God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia (AOAT 362)

For Vanessa Preface The bulk of the present volume was prepared in the academic year of 2007-2008 while I was supported as a Dyson Research Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, during which I had full access to the tablet collection housed therein. I am most grateful to the museum, while under the acting directors Dr. Jeremy Sabloff and Dr. Richard Hodges, for this support. I would also like to thank a number of individuals for their assistance during the preparation of this volume. I would like to thank Professor Manfried Dietrich, Professor Oswald Loretz, and Dr. Kai Metzler for their sponsorship of this volume and their editorial assistance, and my wife Vanessa Smith for her assistance with the layout of this manuscript. Professor Matthew Rutz aided me with a number of difficult readings, interpretations and identifications, and furnished me with a number of important references. Professor Steven Tinney furnished his support for my research and permission to publish the tablets in this volume in his capacity as co-curator of the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Professor Niek Veldhuis read part of an earlier draft of this manuscript and furnished me with his extensive catalogue of lexical texts in the Babylonian Section, which was an important resource for the preparation of this volume. Professor Emeritus Erle Leichty is also due thanks for maintaining his extensive personal Assyriological library available for use within the Babylonian Section, as are Emanuelle Salgues for collating a tablet for me in the Yale Babylonian Collection and Professor Paul Delnero, Professor Richard Zettler, Stephen Kim, and Naoko Oghama for furnishing me with valuable references. Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 5 1.2 Sources .................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Composite Text ..................................................................................... 14 1.4 Score ...................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Commentary .......................................................................................... 48 Chapter 2 Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 2.1 An Old Babylonian Nippur Duplicate of the Genouillac Godlist?........ 79 2.2 An Old Babylonian Nippur Exemplar of the Weidner Godlist?............ 81 2.3 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist UM 29-15-90 .............. 83 2.4 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist N 1012 + N 3316A + N 3387 ................................................................................................... 85 2.5 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist CBS 2182 (SLT 118) + UM 29-15-458 + N 5764.................................................................... 93 2.6 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist UM 29-13-84 .............. 99 2.7 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist From Area TA, House F 3N-T 588 (UM 55-21-351) ................................................... 101 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 105 Indices 1. Divine Names Contained in Godlists from this Volume ........................ 123 2. Texts cited............................................................................................... 132 List of Plates ............................................................................................... 139 Plates Introduction The primary goal of this volume is to present the godlists that are known from Old Babylonian Nippur, specifically those which are housed in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. It also aims to establish that a notably diverse variety of godlists, including the Nippur godlist, a possible duplicate of the socalled “Genouillac godlist” (AO 5376 (TCL 15 10)),1 and perhaps the socalled “Weidner godlist,” as well as several other unparalleled godlists, were in various degrees of circulation at Old Babylonian Nippur. A general impression of the highly localized nature of godlist traditions in this period, 2 which arises from the presence of unique godlists from Nippur, Isin,3 Uruk, 4 Mari,5 Susa,6 and, perhaps, Ur, 7 still remains, however. The commentary that is furnished in this edition focuses primarily on establishing the proper reading of the respective divine name if ambiguities exist, and, to a secondary extent, to document other attestations of the divine name in question, with an emphasis on the contemporary period and locale. In this volume, I do not attempt to analyze in depth the evidence that these godlists offer regarding the structure of the pantheon of Old Babylonian Nippur or of Ancient Mesopotamia proper. Nor do I attempt to extrapolate the evidence that these lists offer about the particular role or the potentially highly complex syncretistic evolution of Mesopotamian deities. The 1 For excellent photographs of this tablet, see now Andre-Salvini et al 2008: 329. For compilation and discussion of known OB godlists, see Lambert 1985: 182, Richter 2004: 11-20, and Sallaberger 2004: 305: note also VAT 8371 reverse (Förtsch 1917: pl. 4). Of these, UET 6 412 does not appear to be a simple godlist, as it seems to name various deities as kings or masters (lugal) of what appears to be various toponyms, to judge from the meager remaining traces (see the comments of Gadd and Kramer in the introductory catalog, pg. 8). It therefore would appear to constitute an early example of an explanatory godlist. 3 Wilcke 1987: 93-97 4 Cavigneaux 1996: 78 (text 154, reverse). It is quite possible, although not currently verifiable, that the obverse extract of this type II source belongs to the same godlist. 5 Lambert 1985. Note that Lambert considers this list to be a Southern Mesopotamian importation that should not be understood as a direct reflection of the composition of the current pantheon at OB Mari. 6 MDP 18 257. Note also the comments of Lambert about curricular extracts published in MDP 27 (Lambert 1957-1971: 477) 7 Attested in the lentil source UET 6/3 824 (I thank Naoko Oghama for this reference). Note as well U 4407, the unbaked upper half of a small tablet housed in the University Museum in Philadelphia with the dimensions 3.9 x 2.6 x 1.3 cm, which seems to contain a godlist: 1) An dEn-lil2 2) dNin-tud 3) dNin-isin2si-na 4) dNanna 5) dEn-ki 6) dUtu 7) dInana 8) [d]I@kur (remainder missing). 2 2 Introduction numerous articles about individual deities in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie, as well as a host of other publications,8 are readily available for such inquiries, and will not be exhaustively cited here. I will also not attempt to analyze the complex and elusive redactional history of these godlists, either internally or relative to godlists from earlier and later periods. This following is a brief introductory description of the godlists known from Old Babylonian Nippur that are edited here. First of all, this volume contains an updated edition of the so-called “Nippur godlist,” the only godlist from OB Nippur that had an unequivocal role in the scribal curriculum due to its presence on type II tablets.9 No exemplars of this list were found in the context of area TA, House F,10 where only a lone exemplar of a godlist whose contents are unique from any other godlist known to me is attested on a small three column type I exemplar (UM 55-21-351 = 3N-T 588). This unique godlist is edited in the current volume. The presence of a small fragment of an apparent duplicate of the unprovenienced so-called “Genouillac godlist” (TCL 15 10) in OB script at Nippur, along with another thematically related list, UM 29-15-90, which advances an analogous sequence of primeval deities and advances summarizing explanatory entries which specify divine filiation anticipate the format of the MB and SB recensions of An = Anum suggests that the putative forerunner of An = Anum, as well as the intellectual need to flesh out the boundaries of a pantheon, was present in OB Nippurian intellectual tradition. The Weidner godlist, which was known to occur in Old Babylonian contexts from a few unprovenienced exemplars, 11 an exemplar from OB Babylon,12 and a possible extract of the text from OB Sippar, 13 is also now known to occur at Nippur in a type I exemplar that is most likely Old Baby- 8 See, for example, the extensive studies of Richter 2004, Such-Gutiérrez 2003, Finkel and Geller ed. 1997, Selz 1995, and Sallaberger 1993. 9 For an overview of curricular tablet typology, see, for example, Civil 1995: 2308. 10 For discussion of OB Nippur curricular texts that are not attested in the context of House F, including, most notably, the elementary text Tu-ta-ti, perhaps suggesting that a substantially different scribal curriculum was used at house F, see Veldhuis 1997: 44, Robson 2001: 48 and Veldhuis 2004: 61. The absence of a more rarely attested lexical text such as NGL at House F, of course, is less telling than the absence of a text as common as Tu-ta-ti. 11 See the discussion of Lambert 1957-1971: 474. Note additionally that Veldhuis (2003: 628) also suggests that the fragment VAT 6563 (Weidner 1924-25: 6) is in fact also of Old Babylonian date, as opposed to the Ur III date assigned to it by Lambert (Lambert 1957-71: 474). 12 VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20). The colophon to this text preserved an entry count of 206 according to van Dijk’s copy, a total that probably pertains to the entire list. 13 A possible two line excerpt from the Weidner godlist from Sippar Amn~num has been published by Tanret (Tanret 2002: 123: text 65 (Di 140)). Introduction 3 lonian in date. This would constitute the only evidence to my knowledge that it was known at Old Babylonian Nippur, despite its attestation elsewhere for the Old Babylonian period and its widespread usage as a curricular text in Middle Babylonian and Late Babylonian contexts at Nippur and elsewhere. Several other non-standard godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur, coming from the pre-WWII excavations at Tablet Hill, are also published here for the first time. The non-standard godlist N 1012 + N 3316A + N 3387, which was reconstructed by the author, is particularly notable due to the fact that it contains several previously unknown divine names. Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 1.1 Introduction Previous Publication The Nippur godlist was originally edited by Jean in 1931 in the Revue d’Assyriologie. Jean utilized manuscripts known from pre-World War II excavations that were catalogued by Hilprecht and published in handcopy by Chiera in 1929 in his Sumerian Lexical Texts, text numbers 117, 122-125. Since then, many portions of this text have been improved and discussed extensively in the secondary literature. The most extensive treatment of this text since Jean’s edition would be that of Richter (2004), who includes a composite text of extensive portions of NGL in his extensive discussion of the Old Babylonian pantheon in core Mesopotamian contexts. The following sections of the list, which typically consist of a god and his circle, here numbered according to my edition below, are treated by Richter, whose textual commentary focuses primarily on the significant variance that occurs between manuscripts owing to the sporadic defective orthographies that occur in some sources: 4-6 8-16 17-21 22-26 27-30 31-33 34-37 40-44 54-72 78-80 96-98 124-151 158-163 180-193 200-206 5’-10’ pg. 57 144 454 108 136 354 76-77 108, 220 295-296 205-206 141 206 387 85-86 98 310 Organization and Sequencing The ordering of the Nippur godlist, which has been discussed previously by 6 Chapter 1 a large number of scholars, most extensively by Lambert and Richter,14 has an obvious thematic basis to some of its arrangement. Lambert describes this as “theological” ordering. The chief deities in the pantheon, An and Enlil, head the list. Major deities occur along with alternative names and the names of their spouses, children, and servants, although deities do not occur in conjunction with deities belonging to their circle in every instance. Deities possessing the approximate status of “mother goddess” also occur together. According to Lambert’s interpretation these goddesses function as various names for the spouse of Enlil. 15 This section is reflective of sections of numerous other godlists, for which note the discussion of Krebernik 1997: 502. A thematic rationale for the organization of much of the list, however, particularly in the latter entries of the list, is not readily apparent. Additional organizational criteria that obtains widely elsewhere in the lexical tradition, such as in Ur5-ra, exerts an obvious effect on the organization of the list. This is a phenomenon that Lambert has described elsewhere in conjunction with godlists as “lexical” ordering. 16 Organization according to strictly graphemic principles occurs according to possession of mutual initial graphemes, such as initial dLugal- (lines 124-143), and also mutual possession of graphemes in secondary position, such as in conjunction with the element -nun-na (lines 9’-12’).17 Akkadian divine names also occur together (lines 79-84, 3”-6”). In a few instances, NGL appears to include more than one orthography for a single divine name. Such variant orthographies are either immediately juxtaposed, such as dNa-zi and dNan@e (lines 98-99), or they occur apart from each other, such as dGu-la and dGu2-la2 (lines 43 and 109).18 This phenomenon is also observed, for example, in the Genouillac godlist. A group which consists of primarily non-Sumerian divine names and/or so-called “banana names,” which are characterized by the reduplication of a syllable, occur at the end of the list. As is frequently the case when they occur in personal names, which would have been extensively encountered by the student by this curricular level, they do not elicit the divine determinative in this list. The Isin godlist ends in a comparable manner, al- Lambert 1985a, 1985b, etc., Richter 2004: 16-17, 31-172. See also the remarks of Edzard 2004: 583. 15 Note also the remarks of Richter 2004: 17. 16 Note also the remarks of Edzard 2004: 583 whose remarks specifically pertain to the organizational principles that obtain in the Genouillac godlist but are more generally applicable: “... die in allen lexikalischen Listen üblichen rein lautlichen oder zeichen-optischen Zuordnungen und assoziativen Übergänge oder ‘Eselbrücken.’” 17 For this last section, see the remarks of Edzard 2004: 583, who considers it to be an example of “lautliche Assoziation.” 18 Note the comments of Lambert 1957-71: 479. 14 Nippur Godlist 7 though the individual entries are not identical between the two lists. In some instances, the Nippur godlist has notable affinities to the Genouillac godlist (TCL 15 10), including the mutual juxtaposition of names for Enlil’s spouse, the section which contains divine names consisting of initial dLugal-, and the section which lists various geographical and other specific manifestations of Inana. In neither instance, however, do these sections correspond exactly to each other. Figuring prominently among the numerous major differences between the two lists is the apparent lack of the list of primeval deities, which occur in most of the major OB godlists, in NGL. Select portions of NGL parallel the sequencing of the sections of Proto-Diri that contain divine names, 19 for example, lines 85-86, 115-117, 118-120. This could be taken as evidence that NGL was consulted during the compilation of Proto-Diri or vice versa. As the vocalization of numerous deities in this list were probably obscure, it seems likely that the Nippur godlist probably closely accompanied Proto-Diri in the scribal curriculum, given the fact that the vocalization of various divine names would have been presumably otherwise unknown to a scribe in training. It will be noted, however, that the two texts do not co-occur on the same type II text, so their exact use relationship cannot be ascertained. The Nippur godlist appears to have been highly standardized. Lambert has repeatedly stated that the Nippur godlist was not standardized,20 but his impression appears to arise from the apparent impression that one of the type I sources, CBS 6385 (SLT 124), contained the entire text as it was understood to exist by the author. However, SLT 124 lacks the standard dNisaba za3-mi2 doxology, which is the standard indicator of the end of a lexical text in the OB Nippur scribal curriculum. The seven entries occurring after dPa4nun-na in column viii of SLT 124 probably overlap with the lacuna of approximately 15 lines between the end of column v and the preserved beginning of column vi in the other type I source, CBS 13889 (SLT 122), a source that unequivocally concludes with the end of the list. If this reasoning is followed, then it appears that NGL contained approximately 270 entries. One exemplar, however, could theoretically be adduced to challenge the stability of NGL. N 6046 preserves the reverse of a shorn type II tablet, and reads left to right. It contains NGL entries 1-9 in column i’ and NGL entries 13-20 in column ii’. Above the incipit in column i’ is one preserved Proto-Diri section 10 and 11 (MSL 15 34-38). These sections are putatively attributed to Proto-Diri (in addition to Civil’s attribution of these sections to ProtoDiri, see, also, for example, Lambert 1957-1971: 474-475) and probably reflect the content of the largely incomplete tablet 7 of the canonical version (see MSL 15 196197 and Peterson 2007). 20 For example, note Lambert 1985: 182: “... different copies (of NGL) seem to attest the addition of extra material to suit individual scribes.” 19 8 Chapter 1 entry, dZa-ba4-ba4, which is typically the 38th entry of the text. I assume that rather than reflecting a fundamentally different recension of the text or a different godlist altogether, this exemplar contains a repetition of entries. However, it should be noted that such an excerpting practice, although it occurs with some regularity in later periods,21 is not typically observed on the reverse of type II texts from OB Nippur. 22 Position of the Nippur godlist in the Scribal Curriculum The Nippur godlist has been considered by Veldhuis to belong among the advanced thematic lists in the OB Nippur scribal curriculum that occur infrequently. Therefore, the exact placement of this text in a curricular sequence among other advanced lists is not entirely certain. 23 The following evidence of the occurrence of NGL with known texts on type II sources is available: Type II obverse (i.e., identifying texts which preceded the presentation of NGL in the scribal curriculum): Elementary lists: Personal Name List dInana-te@224 Intermediate lists (Ur5-ra): Ur5-ra 1 Advanced lists: metrological table, Proto-Izi, Proto-ki-ulutin-bi-@e3, Ugumu, 21 Note, for example, the frequency of occurrence of this type of textual extraction in the corpus of Neo-Babylonian curricular texts assembled by Gesche 2001. 22 Another exception known to me would be CBS 10997 (PBS 11/3 31) + CBS 11016 (PBS 11/3 33) (join made by author), a type II reverse extract of the personal name list with the incipit Ur-ki, which repeats the same thirty entry section. For occurrences of repetition between the obverse and reverse of type II extracts, a different but perhaps didactically related phenomenon, see Veldhuis 1997: 35-36. 23 Veldhuis 1997: 59. See also Robson 2001: 48-49. 