocol:
	if all(hasattr(instance, attr) and
	# All methods can be blocked by setting them to None.
	(not callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) or
	getattr(instance, attr) is not None)
	for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls)):
	return True
	return super().__instancecheck__(instance)


	class Protocol(Generic, metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
	"""Base class for protocol classes.

	Protocol classes are defined as::

	class Proto(Protocol):
	def meth(self) -> int:
	...

	Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
	structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::

	class C:
	def meth(self) -> int:
	return 0

	def func(x: Proto) -> int:
	return x.meth()

	func(C()) # Passes static type check

	See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
	@typing.runtime_checkable act as simple-minded runtime protocols that check
	only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
	Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::

	class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
	def meth(self) -> T:
	...
	"""
	__slots__ = ()
	_is_protocol = True
	_is_runtime_protocol = False

	def __init_subclass__(cls, args, *kwargs):
	super().__init_subclass__(args, *kwargs)

	# Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
	if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
	cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)

	# Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
	def _proto_hook(other):
	if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
	return NotImplemented

	# First, perform various sanity checks.
	if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
	if _allow_reckless_class_cheks():
	return NotImplemented
	raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
	" @runtime_checkable protocols")
	if not _is_callable_members_only(cls):
	if _allow_reckless_class_cheks():
	return NotImplemented
	raise TypeError("Protocols with non-method members"
	" don't support issubclass()")
	if not isinstance(other, type):
	# Same error message as for issubclass(1, int).
	raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')

	# Second, perform the actual structural compatibility check.
	for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
	for base in other.__mro__:
	# Check if the members appears in the class dictionary...
	if attr in base.__dict__:
	if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
	return NotImplemented
	break

	# ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol.
	annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
	if (isinstance(annotations, collections.abc.Mapping) and
	attr in annotations and
	issubclass(other, Generic) and other._is_protocol):
	break
	else:
	return NotImplemented
	return True

	if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
	cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook

	# We have nothing more to do for non-protocols...
	if not cls._is_protocol:
	return

	# ... otherwise check consistency of bases, and prohibit instantiation.
	for base in cls.__bases__:
	if not (base in (object, Generic) or
	base.__module__ in _PROTO_WHITELIST and
	base.__name__ in _PROTO_WHITELIST[base.__module__] or
	issubclass(base, Generic) and base._is_protocol):
	raise TypeError('Protocols can only inherit from other'
	' protocols, got %r' % base)
	cls.__init__ = _no_init_or_replace_init


	class _AnnotatedAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
	"""Runtime representation of an annotated type.

	At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
	with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias,
	instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type, binding
	it to types is also the same.
	"""
	def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
	if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
	metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
	origin = origin.__origin__
	super().__init__(origin, origin)
	self.__metadata__ = metadata

	def copy_with(self, params):
	assert len(params) == 1
	new_type = params[0]
	return _AnnotatedAlias(new_type, self.__metadata__)

	def __repr__(self):
	return "typing.Annotated[{}, {}]".format(
	_type_repr(self.__origin__),
	", ".join(repr(a) for a in self.__metadata__)
	)

	def __reduce__(self):
	return operator.getitem, (
	Annotated, (self.__origin__,) + self.__metadata__
	)

	def __eq__(self, other):
	if not isinstance(other, _AnnotatedAlias):
	return NotImplemented
	return (self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
	and self.__metadata__ == other.__metadata__)

	def __hash__(self):
	return hash((self.__origin__, self.__metadata__))


	class Annotated:
	"""Add context specific metadata to a type.

	Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
	hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
	Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
	this type as int.

	The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type.

	Details:

	- It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
	- Nested Annotated are flattened::

	Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]

	- Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
	underlying type::

	Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)

	- Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::

	Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
	Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]

	OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
	OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
	"""

	__slots__ = ()

	def __new__(cls, args, *kwargs):
	raise TypeError("Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.")