24 Edited by Chiera, PBS 11/1 49f. Nippur Godlist 9 Syllable Alphabet A25 Type II reverse (i.e., identifying texts which followed NGL in the scribal curriculum): Intermediate lists (Ur5-ra): Ur5-ra division 4 The existence of three type II tablets featuring NGL on the reverse and Ur5ra division 4, all of which excerpt from the list of stones within the division, on the obverse reflects a notably unanticipated distribution. It would appear to suggest, given the fact that the obverse extract of type II tablets are basically understood to represent a text that the student encountered after the text presented on the reverse, that the Nippur godlist occurred in the curriculum prior to the fourth division of Ur5-ra. However, this would contradict the picture that is presented by the distribution of NGL as it occurs on the obverse of type II tablets, as it seems to constitute an advanced curricular text, while Ur5-ra as a whole at OB Nippur is generally understood to constitute a set intermediate phase in the scribal curriculum.26 Double Line Notation The type I exemplar CBS 6385 (source NI-2) uniquely marks off small sections consisting of three or four entries with a double line on the reverse in columns vi and vii. These sections include lines 152-153 (dA-%U-E2-a, dLaqi2-bu-um), lines 175-177 (dNin-SAR, dNin-ti, dNin-dar-a), lines 178-181 (dNin-gal-DU-DU, dNin-LUL-lil2-la2, dNin-sun2, dGu-nu-ra!), and lines 182185 (dAl-la2, dTU, dTU-ZI, d÷e@tin-an-na). The reason for this notation is not readily apparent. It is possible that this notation earmarked specific groups of entries for usage on lentils, but there is no way to verify it, as unequivocal occurrences of this text on type IV lenticular extracts are unknown to me. 25 Due to the rarity of occurrence of this text at OB Nippur versus that of Syllable Alphabet B, a local Nippur variant of Syllable Alphabet A, and the fact that one fragmentary exemplar (CBS 6511 (SLT 243)) attempts to furnish the text with Akkadian translations as an Old Babylonian exemplar of Syllable Vocabulary A (for this text, see, most recently, Farber 1999: 120f., with further bibliography, as well as Veldhuis 1997: 43 and Veldhuis 2004: 89-90 and n. 19), it is probably better to consider it to be an advanced list, or as Veldhuis classifies it, an “extra-curricular list” at OB Nippur (Veldhuis 2004: 89-90), despite the elementary curricular role that it served everywhere else it is attested. However, this exceptional occurrence of Syllable Alphabet A on a type II tablet suggests that it did indeed have a function in the set curriculum in some isolated instances. 26 See Veldhuis 1997: 46f. Note, however, his qualification that a detailed study of the type II textual distribution of each division of Ur5-ra may yield different results. 10 Chapter 1 1.2 Sources27 Type I N1-1 = CBS 13889 (SLT 122) (plate I) Upper half of a multi-column tablet, with four columns on the obverse and three columns on the reverse. The ending doxology of the text is preserved. The reverse columns are considerably wider due to the extra available space that was available to the scribe on the obverse. A small portion of the upper right corner of this piece appears to have broken off after Chiera copied the piece, resulting in the loss of a few signs. The notably distinct handwriting of this exemplar is comparable, for example, with the hand of the type I exemplar of the personal name list dInana-te@2 CBS 6457 (PBS 1/1 23) + N 4743 (join made by author). NI-2 = CBS 6385 (SLT 124) (plate II-III) Almost entirely intact piece, with four columns on the obverse and four columns on the reverse. The surface of this piece has undergone considerable wear due to salt damage on much of the reverse. The author of this manuscript exhibits a tendency to explicitly lengthen the vowels of Akkadian entries. Type II reverse NIIR-1 = N 6046 (plate IV) (obverse not preserved) Left piece of the reverse extract, with a shorn edge. Extract reads left to right. A large number of entries occur before the incipit of NGL, An, of which only [d]²Za³-ba4-ba4, the 38th entry of the text, is preserved. As discussed above, the text is included here as a source for NGL under the assumption that it advanced a repeated section of the text. This exemplar preserves entries 1-9, 13-20, 37-38. For a recent discussion of the sources of NGL published by Chiera in SLT (SLT 117, 122-125), see Richter (2004: 16-17). Several manuscripts of this text that are housed in Jena are not included in the current edition. One type II manuscript (HS 1613 + HS 1642) contains NGL 16-29 on the obverse and Proto-ki-ulutin-bi-@e3 on the reverse. Two more type II manuscripts most likely contain the Nippur godlist, as they feature the same obverse/reverse textual distribution that occurs with known exemplars of the list. These include HS 1804 (CDLI no. P229967) (type II: obverse and reverse Nippur godlist)) and HS 1848 (CDLI no. P229995) (type II: obverse Nippur godlist, reverse metrological table). A third text (HS 1780 CDLI P229950) is described in the CDLI catalogue as a type III text, and is identified as the Nippur godlist. The CDLI catalogue further describes 12N-T 516 (CDLI P229148) as an exemplar of the Nippur godlist. This identification contradicts Civil’s identification in the original 12N-T tablet catalog of the piece as a fragment of Ur5-ra division 1 (Civil 1978: 116). 27 Nippur Godlist 11 NIIR-2 = CBS 6067 (SLT 123) (plate IV) (obverse Nippur godlist) This exemplar, which reads right to left, is almost entirely intact. The author of this extract routinely uses the Akkadianizing grapheme -um in final position, frequently to the exclusion of part of the proper orthography of the divine name. NIIR-3 = CBS 4841 (plate V) (obverse not preserved) Bottom right piece of the reverse extract. This piece was shorn in antiquity to separate the obverse extract. It preserves lines 4-13, 25-34. NIIR-4 = N 5289 (plate V) (obverse not preserved) Small top edge piece of the reverse extract. The surface is significantly worn. The placement of the preserved lines, the direction of columns from right to left, and the quality of the scribal hand, as well as what appears to be the ending ruling of an obverse extract on the obverse, strongly implicates it as a reverse type II extract. This exemplar preserves lines 38-40, 73-75. NIIR-5 = UM 29-13-73 (plate VI) (obverse Ur5-ra division 4 (MSL 10 54: source V20)) Left edge piece of the reverse extract. This manuscript was shorn in antiquity to separate the obverse extract, thus splitting reverse column i’ in half. NIIR-6 = CBS 5991 (plate VII) (preserved obverse blank) Top left corner(?) of the reverse extract. This exemplar preserves entries 54-60(?). NIIR-7 = CBS 6678 (plate VII) (obverse Ur5-ra division 4) Upper left piece of the reverse extract. The extract reads right to left. This piece was shorn in antiquity to separate the obverse extract. Column ii’ of this exemplar preserves lines 78-86. Column i’, which contained manifestations of Inana/I@tar, is not sufficiently preserved to be entered into the score. NIIR-8 = N 5371 (plate VIII) (obverse Nippur godlist) Central piece of the reverse extract. The piece shows no sign of a shorn edge. Column i’ (or ii’) of this exemplar preserves lines 94-103. The other column is not sufficiently preserved for entry into the score. NIIR-9 = CBS 8145 (plate VIII) (obverse not preserved) Far left edge piece of the reverse extract. This piece is assumed to be the reverse of a type II extract due to the fact that one would anticipate a later portion of the text in the final column of a type I source. This exemplar preserves entries 105-113. 12 Chapter 1 NIIR-10 = CBS 6543 (SLT 125) (plate IX) (obverse Ur5-ra division 4) Bottom left corner piece of the reverse extract. The extract reads right to left. This piece is written with a poor hand, and abbreviated or erroneous orthographies are prevalent. Column i’ preserves only a sequence of dNin-[...] and therefore cannot be accurately entered into the score. The remaining two columns of this exemplar preserve lines 197-203, 12’-20’. Type II obverse NIIO-1 = CBS 15082 (plate IX) (reverse unidentified: personal names?) Upper half of the obverse extract with a shorn edge. This exemplar preserves entries 1-8. NIIO-2 = N 5150 (plate X) (reverse Ugumu (MSL 9 51: source S14)) Top half of the obverse extract with a shorn edge. This exemplar preserves entries 19. NIIO-3 = CBS 5957 (+) CBS 5997 (plate XI) (reverse Syllable Alphabet A) (non-contiguous join made by author) Left edge piece of the obverse extract which was shorn in antiquity. Only the top and bottom are preserved. This extract began with the incipit. This exemplar preserves entries 1-7, 13-20 (final entry). NIIO-4 = N 6168 (plate XII) (reverse PN list dInana-te@2) Top half of the obverse extract. This exemplar preserves entries 8-15. NIIO-5 = N 5855 (plate XII) (reverse PN List dInana-te@2) Top right corner piece of the obverse extract which preserves the students’ recopying of the extract. Traces of another text are visible beneath cracks of slip on the edge. This exemplar preserves entries 17-22. NIIO-6 = N 6145 (plate XIII) (reverse not adequately preserved for identification) Central piece of the obverse extract. The end of the column is not preserved. This exemplar preserves entries 73-78. NIIO-7 = N 5371 (plate XIII) (reverse Nippur godlist) For a physical description the reverse of this source, see above, source NIIR-8. This exemplar preserves entries 114(?)-116 (end of extract). NIIO-8 = N 3853 (plate XIV) (reverse metrological table) Top piece of the obverse extract with a shorn edge. This exemplar preserves entries 127-138. Nippur Godlist 13 NIIO-9 = CBS 6067 (SLT 123) (plate XV) (reverse Nippur godlist) For the physical description of the reverse of this source, see above, source NIIR-2. The scribe supplies syllabic and possibly explanatory writings for some entries to the right of the column: these are omitted in Chiera’s copy in SLT. The entire obverse extract, containing lines 132-144, is preserved in this exemplar. NIIO-10 = CBS 13621 (SLT 116: for a transliteration of this piece, see Richter 2004: 387, Marchesi 2006: 34) (plate XVI) (reverse Ur5-ra division 1) Central piece of the obverse extract. The end of the column is not preserved. This exemplar preserves entries 157-162. NIIO-11 = N 5366 (plate XVI) (reverse Proto-Izi (MSL 13 40: source I)) Bottom half of the obverse extract, with a shorn edge. This exemplar preserves entries 195-202 (end of extract). Text type uncertain NU-1 = N 5961 (plate XVII) Fragment of a type I tablet, or the reverse of a type II tablet. Reads left to right. Column i of this exemplar preserves lines 3-6, while column ii only preserves the divine determinative and is not entered in the score. NU-2 = N 5195 (plate XVII) Small fragment that probably came from the reverse of a type II tablet. This exemplar preserves entries 61, 63-65. NU-3 = CBS 5986 (SLT 117) (plate XVIII) Small surface fragment that probably came from the reverse of a type II tablet. This exemplar preserves lines 82-87. NU-4 = N 7611 (plate XVIII) Small surface fragment. This exemplar appears to preserve lines 159-163. 14 Chapter 1 1.3 Composite Text 1) An 2) An-tum 3) dUra@ 4) dEn-lil2 5) dNu-nam-nir 6) dNin-lil2 7) d$ul-pa-e3 8) dNin-#ur-sa_-_a2 9) dNin-dingir-re-ne 10) dNin-ma# 11) dNin-tud 12) dNin-men-na 13) dA-ru-ru 14) Dingir-ma# 15) dMa-ma 16) dBe2-li-it-i3-li2 17) dNanna 18) dSuen 19) dDil-im2-babbar 20) dNin-gal 21) dNin-gublaga 22) dEn-ki 23) dNu-dim2-mud 24) dAm-an-ki 25) dAra 26) dDam-gal-nun-na 27) dI@kur 28) dU4-gu3-di 29) d$a-la 30) dMe-dim2-@a4 31) dUtu 32) dA-a 33) d$e3-ir5-da 34) dNin-urta 35) dNin-_ir2-su 36) dU4-ta-u18-lu 37) dUra@ 38) dZa-ba4-ba4 39) dLa-ga-ma-al 40) dPa-bil-sa_ 41) dBa-u2 42) dNin-Isin2si-na 43) dGu-la 44) dNin-kar-ra-ak 45) dMar-tu 46) dSu-#i-nun 47) dDingir-Mar-tu 48) dDa-gan 49) dNin-ma-da 50) dDumu-zi 51) dAma-u@umgal-an-na 52) dU@umgal 53) dEn-ni_ir-si 54) dInana 55) dInana AN.ZA.GAR3 56) dInana Mar-tu 57) dInana I3-lipki 58) dInana Ki@ki 59) dInana Unugki 60) dInana Zabalamki 61) dInana E2-an-na 62) dInana E2-sa_-rig8 63) dNa-na-a-a 64) d©ar-pa-ni-tum 65) dNin-igi-zid-bar-ra 66) dAd-gi4-gi4 67) dNir-_al2 68) dKin-_al2 69) dBe2-zi-la 70) dNa-bi-tum 71) An-nu-ni-tum 72) dUl-ma@-ir-tum 73) dGibil6 74) dI@taran 75) dQudma@ 76) d$AG4-TAR 77) dIg-alim-ma 78) dNergal 79) dMa-mi 80) d$u-bu-la 81) dNa-bu-um 82) dWe-du-um Nippur Godlist 83) dUR-mu-u@-(t)um 84) dKur-ba-@um 85) dGana2 86) dNita# 87) dI-@um 88) d%endur-sa_-_a2 89) dNin-_i@-zid-da 90) d÷i@-ban3-da 91) dA-zi-mu2-a 92) dDim3-PI-kug 93) dNin-a-zu 94) dKulla 95) dNu-mu@-da 96) d%u-ma-at 97) dMarduk 98) dNa-zi 99) dNan@e 100) dNin-MAR-KI 101) dNin-ti-#al 102) dSira@ 103) dNin-ka-si 104) d$akkan 105) dDUL 106) dE# 107) dNamma 108) dAb-u2 109) dGu2-la2 110) dLa-a& 111) dPAP 112) dPap-sukkal 113) dNin-@ubur 114) dNin-e2-gal 115) dMa#-di-an-na 116) dTi-mu2-a 117) dKab2-ta 118) dNisaba 119) dNanibgal 120) d%a-ia3 121) dA@nan 122) dTir-an-na 123) (entry not preserved) 124) dLugal-[...] 125) dLugal-[...] 126) dLugal-_i@@inig? 127) dLugal-_i@asal2 128) dLugal-Gu2-du8-a 129) dLugal-_i@-du3-a 130) dLugal-_ir2-ur3-ra 131) dLugal-dubur-an-na 132) dLugal-KA-gin6-na 133) dLugal-KA-gin6-na 134) dLugal-zu2-lum-ma 135) dLugal-du6-kug-ga 136) dLugal-gud-si-su 137) dLugal-@ud3-de3 138) dLugal-e@3-a 139) dLugal-e@3-da 140) dLugal-ki-sa2-a 141) dLugal-tilla2 142) dLugal-AN-ZA-GAR3 143) dLugal-ir9-ra 144) dMes-lam-ta-e3-a 145) dBe-el-@inig 146) dBe-el-_i@asal2 147) du3 $uk-nir 148) dBe-el-i-la-tim 149) dI-@ar-ki-di-i@-@u11 150) dI-@ar-ne-ri-@u11 151) dI-@ar-ma-ti-@u11 152) dA-%U?-E2-a 153) dLa-qi2-bu-um 154) dMES? 155) dNin-SIMUG 156) dImin?-ki 157) dx-ki-²gi4³ 158) d a@A@7-gi4 159) dBarag-ni_in3-_ar-ra 160) dLum-ma 161) d%a-da-ni-i@ 162) dGuggim/Gaggim 163) (entry not preserved) 164) dAn-nu-um 165) dAsal 166) dAsal?-sag9 15 16 Chapter 1 167) dAsal-lu2-#i 168) dAsal-alim-ma 169) dNin-_edru 170) dNin-ma@ 171) dNin-x 172) dNin-x-gal 173) (entry not preserved) 174) dNin-mug? 175) dNin-SAR 176) dNin-ti 177) dNin-MU$2-a ( dNin-dar-a?) 178) dNin-gal-la#4 179) dNin-LUL-lil2-la2 180) dNin-sun2 181) dGu-nu-ra 182) dAl-la2 183) dTU 184) dTU-ZI 185) d÷e@tin-an-na 186) dNira# 187) dI@-#a-ra 188) dPA.UDU 189) dPA.UDU 190) dGUD 191) dGUD 192) dImin-bi 193) dA@-ra-tum 194) dDim3-me 195) dUttu 196) dLi9-si4 197) dAlamu@ 198) dLu2-lal3 199) dPa4-nun-na 200) dSag-gar 201) d$ag4-ZI 202) dGilgame@2 203) dLAMA 204) dLAMA 205) dKal-kal 206) (entry not preserved) (lacuna of approximately 8 entries) 1’) dKa-az-ba-a-a 2’) dNagbumx(IDIM) 3’) dSud3 4’) dU-GUR 5’) Il3-a-ba4 6’) dKur-ba 7’) dGALAM 8’) dKa-ni-sur-ra 9’) dLipi@-nun-na 10’) dE$-IB-nun-na 11’) dSa-dara3-nun-na 12’) dNin-kar-nun-na 13’) dNin-ildum3 14’) dNin-girim-ma 15’) d$ar-ur3 16’) d$ar2-gaz 17’) dNam2-ma# 18’) d$e-ru-um 19’) dEn-lu-un-ga 20’) dUg2 21’) dMes-sanga-Unugki-ga 22’) dId2-lu2-ru-gu2 23’) dx-DU (lacuna of approximately 15 entries) 1”) (entry not preserved) 2”) [...]-za 3”) E2-a 4”) E-le-tum 5”) Te-el-tum 6”) Si-ma-at 7”) Ku-uk 8”) Sa_-@en-@en 9”) Ka3-ka3 10”) Du3-du3 11”) Ba-ab-ba 12”) Ba-ba(?) 13”) A-ba 14”) Bibra 15”) Er3-ra 16”) Er3-ra-gal 17”) Ebi#ki Nippur Godlist 17 1.4 Score 28 1) An NI-1 i 1: An NI-2 i 1: ²An³ NIIR-1 ii 3’: An NIIR-2 i 1: [ ] NIIO-1 1: An NIIO-2 1: An NIIO-3 1: [ ] 2) An-tum NI-1 i 2: An-tum NI-2 i 2: [ ]-²tum³ NIIR-1 ii 4’: [A]n-tum NIIR-2 i 2: An-[ ] NIIO-1 2: An-tum NIIO-2 2: An-tum NIIO-3 2: An-[ ] 3) dUra@ NI-1 i 3: dLIL2 NI-2 i 3: [ ]Ura@ NIIR-1 ii 5’: [ ]Ura@ NIIR-2 i 3: d[ ] NIIO-1 3: dUra@ NIIO-2 3: dUra@ NIIO-3 3: d[ ] NU-1 i 1’: ²d³Ura@ In this score and the transliteration of other texts below, I restore the divine name marker more freely without notation, given the virtual certainty of its presence everywhere but the end of this text, where the divine name marker is excluded for several entries in source NI-1, the lone source that preserves them. 28 18 4) dEn-lil2 NI-1 i 4: dEn-lil2 NI-2 i 4: ²d³En-lil2 NIIR-1 ii 6’: [ ]En-lil2 NIIR-2 i 4: dEn-[ ] NIIR-3 i 4: d[ ] NIIO-1 4: dEn-lil2 NIIO-2 4: dEn-lil2 NIIO-3 4: dE[n ] NU-1 i 2’: [ ]En-lil2 5) dNu-nam-nir NI-1 i 5: dNu-nam-nir NI-2 i 5: dNu-nam-nir NIIR-1 ii 7’: [ na]m-nir d NIIR-2 i 5: Nu-na[m ] NIIR-3 i 5: d²Nu³-²nam³-²nir³ NIIO-1 5: dNu-nam-nir NIIO-2 5: [ ]Nu-nam-nir NIIO-3 5: dN[u ] NU-1 i 3’: [ N]u-nam-nir 6) dNin-lil2 NI-1 i 6: dNin-lil2 NI-2 i 6: dNin-lil2 NIIR-1 ii 8’: [ ]-lil2 NIIR-2 i 6: dNin-li[l2] NIIR-3 i 6: dNin-lil2 NIIO-1 6: dNin-lil2 NIIO-2 6: [ ]Nin-lil2 NIIO-3 6: d[ ] NU-1 i 4’: [ ]²Nin³-lil2 7) d$ul-pa-e3 NI-1 i 7: d$ul-pa-e3 NI-2 i 7: d$ul-pa-e3 NIIR-1 ii 9’ [ ]-²pa³-e3 NIIR-2 i 7: d$ul-pa-e3 NIIR-3 i 7: [ ]-pa-e3-a NIIO-1 7: d$ul-pa-e3 NIIO-2 7: [ $]ul-pa-e3 NIIO-3 7: d[ ] Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 8) dNin-#ur-sa_-_a2 NI-1 i 8: dNin-#ur-sa_-_a2 NI-2 i 8: dNin-#ur-sa_-_a2 NIIR-1 ii 10’: [ Ni]n-#ur-²sa_³-²_a2³ NIIR-2 i 8: dNin-#ur-sa_-_a2 NIIR-3 i 8: dNin-#ur-sa_-²_a2³ NIIO-1 8: dNin-#ur-s[a_ ] NIIO-2 8: [ ]²Nin³-²#ur³-sa_-²_a2³ NIIO-4 1: [ ]Nin-#ur-[ ] 9) dNin-dingir-re-ne NI-1 i 9: dNin-dingir-re-e-ne NI-2 i 9: dNin-dingir-re-e-/ne NIIR-1 ii 11’: [ ]-²dingir³-r[e NIIR-2 i 9: dNin-dingir-re-e-ne NIIR-3 i 9: dNin-²dingir³-re-[ ] NIIO-2 9: [ ]Nin-dingir-²re³-[ ] NIIO-4 2: ²d³Nin-dingir-[ ] 10) dNin-ma# NI-1 i 10: dNin-ma# NI-2 i 10: dNin-ma# NIIR-2 i 10: dNin-ma# NIIR-3 i 10: dNin-m[a#] NIIO-2 10: [ ]-m[a#] NIIO-4 3: d²Nin³-[ ] 11) dNin-tud NI-1 i 11: dNin-tud NI-2 i 11: dNin-tud NIIR-2 i 11: dNin-tud NIIR-3 i 11: dNin-[t]u[d] NIIO-4 4: dNin-[ ] 12) dNin-men-na NI-1 i 12: dNin-men-na NI-2 i 12: dNin-²men³-na NIIR-2 i 12: dNin-men-na NIIR-3 i 12: dNin-²men³-na NIIO-4 5: dNin-me[n ] ] 19 20 13) dA-ru-ru NI-1 i 13: dA-ru-ru NI-2 i 13: dA-ru-ru NIIR-1 i 1’: d[ ] NIIR-2 i 13: dA-ru-ru NIIR-3 i 13: ²d³²A³-ru-ru NIIO-3 1”: dA-ru-[ ] NIIO-4 6: dA-ru-[ ] 14) Dingir-ma# NI-1 i 14: Dingir-ma# NI-2 i 14: Dingir-ma# NIIR-1 i 2’: Dingir-[ ] NIIR-2 i 14: Dingir-ma# NIIO-3 2”: [Dingi]r-m[a#] NIIO-4 7: Dingir-m[a#] 15) dMa-ma NI-1 i 15: dMa-ma NI-2 i 15: dMa-ma NIIR-1 i 3’: dM[a ] d NIIR-2 i 15: Ma-ma NIIO-3 3”: ²d³Ma-m[a] NIIO-4 8: d²Ma³-[ ] 16) dBe2-li-it-i3-li2 NI-1 i 16: dBe2-li-it-i3-²li2³ NI-2 i 16: dBe2-li-it-i3-x NIIR-1 i 4’: dBe2-[ ] d NIIR-2 i 16: Be2-²li³-[ ] NIIO-3 4”: dBe2-li-²it³-²i3³-²li2³ 17) dNanna NI-1 i 17: dNanna NI-2 i 17: dNanna NIIR-1 i 5’: d$E$.[ ] NIIR-2 i 17: d$E$³.²KI³ NIIO-3 5”: d$E$.²KI³ NIIO-5 1: d$E$.K[I] Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 18) dSuen NI-1 i 18: dSuen NI-2 i 18: dSuen NIIR-1 i 6’: dE[N ] NIIR-2 i 18: dSuen NIIO-3 6”: dSuen NIIO-5 2: dSuen 19) dDil-im2-babbar NI-1 i 19: dDil-im2-babbar NI-2 i 19: dDil-im2-babbar NIIR-1 i 7’: dDil-i[m2 ] NIIR-2 i 19: dDil-SA÷-b[abbar] NIIO-3 7”: dDil-im2-babbar2 NIIO-5 3: dDil-DU-babba[r] 20) dNin-gal NI-1 i 20: dNin-gal NI-2 i 20: d[N]in-gal NIIR-1 i 8’: ²d³N[in ] NIIR-2 i 20: d[N]in-g[al] NIIO-3 8”: dNin-²gal³ NIIO-5 4: dNin-²gal³ 21) dNin-gublaga NI-1 i 21: dNin-EZEN NI-2 i 21: dNin-gublaga NIIR-2 i 21: d²Nin³-[ ] NIIO-5 5: d[ ]-gubl[aga] 22) dEn-ki NI-1 i 22: [ ]En-ki NI-2 i 22: dEn-ki NIIR-2 i 22: dEn-[ ] NIIO-5 6: d[ k]i 23) dNu-dim2-mud NI-1 i 23: [ di]m2-mud NI-2 i 23: dNu-dim2-mud NIIR-2 i 23: dNu-dim2-[ ] 21 22 24) dAm-an-ki NI-2 i 24: dAm-an-ki NIIR-2 ii 1: dAm-an-ki 25) dAra($A) NI-2 i 25: dAra NIIR-2 ii 2: dAra NIIR-3 ii 2: d[ ] 26) dDam-gal-nun-na NI-2 i 26: dSAL.KU-gal-nun-na NIIR-2 ii 3: dDam-gal-nun-na NIIR-3 ii 3: ²d³²Dam³-[ga]l-n[un ] 27) dI@kur NI-2 i 27: dI@kur NIIR-2 ii 4: dI@kur NIIR-3 ii 4: ²d³²I@kur³ 28) dU4-gu3-di NI-2 i 28: dU4-²gu3³-di NIIR-2 ii 5: dU4-SA÷-di NIIR-3 ii 5: ²d³U4-²gu3³-²di³ 29) d$a-la NI-2 i 29: d$a-la NIIR-2 ii 6: d$a-ra NIIR-3 ii 6: ²d³$a-[ ] 30) dMe-dim2-@a4 NI-2 i 30: [ ]²Me³-²dim2³-@a4 NIIR-2 ii 7: dMe-dim2-@a4 NIIR-3 ii 7: ²d³²Me³-[ ] 31) dUtu NI-2 i 31: [ ]Utu NIIR-2 ii 8: dUtu NIIR-3 ii 8: [ Ut]u Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 32) dA-a NI-2 i 32: [ ]-a NIIR-2 ii 9: dA-a NIIR-3 ii 9: [ ]A-a 33) d$e3-ir5(NIR)-da NI-2 ii 1: d$e3-ir5-da NIIR-2 ii 10: dKU-ir5-da NIIR-3: [ ]²x³-ir5-da 34) dNin-urta NI-2 ii 2: dNi[n]-²urta³ NIIR-2 ii 11: dNin-urta NIIR-3 ii 11: [ ]-²urta³ 35) dNin-_ir2-su NI-2 ii 3: dNin-_ir2-U-su NIIR-2 ii 12: dNin-_ir2-su4 36) dU4-ta-u18-lu NI-2 ii 4: dU4-ta-u18-lu NIIR-2 ii 13: dU4-ta-ulu3-u4 37) dUra@ NI-2 ii 5: dUra@ NIIR-1 ii 1’ [ Ura]@ NIIR-2 ii 14: dUra@ 38) dZa-ba4-ba4 NI-2 ii 6: dZa-ba4-ba4 NIIR-1 ii 2’: [ ]²Za³-ba4-ba4 NIIR-2 ii 15: dZa-ba4-ba4 NIIR-4 i’ 1: d²Za³-[ ] 39) dLa-ga-ma-al NI-2 ii 7: dLa-ga-ma-al NIIR-2 ii 16: dLa-ga-ma-al NIIR-4 i’ 2: dL[a? ] 23 24 40) dPa-bil-sa_ NI-2 ii 8: dPa-bil-sa_ NIIR-2 ii 17: dPa-bil-sa_ NIIR-4 i’ 3: dPa-b[il ] 41) dBa-u2 NI-1 ii 1: dBa-u[2] NI-2 ii 9: dBa-u2 NIIR-2 ii 18: dBa-u2 42) dNin-Isin2(IN)si-na NI-1 ii 2: dNin-Isin2si-na NI-2 ii 10: dNin-Isin2si-na NIIR-2 ii 19: dNin-Isin2si-na 43) dGu-la NI-1 ii 3: dGu-la NI-2 ii 11: dGu-la NIIR-2 ii 20: dGu-la 44) dNin-kar-ra-ak NI-1 ii 4: dNin-kar-a[k] NI-2 ii 12: dNin-kar-ra-ak NIIR-2 ii 21: dNin-kar-ra-ak 45) dMar-tu NI-1 ii 5: dMar-[t]u NI-2 ii 13: dMar-tu NIIR-2 ii 22: dMar-tu 46) dSu-#i-nun NI-1 ii 6: dSu-#i-²nun³ NI-2 ii 14: dSu-nun-ne NIIR-2 ii 23: dSu-#i-nun 47) dDingir-Mar-tu NI-1 ii 7: dDingir-Mar-tu NI-2 ii 15: dDingir-Mar-tu NIIR-2 iii 1: [ ]-tu Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 48) dDa-gan NI-1 ii 8: dDa-gan NI-2 ii 16: dDa-gan NIIR-2 iii 2: [ ]-gan 49) dNin-ma-da NI-1 ii 9: dNin-ma-da NI-2 ii 17: dAd-da NIIR-2 iii 3: dNin-ma-da 50) dDumu-zi NI-1 ii 10: dDumu-zi NI-2 ii 18: dDumu-zi NIIR-2 iii 4: dDumu-zi NIIR-5 i’ 2: dZ[i ] 51) dAma-u@umgal-an-na NI-1 ii 11: dAma-GAL.²U$UM³-an-na NI-2 ii 19: dAma-u@umgal-/an-na NIIR-2 iii 5: dAma-u@umgal-an-na NIIR-5: omits 52) dU@umgal NI-1 ii 12: dGAL-IR3 NI-2 ii 20: dU@umgal NIIR-2 iii 6: dU@umgal NIIR-5 i’ 3: dGA[L ] 53) dEn-ni_ir-si NI-1 ii 13: dEn-TU[N3?]-si NI-2 ii 21: dx-²si³ NIIR-2 iii 7: dEn-TUR.DI$?-si NIIR-5 i’ 4: dE[n ] 54) dInana NI-1 ii 14: dInana NI-2 ii 22: dInana NIIR-2 iii 8: dInana NIIR-5 i’ 5: d[ ] NIIR-6 i’ 1’: d[ ] 25 26 55) dInana AN.ZA.GAR3 NI-1 ii 15: dInana AN.ZA.GAR3 NI-2 ii 23: dInana ZA.AN.GAR3 NIIR-2 iii 9: dInana ZA.GAR3 NIIR-5 i’ 6-13: 8 dInana [...] entries NIIR-6 i’ 2’: dInana-[ ] 56) dInana Mar-tu NI-1 ii 16: dInana Mar-tu NI-2 ii 24: dInana Mar-tu NIIR-2 iii 10: dInana Mar-tu NIIR-6 i’ 3’: dInana Mar-[ ] 57) dInana I3-lipki NI-1 ii 17: [ Inan]a I-lipki NI-2 ii 25: dInana I3-lipki NIIR-2 iii 11: dInana I3-lipki NIIR-6 i’ 4’: dInana I3-[ ] 58) dInana Ki@ki NI-1 ii 18: [ ] Ki@ki NI-2 ii 26: Inana Ki@ki! NIIR-2 : omits NIIR-6: omits 59) dInana Unugki NI-1 ii 19: ²d³²Inana³ Unugki NI-2 ii 27: dInana Unugki! NIIR-2 iii 12: dInana Unugki NIIR-6 i’ 5’: dInana Unug[ ] 59a) dInana Unugki NI-1: omits NI-2: omits NIIR-2 iii 13: dInana Unugki NIIR-6 i’ 6’: dInana-Unug[ ] 60) dInana Zabalamki NI-1 ii 20: dInana Zabalamki NI-2 ii 28: dInana Zabalamki NIIR-2 iii 14: dInana ZA.GAR3 NIIR-6 i’ 7’: d[ ] Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 61) dInana E2-an-na NI-1 ii 21: d²Inana³ E2-an-na NI-2 ii 29: dInana E2-an-na NIIR-2 iii 15: dInana E2-an-/na NU-2 i’ 1’: [ ]Inana E2-an-/na 62) dInana E2-sa_-rig8 NI-1 ii 22: dI[nan]a E2-sa_-rig8 NI-2 ii 30: dInana ²E2³? sa_-²PA³?.²%UB2³ NIIR-2: omits NU-2: omits 63) dNa-na-a-a NI-1 ii 23: dNa-na-a-a NI-2 ii 31: d²Na³-²na³-[ ] NIIR-2 iii 16: dNa-na-a-/a NIIR-5 i’ 14: dN[a ] NU-2 i’ 2’: dNa-na-a-²a³ 64) d©ar-pa-ni-tum NI-1 ii 24: d[©a]r-pa-ni-tum NI-2 iii 1: d[ ]-²ni³?-²tum³? d NIIR-2 iii 17: ©ar-ni-tum NIIR-5 i’ 15: d ²©ar³-[ ] NU-2 i’ 3’: d©ar-ni-²pa³?-[ ] 65) dNin-igi-zid-bar-ra NI-1 ii 25: dNin-igi-zid-bar-ra NI-2 iii 2: d²Nin³-²igi³-²zid³-²bar³-ra NIIR-2 iii 18: dNin-igi-zid NIIR-5 i’ 16: dN[in ] NU-2 i’ 4’: [ ]N[in ] 66) dAd-gi4-gi4 NI-1 ii 26: dAd-gi4-gi4 NI-2 iii 3: dAd-gi4-gi4 NIIR-2 iii 19: dAd-gi4-gi4 NIIR-5 i’ 17: dA[d ...] 27 28 67) dNir-_al2 NI-1 ii 27: ²d³Nir-_al2 NI-2 iii 4: dNir-_al2 NIIR-2 iii 20: dNir-_al2 NIIR-5 i’ 18: dNir-[...] 68) dKin-_al2 NI-1 ii 28: ²d³Kin-²_al2³? NI-2 iii 5: dKin-_al2 NIIR-2 iii 21: dKin-_al2 NIIR-5 i’ 19: dKin-[ ] 69) dBe2-zi-la NI-1 ii 29: dBe2-zi-²la³? NI-2 iii 6: dBe2-li-²la³? NIIR-2 iii 22: dI-²la³ NIIR-5 i’ 20: dB[i2 ] 70) dNa-bi-tum NI-1 ii 30: dNa-bi-tum NI-2 iii 7: dNa-bi-²tum³ NIIR-5 i’ 21: dNa-b[i? ] 71) An-nu-ni-tum NI-1 ii 31: An-nu-ni-tum NI-2 iii 8: ²An³-nu-ni-²tum³ NIIR-2 iv 2: ²An³-²nu³-²ni³-²tum³ NIIR-5 i’ 22: An-nu-ni-[ ] 72) dUl-ma@-ir-tum N1-1 ii 32: [ ]-²ir³-²tum³ NI-2 iii 9: dUl-ma@-²ir³-tum NIIR-2 iv 3: dUl-ir-tum NIIR-5 i’ 23: dUl-ma@-[ ] 73) dGibil6 NI-2 iii 10: dGibil6 NIIR-2 iv 4: dKA.GI4 NIIR-4 ii’ 1: [ ].GI NIIR-5 i’ 24: dBI[L ] NIIO-6 1: [ B]IL.G[I] Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 74) dI@taran NI-2 iii 11: dI@taran NIIR-2 iv 5: dI@taran NIIR-4 ii’ 2: [ ].²DI³ NIIR-5 i’ 25: dKA.[ ] NIIO-6 2: dI@taran 75) dQudma@ (KUD) NI-2 iii 12: dQudma@ NIIR-2 iv 6: dQudma@ NIIR-4 ii’ 3: d²Qudma@³ NIIR-5 i’ 26: d[ ] NIIO-6 3: dQudma@ 76) d$AG4-TAR NI-2 iii 13: d$AG4-TAR NIIR-2 iv 7: d$AG4-TAR NIIR-5 ii’ 1: [ ]²$AG4³-[ ] NIIO-6 4: d$AG4-[ ] 77) dIg-alim-ma NI-2 iii 14: dIg-ali[m]- ²ma³ NIIR-2 iv 8: dIg-alim NIIR-5 ii’ 2: dIg-alim-ma NIIO-6 5: dIg-ali[m] 78) dNergal(KI$.ABxGAL.GAL) NI-2 iii 15: d²Nin³-²KI$³-gal NIIR-2 iv 9: dKI$.NE NIIR-5 ii’ 3: dKI$.AB.GAL NIIR-7 ii’ 1: d²KI$³.²ABxX³.²GAL³ NIIO-6 6: dKI$.[ ] 79) dMa-mi NI-2 iii 16: dMa-mi NIIR-2 iv 10: dMa-mi NIIR-5 ii’ 4: dMa-mi NIIR-7 ii’ 2: dMa-mi 29 30 80) d$u-bu-la NI-2 iii 17: d$u-bu-la NIIR-2 iv 11: d$u-bu-la NIIR-5 ii’ 5: d$u-bu-la NIIR-7 ii’ 3: d$u-bu-²la³ 81) dNa-bu-um NI-2 iii 18: dNa-bu-u2-um NIIR-2 iv 12: dNa-bu-um NIIR-5 ii’ 6: dNa-bu-um NIIR-7 ii’ 4: dNa-bu-um 82) dWe-du-um NI-2 iii 19: dWe-du-u2-um NIIR-2 iv 13: dWe-du-um NIIR-5 ii’ 7: dWe-du-um NIIR-7 ii’ 5: dWe-du-um NU-3 i’ 1’: [ ]-²du³-[ ] 83) dUR-mu-u@-(t)um NI-2 iii 20: dUR-mu-²u@³-tum NIIR-2 iv 14: dUR-mu-um NIIR-5 ii’ 8: dUR-mu-²u@³-/um NIIR-7 ii’ 6: d²UR³-mu-²u@³-/²x³ NU-3 i’ 2’: d²UR³-²mu³-[ ] 84) dKur-ba-@um NI-2 iii 21: dKur-²ba³-²@um³? NIIR-2 iv 15: dKur-ba-um NIIR-5 ii’ 9: dKur-ba-@um NIIR-7 ii’ 7: dKur-²ba³-²@um³ NU-3 i’ 3’: dKur-ba-²@um³? 85) dGana2 NI-2 iii 22: dGana2 NIIR-2 iv 16: dGana2 NIIR-5 ii’ 10: dGana2 NIIR-7 ii’ 8: d[ ] NU-3 i’ 4’: dGan[a2] Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 86) dNita# NI-1 iii 1: [ ]²Nita#³ NI-2 iii 23: dNita# NIIR-2 iv 17: dNita# NIIR-5 ii’ 11: dNita# NIIR-7 ii’ 9: d²Nita#³ NU-3 i’ 5’: dNita# 87) dI-@um NI-1 iii 2: [ ]-@um NI-2 iii 24: dI-@um NIIR-2 iv 18: dI-@um NIIR-5 ii’ 12: dI-@um NU-3 i’ 6’: d²I³-²@um³ 88) d%endur-sa_-_a2 NI-1 iii 3: d%endur-sa_-ga2 NI-2 iii 25: d%endur-sa_-_a2 NIIR-2 iv 19: d%endur-sa_-²_a2³? NIIR-5 ii’ 13: d²%endur³-sa_-÷I$ NU-3: d[ ] 89) dNin-_i@-zid-da NI-1 iii 4: dNin-_i@-zid-da NI-2 iii 26: dNin-_i@-zid-da NIIR-2 iv 20: dNin-ma-da NIIR-5 ii’ 14: dNin-da 90) d÷i@-ban3-da NI-1 iii 5: d÷i@-ban3-da NI-2 iii 27: d÷i@-ban3-da NIIR-2: omits NIIR-5 ii’ 15: d÷i@-da 91) dA-zi-mu2-a NI-1 iii 6: dA-zi-mu2-a NI-2 iii 28: dA-zid-da NIIR-2 iv 21: dA-nin-zu NIIR-5 ii’ 16: dA-zi-mu2 31 32 92) dDim3-PI-kug NI-1 iii 7: dDim3-PI-kug NI-2 iii 29: dDim3-P[I ] NIIR-2 iv 22: dDim3-um NIIR-5 ii’ 17: dDim3-/kug 93) dNin-a-zu NI-1 iii 8: dNin-a-zu NI-2 iii 30: dNin-x[ ] NIIR-2 iv 23: dNin-zu NIIR-5 ii’ 18: d²Nin³-a-zu 94) dKulla NI-1 iii 9: dKulla NI-2 iii 31: d[ ] NIIR-5 ii’ 19: d÷I6 NIIR-8 i/ii’ 1’: [ Kull]a? 95) dNu-mu@-da NI-1 iii 10: dNu-mu@-da NI-2 iv 1: d²Nu³-[ ] NIIR-5 ii’ 20: dNu-mu@-na NIIR-8 i/ii’ 2’: [ ]-da 96) d%u-ma-at NI-1 iii 11: d%u-ma-na NI-2 iv 2: d²%u³-ma-[ ] NIIR-5 ii’ 21: d%u-ma-/at NIIR-8 i/ii’ 3’: [ ]-at 97) dMarduk NI-1 iii 12: dMarduk NI-2 iv 3: dAMAR.[ ] NIIR-5 ii’ 22: dMarduk NIIR-8 i/ii’ 4’: [ ].UTU 98) dNa-zi NI-1 iii 13: dNa-zi NI-2 iv 4: dNa-z[i] NIIR-8 i/ii’ 5’: [ ]Na-zi Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 99) dNan@e NI-1 iii 14: dNan@e NI-2 iv 5: dN[an@e] NIIR-8 i/ii’ 6’: [ ]²Nan@e³ 100) dNin-MAR-KI NI-1 iii 15: dNin-MAR-KI NI-2 iv 6: dNin-MA[R ] NIIR-8 i/ii’ 7’: ²d³Nin-MAR-KI 101) dNin-ti-#al NI-1 iii 16: dNin-ti-#al NI-2 iv 7: dNin-t[i ] NIIR-8 i/ii’ 8’: [ ]Nin-ti-AN 102) dSira@ NI-1 iii 17: dSira@ NI-2 iv 8: d[ ] NIIR-8 i/ii’ 9’: [ ]Sira@ 103) dNin-ka-si NI-1 iii 18: dNin-ka-si NI-2 iv 9: dNin-k[a ] NIIR-8 i/ii’ 10’: [ Ni]n-²ka³-²si³ 104) d$akkan NI-1 iii 19: d$akkan NI-2 iv 10: d[ ] 105) dDUL NI-1 iii 20: dDUL NI-2 iv 11: d²Namma³? NIIR-9 i’ 1’: d[ ] 106) dE# NI-1 iii 21: d²E#³ NI-2 iv 12: dE# NIIR-9 i’ 2’: d[ ] 33 34 107) dNamma NI-1 iii 22: d²Namma³ NI-2: omits NIIR-9 i’ 3’: d[ ] 108) dAb-u2 NI-1 iii 23: dAb-u2 NI-2 iv 13: dAb-u2 NIIR-9 i’ 4’: dAb-u[2] 109) dGu2-la2 NI-1 iii 24: dGu2-la2 NI-2 iv 14: dGu2-la2 NIIR-9 i’ 5’: dGu2-la2 110) dLa-a& NI-1 iii 25: dLa?-a& NI-2 iv 15: dLa-÷I[R3] NIIR-9 i’ 6’: dLa-a[&?] 111) dPAP NI-1 iii 26: dPAP NI-2 iv 16: d²PAP³ NIIR-9 i’ 7’: d[ ] 112) dPap-sukkal NI-1 iii 27: dPap-sukkal NI-2 iv 17: dPap-[ ] NIIR-9 i’ 8’: dPap-[ ] 113) dNin-@ubur NI-1 iii 28: dNin-@ubur NI-2 iv 18: dNin-[ ] NIIR-9 i’ 9’: dN[in ] 114) dNin-e2-gal NI-1 iii 29: dNin-e2-gal NI-2 iv 19: dNin-e2?-[ ] NIIO-7 1’: dN[in ] 114a) dNin-si4-an-na NI-1 iii 30: dNin-si-an-na Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist 115) dMa#-di-an-na NI-1 iii 31: d²Ma#³-²di³-²an³-²na³ NI-2 iv 20: dMa#-di-a[n ] NIIO-7 2’: dMa#-di-²an³-²na³ 116) dTi-mu2-a NI-2 iv 21: dTi-mu2-[ NIIO-7 3’: dTi-mu2-a ] 117) dKab2-ta NI-2 iv 22: dKab2-[ ] 118) dNisaba NI-2 iv 23: dNis[aba] 119) dNanibgal NI-2 iv 24: d²AN³.²NISABA³ 120) d%a-ia3 NI-2 iv 25: d%a-[ ] 121) dA@nan NI-2 iv 26: d$E.[ ] 122) dTir-an-na NI-2 iv 27: [ ]²Tir³-[ ] 123) entry not preserved NI-2 iv 28: [ ] 124) dLugal-[ ] NI-2 v 1: d²Lugal³-[ 125) dLugal-[ ] NI-2 v 2: dLugal-[ ] 126) dLugal-_i@@inig? NI-1 iv 1: dLugal-²_i@³[ ] NI-2 v 3: dLugal-[ ] ] 35 36 Chapter 1 127) dLugal-_i@asal2 NI-1 iv 2: dLugal-_i@²A³.TU.GABA.²LI$³ NI-2 v 4: dLugal-[ ] NIIO-8 1: [ ].²TU³.GABA.LI$ 128) dLugal-Gu2-du8-a NI-1 iv 3: dLugal-Gu2-du8-a NI-2 v 5: dLugal-[ ] NIIO-8 2: dLugal-Gu2-du8-a 129) dLugal-_i@-du3-a NI-1 iv 4: dLugal-²_i@³-du3-a NI-2 v 6: d²Lugal³-[...] NIIO-8 3: [d]Lugal-_i@-$UM-a 130) dLugal-_ir2-ur3-ra NI-1 iv 5: dLugal-_ir2-DA? NI-2 v 7: d[ ] NIIO-8 4: dLugal-_ir2-ur3-ra 131) dLugal-dubur-an-na NI-1 iv 6: dLugal-dubur-an-na NI-2 v 8: dLugal-d[ubur ] NIIO-8 5: dLugal-dubur-an-na 132) dLugal-KA-gin6-na NI-1 iv 7: dLugal-KA-gin6-na NI-2: omits NIIO-8: omits NIIO-9 1: dLugal-KA-gin6-an-na 133) dLugal-KA-gin6-na NI-1 iv 8: dLugal-KA-gin6-na NI-2 v 9: dLugal-K[A ] NIIO-8 6: dLugal-KA-gin6-na NIIO-9 2: dLugal-KA-gin6-an-na 134) dLugal-zu2-lum-ma NI-1 iv 9: dLugal-zu2-lum-ma NI-2 v 10: dLugal-zu2-l[um ] NIIO-8 7: dLugal-zu2-lum-ma NIIO-9 3: dLugal-zu2-lum-ma Nippur Godlist 37 135) dLugal-du6-kug-ga NI-1 iv 10: dLugal-du6-kug-ga NI-2 v 11: dLugal-du6-k[ug ] NIIO-8 8: [ ]-du6-kug-ga NIIO-9 4: dLugal-du6-/kug-ga 136) dLugal-gud-si-su NI-1 iv 11: dLugal-gud-si-su NI-2 v 12: dLugal-gu[d ] NIIO-8 9: [ ]-si-su NIIO-9 5: dLugal-gud-/si-su 137) dLugal-@ud3-de3 NI-1 iv 12: dLugal-²@ud3³-de3 NI-2 v 13: dLugal-[ ] NIIO-8 10: [ ]-de3 NIIO-9 6: dLugal-/@ud3-de3: Lu2-gal-@u-du-di 138) dLugal-e@3-a NI-1 iv 13: dLugal-e@3-a NI-2 v 14: dLugal-e[@3 ] NIIO-8 11: [ ]-²da³ d NIIO-9 7: Lugal-e@3-da 139) dLugal-e@3-da NI-1 iv 14: dLugal-e@3-da NI-2 v 15: dLugal-e@3!-[ ] NIIO-9 8: dLugal-e@3-²a³: ²Lu2³-²gal³-e@-a Note: The E$ sign is written over another sign, possibly NE, in source NIIO-9. 140) dLugal-ki-sa2-a NI-1 iv 15: dLugal-ki-sa2-a NI-2 v 16: dLugal-ki-sa2-[ ] NIIO-9 9: dLugal-ki-²sa2³-a 141) dLugal-tilla2 NI-1 iv 16: dLugal-tilla2 NI-2 v 17: dLugal-²AN³.[ ] NIIO-9 10: dLugal-²AN³.A$-²AN³-a: Lu2-gal-ka2? 38 Chapter 1 142) dLugal-AN-ZA-GAR3 NI-1 iv 17: dLugal-AN-ZA-GAR3 NI-2 v 18: dLugal-[ ] NIIO-9 11: dLugal-AN-ZA-GAR3 143) dLugal-ir9-ra NI-1 iv 18: dLugal-[i]r9-ra NI-2 v 19: d²Lugal³-[ ] NIIO-9 12: dLugal-²ir9³-MES! 144) dMes-lam-ta-e3-a NI-1 iv 19: dMes-lam-ta-e3-a NI-2 v 20: d[ ] NIIO-9 13: dMes-l[am-t]a-/e3-a 145) dBe-el-@inig NI-1 iv 20: dBe-el-²@inig³ NI-2 v 21: d[ ] 146) dBe-el-_i@asal2 NI-1 iv 21: dBe-el- _i@A!(DI$).TU.GABA.LI$ NI-2 v 22: d[ ] 147) du3 $uk-nir NI-1 iv 22: du3 $uk-nir NI-2 v 23: d[ ] 148) dBe-el-i-la-tim NI-1 iv 23: dBe-el-i-[l]a-tim 149) dI-@ar-ki-di-i@-@u11 NI-1 iv 24: dI-@ar-ki-di-²i@³-²@u11³ 150) dI-@ar-ne-ri-@u11 NI-1 iv 25: dI-@ar-ne-²ri³-[ ] NI-2 vi 1: d²I³-²@ar³-[ ]-/²@u11³ 151) dI-@ar-ma-ti-@u11 NI-1 iv 26: dI-@ar-²ma³-[ ] NI-2 vi 2: dI-@ar-ma-ti-²x³ (source NI-2 inserts a double line) Nippur Godlist 152) dA-%U?-E2-a NI-1 iv 27: dA-²%U³?-[ ] NI-2 vi 3: dA-%U?-E2-a 153) dLa-qi2-bu-um NI-1 iv 28 d[ ] NI-2 vi 4: dLa-qi2-bu-um (source NI-2 inserts a double line) 154) dMES? NI-2 vi 5: d²MES³? 155) dNin-SIMUG NI-2 vi 6: dNin-²SIMUG³ 156) dImin?-ki NI-2 vi 7: d²Imin³?-ki 157) dx-ki-²gi4³ NI-2 vi 8: d²x³-ki-²gi4³ NIIO-10 1’: dx[ ] 158) d a@A@7-gi4 NI-2 vi 9: d a@A@7-g[i4] NIIO-10 2’: d a@A[@7 ] 159) dBarag-ni_in3-_ar-ra NI-2 vi 10: d²Barag³-U.UD.K[ID ] NIIO-10 3’: dBarag-U.UD.KI[D ] NU-4 i’ 1’: [ ]-_ar-r[a] 160) dLum-ma NI-2 vi 11: d²Lum³-²ma³ NIIO-10 4’: dLum-[ ] NU-4 i’ 2’: [ ]x-²ma³? 161) d%a-da-ni-i@ NI-2 vi 12: d²%a³-²da³-²ni³-²i@³ NIIO-10 5’: d%a-da-[ ] NU-4 i’ 3’: [ ]-da-ni-i@ 39 40 162) dGuggim/Gaggim (MUG) NI-2 vi 13: d²Guggim³ NIIO-10 6’: d[ ] NU-4 i’ 4’: [ ]Gug[gim] 163) dx NI-2 vi 14: d²x³ NU-4 i’ 5’: [ ]²x³ 164) dAn-nu-um NI-2 vi 15: dAn-nu-um 165) dAsal NI-2 vi 16: d²Asal³ 166) dAsal?-sag9 NI-2 vi 17: d²Asal³?-²sag9³ 167) dAsal-lu2-#i NI-2 vi 18: dAsa[l]-²lu2³-#i 168) dAsal-alim-ma NI-2 vi 19: d²Asal³-÷IR3-ma 169) dNin-_edru NI-2 vi 20: dNin-_edru 170) dNin-ma@ NI-2 vi 21: dNin-ma@ 171) dNin-x NI-2 vi 22: d²Nin³-²x³ 172) dNin-x-gal NI-2 vi 23: dNin-²x³-²gal³ 173) entry not preserved NI-2 vi 24: [d...] 174) dNin-mug? NI-2 vii 1: d²Nin³-²mug³? Chapter 1 Nippur Godlist (source NI-2 inserts a double line) 175) dNin-SAR NI-2 vii 2: dNin-SAR 176) dNin-ti NI-2 vii 3: dNin-ti 177) dNin-MU$2-a ( dNin-dar-a?) NI-1 v 1’: [ ]-a NI-2 vii 4: dNin-MU$2-a (source NI-2 inserts a double line) 178) dNin-gal-la#4 NI-1 v 2’: d²Nin³-gal-la#4 NI-2 vii 5: dNin-²gal³-la#4 179) dNin-LUL-lil2-la2 NI-1 v 3’: dNin-LUL-lil2-la2 NI-2 vii 6: dNin-LUL-lil2-la2 180) dNin-sun2 NI-1 v 4’: dNin-sun2 NI-2 vii 7: dNin-sun2 181) dGu-nu-ra NI-1 v 5’: dGu-nu-um NI-2 vii 8: dGu-nu-um (source NI-2 inserts a double line) 182) dAl-la2 NI-1 v 6’: dAl-la2 NI-2 vii 9: d²Al³-²la2³ 183) dTU NI-1 v 7’: dTU NI-2 vii 10: dTU 41 42 Chapter 1 184) dTU-ZI NI-1 v 8’: dTU-ZI NI-2 vii 11: dTU-Z[I] 185) d÷e@tin-an-na NI-1 v 9’: d(erasure of Nin?)TIN-²an³-na NI-2 vii 12: d ²÷e@tin³-²an³-²na³ (source NI-2 inserts a double line) 186) dNira# NI-1 v 10’: dNira# NI-2 vii 13: dNira# 187) dI@-#a-ra NI-1 v 11’: dI@-#a-ra NI-2 vii 14: dI@-#a-ra 188) dPA.UDU NI-1 v 12’: dPA.²UDU³ NI-2 vii 15: d²PA³-²x³ 189) dPA.UDU NI-1 v 13’: dPA.UDU NI-2 vii 16: dPA.UDU 190) dGUD NI-1 v 14’: dGUD NI-2 vii 17: dGUD 191) dGUD NI-1 v 15’: dGUD NI-2 vii 18: dGUD 192) dImin-bi NI-1 v 16’: dImin-bi NI-2 vii 19: d I[min]-²bi³ 192a) dImin-bi NI-2 vii 20: d²Imin³-bi Nippur Godlist 193) dA@-ra-tum NI-1 v 17’: dA@-ra-tum NI-2 vii 21: dA@-ra-tum 194) dDim3-me NI-1 v 18’: dDim3-me NI-2 vii 22: dDim3-²me³ 195) dUttu NI-1 v 19’: dTAG.$E3 NI-2 vii 23: [...].²KU³ NIIO-11 1’: [ TA]G.[ ] 196) dLi9-si4 NI-1 v 20’: dLi9-si4 NIIO-11 2’: ²d³Li9-[...] 197) dAlamu@ NI-1 v 21’: d²Alamu@³ NIIR-10 ii’ 1’ NIIO-11 3’: dA[lamu@] 198) dLu2-lal3 NI-1 v 22’: dLu2-[ ] NIIR-10 ii’ 2’ d[ ] d NIIO-11 4’: Lu2-l[al3] 199) dPa4-nun-na NI-1 v 23’: dPa4-nun-[ ] NI-2 viii 1: [ ]-²nun³-²na³ NIIR-10 ii’ 3’: dPa4-[ ] NIIO-11 5’: dPa4-nun-[ ] 199a) dMa-lik NI-2 viii 2: [d]Ma-lik 200) dSag-gar NI-2 viii 3: dSag-gar NIIR-10 ii’ 4’: dSa[g]-²gar³ NIIO-11 6’: dSag-[ ] 43 44 Chapter 1 201) d$ag4-ZI NI-2 viii 4: d$ag4-ZI NIIR-10 ii’ 5’: d$ag4-ZI NIIO-11 7’: d$ag4-Z[I] 202) dGilgame@2 NI-2 viii 5: [d]÷I$.GIBIL.GA.²MES³? NIIR-10 ii’ 6’: dBIL.GA.<MI>-I$ NIIO-11 8’: d÷I$.GIBIL.[ ] 202a) dMa-lik NIIR-10 ii’ 7’: dMa-lik 203) dLAMA NI-2 viii 6: dLAMA NIIR-10 ii’ 8’: dLAMA 204) dLAMA NI-2 viii 7: dLAMA 205) dKal-kal NI-2 viii 8: [ ]²Kal³-kal 206) entry unclear NI-2 viii 9: [ ]²x³-²x³ (lacuna of approximately 8 entries) 1’) dKa-az-ba-a-a NI-1 vi 1’: [ K]a-²az³-²ba³-²a³-²a³ 2’) dNagbumx(IDIM) NI-1 vi 2’: dIDIM 3’) dSud3 NI-1 vi 3’: dSU.KUR.RU-um 4’) dU-GUR NI-1 vi 4’: dU-GUR 5’) Il3-a-ba4 NI-1 vi 5’: Il3-a-ba4 Nippur Godlist 6’) dKur-ba NI-1 vi 6’: dKur-ba 7’) dGALAM NI-1 vi 7’: dGALAM 8’) dKa-ni-sur-ra NI-1 vi 8’: dKa-ni-sur-ra 9’) dLipi@-nun-na NI-1 vi 9’: dAB.$AG4-nun-na 10’) dE$-IB-nun-na NI-1 vi 10’: dE$-IB-nun-na 11’) dSa-dara3-nun-na NI-1 vi 11’: dSa-dara3-nun-na 12’) dNin-kar-nun-na NI-1 vi 12’: dNin-kar-nun-na NIIR-10 iii’ 1’: ²d³²Nin³-k[ar? ] 13’) dNin-ildum3 NI-1 vi 13’: dNin-ildum3 NIIR-10 iii’ 2’: dNin-²x³ 14’) dNin-girim-ma NI-1 vi 14’: dNin-girimx(TAR.A.DU)-ma NIIR-10 iii’ 3’: dNin-TAR-²÷A2³ 15’) d$ar-ur3 NI-1 vi 15’: d$ar2-ur3 NIIR-10 iii’ 4’: d$ar2-ur3 16’) d$ar2-gaz NI-1 vi 16’: d$ar2-gaz NIIR-10 iii’ 5’: d$ar2-gaz 17’) dNam2-ma# NI-1 vi 17’: dNam2-ma# NIIR-10 iii’ 5’: dx-du7 45 46 Chapter 1 18’) d$e-ru-um NI-1 vi 18’: d$e-ru-um NIIR-10 iii 6’: dRu-um 19’) dEn-lu-un-ga NI-1 vi 19’: dEn-lu-un-ga NIIR-10 iii 7’: dEn-lil2 20’) dUg2 NI-1 vi 20’: dUg2 NIIR-10 iii 8’: d²Ug2³ 21’) dMes-sanga-Unugki-ga NI-1 vi 21’: dMES-²Unug³ki-ga 22’) dId2-lu2-ru-gu2 NI-1 vi 22’: dId2-²lu2³-gu2 23’) dx-DU NI-1 vi 23’: d²x³-DU (lacuna of approximately 15 entries) 1”) [...]-x NI-1 vii 1’: [ ]-²x³ 2”) [...]-za NI-1 vii 2’: [ ]-za (source NI-1 appears to insert a double line) 3”) E2-a NI-1 vii 3’: E2-a 4”) E-le-tum NI-1 vii 4’: E-²le³-tum 5”) Te-el-tum NI-1 vii 5’: Te-²el³-tum 6”) Si-ma-at NI-1 vii 6’: Si-ma-at Nippur Godlist 7”) Ku-uk NI-1 vii 7’: Ku-PIRI÷ 8”) Sa_-@en-@en NI-1 vii 8’: Sa_-@en-@en 9”) Ka3-ka3 NI-1 vii 9’: ²Ka3³-ka3 10”) Du3-du3 NI-1 vii 10’: Du3-du3 11”) Ba-ab-ba NI-1 vii 11’: Ba-²ab³-ba 12”) Ba-ba(?) NI-1 vii 12’: Ba-ba(?) 13”) A-ba NI-1 vii 13’: A-b[a] 14”) Bibra NI-1 vii 14’: Bib[ra] 15”) Er3-ra NI-1 vii 15’: Er3-ra 16”) Er3-ra-gal NI-1 vii 16’: Er3-ra-gal 17”) Ebi#ki NI-1 vii 17’: Ebi#ki 18”) dNisaba za3-mi2 NI-1 vii 18’: dNisaba za3-mi2 47 48 Chapter 1 1.5 Commentary29 7f.) Note that NGL diverges here from the otherwise highly analogous arrangement of the beginning of the Isin godlist by not advancing the various pairs of primeval deities that are referred to in some contexts as the “parents of Enlil” (see below discussion, sub Chapter 2.3). 8-16) As noted above, the thematic juxtaposition of “mother goddesses” occurs in other godlists. See Krebernik 1997: 503-507, for discussion of these individual goddesses, as well as the discussion of Black (2005: 40-41). 13) For a recent detailed treatment of the goddess Aruru, see Black 2005. 22-26) This section is discussed by Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 244 n. 1063. 