	@_tp_cache
	def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
	if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
	raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
	"with at least two arguments (a type and an "
	"annotation).")
	msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
	origin = _type_check(params[0], msg, allow_special_forms=True)
	metadata = tuple(params[1:])
	return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)

	def __init_subclass__(cls, args, *kwargs):
	raise TypeError(
	"Cannot subclass {}.Annotated".format(cls.__module__)
	)


	def runtime_checkable(cls):
	"""Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol.

	Such protocol can be used with isinstance() and issubclass().
	Raise TypeError if applied to a non-protocol class.
	This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to
	one trick ponies in collections.abc such as Iterable.
	For example::

	@runtime_checkable
	class Closable(Protocol):
	def close(self): ...

	assert isinstance(open('/some/file'), Closable)

	Warning: this will check only the presence of the required methods,
	not their type signatures!
	"""
	if not issubclass(cls, Generic) or not cls._is_protocol:
	raise TypeError('@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
	' got %r' % cls)
	cls._is_runtime_protocol = True
	return cls


	def cast(typ, val):
	"""Cast a value to a type.

	This returns the value unchanged. To the type checker this
	signals that the return value has the designated type, but at
	runtime we intentionally don't check anything (we want this
	to be as fast as possible).
	"""
	return val


	def _get_defaults(func):
	"""Internal helper to extract the default arguments, by name."""
	try:
	code = func.__code__
	except AttributeError:
	# Some built-in functions don't have __code__, __defaults__, etc.
	return {}
	pos_count = code.co_argcount
	arg_names = code.co_varnames
	arg_names = arg_names[:pos_count]
	defaults = func.__defaults__ or ()
	kwdefaults = func.__kwdefaults__
	res = dict(kwdefaults) if kwdefaults else {}
	pos_offset = pos_count - len(defaults)
	for name, value in zip(arg_names[pos_offset:], defaults):
	assert name not in res
	res[name] = value
	return res


	_allowed_types = (types.FunctionType, types.BuiltinFunctionType,
	types.MethodType, types.ModuleType,
	WrapperDescriptorType, MethodWrapperType, MethodDescriptorType)


	def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
	"""Return type hints for an object.

	This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
	forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
	default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
	'Annotated[T, ...]' with 'T' (unless 'include_extras=True').

	The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
	are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
	inherited members.

	TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
	annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
	present.

	BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
	(unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work). The
	search order is locals first, then globals.

	- If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
	globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
	and these are also used as the locals. If the object does not appear
	to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.

	- If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
	locals.

	- If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
	locals, respectively.
	"""

	if getattr(obj, '__no_type_check__', None):
	return {}
	# Classes require a special treatment.
	if isinstance(obj, type):
	hints = {}
	for base in reversed(obj.__mro__):
	if globalns is None:
	base_globals = sys.modules[base.__module__].__dict__
	else:
	base_globals = globalns
	ann = base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {})
	for name, value in ann.items():
	if value is None:
	value = type(None)
	if isinstance(value, str):
	value = ForwardRef(value, is_argument=False, is_class=True)
	value = _eval_type(value, base_globals, localns)
	hints[name] = value
	return hints if include_extras else {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hints.items()}

	if globalns is None:
	if isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType):
	globalns = obj.__dict__
	else:
	nsobj = obj
	# Find globalns for the unwrapped object.
	while hasattr(nsobj, '__wrapped__'):
	nsobj = nsobj.__wrapped__
	globalns = getattr(nsobj, '__globals__', {})
	if localns is None:
	localns = globalns
	elif localns is None:
	localns = globalns
	hints = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)
	if hints is None:
	# Return empty annotations for something that _could_ have them.
	if isinstance(obj, _allowed_types):
	return {}
	else:
	raise TypeError('{!r} is not a module, class, method, '
	'or function.'.format(obj))
	defaults = _get_defaults(obj)
	hints = dict(hints)
	for name, value in hints.items():
	if value is None:
	value = type(None)
	if isinstance(value, str):
	# class-level forward refs were handled above, this must be either
	# a module-level annotation or a function argument annotation
	value = ForwardRef(
	value,
	is_argument=not isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType),
	is_class=False,
	)
	value = _eval_type(value, globalns, localns)
	if name in defaults and defaults[name] is None:
	value = Optional[value]
	hints[name] = value
	return hints if include_extras else {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hints.items()}


	def _strip_annotations(t):
	"""Strips the annotations from a given type.
	"""
	if isinstance(t, _AnnotatedAlias):
	return _strip_annotations(t.__origin__)
	if isinstance(t, _GenericAlias):
	stripped_args = tuple(_strip_annotations(a) for a in t.__args__)
	if stripped_args == t.__args__:
	return t
	return t.copy_with(stripped_args)
	if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
	stripped_args = tuple(_strip_annotations(a) for a in t.__args__)
	if stripped_args == t.__args__:
	return t
	return GenericAlias(t.__origin__, stripped_args)
	return t


	def get_origin(tp):
	"""Get the unsubscripted version of a type.

	This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
	and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::

	get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
	get_origin(int) is None
	get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
	get_origin(Generic) is Generic
	get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
	get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
	get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
	"""
	if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
	return Annotated
	if isinstance(tp, (_BaseGenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
	return tp.__origin__
	if tp is Generic:
	return Generic
	return None


	def get_args(tp):
	"""Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.

	For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
	Examples::
	get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
	get_args(int) == ()
	get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
	get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
	get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
	"""
	if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
	return (tp.__origin__,) + tp.__metadata__
	if isinstance(tp, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
	res = tp.__args__
	if tp.__origin__ is collections.abc.Callable and res[0] is not Ellipsis:
	res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
	return res
	return ()


	def no_type_check(arg):
	"""Decorator to indicate that annotations are not type hints.

	The argument must be a class or function; if it is a class, it
	applies recursively to all methods and classes defined in that class
	(but not to methods defined in its superclasses or subclasses).

	This mutates the function(s) or class(es) in place.
	"""
	if isinstance(arg, type):
	arg_attrs = arg.__dict__.copy()
	for attr, val in arg.__dict__.items():
	if val in arg.__bases__ + (arg,):
	arg_attrs.pop(attr)
	for obj in arg_attrs.values():
	if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
	obj.__no_type_check__ = True
	if isinstance(obj, type):
	no_type_check(obj)
	try:
	arg.__no_type_check__ = True
	except TypeError: # built-in classes
	pass
	return arg


	def no_type_check_decorator(decorator):
	"""Decorator to give another decorator the @no_type_check effect.

	This wraps the decorator with something that wraps the decorated
	function in @no_type_check.
	"""

	@functools.wraps(decorator)
	def wrapped_decorator(args, *kwds):
	func = decorator(args, *kwds)
	func = no_type_check(func)
	return func

	return wrapped_decorator


	def _overload_dummy(args, *kwds):
	"""Helper for @overload to raise when called."""
	raise NotImplementedError(
	"You should not call an overloaded function. "
	"A series of @overload-decorated functions "
	"outside a stub module should always be followed "
	"by an implementation that is not @overload-ed.")


	def overload(func):
	"""Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.

	In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same
	function in a row, each decorated with @overload. For example:

	@overload
	def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
	@overload
	def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
	@overload
	def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...

	In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but
	follow it with an implementation. The implementation should not
	be decorated with @overload. For example:

	@overload
	def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
	@overload
	def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
	@overload
	def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
	def utf8(value):
	# implementation goes here
	"""
	return _overload_dummy


	def final(f):
	"""A decorator to indicate final methods and final classes.

	Use this decorator to indicate to type checkers that the decorated
	method cannot be overridden, and decorated class cannot be subclassed.
	For example:

	class Base:
	@final
	def done(self) -> None:
	...
	class Sub(Base):
	def done(self) -> None: # Error reported by type checker
	...