24) The occurrence of an Emesal variant of a divine name here is unique among the preserved entries of the list, and may suggest that its dialect was not generally appreciated, perhaps due to the fact that the name is easily etymologized as am an-ki, “wild bull of the universe.” dAm-an-ki also occurs in the Isin godlist (source A i 34, source B i 5’). Krebernik (2003: 158) has recently suggested that in conjunction with the divine name dAm-A-ra-li, am may be an alternate form of Emesal /umun/, “lord” on the basis of the variance between u3-mu-un and am in conjunction with this divine name, which could have implications for the interpretation of dAm-an-ki as well. 25) d$A is glossed as a-ra in Lu2 4 114 (MSL 12 132) and An = Anum 2 298: see, for example, Borger 2004: 153. The translation u@-mu-u2, which was valid in the contemporary contexts of Proto-Diri Nippur 10 28 (MSL 15 34) and Proto-Lu2 249 (MSL 12 41), primarily denotes a mortal profession, but also bears a conspicuous phonological similarity to Isimud. Since dAra is also identified in the An = Anum tradition as the chief vizier of Enki, it has been understood as a variant name of Isimud: see, for example, the remarks of Lambert 1997: 6. dAra occurs in post-OB exemplars of the Weidner godlist 29 References to An = Anum and An = Anu @a am|li are made according to the numeration of Litke’s edition (1998). References to the Genouillac godlist (originally edited by Genouillac 1923) are made according to the overall contiguous text as opposed to by column (column ii = 51f., iii = 98f., iv = 144f., v = 193f., vi = 242f/, vii = 289f. , viii = 339f., ix = 386f., x = 436f.). References to the Isin godlist are made according to Wilcke’s edition (1987: 94-97), with source A = IB 1552 + IB 1568 + unnumbered fragments, source B = IB 1542+ IB 1544 + IB 1545, and source C = IB 911. References to the Weidner godlist are made below according to the various partial editions of the text and publication of individual manuscripts. For an overview of sources, see Lambert 1957-1971: 474. Nippur Godlist 49 (Nougayrol et al 1968: 214, line 57, Weidner 1924-25: 14, Cavigneaux 1981: 86-87, line 60, van der Meer 1938: 57), although it does not occur in either the OB Babylon exemplar VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) ii 3’f. or the OB exemplar VAT 7759 ii 15f. (Weidner 1924-25: 4). 31-38) For discussion of this section, see Lambert 1985: 186. 33) For the reading d$e-ir5-da see, for example, Selz 1995: 276. 34-36) The occurrence of Nin-_ir2-su between two names of Ninurta is probably conditioned by the well-known syncretism that occurred between these deities by the Old Babylonian period, as is best exemplified by the parallels between their trophies as they are described in the Gudea Cylinders, Angim, and Lugal-e. See, for example, the discussion of Lambert 1975: 193, Lambert 1985: 186, Lambert 1986: 58, and Streck 2001: 512 with further bibliography. For discussion of lines 34-44 as part of his discussion of the placement of Ninurta in godlists, see van Dijk 1983: 5, who notes in particular the conspicuous absence of Ninurta’s spouse, dNin-Nibruki, in this list. 35) Note that neither extant source for this line spells the divine name according to the pervasive standard orthography dNin-_ir2-su. For a source-bysource quotation of this line, see Streck 2001: 512. 37) The second occurrence of dUra@ in this text, which is the only divine name that occurs more than once across manuscripts with the same orthography in extant portions of the text, is probably due to the shared grapheme IB with dNin-urta. 41) I elect to leave the much-discussed issue of the reading of Ba-U2, as well as Ab-U2 (line 108), open here, primarily because of the difficulties in proving a direct connection between orthographic variance and vocalization. See, for example, the recent discussion of Marchesi 2002, Selz 1995: 17 n. 4, and Richter 2004: 118-19 n. 526. Note, however, the partial etymology lugal u2 “lord of plants” which is given to dAb-u2 in Enki and Nin#ursa_ 273 (see the comments of Attinger 1984: 46), which clearly calls for a reading /u/ for the grapheme U2 in this particular context. The occasionally attested spelling dAb-ba-u2 (note, for example, the OB curricular PN list dInana-te@2 148,30 where the personal name DI$%a-la-dAb-ba-u2 occurs across the sources) may be a hypercorrective spelling based on the obvious analogy between dBa-u2 30 The numeration of dInana-te@2 that is utilized here follows a score prepared by the author that is more complete than Chiera’s original edition. 50 Chapter 1 and dAb-u2, as opposed to a glossed spelling. dBa-u2 seems to be placed here according to her identification as a healing goddess, an identity which is evident, for example, in the beginning of the adab to Bau I@me-Dagan B. Note the discussion of Fritz 2003: 61. 42) For this reading of the orthography dNin-IN-SI-NA and variants, see Steinkeller 1978. Note also the orthography dNin-INi3-si-na that is furnished by the Meturan incantation collective H 97 vi 26. Cavigneaux and al-Rawi (1995: 198, 206) consider the final three signs to be a gloss. 46) Klein understands dSu-#i-nun, which occurs in Marriage of Martu 45, as an alternative name for Martu (Klein 1997: 104). Klein’s interpretation fits the available evidence better than understanding dSu-#i-nun in the broken context of this portion of Marriage of Martu as a name for Martu’s mother (see, for example, the comments of Edzard 1989: 434-435). 47) For this vocalization of the divine name AN-AN-MAR-TU, see Richter 1999: 135-137 and Sharlach 2002: 98. 49) Cavigneaux and Krebernik (2001: 462) plausibly suggest that the placement of the divine name here implicates dNin-ma-da, who reflects a number of diverse roles and affiliations, including involvement with a clearly separate male and female deity, as being understood as the consort/spouse of Dagan here. Additional confirmation of such a relationship is wanting. 50) For a recent treatment of the divine name dDumu-zi, see Krebernik 2003: 151-153, who suggests that it is best reconciled with the Early Dynastic onomasticon and is related the known personal name Lugal-dumu-zi. 53) No preserved extant source appears to preserve the probable standard Emegir orthography dEn-ni_ir-si, as it appears in TCL 15 10: 268. Source NI1 appears to contain the graphically simplified spelling dEn-TU[N3]-si, source NIIR-2 appears to contain the spelling dEn-TUR.DI$-si,31 and source NI-2offers the condensed spelling dx-si, where x, which is difficult to decisively read despite the fact that it is fully intact, appears to reflect an unintelligible sign written over a partially erased NIN sign. For discussion of this variant name of Dumuzi, see Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 327, Krebernik 2004: 157-158. 55-62) The localization of Inana in conjunction with various toponyms here can be compared to sections in other godlists where Inana is named accord- 31 Chiera’s copy of this entry in SLT 123 is inaccurate. Nippur Godlist 51 ing to her regional manifestations, such as TCL 15 10: 206-208, 210, the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 214, lines 141-151, Arnaud 1982: 204-205, lines 142-151, Cavigneaux 1981: 92-93, lines 155-163), the broken sequence that begins in the fragmentary godlist TIM 9 86 iii 12’, and probably the broken sequence that is completed by the non standard OB Nippur godlist N 1012+ i 3’-4’ (see below). 55) A temple (E2) AN-ZA-GAR3(ki) is mentioned in conjunction with the toponym Akshak in the multi-column Nippur source for Inana’s Descent, HS 1480 (TMH 3 2) + HS 1580 + HS 2505) i 13’, Inana F 30, the short composition which is variously referred to as “Shrines of Inana,” or the “e@dam hymns,” lines 28-29 (W-B 169 iv 5 (OECT 1 pl. 16)), and the unidentified and unpublished literary fragment listing various shrines of Inana, UM 2916-559 7’. See George 1993: 69, with further bibliography. 57) Inana of Elip/KI-BAL-MA$-DA3ki, a toponym which is not certainly located but was apparently on the Ara#tum canal in the vicinity of Sippar and Babylon, is mentioned in %ammurabi year 17, as well as in an unplaced year name of Apil-Sîn. See Groneberg 1980: 71 with further bibliography, as well as Frayne 1992: 17-22 and Shaffer and Wasserman 2003: 25-26. Inana I3-lipki also occurs in the Weidner godlist from MB Ugarit (Nougayrol et al 1968: line 148, Arnaud 1982: 204, line 145). 58-59a) The two type I sources that preserve the section, SLT 122 (source NIand SLT 124 (source NI-2), advance the sequence of entries dInana Ki@ki and dInana Unugki, while the two type II reverse sources that preserve the section, source NIIR- 2 and source NIIR-6, advance the sequence of entries dInana Unugki and dInana Unugki, which is presumably a unproductive repetition of the entry. 1) 62) I am not aware of other occurrences of the apparent Inana temple E2-sa_rig8 that occurs here. One might note the conspicuous occurrence of me-sa_rig7 in conjunction with Inana in Inana and Enki section H, where it describes the manifold divine powers that Inana appropriates from Enki. If the me is involved here, one will note the prevalence of the me in the names of temples of Inana/I@tar elsewhere (see George 1993: 122-126). A connection to the toponym Iriki-sa_-rig7/Æl-@arr~ki which occurs, for example, in the name of Warad-Sîn year 12 (see Groneberg 1980: 251 with further references) is also a possibility. 65) For dNin-igi-zid-bar-ra, a harp of Inana that was eventually reckoned as a deity, see Selz 1997: 178 and 202 n. 221, Black 1991: 28 n. 40, and Salla- 52 Chapter 1 berger 1993: 88 n. 374. The personal name Nin-igi-zid-bar-ra occurs in the non-standardized personal name list in circulation at OB Nippur that is described in preliminary fashion by Çig and Kizilyay 1965: 41-42 (see, for example, the type I exemplar CBS 7033 (PBS 11/3 69) rev. ii’ 4’). 69) Goodnick Westenholz (1997: 59 n. 22) understands this entry as corresponding to the more frequent orthography dBi2-zil-la2. Given the aberrant attested spellings and the exceptional orthography in the one manuscript that would furnish a reasonable orthography for this divine name, this interpretation is uncertain. One will note, however, that source NIIR-5 appears to read dB[i2...], which may reflect the lone source that featured an orthographic writing. Contrary to Goodnick Westenholz’s interpretation, the entry should probably not be understood as being totally omitted by SLT 123 (source NIIR2), but the spelling dI-LA is not easily reconciled with either her interpretation or the orthographies furnished by other manuscripts. It is possible that this entry simply reflects an erroneous elision of the first two syllables. The elision of the initial syllable is observed sporadically in some manuscripts of NGL: compare, for example, the spelling dAd-da for dNin-ma-da in SLT 124 (source NI-2) for line 49 and the spelling dRu-um for d$e-ru-um in SLT 125 (source NIIR-10) for line 18’. For additional discussion of the variant orthographies across manuscripts for this entry, see Richter 2004: 296. The orthography dBi2-zil-la2 is also attested at OB Nippur in the nonstandard godlist N 1012+ iii 11 (see below). 70) The reading of this entry follows Krebernik 1998: 5, yielding what appears to be an obscure feminized form of the DN Nabû(m). Richter (2004: 295) elects to vocalize this divine name as An-na-bi-tum, presumably on the basis of analogy to the following entry An-nu-ni-tum. 71) Annunitum, which was originally an epithet of Inana (see, for example, the recent discussion of Brisch 2006: 170 n. 17, with further bibliography) also occurs in TCL 15 10: 204, where it is included among the names of Inana. This deity receives sacrifices in Ni 2449, an unpublished Old Babylonian offering list involving the Ekur complex dating to Damiq-ili@u 14.2.25, reverse line 14. 72) This entry presumably reflects the goddess dUl-ma-@i-tum that is known in cultic contexts from Ur III Ur and Uruk, where it frequently occurs in conjunction with Annunitum. See, for example, the discussion of Lambert 1989: 324, Sallaberger 1993: 194, Cohen 1993: 137. This suggests a thematic basis for the juxtaposition of lines 71 and 72. Nippur Godlist 53 The presence of the IR sign in two sources in two manuscripts, however, is difficult to explain. Krebernik (1998: 5) and Richter (2004: 295-296) elect to read the sign as NI and thus understand it as a lengthened vowel, but the sign is clearly IR, not NI, and such a spelling would be notably unorthographic. 73) For a detailed discussion of the torch god Gibil, see Michalowski 1993: 156-157. 75) The vocalization /Qudma@/ for dKUD is furnished by Proto-Diri Nippur 10 13 (MSL 15 34). The personal name Lu2-dQudma@ occurs in the personal name list with the incipit Lu2-dEn-lil2.32 76) The divine name d$AG4-TAR also occurs in the non-standard godlist N 1012+ ii 3’ (see below). This graphemic combination is a Diri compound with the value /tigidlu/ and variants: see, for example, Civil 1987, Veldhuis 1996: 28, Veldhuis 2005: 317. However, I am unaware of a context that verifies such a reading for this orthography as a divine name, particularly in the absence of the wood determinative _i@. Compare perhaps the onomastic element $AG4-TAR that occurs, for example, in the Ur III personal names Lugal-$AG4-TAR and Nam-$AG4-TAR (see Limet 1968: 299, 474, 497), and the Pre-Sargonic feminine personal name $AG4-TAR (see Selz 1995: 61). 77) The originally Lagashite god dIg-alim is associated with Ninurta, perhaps due to the influence of the well-known analogy of Ninurta with Nin_irsu, in Ninurta D 31. dIg-alim is also described as the nu-ban3-da ma# of Nungal in Nungal Hymn 88. Given the sporadic association of Nungal in her role in conjunction with imprisonment and the death penalty with the netherworld, as in suggested by the occurrence of Ere@kigal, who is named as the amaugu, “birth mother,” of Nungal in Nungal Hymn 67, the juxtaposition of this entry to Nergal and other netherworld deities may have a thematic basis. 77f.) For this section, see the discussion of Attinger and Krebernik 2005: 24, who consider it to reflect the circle of Nergal. 78) For the lengthy debate about the history and vocalization of the divine name Nergal, see the dissenting arguments of Steinkeller 1987 and Lambert 1991, with further rejoinders, as well as Wiggerman 1999: 215-216 and Katz 32 Extensive entries from this only partially standardized personal name list, which consists of three large sections with initial DI$Lu2-, DI$Lugal-, and DI$Ur-, are included by Chiera in PBS 11/3 204f. 54 Chapter 1 2003: 405-406, with further bibliography. Note that only one source, NIIR-5, offers a standard Old Babylonian orthographic spelling of Nergal, and that SLT 124 (source NI-2) attempts to understand the divine name as a dNin- derivative, probably reflecting a simple error, unless one understands this entry as bearing some reflex of the unique rendering dNin-KI$.UNUG in an Old Akkadian inscription of Naram-Sîn, which has been discussed by Wiggerman and Katz, which seems unlikely. 78-79) Katz (2003: 404-405 n. 79) understands the juxtaposition of Nergal and Mami as indicating a spousal relationship, to be compared with the juxtaposition of Nergal and Mamitum in TCL 15 10: 403-404 and the consistent juxtaposition of Nergal and Mamitum in offering lists involving the Ekur complex from OB Nippur (see Sigrist 1980: 108). 80) For discussion of the etymology of the divine name $ubula as reflecting the $ stem of either ab~lu(m), “to (be) dry,” or, less likely, wab~lu(m), “to carry,” as well as the role of the netherworld deity, who is associated with the Tigris and Euphrates in the later context of the lip@ur litanies, see Attinger and Krebernik 2005: 23, 31. Wiggerman (1999: 220) states that $ubula was understood in the An = Anum tradition as a son of Nergal, but Attinger and Krebernik (2005: 24) note that due to a lacuna it is unclear whether he is described here the son of Nergal or I@um. The personal name Ur-d$u-bu-la is known in the OB Nippur scribal curriculum in the personal name list with the incipit Lu2-dEn-lil2, as well as in model contracts (see, for example, the composite text given by Veldhuis 2000: 386, line 18). 81) For the occurrence of the divine name Nabû(m) here as an exceptional example of the syllabic orthography of the divine name during the Old Babylonian period, see Pomponio 1978: 5 and n. 2, 22, 165 n. 37, who also discusses lines 80-82 in conjunction with her discussion of the presentation of the god Nabû(m) in Old Babylonian godlists. In contrast to its occurrence in TCL 15 10: 110 and the Weidner godlist, the divine name is not attached to Enki/Ea and his circle. See also Pomponio 1998: 16-17. 82) For the noun w|du(m), “one,” “alone,” as it occurs in OB personal names, see Pomponio 1978: 22 n. 46 and Stol 1991: 204. As a divine name, Stol understands it as a family member with a special status who was also deified. 83) This entry presumably reflects the divine name which is typically spelled dUR-ma-@um in the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 216, line 82, Nippur Godlist 55 Emar 6/4 539 51’, Cavigneaux 1981: 88-89, line 90, van der Meer 1938: 58) and dUR-ma@-(UR) in An = Anum 5 169. This deity is identified as a vizier of Gula in the An = Anum tradition. See, for example, the discussion of Kraus 1949: 82 and Litke 1998: 84, who note that this divine name is probably also reflected in the entry dUR-[x] in TCL 15 10: 394, which is perhaps to be restored dUR-[ma@]. One source, NI-2, furnishes this deity with the feminine Akkadian morpheme /t/. It is difficult to ascertain with certainty whether the partially obscured final indented sign in source NIIR-7 is the UM or the TUM sign. 84) See Hilgert 2002: 203, 327, 523, who discusses Akkadian personal names with the element kur-ba-@um. This entry may reflect this theophoric element, perhaps derived from kar~bu(m), “to bless,” in plural second person common command form with the third person singular masculine dative suffix. 85) The vocalization of this divine name, which also appears to occur in the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 216, line 97, Cavigneaux 1981: 8889, line 107, and Gesche 2001: 577 (BM 71507 obverse iii’ 1: here the entry is spelled dEn-gana2, perhaps reflecting a spurious and isolated reinterpretation of the divine name)) is based on Proto-Diri Nippur 10 19 (MSL 15 34), which translates this DN with Akkadian eqlu(m), “field.” Given the fact that the same juxtaposition of divine names occurs in Proto-Diri Nippur 10 1920, a text that has significant parallels with select portions of the Nippur godlist, as has been discussed above, I elect to understand this entry as reflecting, however obscure, a deity that is apparently to be literally understood as a deified field. 86) This reading follows the testimony of Proto-Diri Nippur 10 20 (MSL 15 34), which glosses dU$ as ni-ta. The same gloss occurs in the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 5 47), where this obscure deity, who is apparently to be literally understood as “the deified male,” is attributed with a spouse, dKi-gula. For this deity, see Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2001: 590. 87-88) The juxtaposition of these entries reflects the close association of the gods I@um and Hendursa_, which is demonstrable from the beginning of the second millennium B.C.E. onwards. See the extensive discussion of Attinger and Krebernik 2005: 21-33. 89) The variance of dNin-_i@-zid-da with dNin-ma-da across manuscripts has been noted by Wiggerman (1997: 42), Cavigneaux and Krebernik (2001: 462), and Attinger and Krebernik (2005: 24). The occurrence of dNin-ma-da 56 Chapter 1 in at least source NIIR-2, and also possibly with the truncated spelling dNin-da that occurs in source NIIR-5, amidst other netherworld deities would seem to implicate the understanding of Ninmada here as a netherworld deity. This configuration could be understood to reflect other contextual evidence to this effect, such as, most directly, the description of Ninmada as the brother of Ninazu in How Grain Came to Sumer 14. 89-93) For discussion of this section of netherworld deities and comparison with the presentation of these deities in other OB godlists, see Katz 2003: 359. 92) Katz (2003: 395-397) has recently discussed the somewhat problematic DN dDim3-PI-kug and concludes that the grapheme PI should be read /me/, yielding a vocalization Dimmekug for the divine name. For additional discussion of this goddess/demon, who is identified as the daughter of Namtar in the An = Anum tradition, see Flückiger-Hawke 1999: 175. 93) This entry as it is partially preserved in source NI-2 does not appear to reflect dNin-a-zu and cannot be decisively restored. 96) Lambert (1972-1975: 491) discusses only the orthography d%u-ma-na presented by SLT 122 (source NI-1) (see also Richter 2004: 141), but his discussion should be qualified by the fact that this orthography is present in only one source. It is tempting to suspect that, given the fact that Numu@da is the preceding entry and Numu@da occurs together with his spouse, Namrat, in the Genouillac godlist (TCL 15 10), lines 160-161, that d%u-ma-at is a systematic error for Namrat, typically spelled dNam-ra-at, as NAM is a derivation from the %U sign. Cavigneaux and Krebernik (2001: 612) consider this divine name as it occurs here to possibly be an alternate name for Namrat. Note as well that an Ur manuscript preserving Lamentation over Sumer and Ur 125 has dNam-at (source LL = UET 6/3 21+22), perhaps pointing to the elision of the liquid r in some orthographic environments, if this is not simply an isolated scribal error. 100) For dNin-MAR-KI, whose cultic center was at Gu2-ab-ba and who assumes divergent roles in the An = Anum tradition, see, for example, Whiting 1985, Michalowski 1989: 87, Selz 1995: 256f., Attinger 1995: 27-29, Sallaberger 2001: 463f., Richter 2004: 396-397 n. 1661. The interpretation of the divine name and its orthographic variance remains unclear. Whiting argues that the occurrence of the element MAR within the oft-recurring formula of “GN, epithet, DN, praise!” contained within the Zami hymns demonstrates its original status as a toponym, while Attinger compares the sporadically Nippur Godlist 57 observed g/k Auslaut in Ur III and Old Babylonian contexts with the divine name Enki(g/k). 101) This deity is described in the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 5 197) as a protective spirit (udug) of the house of Nungal. The variant dKur-ra-ti#al raises some question as to the vocalization of NIN, prompting Cavigneaux and Krebernik (2001: 617) to vocalize the divine name as dNINti-#al. Krebernik (2000: 443) suggests that this entry reflects the goddess dNin-ti, who is named as the mother of Ninkasi in Ninkasi A, lines 10 and 12. 102-103) As Krebernik notes (2000: 442-443), the brewing deities Sira@ and Ninkasi are also juxtaposed in TCL 15 10: 332-333 and the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 216, lines 110-111, Cavigneaux 1981: 90-91, lines 119-120). An Assur manuscript of the Weidner godlist with an explanatory column (VAT 10173 (KAV 63) iii 22) names Ninkasi as the sister (nin9) of Sira@ (Weidner 1924-25: 72: for the emendation to nin9, see Litke 1998: 61, Krebernik 2000: 443). This relationship contradicts other contexts such as An = Anum 1 336 and the bilingual Neo-Assyrian manuscript of Lugalbanda K 4628 (CT 14 41f.), line 16 (Wilcke 1969: 92), which appear to reckon dSira@ as the Akkadian equivalent of dNin-ka-si. 33 See, for example, the discussion of Litke 1998: 61, Krebernik 2000: 442-443. 104) For a recent detailed discussion of $akan/Sumuqan, the god of the wild herd, see Cavigneaux 1999: 261f., with a summary of previous scholarship on pg. 261, n. 53. 105) I cannot offer a satisfactory interpretation for the entry dDUL. It appears that SLT 124 (source NI-2) omits the entry by simply displacing it with the entry dNamma, but SLT 122 (source NI-1) advances these deities separately, thus implicating dDUL as something other than a variant orthography of the goddess dNamma. 106) The divine name dE#, “louse” which is reckoned within the circle of Nungal in the An = Anum tradition, occurs along with the corresponding Akkadian divine name dUp-lum in An = Anum 5 199-200: see, for example, the remarks of Litke 1998: 186 and Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2001: 617. See also Veldhuis 2000: 79 for the occurrence of this entry in the MB Nippur An = Anum extract UM 29-16-35 reverse 4-5. 33George’s interpretation of An = Anum 1 337-339, which constitute various orthographies of dSira@, as pertaining to the children of Ninkasi hinges on the expanded total of 9 dumu-me@ given in K 4333 (CT 24 11) iv 32 (George 2000: 288), is not convincing. Contrast, for example, the remarks of Litke 1998: 62. 58 Chapter 1 108) The frequent juxtaposition of dAb-U2 and dGu-la/dGu2-la2 in godlists (TCL 15 10: 358, 360, An = Anum 5 54-55, Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 218, lines 132-133, Emar 6/4 539: 87’-88’, Cavigneaux 1981: 92, lines 144-145), and the non-standard godlist CBS 2182+ i’ 6’-7’ (see below)) is understood by Richter (2004: 197) to indicate a spousal relationship, as is explicitly stated in the An = Anum tradition. Note, however, that dAb-U2 appears to be understood elsewhere as the son of Gula in the difficult context of the diversified bala_ composition BM 86535 195 and 205: see Kramer 1985: 124-125, 134 and n. 18, with further bibliography, who notes the ambiguous evidence for the genealogy of this deity. 109) dGu2-la2 is an earlier and contemporary orthography of dGu-la, with the two perhaps originally representing separate deities (see, for example, Richter 2004: 112 n. 499 and Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 246-247, 330). Both orthographies occur separately in NGL as well as in some curricular PN lists from OB Nippur (for example, the PN list with the incipit Lu2-dEn-lil2), perhaps implicating a continued understanding of the two variant orthographies as separate deities in this period, although, as noted above, the co-occurrence of variant orthographies for the same deities in godlists is not unknown. 110) As Wiggerman notes (1999: 220) La&, whose etymology is obscure, is a spouse of Nergal, occurring most prominently in post-OB contexts. 111) Krebernik (2004: 323-324) suggests that this entry as it occurs here constitutes an abbreviation of the following entry, dPap-sukkal. 112-113) Papsukkal and Nin@ubur are equated with each other in the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 1 41-42), an association which probably conditioned their juxtaposition here and one which presumably underscores the multifaceted deity dNin-@ubur’s role here as the male vizier who is primarily associated with both An and Inana. See the discussion of Lambert 1976: 1213 and Wiggerman 2001: 492f. 114) Klein and Behrens (2000: 345) understand the occurrence of dNin-e2gal-la here as a manifestation of Inana based on its juxtaposition to dNin-si4an-na, a name for Venus (see, for example, Horowitz 2005: 172). 114a-117) dNin-si4-an-na, dMa#-di-an-na, dTi-mu2-a, and dKab2-ta are translated in Proto-Diri Nippur 11 24-27 (MSL 15 36) and the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 4 172, 176, 188) as I@tar kakkabi(m), “goddess of the star.” The same deities are also grouped together at the beginning of Diri tablet 7 according to a fragmentary MB exemplar from Nippur, N 2948 lines 3 and 5 Nippur Godlist 59 (Peterson 2007: 5-6). The Genouillac godlist (TCL 15 10: 262-266) and the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 220, lines 182-185, Cavigneaux 1981: 96, lines 196-199, Weidner 1924-25: 78, van der Meer 1938: 58, and the OB exemplar VAT 7759 vi 16-18 (Weidner 1924-25: 5, 78)) also group these deities together. 116) This divine name is variously spelled as dTi-mu2-a and dSi-mu2-a. For the latter orthography, see TCL 15 10: 264, and An = Anum 4 176, 178, where both spellings occur in some manuscripts: see, for example, the comments of Krebernik 2003: 158. This orthographic variance presumably reflects another example of the sporadic dental/sibilant interchange in Sumerian orthography. The orthography dSi-mu2-a may reflect an etymology arising from the expression si---mu2, “horn growing,” which occurs with horned animals and plants. 122) For the divine name dTir-an-na, see Lambert 1985: 187, who suggests that the grapheme TIR is used according to the near-homophony of the Akkadian equivalent qi@tu(m), “forest, thicket” with qa@tu(m), “bow” and the divine name should be etymologized as “bow of heaven.” The occurrence of the divine name here may be primarily a graphic phenomenon, arising from the mutual presence of initial $E with the divine name dNisaba and derivatives. Similar graphic factors also appear to condition its placement in the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 220, line 181, Weidner 1924-25: 78, Cavigneaux 1981: 96, line 195, van der Meer 1938: 58). 124-143) The placement of the initial dLugal- section has no obvious thematic basis at the beginning of the section, but at the end of the section the juxtaposition of the nearly synonymous divine names dLugal-ir9-ra and dMes-lam-ta-e3-a, followed by the related DN’s dBe-el-_i@@inig and dBe-el_i@asal2, the Akkadian reflex of lines 126-127, has an obvious thematic basis involving netherworld deities. As such, it can be compared with, for example, the extensive section of initial dLugal- divine names in TCL 15 10: 425455, which follows a group of netherworld deities, a juxtaposition which is presumably conditioned by the prevalence of netherworld deities bearing the initial component dLugal-. 129) For attestations of dLugal-_i@-du3-a and the truncated form d÷i@-du3-a, which elicits the translation Mu-u#-ra in the bilingual lexical text or commentary UET 7 93 rev. 17, see Lambert 1987: 139 and Sjöberg 1996: 231. dLugal-_i@-du3-a is also reckoned as a variant name of Ninurta in the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 1 226). The variant dLugal-_i@-$UM which is offered by source NIIO-8 is dif- 60 Chapter 1 ficult to explain. 130) dLugal-_ir2-ur3-ra, “Master of the _irur knife,” is known from An = Anum 6 43. Lambert (1987: 139) attempts to explain this entry as it occurs in SLT 122 (source NI-1) according to the dLugal-÷IR2-da of Chiera’s copy, as phonetic error for dLugal-girid-da. It may be the case, however, that the now broken sign which Chiera copied as DA was actually UR3, given the superficial similarity of the signs. However, given the general accuracy of Chiera’s copies in SLT, this hardly constitutes a certain emendation. 131) The dubur(%Ix$E or %IxU) an-na, “base of heaven,” is known from a few literary contexts. See, for example, the discussion of Lambert 1987: 133, Alster 1991: 9-10, and Volk 1995: 183-184. Lugal-dubur-an-na constitutes an epithet of I@tar~n in Temple Hymns 422. 132-133) The repetition of this entry in two sources could well suggest that the sign KA could be vocalized two different ways, presumably inim and ka, respectively. The reading of these entries is inextricably related to the famous issue of how to read the name of the Pre-Sargonic Lagashite ruler UruKAgina, for which see, for example, the comments of Lambert 1970 (with additional reference to the divine name dLugal-KA-gi-na) and Edzard 1991. Lugal-KA-gin6-na is also featurned in the curricular personal name list with the incipit Lu2-dEn-lil2. For earlier occurrence of this personal name, see, for example, Limet 1968: 465 and Selz 1995: 402 n. 305. 136) For the divine name dLugal-gud-si-su and its connection to Nergal, as implicated by the organization of TCL 15 10 (418f.), as well as Ninurta, who was the primary deity in conjunction with the ezen itigu4-si-su, the famous agricultural festival that is alluded to in Lipit-I@tar and the Plow and related compositions, see the discussion of Richter 2004: 96-97. The personal name Lugal-gud-si-su is also featured in curricular personal name list with the incipit Lu2-dEn-lil2. 137) According to the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 1 218 and the unprovenienced and unpublished MB exemplar CBS 331 rev. i 26), dLugal(@ud3)-@ud3-de3 is associated with Ninurta. The same god is also identified as a member of the court of Nin_i@zida: see Wiggerman 1997: 41 and n. 75 and note An = Anum 5 265. It is likely that the latter attribution arises from the conflation of the orthographies dLugal-@ud3-de3 and dLugal-KA.NE, which was the original orthography of this netherworld deity. The divine name is still spelled correctly in the non-standard godlist CBS 2182+ ii” 2 (see be- Nippur Godlist 61 low), as well as some manuscripts of Nin_i@zida’s Journey to the Netherworld lines 8 and 20, where a variance between dLugal-KA-NE and dLugal@ud3-de3 is observed (Jacobsen and Alster 2000: 336, 338). If the divine name occurred in the large dLugal- section in TCL 15 10, it is not preserved. The reading of the damaged Ur III attestation mentioned by Carroué (1993: 48), MVN 13 17: 4, is indecisive from the handcopy. Lugal-@ud-de3 also occurs as a personal name in the OB Nippur curricular personal name list with the incipit Lu2dEn-lil2. 138) The pronunciation of this divine name is verified by the pronunciation gloss Lu2-gal-e@-a that is offered by source NIIO-9 (SLT 123), demonstrating that it is not a variant orthography of the netherworld god dLugal-a-ab-ba (thus Krebernik 1987: 109, with further citations of dLugal/U3-mu-un-ABA). The placement of this deity in TCL 15 10: 416, for example, implicates it as another netherworld deity. Lugal-e@3-a also occurs as a personal name in the OB Nippur curricular personal name list with the incipit Lu2-dEn-lil2. 139) dLugal-e@3-da may be a phonetic variant of Lugal-e@3-a, with the phoneme /dr/ exhibiting the same plene/0 orthographic expression in a would-be consonantal cluster that is does in final position (for this orthographic phenomenon, see, for example, Krecher 1993: 112-113). It is also possible that a variance in meaning occurs between the two divine names, perhaps “king/ lord of the shrine” and “king/lord of the e@da vessel(?).” 34 The personal name Ur-dLugal-e@3-da occurs in the OB Nippur curricular personal name list with the incipit Ur-ki.35 140) For attestations of the cultic function nam-ugula of shrine/temple of dLugal-ki-sa2-a at Old Babylonian Nippur (CBS 4596 (PBS 12/1 53) 8’, CBS 14106 (PBS 8/2 166) iii 15), see Renger 1968: 150, Richter 2004: 89-90. This deity, who also occurs in the Genouillac godlist (TCL 15 10: 311), is included in the circle of Enlil as the equivalent of Haia, who is described as the steward (agrig) of Enlil, in later An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 1 289). 141) The divine name Lugal-tilla2 is included in the Nergal circle in later An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 6 29): see the discussion of Richter 2004: 7980. The personal name Lugal-tilla2 is also featured in the OB Nippur curricu34 Note, however, that syllabic writings of the lexeme /e@da/ does not typically utilize the AB sign, but rather E$ and E$2: see, for example, Sallaberger 1996: 100 with further bibliography. 35 Entries from this standardized personal name list are included by Chiera in PBS 11/3 204f. The list consisted entirely of names with the initial element Ur-. 62 Chapter 1 lar personal name list with the incipit Lu2-dEn-lil2. With due hesitation, I interpret the explanatory(?) writing in the right margin of source NIIO-9 (SLT 123) as Lu2-gal-ka2, understanding ka2, “city gate” (and the district therein) as a partial synonym to tilla2, “market place.” However, in the absence of a decisive ruling to attach this writing to the main column, it remains possible that this writing pertains to the previous entry instead. 145-146) These two entries appear to furnish partially Akkadianized orthographies of the Akkadian counterparts, B|l-bµni(m) and B|l-&arbi(m), which constitute literal translations of the preceding entries dLugal-_i@@inig and dLugal-_i@asal2, respectively. The affiliation of Sumerian lugal with Akkadian belû(m) here foreshadows the literal translation of many dLugal- divine names in the An = Anum tradition with en/b|lu(m). 147) The initial sign of this entry in the lone manuscript that preserves the entry, SLT 122 (source NI-1), is U3, not NIN, as read by Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2001: 501, and Richter 2004: 206. 36 The geminated spelling of the divine name dU3-PAD-NIR-NIR also occurs in the Weidner godist from MB Ugarit (Nougayrol 1968: 222-223, line 211: the entry is completely preserved in RS 22.344 + 23.24), while the spelling dPAD-NIR occurs in later versions of this list (Cavigneaux 1981: 98 line 222). The OB exemplar from Babylon (VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) vii 11’) is only partially preserved for this entry (dU3-²x³-[...]). The occurrence of the rare graphemic combination PAD-NIR, as well as the fact that the entry occurs amidst three other entries with the initial element beltu(m), suggests that this entry bears some connection to dBel~t@u#/knir, a goddess attested in the Ur III period along with dBel~t-terrab~n who appears to have had a close association with $ulgi-@imti. This connection is strengthened by the preceding entry dBe-el-tir-ba ban3-da/[dBe-el/0?]tir!(TE-NIR)-ba-tam in the MB Ugarit version of the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 222-223, line 210, Arnaud 1982: 206, line 210: the TIR sign is read as $UL by both Nougayrol et al and Arnaud, but is emended correctly by Krecher 1969: 149 to TIR), with the former spelling possibly reflecting the secondary etymology tir banda, “the little thicket.” Later versions of this list understand give this entry as dBe-el-Dil-bat (Cavigneaux 1981: 98-99, line 221, van der Meer 1938: 58), probably due to the phonetic 36 Note, however, that as an emendation, the reading dNin-@uk-nir has plausibility in light of the OB hybridized Sumero-Akkadian spelling [d]Nin-@uk-nir, which mirrors the orthography of the term attested at Ur III E@nuna (Cohen 1993: 137, citing TA 1931-325) which occurs on an unprovenienced vase of the Amorite chieftain Ammµi@tamar in the possession of the Cabinet de Médailles (Frayne 1990: 810). Nippur Godlist 63 similarity, under the influence of the occasional Sumerian phonetic overlap of the liquids /r/ and /l/, to the toponym Dilbat. Unfortunately, the OB Babylon exemplar VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) vii 10’ does not preserve the second half of the divine name (dBe-el-[...]). For discussion of this divine name and the presumed toponym from the Zagros region contained within it, see, for example, Sallaberger 1993: 19, Cohen 1993: 136-138, Frayne 1999: 156-157, Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2001: 501, Sharlach 2002: 101-103, and Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 323. However, the replacement of the initial element beltu(m) with U3, whose status as more than an isolated spurious error is confirmed by parallels in Old and Middle Babylonian versions of the Weidner godlist, is difficult to explain. A possible explanation, suggested to me by Professor Matthew Rutz, is that the entry simply contains the term/morpheme u3, “and,” thus linking it directly to the closely associated goddess dBel(~t)-terrab~n which it immediately follows in the Weidner godlist, thus rendering the divine name marker spurious for the entry. An implicit link to the DN dBel~tterrab~n as it occurs in NGL is also possible, although this connection may have been lost on the author of SLT 124 (source NI-2). Cavigneaux and Krebernik (2001: 501) suggest that the partially homophonous preceding entry dB|l-&arbat is in fact a direct reflex of dBel(~t)-terrab~n. 149-151) For the various divine names with the initial Akkadian element I@ar-, which bear a reflex in the Old Akkadian onomasticon and also occur as a group in the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 216-217: lines 71a-75, Emar 6/4 539: 43’-46’, Weidner 1924-25: 16-17, Cavigneaux 1981: 86-87: lines 78-82, the NB curricular extract BM 36338 7-11 (Gesche 2001: 241, pl. 1), van der Meer 1938: 58, and the possible OB extract from SipparAmn~num Di 140 (Tanret 2002: 78)), probably the Isin godlist (source B iv 9f.), and the non-standard OB Nippur godlist N 1012+ iv 11-13 (see below), see Lambert 1976-80 and Richter 2004: 80, 201, with further bibliography. Note also the personal name I-@ar-ki-di-@u11 that occurs in the OB Nippur curricular personal name list dInana-te@2, line 157. 