	@final
	class Leaf:
	...
	class Other(Leaf): # Error reported by type checker
	...

	There is no runtime checking of these properties.
	"""
	return f


	# Some unconstrained type variables. These are used by the container types.
	# (These are not for export.)
	T = TypeVar('T') # Any type.
	KT = TypeVar('KT') # Key type.
	VT = TypeVar('VT') # Value type.
	T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True) # Any type covariant containers.
	V_co = TypeVar('V_co', covariant=True) # Any type covariant containers.
	VT_co = TypeVar('VT_co', covariant=True) # Value type covariant containers.
	T_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True) # Ditto contravariant.
	# Internal type variable used for Type[].
	CT_co = TypeVar('CT_co', covariant=True, bound=type)

	# A useful type variable with constraints. This represents string types.
	# (This one is for export!)
	AnyStr = TypeVar('AnyStr', bytes, str)


	# Various ABCs mimicking those in collections.abc.
	_alias = _SpecialGenericAlias

	Hashable = _alias(collections.abc.Hashable, 0) # Not generic.
	Awaitable = _alias(collections.abc.Awaitable, 1)
	Coroutine = _alias(collections.abc.Coroutine, 3)
	AsyncIterable = _alias(collections.abc.AsyncIterable, 1)
	AsyncIterator = _alias(collections.abc.AsyncIterator, 1)
	Iterable = _alias(collections.abc.Iterable, 1)
	Iterator = _alias(collections.abc.Iterator, 1)
	Reversible = _alias(collections.abc.Reversible, 1)
	Sized = _alias(collections.abc.Sized, 0) # Not generic.
	Container = _alias(collections.abc.Container, 1)
	Collection = _alias(collections.abc.Collection, 1)
	Callable = _CallableType(collections.abc.Callable, 2)
	Callable.__doc__ = \
	"""Callable type; Callable[[int], str] is a function of (int) -> str.

	The subscription syntax must always be used with exactly two
	values: the argument list and the return type. The argument list
	must be a list of types or ellipsis; the return type must be a single type.

	There is no syntax to indicate optional or keyword arguments,
	such function types are rarely used as callback types.
	"""
	AbstractSet = _alias(collections.abc.Set, 1, name='AbstractSet')
	MutableSet = _alias(collections.abc.MutableSet, 1)
	# NOTE: Mapping is only covariant in the value type.
	Mapping = _alias(collections.abc.Mapping, 2)
	MutableMapping = _alias(collections.abc.MutableMapping, 2)
	Sequence = _alias(collections.abc.Sequence, 1)
	MutableSequence = _alias(collections.abc.MutableSequence, 1)
	ByteString = _alias(collections.abc.ByteString, 0) # Not generic
	# Tuple accepts variable number of parameters.
	Tuple = _TupleType(tuple, -1, inst=False, name='Tuple')
	Tuple.__doc__ = \
	"""Tuple type; Tuple[X, Y] is the cross-product type of X and Y.

	Example: Tuple[T1, T2] is a tuple of two elements corresponding
	to type variables T1 and T2. Tuple[int, float, str] is a tuple
	of an int, a float and a string.