153) For this divine name, which also occurs in the OB exemplar of the Weidner godlist VAT 7759 vii 13 (Weidner 1924-25: 5, 79)), see Lambert 1980-83: 494. For the occurrence of dLa-qi2-bu-um in personal names, see Hilgert 2002: 125, 417 n. 16, Stol 1991: 204, and note the occurrence of the status absolutus form La-qi2-ip as a personal name in the companion list to the OB Nippur curricular personal name list [email protected] 37 Edited by Chiera, PBS 11/1 71f. 64 Chapter 1 154) This sign cannot be decisively read due to damage to the interior of the sign in the lone source which preserves it, SLT 124 (source NI-2), although it clearly belongs to the Gestalt of the MES/DUB/URUDU/UM signs. It is possible that the entry is to be read dMES and is to be understood as a sporadic paleographic variant of dSANGA: see below comments, sub commentary to NGL 21’ and N 1012+ ii 18. 155) The reading of the DE2 sign in this divine name is uncertain. Compare perhaps the entry d²Nin³-²x³-DE2 of TCL 15 10: 471. Richter (2004: 205) interprets the first two signs in this entry in TCL 15 10 as erasures. He therefore reads this entry as dSimug and makes the plausible analogy to An = Anum 2 347 and An = Anu @a am|li 126, where the divine name, which is explained as the “Ea of the metalworker (napp~#u(m)),” also occurs with dNin-a2-gal. It is not entirely clear, however, whether the preceding two signs are erased or effaced, and it may be the case that the divine name originally contained an initial element Nin- as well, making the entry more comparable to the one under consideration. If an erasure is in fact present in the TCL 15 10 entry, then the element Nin- could be understood as a variant, possibly spurious in nature, to dSIMUG. If this entry ultimately reflects dSIMUG, then note the possibly secondary vocalization ni-in-nu-ra of Proto-Diri 10 8 (MSL 15 34) which, in light of the preceding entry dBA%AR2, should reflect dNin-ur4-ra, the potter of An, for whom see, for example, George 1991: 153, Sallaberger 1996: 5-6. 156) This entry may reflect yet another orthography of the obscure deity that is spelled as [dLuga]l-imin-gi4 in AbS-T 206 + 210 (OIP 99 83) rev. v 6 (Mander 1986: 13), dImin-gu7 in TCL 15 10: 456, and dLugal-imin-gi in An = Anum 6 95. See Lambert 1987: 143. The apparent presence of the initial element Lugal- in the Tell Abu ©al~bµkh godlist demonstrates that it was not a late invention. 159) For this entry as it occurs in SLT 116 (source NIIO-10), see Marchesi 2006: 34 n. 146. The first sign of this divine name in SLT 124 (source NI-2) is uncertain, and is more likely to be either PA5 or PAP than BARAG. The orthography with BARAG is probably a reflex of the syncretism of dPa5ni_in3-_ar-ra and dBarag-e-ul-_ar-ra, for which see the comments of Black 2005: 44 and Richter 2004: 385-387. 160-161) For the pervasive association of dLum-ma and d%a-da-ni-i@, who also co-occur in TCL 15 10: 53-54 in the circle Enlil, and are later described as udug E2-kur-ra, the guardians of the Ekur, in the An = Anum tradition, with the former deity being conflated with dEn@ada in later contexts, see the Nippur Godlist 65 discussion of Marchesi 2006: 34f. %a-da-ni-i@ is also the name of a postdiluvian king of %amazi in Sumerian Kinglist 179. 162) dMUG is glossed as both /guggim/ and /gaggim/ on numerous occasions in the series An = Anum (2 349, 352, 6 224-225). Note also the contemporary lexical entry d÷IR2 = ²gu³-gi4-im, ²ga³-gi4-im of Proto-Diri 10 1718 (MSL 15 34). The lone manuscript that preserves these entries in ProtoDiri, A 30211 = 3N-T 316 (MSL 15 source L1) (obv. lines 17-18), was not available to me for collation, but I assume that the gunûfied form of the ÷IR2 sign, i.e., LAK 24, is present, which is somewhat similar in appearance to the MUG sign. 165) The sign in the lone extant manuscript for this line, SLT 124 (source NI2), is not decisively preserved, but I understand it to be ASAL, thus reflecting the oft-recurring truncated spelling of dAsal-lu-#i in the incantation tradition, particularly in pre-OB contexts. Compare the juxtaposition of the personal names Ur-dAsal and Ur-dAsal-lu2-#i in the OB Nippur curricular personal name list with the incipit Ur-ki. 169) According to Marchesi (2006: 31), the orthography dNin-PA can reflect two deities, dNin-_edru and dNin-#ad-(da), respectively. See also the comments of Selz 1995: 263 Selz 1997: 172, 173, and Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 356357. Due to its co-occurrence with the goddess dNin-men-na, literally “lady of the crown,” in the Old Babylonian royal ritual CBS 11366 + CBS 11400 (PBS 5 76) rev. ii’ 10’f. (see Sjöberg 1972: 111), Michalowski (1976: 164) suggests that the name is to be vocalized _edru, “scepter,” a logical complement to men, “crown” as an emblem of royalty. Note as well that in the MB An = Anum tradition (CBS 331 (unpublished) reverse i 15, dNin-PA, perhaps to be read dNin-_edru, is associated with Nuska. The proper reading here in NGL is not obvious from the immediate context. 170) For the goddess dNin-ma@, who is attested primarily in incantations in conjunction with the goddess dNin-piri_ and also occurs in the Weidner godlist (OB Babylon exemplar VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) iii 1’, Emar 6/4 539 56’, Weidner 1924-25: 18, Cavigneaux 1981: 88, line 94, van der Meer 1938: 58), the OB Mari godlist, line 86 (Lambert 1985: 183), and the OB curricular extract VAT 8371 rev. 4 (Förtsch 1917: pl. 4), see Richter 2004: 159-160, Krebernik 1984: 34-35, Krebernik 2001: 468-469. Note as well its occurrence in the non-standard godlist UM 29-13-84 13 (see below). The juxtaposition of dNin-ma@ to the divine name dNin-PA here is presumably based on the graphic similarity of the PA and MA$ signs. 66 Chapter 1 171) To judge from the traces, this entry may read dNin-²imma³, but this is uncertain. 174) The reading dNin-mug seems reasonable form the traces on SLT 124 (source NI-2). Note further that dNin-mug also occurs in the proximity of dNin-ti and dNin-dar-a in the OB Mari godlist line 78 (Lambert 1985: 183). 175) The vocalization of dNin-SAR is uncertain. Lambert (1985: 187), reads the divine name dNin-@ar on the strength of what he interprets as the variant orthography dNin-@ara (see, however, the remarks of Litke 1998: 60 (commentary to An = Anum 1 328)). See also the discussion of Selz 1995: 261, who favors reading the divine name as dNin-mu2 but leaves the issue of vocalization open, as well as Krebernik 1997: 510, who does not vocalize the grapheme SAR. 176) dNin-ti is furnished with a folk etymology in Enki and Nin#ursa_ 266 and 276. See the discussion of Lambert 1985: 188, who entertains the validity of the folk etymology on the strength of the sporadic orthographic variance between iti and ti. For this divine name, see also Selz 1995: 266. 177) This entry as it occurs on SLT 124 (source NI-2) is read correctly as by Lambert 1985: 188. It is tempting, however, to understand MU$2 as an error for DAR, which would give us the better-known deity dNin-dar-a. dNin-dar-a was the spouse of Nanshe, and occurs immediately after Nan@e in TCL 15 10: 295: here, the divine name occurs separately from Nan@e, who may not occur at all in NGL. For dNin-dar-a, see, for example, the discussion of Selz 1995: 215f., Civil 1989: 50-51, Richter 2004: 158 n. 711, and Veldhuis 2004: 19-20. dNin-SU%-a 178) This divine name is unique and obscure: see the remarks of Krebernik 2000: 359-360, who suggestions a possible connection to the dEN-gal-DU.DU who is named as one of the five heralds (ni_ir) attributed to the mother goddess in An = Anum 2 89 (for dEn-gal-DU.DU, see the discussion of Krebernik 1997: 510, and for the Ur III attestation of this divine name at Nippur, see Sallaberger 1993: 104, 108 and Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 349-350. 179) For dNin-LUL-lil2-la2, see Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2001: 461. The vocalization of the grapheme LUL is uncertain. Richter (2004: 325) elects to read piri_ instead of LUL within this entry, but this reading cannot be upheld due to the unequivocal presence of the LUL sign. Nippur Godlist 67 180) In his discussion of the presentation of dNuska in godlists, Richter (2004: 85) notes that the rationale behind the placement of this entry is obscure. 181) Both extant sources for this entry contain the spelling dGu-nu-um instead of the anticipated spelling dGu-nu-ra, thus uncritically and perhaps systematically misunderstanding this divine name as an Akkadian nominative. 183-184) Richter (2004: 85) does not attempt to vocalize dTU or the ensuing entry dTU-ZI. It is unclear if these entries bear any theological association or if they are juxtaposed here according to strictly graphemic principles. dTU is attested at ED Fara and Old Akkadian and Ur III Nippur (see Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 368), as well as perhaps in the ED “Amau@umgal myth” from Tell Abu ©al~bµkh and Ebla, line 6 (Krebernik 2003: 171). It occurs in the Ur III incantation Ni 2177 column iv 6’ (Kramer and Eren 1978, TMH 6 app. 1), where it elicits the epithet ma@-ma@ gal an-na-ke4, “great incantation priest of heaven.” The epithet ma@-ma@ is applied to a limited number of deities in incantations, in addition to select other contexts. Ningublaga is attributed with this title in Temple Hymns 153 and Ningublaga A 5, and dNin-SAR is given this title in Lipit-I@tar and the Plow 65. dTU also appears to occur in the OB Uruk lentil extract W 16743dd (AUWE 23 252) and the MB godlist fragment CBS 4482 ii’ 4’. Cavigneaux (1996: 101 n. 148) suggests that this dTU may reflect the priestly title tu known from Ke@ Temple Hymn 110, ED Lu2 C 1,38 the Sargonic and Ur III administrative texts Adab 714 and Erm. 14738,39 the Kurigalzu text IM 50009 vi 5’,40 and the Canonical Temple List, (see Moran 1976: 338 and n. 27). However, although it could be understood to be analogous to the occurrence of the companion term a-tu in some divine names (see Moran 1976: 340-341), the functionary tu is not married to the divine determinative except in the late context of the Canonical Temple List. It seems unlikely that this entry in NGL reflects a perpetuation of the archaic abbreviated orthography dTud of dNin-tud, as it occurs in the ED version of the Ke@ Temple Hymn (Biggs 1971: 205: note, however, the dissenting remarks of Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 362-363, 368). 186) For this entry, see the discussion of McEwan 1983: 218-219, who considers the placement of Nira# here between ÷e@tinana and I@#ara to be “some form of non-theological association.” Prechel, on the other hand, sug38 MSL 12 15. For an updated numeration of this text, see Taylor 2003: 1-2. See Sallaberger and Huber Vulliet 2005: 635-636. 40 A new edition of this text by Veldhuis is forthcoming. I thank Professor Veldhuis for this reference. 39 68 Chapter 1 gests that the juxtaposition of Nira# and I@#ara here may reflect the association of I@#ara with snakes, as observed at Old Babylonian Sippar (Prechel 1996: 37). For the god Nira#, see also Krebernik 1984: 298-300, Wiggerman 1997: 42-43 n. 89, and Wiggerman 2001 with further bibliography. For a recently published context which further verifies the reading /nira#/ for dMU$, note the MU$ dMU$ : ni-ra-#u of the commentary to $umma Alu 22-23 BM 129092 obv. 25 (Freedman 2006: 152). 188-189) For the orthographies dPA.NAM2 and dPA.UDU and the corresponding values /nuska/ and /en@adu/, respectively, see Marchesi 2006: 38. SLT 122 (source NI-1) uses the orthography dPA.UDU for both divine names, as opposed to advancing a variance between PA.NAM2/PA.UDU, a distinction that is nevertheless implicated as being in effect at OB Nippur by ProtoDiri Nippur 10 29-31 (MSL 15 34, see also Marchesi 2006: 38 n. 162 and note the distinction dNuska/dSIPAD made by Richter 2004: 85). As Marchesi notes, TCL 15 10: 131 and 135, in contrast, uses the orthography PA.NAM2 for both deities. Lambert’s attempted etymology of the individual elements of the Diri compound and his attempt to explain the components of the Emesal equivalent of the name as directly reflective of the Emegir orthography are unconvincing, as the vocalizations /nuska/ and /en@adu/ unequivocally occur in the contemporary context of Proto-Diri Nippur. The rough translation “lord of the scepter“ that he offers may be justified to some extent by the association dNin-_edru : dNuska in the unprovenienced and unpublished MB An = Anum exemplar CBS 331 reverse i 15 and the association of dEn-_edru with dNuska in Emesal Vocabulary 1 13-14 (MSL 4 4, Borger 1998: 19-20: see also Richter 2004: 85). In all probability, however, it found no manifestation in an etymology of the divine name Nuska itself. 190-191) For various vocalizations of dGUD, see Proto-Diri Nippur 10 1416 (MSL 15 34), An = Anum 6 203f., Ea 4 138f., and the unplaced godlist represented by the Kassite period lentil HS 1764 (Veldhuis and Hilprecht 2003-2004: no. 33). The divine name is also repeated in the Weidner godlist (OB Babylon exemplar VAT 17502 (VS 24 20) iii 7’-9’, EA 374 side A ii’ 57 (Izreel 1997: 85), Cavigneaux 1981: 88-89, lines 100-103, van der Meer 1938: 58, and the fragment BM 134863 (Lambert 2003-2004: 396)): for this section as it occurs across various recensions of the Weidner Godlist, see van Soldt 1999: 5) and the Late Babylonian godlist with pronunciation and explanatory columns BM 46559 (CT 29 44-47) i 1’-12’. See also the late Nippur commentary 11N-T 3 25 (Civil 1974: 332), where the unexpected equation or association dGUD = Ni-ra-#u occurs (for discussion, see also Wiggerman 2001: 570). Due to the fact that the DN is furnished with three pro- Nippur Godlist 69 nunciations (ku-uk-si2, da-pa-an, gu-ga-li-ta) in Proto-Diri, a list that appears to have a high degree of co-occurrence with NGL in select sections, in contrast to the two occurrences of the divine name here in NGL, I have refrained from marrying a vocalization to a specific entry. Lambert (1981/1982) discusses the phonological variants /dapar/ and /dipar/ as the deified Mt. Dipar/Dapar. For the vocalization d%ar2, which presumably pertains to the bovine aspect of Ningublaga (thus the explicit [...] = dGUD = @a dGUD dNin-gublagax(EZENxGUD) of the Late Babylonian godlist with pronunciation and explanatory columns BM 46559 (CT 29 44-47) i 11”), see Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2000: 374. See also the discussion of Wiggerman 1994: 254, who notes that there may well have been only a marginal or non-existent bovine connection with many of these divine names, despite the use of the grapheme GUD. Sharlach’s attempt to link dGUD with the circles of Ninsun and Nuska on the basis of its occurrence in this list is unconvincing (Sharlach 2002: 92). 192) The placement of dImin-bi after the two dGUD entries may be influenced by the graphic similarity of the GUD and BI signs. 192a) The repetition of dImin-bi in SLT 124 (source NI-2) is probably the result of the prominence of the corresponding Akkadian equivalent, Sebettu(m), or possibly of the divergent manifestation of the “seven” in the An = Anum tradition within the regions of Sumer, Akkad, Gutium, and Elam (An = Anum 6 150f.). 193) A@ratum is known from other contexts as one of several apparent spouses of Martu (see, for example, the discussion of Roberts 1972: 63 n. 6, Edzard 1989: 434-435), but here the deity occurs in conjunction with netherworld deities. It may be relevant, then, that Martu is exceptionally associated with the underworld in later contexts: see, for example, Emesal Vocabulary 1 111 (MSL 4 10, Borger 1998: 28), where within a group of netherworld deities, including Ere@kigal, Ninazu, Nin_i@zida and Nergal, Martu is associated with dLu2-#ur-sa_, which constitutes an epithet of Martu in other contexts (see, for example, the remarks of Edzard 1989: 435 and Klein 1997: 102, and note the shrine e2 dMar-tu lu2-#ur-sa_ listed in the list of shrines in the Ekur complex H 194, line 32 (Bernhardt and Kramer 1975: 98). This secondary association of dMar-tu with the netherworld may simply be a development of the pervasive association of the netherworld term kur, with the primary meaning of “mountain,” and #ur-sa_. For extensive discussion of the netherworld designation kur and its derivatives, see Katz 2003: 63f. This apparent association between A@ratum and Imin/Sebettum is 70 Chapter 1 further confirmed by the entry dA@-ra-²tum³ Imin!(A$3) of N 1012+ iii 7 (see below), which may reflect a gloss (i.e., d A@-ra-tumImin). 195) The erroneous spelling dTAG.$E3, as opposed to the standard orthography dTAG-TUG2 (see, for example, the dTAG.TUG2 = ut-tu of Proto-Diri Nippur 11 12 (MSL 15 36)) for dUttu in SLT 122 (source NI-1) is probably an error of anticipation for the similar si4 sign in the following entry, dLi9-si4. It may also be simply the product of the frequent graphic confusion between $E3 and TUG2 at OB Nippur, although it will be noted that most of these occurrences are observed when the proper sign should be $E3. 197) The reading here follows the only partially legible traces and the analogy of N 1012+ iii 3-4 (see below). The juxtaposition of the divine names Alamu@ and Lulal in these two contexts is probably conditioned by their mutual position of the grapheme LAL3. Although the reading Alamu@ has been assumed for this entry, despite the fact that as the vizier of Nanna/Suen, Alamu@ occurs separately from his hosting circle here, it is worth noting that in numerous instances, the LAL3 sign is frequently confused with the rare sign TAgunû (_asi@), such as in TCL 15 10: 263, the OB Nippur curricular PN list with the incipit Ur-ki, as preserved in the collective source CBS 6142 (SLT 112) + CBS 7989 (PBS 11/3 75) + UM 29-16-252 (+) UM 29-16-221 (+) UM 29-16-224 41 ii 6, unilingual Proto-Izi 1 26 ((MSL 13 17: LAL3 is clear in one source (CBS 6490) and probably in another (CBS 2143+), as well as in the lone pertinent manuscript of bilingual Proto-Izi (N 1567 12’: [d _]a2-@i@ = LAL3 = e-\u3-tum (MSL 13 36: read there as TAgunû)). 199) For dPa4-nun-na, a vizier of Utu, see, for example, Michalowski 1990: 2 and Krebernik 2004: 327. This divine name also functions as an alternate form of dBu-ne-ne: note the juxtaposition in contexts such as the Weidner godlist (Weidner 1924-25: 12 (the two names are only juxtaposed in the Assur exemplar VAT 10173 (KAV 63) i 32), Cavigneaux 1981: 84, lines 32-33 and van der Meer 1938: 57), and the “Incantation to Utu” 82-83, according to the %attu@a source KUB 4.11: see now Schwemer 2007: 3. 199a) dMa-lik occurs here only in SLT 124 (source NI-2). This divine name is first known from ED Ebla (for a possible occurrence in the Tell Ab° ©~l~bµkh godlists, see Krebernik 1998: 269 and n. 407) and occurs in the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 216, line 81, Emar 6/4 539 50’, Weidner 1924-25: 17, Cavigneaux 1981: 88-89, line 89, van der Meer 1938: 58). See the discussion of Müller 1995: 1005f., Pomponio and Xella 1997: 41 These joins were made by Professor Niek Veldhuis. Nippur Godlist 71 458-465, Sharlach 2002: 92 and n. 6, and Such-Gutierrez 2003: 342-343. 200) Prechel (1999) equates this entry with the d$ag4-gar/dSaggar2(%AR) of An = Anum 4 281-282 (note also the sag-gar = d%AR = [...] of the Late Babylonian godlist with pronunciation and explanatory columns BM 46559 (CT 29 44-47) ii 7’ and possibly the [d]%AR which occurs in the Weidner godlist, for which see the comments of Richter 2004: 159). $/Sag(g)ar is widely attested in the periphery at Ebla, Mari, Kultepe, Tell Rimah, $e#na, %attu@a, Ugarit, and Emar, reflecting either a moon god or the deification of a mountain, perhaps the ¢ebel Sin¡ar. See, most recently, Rutz 2007: 606 with further bibliography n. 77 and for discussion of this deity in conjunction with na4sag-gar, “griding stone,” see Civil 2006: 134. 201) In his discussion of the deity dId2 and his circle, as evidenced in An = Anum 2 276f., Woods suggests that this deity, who is identified as the son of dId2, is to be understood as d$ag4-zig3, thus involving the expression of sexual arousal @ag4---zig3, which is known from only a few contexts outside of its use to designate potency incantations and rituals. Decisive evidence that the divine name contains the verb zig3 is, however, lacking to my knowledge. 202) Gilgame@ occurs widely in godlists as a divine name, including the ED $uruppak godlist VAT 12684 (SF 1) xii 7 (Krebernik 1986: 182), OB Isin godlist (source A vii 13, source B viii 17), and the non-standard OB Nippur godlist N 1012+ iv 2’ (see below). For a unified discussion of deified Gilgamesh in godlists and other contexts, see George 2003: 119f. The emendation of SLT 116 (source NIIR-10) follows George 2003: 120 and n. 120. 205) Kalkal is described as the doorkeeper of the Ekur or of Enlil in An = Anum 1 281, the MB An = Anum exemplar CBS 331 reverse i 34, as well as the unidentified literary text on the obverse of the type II tablet HS 1434 (TMH 4 47), line 16 (for this text, see, for example, the discussion of Civil 1969: 150). This divine name is also attested at OB Nippur in an unpublished Emesal literary fragment that mentions Enlil-bani, N 6263 ii’ 4. 1’) The divine name featured here is properly Kazba, the daughter of Nanaya (for this goddess, see, for example, the discussion of Goodnick Westenholz 1997: 70), as it is spelled correctly elsewhere, for example, in the OB Isin godlist (source B vi 6’) and the fragmentary godlist VAT 17169 (VAT 24 19) ii’ 5’. This entry, however, contains the hypocoristic suffix -°ya/-µya/-~ya (for this suffix, see, for example, the discussion of Hess 1993: 202, with further bibliography). The inclusion of the hypocoristic suffix here was perhaps 72 Chapter 1 prompted by an assumed analogy with the divine name Nanaya, or perhaps a conflation with the hypocoristic personal name Ka-az-ba-a-a that is known from the present context in the OB Nippur scribal curriculum in the curricular personal name list dInana-te@2, line 202. In exemplars of the Weidner godlist, the correct spelling, the hypocoristic form, and a geminated form /Kazbaba/ all occur (OB exemplar VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) vii 12, Nougayrol et al 1968: 222-223 line 212, Arnaud 1982: 206, Emar 6/4 534 108’, Cavigneaux 1981: 98, line 223)). 2’) The sign as it occurs on SLT 122 (source NI-1) features a definite space between the two opposing horizontals that the sign is comprised of, a clear reflex of the original TIL/IDIM sign, which is sporadically differentiated from BAD in OB contexts, for which see the discussion of Steinkeller 1981: 20-21, 23. Note further that the scribe appears to have corrected this sign from an original BAD. Although later tradition offers other potential vocalizations of dIDIM (see, for example, An = Anum 3 268-271), including the alternate orthography for d%ani@ and, exceptionally to An = Anum, his pervasive counterpart d$ullat, the orthographies dLUGAL and dPA.(PA) would be more likely to be encountered in an OB orthographic environment. This entry, therefore, is most likely to reflect the dIDIM = Na-ag-bu-um of Proto-Diri Nippur 10 21 (MSL 15 34). Although it is not entirely certain in every instance whether this column strictly involves translation or pronunciation, an Akkadian-based vocalization is evidenced in later contexts (An = Anum 2 168, 3 268 and note also the nag-bu = d[...] = [...] in the Late Babylonian godlist with pronunciation and explanatory columns BM 46559 (CT 29 44-47) ii 29’). This divine name is generally understood to be a variant name of Enki/Ea: see, for example, Krebernik 1998: 77, Galter 1998: 78. 3’) The spelling SU-KUR-RU-UM in NI-1, which is the lone manuscript that preserves this line, demonstrates that this archaizing Sumerian orthography of the deity Sud was misunderstood here to be an Akkadian noun. 4’) dU-GUR, who was the vizier of Nergal in OB contexts, becomes synonymous with Nergal in later periods: see, for example, the remarks of Richter 2004: 128-129 n. 567 and Wiggerman 1999: 216. For a proposed etymology of the divine name based on the Akkadian translation nam&aru(m), “sword” in the late context of Syllabary B vocabulary, see Lambert 1973: 356 and Wiggerman 1999: 220. The spelling dU-GU2 which occurs in the OB Babylon exemplar of the Weidner godlist VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) vii 5 would seem to indicate that the grapheme GUR was indeed read as /gur/. Nippur Godlist 73 dU-GUR is also featured in a triplet of theophorics which occur in the second half of the companion list to the OB Nippur curricular personal name list dInana-te@2. 5’) The vocalization of this divine name follows the entry Il3-²a³-ba4 = i-la-ba of Proto-Diri Nippur 11 1 (MSL 15 36). See Roberts 1972: 148-149, Lambert 1981, and Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 318 and n. 1340. 6’) For Kur-ba in personal names, where it is understood as an imperative of kar~bu(m), “to bless,” see Hilgert 2002: 107. 7’) The divine name is clearly dGALAM, not dGU2, as read by Richter (2004: 310). This divine name is obscure, but compare perhaps the entry d²GALAM³ of TCL 15 10: 127. 9’) This divine name is clearly dAB2.$AG4-nun-na in NI-1, the lone source that preserves it, not dAB2-E2-nun-na, as read by Richter (2004: 310). I am not aware of the occurrence of this divine name elsewhere. 10’) The meaning of the graphemes E$ and IB in this obscure divine name eludes me. 13’) For dNin-ildum3, who occurs most prominently in OB contexts as the deity who is made to destroy tree growth in the curse section of Curse of Agade, lines 235-236, see, for example, Selz 1997: 177 and 194 n. 126. An -m Auslaut is sporadically observed in conjunction with this divine name (occurring, for example, in four of the seven manuscripts in Cooper’s score for Curse of Agade 236 (Cooper 1983: 210): an Auslaut also occurs in N 3473 (Cooper 1983: pl. 24) + N 6273 + the unpublished fragment N 6837 (all joins made by the author)). The divergent sign offered by SLT 125 (source NIIR-10) is not fully preserved. To hazard a guess, it is possible that it is the AM sign, which, with the value ildag3, may be understood to be a phonetic error for /ildum/. 14’) This entry contains one of many variant orthographies of the Diri compound /girim/. See the extensive compilation of orthographies of this divine name by Krebernik 1984: 233-242, who cites the current current context on page 236. The reading of the worn and diminutive second sign in SLT 125 (source NIIR-10) follows Krebernik. For the particular orthography TAR.A.DU, which occurs in SLT 122 (source NI-1), compare especially the contexts which appear to build on the potential implicit etymology sila-agub, “standing in the street”: dNin-sila-mu-un-DU of the OB Susa lentil 74 Chapter 1 MDP 27 139: line 1 (see Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2001: 489) and the explicit etymology dGa@an a-li-kat su-le-e that occurs for dNin-girim3 in the late explanatory godlist K 1451 (CT 25 49) rev. 1 (discussed by Krebernik 1984: 242, Krebernik 2000: 364). 15’-16’) These deified weapons of Ninurta co-occur in numerous contexts, such as Angim 129-130 and the literary fragment N 1424 ii’(?) 3’-4’ (for a discussion of this fragment, see van Dijk 1983: 19, who provisionally includes it among the sources for Lugal-e). For discussion, see, for example, Selz 1997: 174. 17’) This divine name is also represented via the glossed spelling dNam2namma# in TCL 15 10: 396, and thus we appear to have an archaism of the UDGAL-NUN equivalent of nam, which occurs in OB manuscripts of the Ke@ Temple Hymn, for example, 42 as well as a few other select contexts. 19’) The interpretation of this divine name, which is spelled dEn-lu 43-un-ga in SLT 122 (source NI-1) and is presumably misunderstood by the author of SLT 125 (source NIIR-10) as dEn-lil2, is not entirely uncertain. Compare perhaps the dEn-PA which is given as a variant name of Nabû in An = Anu @a ameli 118, as the PA sign has a reading of /lu_/: note especially the reading lu-un-ga that is disclosed in Ea 1 301 (MSL 14 192). However, the lexeme lu_2, with its general meaning of “sin, sacrilege” does not seem readily applicable to divine names. It is also possible that lu-un-ga is a syllabic writing for (lu2)lunga ($IMxA), “brewmaster,” although I am aware of no other potential evidence for such a divine name. 20’) This divine name is also rendered with the plene spelling dU4-ug: see, for example, the OB Babylon exemplar of the Weidner godlist VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) vii 6 and the unprovenienced OB exemplar VAT 7759 vii 9 (Weidner 1923: 5, 79), as well as the MB version from Ugarit (Nougayrol et al 1968: 222, line 205, Arnaud 1982: 206). 21’) This divine name occurs in the Zami hymns, line 79 (Biggs 1974: 48) and the Pre-Sargonic Riddles from Laga@ 2H-T 25 iv 8’ (Biggs 1973: 29). It also occurs in godlists from ED $uruppak (VAT 12684 (SF 1) vii 16 (Krebernik 1986: 174)) and Tell Abu ©al~bµkh (AbS-T 200 + 207 (OIP 99 82) obv. iii 2, AbS-T 208 (OIP 99 86) ii 6’ (Mander 1986: 6, 16)), as well as the 42 I thank Professor Paul Delnero for the latter reference. The sign preserves the diagnostic internal perpendicular cross of the UDU sign, which typically precludes a reading of LIL2, as could be anticipated from the presence of this sign in the variant. 43 Nippur Godlist 75 Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 214, line 45, Weidner 1924-25: 13, Cavigneaux 1981: 84-85, line 47). For discussion and references, see Biggs 1973: 32, Krebernik 1993: 95, Lambert 1993: 67, George 1992: 322-323, Carroué 1993: 24, and Selz 1997: 192 n. 99. Krebernik reads the plene orthography of this divine name as dMessanga-Unugki. Lambert, however, on the strength of the later variant $IDxA and the gloss of the divine name in the pronunciation column of the Assur exemplar of the Weidner godlist KAV 46 13, which he reads [p]i?-sa-an-gunu-qu, understands the divine name as dPisan2/xsa_/sanga-Unugki. Lambert’s argument that ME and PI/$I can be definitively distinguished from each other without recourse to the beginning of the sign (although PI was clearly copied, apparently in error(?), by Schroeder) is not clear to me. Given that an apparent gloss me-[...] is available for the divine name as it occurs in An = Anum 5 20 in the major Middle Assyrian manuscript YBC 2401 and earlier renderings of the divine name contain initial MES, not $ID, such a reading is not convincing. Given the sporadic elision of the second sign, as is the case for the lone preserved source for this line, SLT 122 (source NI-1), Lambert’s interpretation of the second sign as a gloss of the first is not entirely implausible. However, earlier attestations of the divine name do not include an inscribed $IDxA sign, which strongly suggests that this later variant orthography involves some kind of secondary etymology (note, for example, that the $IDxA sign is also given the obviously secondary value /umbisag/ according to a gloss in An = Anum 1 158 and 6 128). The sign $IDxA is a notably rare sign, but when it does occur in OB contexts, the inscribed element is invariably included (see, for example, the occurrence across several manuscripts in Curse of Agade 120 (Cooper 1983: 146)). Given the typical plene orthography, the interpretation of Krebernik, noting, as further confirmation, the profession mes-sanga that occurs in ED contexts, 44 is preferable over that of Lambert. It may be that the second sign was sporadically elided according to a perceived an error of dittography. Although the MES and SANGA are, strictly speaking, distinct in the Old Babylonian period, as is best demonstrated by the layout of Proto-Ea 187 and 552-562 (MSL 14 39, 54), they are occasionally graphically similar, primarily due to a diminishing tendency to write out the diagnostic interior horizontals of the SANGA sign (compare the examples of both signs collected by Mittermayer 2006: 44, 83-84, sign numbers 112A and 212, and note especially what she classifies as the “Sonderformen” of sign 212, which is essentially the MES sign). If this interpretation is correct, it suggests that the di44 Note as well that several other divine names in SF 1 are comprised of the formula occupation + Unug (SF 1 viii 5-7, 9) (Krebernik 1986: 175), while, in contrast, there is no good precedent for divine names consisting of the type inanimate object + GN. 76 Chapter 1 vine name was already being misunderstood by the Old Babylonian period. 4”) dEl-le-tum also occurs in the OB Isin godlist (source B vii 3’). 6”) This divine name may be understood to consist of Akkadian simtu(m), a noun which has a complex range of meanings, in the construct state. It may be reflex of its occurence elsewhere with various divine names in contextual Akkadian or personal names, including the companion text to the OB Nippur curricular personal name list dInana-te@2, which features the triad of names DI$Si-ma-at-dEn-lil2, DI$Si-ma-at-dSuen, and dSi-ma-at-dNu-nu. Its basis for inclusion in a godlist is not entirely apparent, but in some contexts, the Akkadian term, at least in later periods, seems to describe the appropriate regalia that accompanied a divine statue, which may have acquired a semblance of divine status. The occurrence of the construct form of the noun in the onomasticon is encountered with other entries near the end of the text: see the above comments in the introduction to the edition. In light of the entry that follows it, this entry may be an attempt to render d$i2-mu-ut, an Elamite god, for whom see, for example, Lambert 2007: 170. 7’’) Van Dijk (1985: 44) reads this entry as ku-uk and identifies it as an Elamite god. 9”) For Kakka, a messenger god attested from Old Akkadian contexts onwards who is the vizier of An in SB Nergal and Ere@kigal and of An@ar in Enuma Eli@, tablet 3, and is attested twice with the variant orthographies dKak-ka3 and dKa3-ka3 in the Genouillac list (TCL 15 10: 59, 379), as well as the OB Isin godlist (source A viii 4-5, source B ix 13-14), see Edzard 19761980 and Steinkeller 1982. As is the case here, the divine name marker is often unexpressed in theophorics featuring this divine name, as in the OB Nippur curricular personal name list dInana-te@2, lines 5” and 15”. 12”) The lack of careful differentiation between a slanted horizontal and a straight horizontal by the scribe of SLT 122 (source NI-1) leaves open the possibility that this entry is to be read Ku-ku instead. 14”) (d)Bibra, which probably reflects a deified rhyton as opposed to a waterfowl, given the omission of the bird determinative mu@en, is also known from Proto-Diri Nippur 10 35 (MSL 15 34) and An = Anum 6 279. Note the remarks of Veldhuis 2004: 101, 218. 17”) It is possible that the placement of the deified Mt. Ebi# at the end of the Nippur Godlist 77 list was intended to somehow reflect its subjugation by Inana in Inana and Ebi#. dEbi#ki also occurs in the Weidner godlist (OB Babylon exemplar VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) iii 5’, OB exemplar VAT 7759 iii 23’ (Weidner 1924-25: 4), EA 374 side A ii’ 3’ (Izreel 1997: 85, according to the emendation of van Soldt 1999: 5), Weidner 1924-25: 18, Cavigneaux 1981: 88-89, line 98: see also the fragment BM 134863 published by Lambert 2003-2004: 396). Chapter 2 Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 2.1 An Old Babylonian Nippur Duplicate of the Genouillac Godlist? 45 N 7764 + N 7783 (plate XIX) is a small surface fragment which, in all probability, came from a large type I source. From what is preserved, it closely echoes the content and sequence of the otherwise unique Genouillac godlist AO 5376 (TCL 15 10), the longest extant godlist from the Old Babylonian period, which is commonly understood to be a direct ancestor of the series An = Anum, lines 276-280 and 349-356. Assuming that the overall content was highly similar to TCL 15 10, the entry distribution on the fragment suggests that the source included a larger number of entries per column (approximately 75) than TCL 15 10, which averages less than 50 lines a column. This would be a rather large number of entries to occur in a column, but not an entirely infeasible one, given the small hand. To judge from the paleography and layout of the text, this fragment is Old Babylonian in date. Given the existence of this duplicate and the paleography and ductus of TCL 15 10, it is certainly a possibility that TCL 15 10 came from Nippur as well.46 Unlike the Nippur godlist, however, this list cannot at present be considered to have had any role in the OB Nippur scribal curriculum. i’ (beginning of column missing) 1’) [d]²Zil2³-²zil2³? 2’) [d]In-nin-sag9-ga 3’) [d]Mu6-a-ti 4’) [dLugal]-ban3-da 5’) [dNin]-sun2 (remainder of column missing) 45 I would like to thank Professor Matthew Rutz for identifying this piece and allowing me to publish it here. 46 Richter (1999: 111) notes from the content of the godlist that a wide range of deities from centers throughout Mesopotamia are mentioned in the list (“Vielleicht handelt es sich um ein Produkt der Wissenschaft, das auf “Überregionalität” ausgelegt is oder einem anderen, nicht klar erkennbaren Zweck diente”). See also Richter 2004: 13f. 80 Chapter 2 ii’ (beginning of column missing) 1’) d[...] 2’) dU4-s[a#ar-ra] 3’) d²Ku3³-[mul-mul] 4’) dMU[$.IR.%A.BALA÷] 5’) dGALAM-[%AR] 6’) d²I@8³-[tar2] 7’) dIgi-s[ar-ra-ab] 8’) dL[i9?-si4] (remainder of column missing) Commentary i’ 1’) Both this entry and the corresponding entry in TCL 15 10 are worn, but the traces also support the reading dZil2-zil2 which suggested by Lambert (1966: 44-45) for the entry in TCL 15 10: see also Goodnick Westenholz 1997: 60 and n. 23, Ambos 2003: 232 n. 2, and Richter 2004: 306. 3’) dMu6-a-ti, which is included in the circle of Inana/Nanaya here (see, for example, the comments of Litke 1998: 162-163, Richter 2004: 306), also occurs in personal names: note especially its occurrence in the unpublished OB Nippur list of personal name elements UM 29-13-8 rev. ii 8’. ii’ 3’) For the divine name dKu3-mul-mul, see Wiggerman 1997: 42 n. 84. Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 81 2.2 An Old Babylonian Nippur Exemplar of the Weidner Godlist? 47 To date, exemplars of the Weidner godlist, which is attested as early as the Ur III period, have been identified from Nippur only in MB48 and LB contexts. 49 One Nippur exemplar of this text, however, may antedate these periods. The paleography and ductus of N 4474 + N 7553 (plate XIX), a fragment of the upper edge of a type I source, appears to be Old Babylonian in nature, although the sign sample is limited. 