	To specify a variable-length tuple of homogeneous type, use Tuple[T, ...].
	"""
	List = _alias(list, 1, inst=False, name='List')
	Deque = _alias(collections.deque, 1, name='Deque')
	Set = _alias(set, 1, inst=False, name='Set')
	FrozenSet = _alias(frozenset, 1, inst=False, name='FrozenSet')
	MappingView = _alias(collections.abc.MappingView, 1)
	KeysView = _alias(collections.abc.KeysView, 1)
	ItemsView = _alias(collections.abc.ItemsView, 2)
	ValuesView = _alias(collections.abc.ValuesView, 1)
	ContextManager = _alias(contextlib.AbstractContextManager, 1, name='ContextManager')
	AsyncContextManager = _alias(contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager, 1, name='AsyncContextManager')
	Dict = _alias(dict, 2, inst=False, name='Dict')
	DefaultDict = _alias(collections.defaultdict, 2, name='DefaultDict')
	OrderedDict = _alias(collections.OrderedDict, 2)
	Counter = _alias(collections.Counter, 1)
	ChainMap = _alias(collections.ChainMap, 2)
	Generator = _alias(collections.abc.Generator, 3)
	AsyncGenerator = _alias(collections.abc.AsyncGenerator, 2)
	Type = _alias(type, 1, inst=False, name='Type')
	Type.__doc__ = \
	"""A special construct usable to annotate class objects.

	For example, suppose we have the following classes::

	class User: ... # Abstract base for User classes
	class BasicUser(User): ...
	class ProUser(User): ...
	class TeamUser(User): ...

	And a function that takes a class argument that's a subclass of
	User and returns an instance of the corresponding class::

	U = TypeVar('U', bound=User)
	def new_user(user_class: Type[U]) -> U:
	user = user_class()
	# (Here we could write the user object to a database)
	return user

	joe = new_user(BasicUser)

	At this point the type checker knows that joe has type BasicUser.
	"""


	@runtime_checkable
	class SupportsInt(Protocol):
	"""An ABC with one abstract method __int__."""
	__slots__ = ()

	@abstractmethod
	def __int__(self) -> int:
	pass


	@runtime_checkable
	class SupportsFloat(Protocol):
	"""An ABC with one abstract method __float__."""
	__slots__ = ()

	@abstractmethod
	def __float__(self) -> float:
	pass


	@runtime_checkable
	class SupportsComplex(Protocol):
	"""An ABC with one abstract method __complex__."""
	__slots__ = ()

	@abstractmethod
	def __complex__(self) -> complex:
	pass


	@runtime_checkable
	class SupportsBytes(Protocol):
	"""An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__."""
	__slots__ = ()

	@abstractmethod
	def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
	pass


	@runtime_checkable
	class SupportsIndex(Protocol):
	"""An ABC with one abstract method __index__."""
	__slots__ = ()

	@abstractmethod
	def __index__(self) -> int:
	pass


	@runtime_checkable
	class SupportsAbs(Protocol[T_co]):
	"""An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type."""
	__slots__ = ()

	@abstractmethod
	def __abs__(self) -> T_co:
	pass


	@runtime_checkable
	class SupportsRound(Protocol[T_co]):
	"""An ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type."""
	__slots__ = ()

	@abstractmethod
	def __round__(self, ndigits: int = 0) -> T_co:
	pass


	def _make_nmtuple(name, types, module, defaults = ()):
	fields = [n for n, t in types]
	types = {n: _type_check(t, f"field {n} annotation must be a type")
	for n, t in types}
	nm_tpl = collections.namedtuple(name, fields,
	defaults=defaults, module=module)
	nm_tpl.__annotations__ = nm_tpl.__new__.__annotations__ = types
	return nm_tpl


	# attributes prohibited to set in NamedTuple class syntax
	_prohibited = frozenset({'__new__', '__init__', '__slots__', '__getnewargs__',
	'_fields', '_field_defaults',
	'_make', '_replace', '_asdict', '_source'})

	_special = frozenset({'__module__', '__name__', '__annotations__'})


	class NamedTupleMeta(type):

	def __new__(cls, typename, bases, ns):
	assert bases[0] is _NamedTuple
	types = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
	default_names = []
	for field_name in types:
	if field_name in ns:
	default_names.append(field_name)
	elif default_names:
	raise TypeError(f"Non-default namedtuple field {field_name} "
	f"cannot follow default field"
	f"{'s' if len(default_names) > 1 else ''} "
	f"{', '.join(default_names)}")
	nm_tpl = _make_nmtuple(typename, types.items(),
	defaults=[ns[n] for n in default_names],
	module=ns['__module__'])
	# update from user namespace without overriding special namedtuple attributes
	for key in ns:
	if key in _prohibited:
	raise AttributeError("Cannot overwrite NamedTuple attribute " + key)
	elif key not in _special and key not in nm_tpl._fields:
	setattr(nm_tpl, key, ns[key])
	return nm_tpl


	def NamedTuple(typename, fields=None, /, **kwargs):
	"""Typed version of namedtuple.

	Usage in Python versions >= 3.6::

	class Employee(NamedTuple):
	name: str
	id: int

	This is equivalent to::

	Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])

	The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a
	dict that maps field names to types. (The field names are also in
	the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.)
	Alternative equivalent keyword syntax is also accepted::

	Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', name=str, id=int)

	In Python versions <= 3.5 use::

	Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
	"""
	if fields is None:
	fields = kwargs.items()
	elif kwargs:
	raise TypeError("Either list of fields or keywords"
	" can be provided to NamedTuple, not both")
	try:
	module = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
	except (AttributeError, ValueError):
	module = None
	return _make_nmtuple(typename, fields, module=module)

	_NamedTuple = type.__new__(NamedTupleMeta, 'NamedTuple', (), {})

	def _namedtuple_mro_entries(bases):
	if len(bases) > 1:
	raise TypeError("Multiple inheritance with NamedTuple is not supported")
	assert bases[0] is NamedTuple
	return (_NamedTuple,)

	NamedTuple.__mro_entries__ = _namedtuple_mro_entries


	class _TypedDictMeta(type):
	def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
	"""Create new typed dict class object.

	This method is called when TypedDict is subclassed,
	or when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
	TypedDict supports all three syntax forms described in its docstring.
	Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries.
	"""
	for base in bases:
	if type(base) is not _TypedDictMeta:
	raise TypeError('cannot inherit from both a TypedDict type '
	'and a non-TypedDict base class')
	tp_dict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, name, (dict,), ns)

	annotations = {}
	own_annotations = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
	own_annotation_keys = set(own_annotations.keys())
	msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type"
	own_annotations = {
	n: _type_check(tp, msg, module=tp_dict.__module__)
	for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
	}
	required_keys = set()
	optional_keys = set()

	for base in bases:
	annotations.update(base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {}))
	required_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__required_keys__', ()))
	optional_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__optional_keys__', ()))

	annotations.update(own_annotations)
	if total:
	required_keys.update(own_annotation_keys)
	else:
	optional_keys.update(own_annotation_keys)

	tp_dict.__annotations__ = annotations
	tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys)
	tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys)
	if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__total__'):
	tp_dict.__total__ = total
	return tp_dict

	__call__ = dict # static method

	def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
	# Typed dicts are only for static structural subtyping.
	raise TypeError('TypedDict does not support instance and class checks')

	__instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__


	def TypedDict(typename, fields=None, /, , total=True, *kwargs):
	"""A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.

	TypedDict creates a dictionary type that expects all of its
	instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is
	associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
	is not checked at runtime but is only enforced by type checkers.
	Usage::

	class Point2D(TypedDict):
	x: int
	y: int
	label: str

	a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'} # OK
	b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'} # Fails type check

	assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')

	The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
	the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
	TypedDict supports two additional equivalent forms::

	Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', x=int, y=int, label=str)
	Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})

	By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
	to override this by specifying totality.
	Usage::

	class point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
	x: int
	y: int

	This means that a point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted.A type
	checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
	the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
	class body be required.

	The class syntax is only supported in Python 3.6+, while two other
	syntax forms work for Python 2.7 and 3.2+
	"""
	if fields is None:
	fields = kwargs
	elif kwargs:
	raise TypeError("TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments,"
	" but not both")

	ns = {'__annotations__': dict(fields)}
	try:
	# Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes pickleable.
	ns['__module__'] = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
	except (AttributeError, ValueError):
	pass

	return _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total)

	_TypedDict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, 'TypedDict', (), {})
	TypedDict.__mro_entries__ = lambda bases: (_TypedDict,)


	def NewType(name, tp):
	"""NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero
	runtime overhead. NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
	by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
	a dummy function that simply returns its argument. Usage::

	UserId = NewType('UserId', int)

	def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
	...

	UserId('user') # Fails type check

	name_by_id(42) # Fails type check
	name_by_id(UserId(42)) # OK

	num = UserId(5) + 1 # type: int
	"""

	def new_type(x):
	return x

	new_type.__name__ = name
	new_type.__supertype__ = tp
	return new_type


	# Python-version-specific alias (Python 2: unicode; Python 3: str)
	Text = str


	# Constant that's True when type checking, but False here.
	TYPE_CHECKING = False


	class IO(Generic[AnyStr]):
	"""Generic base class for TextIO and BinaryIO.

	This is an abstract, generic version of the return of open().

	NOTE: This does not distinguish between the different possible
	classes (text vs. binary, read vs. write vs. read/write,
	append-only, unbuffered). The TextIO and BinaryIO subclasses
	below capture the distinctions between text vs. binary, which is
	pervasive in the interface; however we currently do not offer a
	way to track the other distinctions in the type system.
	"""

	__slots__ = ()

	@property
	@abstractmethod
	def mode(self) -> str:
	pass

	@property
	@abstractmethod
	def name(self) -> str:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def close(self) -> None:
	pass

	@property
	@abstractmethod
	def closed(self) -> bool:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def fileno(self) -> int:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def flush(self) -> None:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def isatty(self) -> bool:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def read(self, n: int = -1) -> AnyStr:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def readable(self) -> bool:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def readline(self, limit: int = -1) -> AnyStr:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def readlines(self, hint: int = -1) -> List[AnyStr]:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = 0) -> int:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def seekable(self) -> bool:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def tell(self) -> int:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def truncate(self, size: int = None) -> int:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def writable(self) -> bool:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def write(self, s: AnyStr) -> int:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def writelines(self, lines: List[AnyStr]) -> None:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def __enter__(self) -> 'IO[AnyStr]':
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback) -> None:
	pass


	class BinaryIO(IO[bytes]):
	"""Typed version of the return of open() in binary mode."""

	__slots__ = ()

	@abstractmethod
	def write(self, s: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def __enter__(self) -> 'BinaryIO':
	pass


	class TextIO(IO[str]):
	"""Typed version of the return of open() in text mode."""

	__slots__ = ()

	@property
	@abstractmethod
	def buffer(self) -> BinaryIO:
	pass

	@property
	@abstractmethod
	def encoding(self) -> str:
	pass

	@property
	@abstractmethod
	def errors(self) -> Optional[str]:
	pass

	@property
	@abstractmethod
	def line_buffering(self) -> bool:
	pass

	@property
	@abstractmethod
	def newlines(self) -> Any:
	pass

	@abstractmethod
	def __enter__(self) -> 'TextIO':
	pass


	class io:
	"""Wrapper namespace for IO generic classes."""

	__all__ = ['IO', 'TextIO', 'BinaryIO']
	IO = IO
	TextIO = TextIO
	BinaryIO = BinaryIO


	io.__name__ = __name__ + '.io'
	sys.modules[io.__name__] = io

	Pattern = _alias(stdlib_re.Pattern, 1)
	Match = _alias(stdlib_re.Match, 1)

	class re:
	"""Wrapper namespace for re type aliases."""

	__all__ = ['Pattern', 'Match']
	Pattern = Pattern
	Match = Match


	re.__name__ = __name__ + '.re'
	sys.modules[re.__name__] = re

May	DEC	Apr
	29
2021	2022	2025