50 The possibility that a later scribe used archaizing sign forms is also not to be entirely excluded. If this fragment is indeed Old Babylonian in date, this piece would suggest that the Weidner godlist was sporadically used at OB Nippur, although not demonstrably in a curricular context, a context that it occurs in pervasively in later periods. Obverse i’ 1) entry not preserved 2) [dDam-gal]-nun-na 3) [dDam-k]i-an-na 4) [d]Ara 5) [d]Id2 6) [d]²Ki³-[sag9?]-²ga³? (remainder of column missing) ii’ 1) d[...] 2) dLugal-ir9-[ra] Join made by author. For the Weidner godlist in MB extracts from Nippur, see the examples collected by Veldhuis 2000: 79-80, and note as well N 3685, a complete type III extract in a MB hand which quotes four entries from near the beginning of the list: 1) d²Sa³²dara3³-²nun³-[na], 2) dGibil6, 3) dLi9-si4, 4) dNin-sikil-la. 49 Extracts of the Weidner godlist in the University Museum which occur in NB curricular texts include CBS 2157 (SLT 8) (reverse Ur5-ra 1), UM 29-16-599 (reverse Ur5-ra 1), UM 29-16-636 + N 1538 (join made by author: reverse Ur5-ra 1), N 1792 (reverse Ur5-ra 1), N 2229 (reverse entries from Ur5-ra 21), N 2459 (one side only preserved), and N 5463 (reverse(?) unidentified). See Peterson 2008. 50 Note especially the form of the %AR sign on the reverse, which is a good OB sign form. This form can be distinctly contrasted to a typical MB sign form, where the inscribed contents are not rigidly contained within the %I container sign. 47 48 82 Chapter 2 3) dMes-lam-ta-UD.[DU-a] 4) dLugal-_i@@[inig] 5) d[Lugal]_i@asal2(²A³.T[U.GABA.LI$]) (remainder of column missing) Reverse iii’ (beginning of column missing) 1’) d²Nin³-[...] 2’) dNin-[...] 3’) dNin-#ur-[sa_] 4’) dNin-[...] Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 83 2.3 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist UM 29-15-90 UM 29-15-90 (plate XX), which is written in a clear Old Babylonian hand, is the left edge of the reverse surface of either a type I or a type II text. Unfortunately, the obverse is not preserved, precluding the decisive identification of the tablet type. A concluding double line without a doxology, which typically marks the end of a text at Old Babylonian Nippur, is preserved on this piece. This may indicate that this tablet was an extract. Many of the entries preserved on this fragment are what are generally understood to be primeval deities. These deities are most frequently enumerated in the incantation tradition. Enumerations of sequences of primeval deities typically occur at or near the beginning of OB godlists, as in TCL 15 10 as well as the Isin and Mari godlists, although, as noted above, such a sequence is conspicuously missing from the Nippur godlist. Most notable is the presence of summarizing entries, including the use of patronymic designations and the summary [ama a]-a dEn-lil2-[la2-ke4]-ne, “the parents of Enlil,” which echoes An = Anum 1 138, 51 the late exorcistic texts referred to as “Gattung,”52 and elsewhere. 53 These features implicate the godlist that is reflected by this fragment, along with the Genouillac godlist and its apparent duplicate fragment from Nippur that was discussed immediately above, as a descendant of An = Anum, which is organized more exclusively according to a theological basis than other known godlists. Also preserved on this fragment are two sections that are totaled and 51 A similar note appears to have occurred in the unprovenienced MB exemplar of An = Anum 1 CBS 331 obverse ii 11’-12’, but it is highly worn and cannot be decisively read. 52 See, for example, Gattung I (VAT 13662 + VAT 13833) line 2 (Ebeling 1953: 361). 53 Note as well the gargled occurrence dEn-ama-a-a-dEn-lil -la dNin-ama-a-a-dEn2 2 lil2-la2 of the godlist from Mari (Lambert 1985: 182), where the filiation summary is understood as another gendered divine pair. As Cavigneaux and al-Rawi note, a gargled occurrence of this epithet is also attested in the second Namtar incantation on the Meturan incantation collective H 84 (source MB) column v 16 (Cavigneaux and al-Rawi 1995: 197). Further literary attestations occur in Curse of Agade 207, as well as the Nippur version of Death of Gilgame@ (UM 29-16-86 (source N3) line 18) (see Cavigneaux and al-Rawi 2000: 23, Katz 2003: 366). The epithet also is reflected in the er@ema collective BM 96927, line 5 (Kramer 1990: 254, 261 with further partial duplicates), where the epithet is reinterpreted as a-a dMu-ul-lil2-la2 ama dNin-lil2-la2 (see Kramer 1990: 254, 261). Note as well the [...] dEn-ki dNin-ki a-a ama-²ke4³?-n[e?] which occurs in the fragmentary literary text Ni 4408 (ISET 1 57 (pg. 115)) obv. 4’, 12’, which may reflect a variant expression of the epithet. For discussion of this epithet and the deities reflected by it, see, for example, van Dijk 1964-65, Civil 1974/77 66, Farber 1989: 234, Cavigneaux and al-Rawi 1995: 205, and Lambert 2007: 168-169. 84 Chapter 2 described as children of a deity. Column i’ 5-10 appears to reflect the five children of Sira@/Ninkasi that are known from the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 1 340-345 and note also the unpublished MB exemplar CBS 331 reverse ii 24-28). In column i’ line four, the verb (u)tud, “to bear,” is used, as if to emphasize blood lineage, perhaps in order to contrast them with deities whose genealogy was the byproduct of recent, secondary syncretism. i’ 1) d!Nin-x[ ...] 2) dTUR-²x³-[...] 3) limmu dumu d[...] 4) u3-tud-[de3?] 5) dMen-[...] 6) dMen-[...] 7) dMen-[...] 8) dKi-²tu@³-[giri17-zal?] 9) dNu-s[ilig?-ga?] 10) ia3 dumu d[Nin-ka-si?] 11) ²d³[...] 12) d[...] 13) dE[n-ki?] 14) dNin-[ki?] 15) dEn-[ul?] 16) [d]²Nin³-[ul?] (remainder of column missing) ii’ 1) [dEn-da]-@urim-ma 2) [dNin-da]-@urim-ma 3) [dEn]-an-na 4) [dNin]-an-na 5) [dEn-du6]-kug-ga 6) [dNin-du6]-kug-ga 7) [dEn-u]4-til3-la 8) [dNin-u]4-til3-la 9) [dEn]-me-@ar2-ra 10) [dNin]-me-@ar2-ra 11) [ama a]-a dEn-lil2-la2-ke4-/ne (double line) Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 85 2.4 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist N 1012 + N 3316A + N 338754 N 1012 + N 3316A + N 3387 (plate XXI-XXIV), which seems to represent roughly half of a tablet, appears to be a godlist with unique content. This apparent godlist is presented on an imgida, a tablet type that was usually reserved for literary or economic texts at OB Nippur.55 Nevertheless, the preserved content strongly suggests that it is a godlist. It is potentially notable that the entry AN.A$.AN, which possesses a Diri value of tilla2, “market place,” but which also constituted a deity in PreSargonic Lagash, 56 occurs in the list. If the entry is a non-deity, this may reflect some decree of organization according to mere possession of the initial grapheme AN, which also conditions the juxtaposition of divine names and other lexemes in Proto-Diri and MB and SB Diri, tablet 7. The basis for the organization of this list is not readily apparent in many instances, although the juxtaposition of Dumuzi with Ge@tinana and Nisaba with Haia and A@nan, for example, exhibits a partial thematic basis. Initial homophony and possession of a common sign also conditions the juxtaposition of entries in the preserved text. The scribe appears to have marked every tenth entry with a Winkelhaken on the left edge or, for the columns that begin in the center of the tablet, between the determinative and the entry. These notations occur in i 13’ and iv 10, and, with less certainty, in ii 8’, ii 18’, and iii 12. These totals may then have been sub-totaled for the obverse at the bottom of the tablet with the notation [number] ina panîm,57 and totaled at the end of the tablet, although the latter notation is not preserved. Joins made by author. Note, however, sporadic examples of lexical texts that are presented on an imgida such as N 1567, an exemplar of the bilingual version of Proto-Izi I bilingual (MSL 13 35: source B). 56 See Selz 1995: 282. 57 For a recent discussion of the Akkadian term panû(m) in conjunction with tablets with the meaning of “front” or “surface,” as contained within the Middle Babylonian Nippur collection of solar omens copied from a writing board from Susa UM 29-15393, see Rutz 2006: 64, 89. 54 55 86 Obverse i (beginning of column missing) 1’) [d...]-²x³-²x³ 2’) [d...]-²x³-²x³ 3’) [d]²Inana³ ²x³-²x³-²x³ 4’) dInana Zabalamk[i] 5’) dMa2-an-na 6’) dNun-gal 7’) dDim3-me 8’) dKa-az-ba-a-a 9’) d$ag4-ZI 10’) dME-ki-tu@ 11’) d$ul-²pa³-e3 12’) dDam-gal-nun-na 13’) dDumu-zi 14’) d÷e@tin-an-na 15’) dNisaba 16’) d%a-²ia3³ 17’) dA@nan($E-²TIR³) 18’) [d]Dim3? 19’) [d...]-x 20’) [d...]-x ii (beginning of column missing) 1’) d[...] 2’) d[...] 3’) [d]²x³-mu-²x³ 4’) (entry erased: dEn-x?) 5’) [d]$AG4-TAR 6’) dU2-sa_-ni_2-ar3 7’) dKASKAL.KUR 8’) dKASKAL.KUR 9’) [d...]-²x³ 10’) [d...]-²x³ 11’) dEn-nu-gi4 12’) dMa@-tab-ba 13’) dAl-la2 Chapter 2 Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 14’) dU2-tu-uk-ki 15’) dNita# 16’) dPa-bil-sa_ 17’) dLu2-sa_-_a2 18’) dSANGA bottom [...]x i-na pa-ni-im Reverse iii 1) dAsal-lu2-#i 2) d²Nin³-di-da 3) [d]Alamu@(LAL3) 4) [d]Lu2-lal3 5) [d]Kulla 6) [d]Imin-bi 7) d A@-ra-²tum³ Imin! 8) dNin-ka-²si³ 9) dEbi# 10) ²d³Id2-lu2-(erasure of RU?)-ru-gu2 11) dBi2-zil-la2 12) d$AG4-ma-at 13) d©ar-pa-ni-²tum³ 14) dSirsirx(BU-B[U-E ]) 15) d[...] 16) d[...] (remainder of column missing) iv 1) [d...] 2) [d...] 3) [d...] 4) d²LI³-[x] 5) dGilgam[e@2](÷I$.GIBIL.GA.[MES]) 6) dBe-li2-²gu2³-²edin³-²x³ 7) dBe-li2-i-la-ti 8) d%a-li2-a-²lum³ 9) dE2-ta-²mu³ 87 88 Chapter 2 10) dI@-#a-ra 11) dI-@ar-ma-ti-@u11 12) dI-@ar-ne2-ri-ta-@u11 13) dI-@ar-ki-di-is2-²@u11³ 14) dUra@ 15) d²Ta³-am-kar-tum 16) Tilla2 17) [dx]-NI-NI 18) [d ]-NI-²x³ 19) [d ]-a-²x³ (remainder of column missing) Commentary i 3’-4’) These entries probably constitute the final entries of a section featuring Inana in conjunction with various toponyms, a section which is known from several extant godlists. 5’) The ma2 An-na, which plays a prominent role in the myth Inana and Enki, is known from the Ur III Drehem accounts and at Uruk, where it is associated with Nanaya and a festival in occurring in the tenth month. See, for example, the discussions of Klein 1990: 32, Sallaberger 1993: 216-219, Cohen 1993: 215-220, and Goodnick Westenholz 1997: 62-63. The ma2 Anna occurs in OB contexts as well, for example, in the Isin texts NBC 8470 (BIN 9 327) and NBC 8436 (BIN 9 387), dating from I@bi-Erra years 14 and 12, the Larsa text L 74.107, dating from the 40th year of %ammurabi (Arnaud 1976: 67 no. 122), as well as the Nippur offering lists UM 29-13-357 + N 1911 (+) N 915 + unn. (+) unn. reverse vi’ 12’ (Heimerdinger 1976: 228), UM 29-13-398 obverse 5, where it receives 1 sheep in conjunction with the sizkur of An in the Ekur temple complex, presumably reflecting a primary association with An in this cultic context, CBS 12555 (unpublished) obverse 3, and the OB offering list CBS 2163 i 8’ (see Sigrist 1980: 105 n. 4). The ma2 An-na may also constitute one of the entries consisting of ma2-[...], which occurs in N 1834 reverse 14’-16’, an unpublished fragment of an offering list dating from Sîn-Iqî@am 3 month 7. Note especially CBS 13916, an unpublished text dating from the 26th year of Rµm-Sîn, month 4, day 2, which appears to describe a festival in Nippur in honor of the approach of the ma2 An-na, thus representing an elusive documentation of its cultic voyage. Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 89 8’) For comments regarding the erroneous presentation of this divine name as an Akkadian hypocoristic, see above, commentary to NGL 1’. 10’) I am not aware of other occurrences of this divine name, which is perhaps to be analyzed as “i@ib priest of the (god’s) dwelling.” 15’) Note that the NAGA sign is clearly separated into the components SUM.P[AP], perhaps reflecting the scribe’s understanding of the NAGA sign as a Diri compound. 18’) The reading DIM3 seems reasonable for the end of this entry. Although this sign differs from the DIM3 sign as it is unequivocally encountered immediately above in line 7’, it appears to possess an external Winkelhaken above the LU2 base sign, which could be understood to be diagnostic of the DIM3 sign. ii 6’) This divine name is otherwise unknown to me. U2 sa_ ni_2-ar3 could be literally understood as “top quality milled food.” However, the basis of such an entity for a divinity would be somewhat obscure, although it could reflect a deified offering. 7’-8’) The orthography dKASKAL.KUR has several potential vocalizations, including the deified Bali# river, as is documented most explicitly in An = Anum 6 250-256. Note as well the threefold occurrences of this entry in Proto-Diri 10 23-25, with the vocalizations /alba/, /al#a/, and /bali#a/ (MSL 15 34), as well as the repetitions of this entry in an unplaced portion of the OB Isin godlist (fragment I 5’-7’), the godlist extract on the obverse of the type II OB Uruk text W 16603ay (AUWE 23 154), lines 2-4, the Weidner godlist (Nougayrol et al 1968: 222, lines 222-225, Weidner 1924-25: 80, Cavigneaux 1981: 98-99, lines 233-238, UM 29-16-636, obverse lines 2’6’), and the Late Babylonian godlist with pronunciation and explanatory columns BM 46559 (CT 29 44-47) i 24’-29’. See, for example, the discussion of Cavigneaux 1996: 78, Richter 2004: 383-384. 12’) dMa@-tab-ba constitutes the pair of Lugalerra and Meslamtaea, as is explicitly noted in An = Anum 5 306. 17’) A deified lu2-sa_ (Akkadian @a r|@i(m)), “eunuch,” presumably a reflex of the mortal office in the divine pantheon, is otherwise unknown to me, aside from the late occurrence of an Akkadian goddess dB|ltu-@a-r|@ in con- 90 Chapter 2 junction with I@tar and Nanaya in the akµtu ritual (see, for example, the discussion of Goodnick Westenholz 1997: 77). For a recent detailed discussion of the mortal office @a r|@i(m), see Jakob 2003: 82-92. The placement of the divine name here may be influenced by its mutual possession of the grapheme SA÷ with the preceding entry, dPa-bil-sa_. 18’) The reading of this divine name is uncertain. It may be dSanga due to the phonetic similarity that it would possess with the preceding entry, dLu2sa_-_a2. This divine name also occurs with the same spelling in the godlist extract on the obverse of the type II OB Uruk text W 16603ay (AUWE 23 154), line 1, the Old Babylonian(?) godlist fragment VAT 8084 obv. 4’ (Weidner 1924-25: 6), and the Weidner godlist (OB Babylon exemplar VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) iii 6’, Cavigneaux 1981: 88-89, line 99). 58 The OB Nippur curricular list with the incipits dInana-te@2 and Ur-ki also contains the entries $u-dSANGA (line 53) and Ur-dSANGA, respectively. iii 2) This divine name is obscure. Compare perhaps the dNin-²DI³ which occurs in the godlist fragment VAT 17169 (VAS 24 19) ii’ 4’, where it is followed by Kazba, the daughter of Nanaya, and also perhaps the dNin-DI found in the ED Fara godlist VAT 12684 (SF 1) i 20 (Krebernik 1986: 168). 7) The final sign in this entry appears to be A$3, but a bottom vertical may have been written over in the following line, which would yield a more plausible IMIN. The occurrence of the divine name dA@-ra-tum in conjunction with the number seven is unique to my knowledge, and may constitute a gloss here, i.e., d A@-ra-tumImin. Note that the divine name dA@-ra-tum also follows dImin-bi in NGL 192-193, perhaps reflecting a thematic juxtaposition in this context. 11) The interpretation of this divine name has two possibilities. It could reflect the dBi2-zil-la2 that is associated with Nanaya by Lambert (1966: 44-45) and Goodnick Westenholz (1997: 59), the latter of whom understands the divine name as a nominalized finite form of the Sumerian verb zil2, “to be/ make good.” It could also reflect the similarly spelled divine name that reflects a functionary of Nungal in Nungal Hymn 94 and is generally held to be 58 See also van Soldt 1999: 5, who reads dMes? for the potential corresponding entry in the MB Amarna Weidner godlist fragment EA 374 side A ii’ 4, but this reading is difficult to reconcile with the entry, which appears to be two separate signs, which is also the case for the entry in the fragment BM 134863, perhaps to be read dKAR2KAR2 (Lambert 2003-2004: 396)). Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 91 entirely separate from the secondary name of Inana/Nanaya. See the discussion of Civil 1993: 94 and Attinger 2003: 33 and note further the occurrence of this deity in the literary fragment CBS 11780 + CBS 11793 i’(?) 7’, an unpublished and unidentified literary fragment which seems to record a first person eyewitness testimony of the netherworld. 12) This divine name is obscure. Compare perhaps the divine name d$ag4ma-at featured in the difficult context of the amuletic tablet NBC 3830 (YOS 11 66) line 22.59 14) Compare the spelling of this divine name with the apparent graphic sequence BU.BU instead of, for example, the superimposed configuration BU:BU as it occurs, for example, in Proto-Diri Nippur 11 8 (MSL 15 36). iv 6) This orthography represents a hybridized Sumero-Akkadian spelling of dBelit-&eri, the Akkadian counterpart to ÷e@tinana (see, for example, the remarks of Krebernik 2003: 158). It corresponds to the Sumerian divine name dNin-gu2-edin-na (for the Sumerian divine name, which occurs in TCL 15 10: 236, where it is placed in the circle of Inana, see, for example, Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2000: 376, and note the dNin-edin of VAT 12684 (SF 1) iii 6 (Krebernik 1986: 170, Krebernik 2003: 158)). For another instance of hybridization of this nature in the godlists of OB Nippur, compare the spellings dBe-el-_i@@inig and dBe-el-_i@asal2 of NGL 145-146. 7) dBe-li2-i-la-ti is spelled identically in NGL 149. 8) I understand this entry as a unique orthography of the demon %allulaya, furnished with an Akkadian nominative ending. 9) The divine name dE-ta-mu also occurs in TCL 15 10: 123, where it is included among the circle of Nanna/Suen (for this section, see Richter 2004: 453-454). Note the feminine form E-ta-mi-tum/tu that is known from the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 1 202 (Enlil circle, associated with I@#ara and B|lit-biri) and 4 278 (associated with I@#ara)). I would like to thank Emmanuelle Salgues for collating this entry for me. Cavigneaux and al-Rawi (1994: 79-81, with collation on pg. 80) read this line as dingir %IxU+DI$ ma/tun3?-la/ad? and suggest that AN %IxU+DI$ may be a rendering of the god A@ki. 59 92 Chapter 2 15) This divine name appears to be a rare feminine form of tamkaru(m), “businessman.” It is possible that it constitutes a variant name of Ninlil, as the masculine Sumerian divine name dDam-gar3 occurs as a name of Enlil in An = Anum 1 175.60 For further discussion of the portrayal of Enlil as a merchant in the bala_ tradition, see Civil 1976: 72f. 60 Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 93 2.5 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist CBS 2182 (SLT 118) + UM 29-15-458 + N 5764 61 CBS 2182 (SLT 118)+ UM 29-15-458 + N 5764 (plate XXV) is a fragmentary type I tablet that contains what appears to be a unique godlist. Much of what remains of this godlist is organized according to theological criteria. For instance, Lagashite deities (obv. i’ 4’-6’), healing deities (obv. i’ 6’-8’), and netherworld deities (rev. ii’ 1-4) are grouped together, and rev. i’ 3f. may be grouped according to a common association with Inana. The deities dBau2 and and dAb-u2 (obv. i’ 5’-6’) occur together, perhaps both according to graphic criteria as well the Lagashite connection of both deities, for the latter of which see, for example, Falkenstein 1966: 64-65 and Selz 1995: 17-18. Obverse (perhaps three columns missing) i’ (beginning of column missing) 1’) [d]²Tu?³-[...] 2’) [d]Li9-s[i4] 3’) dNin-ma@-kug 4’) dNin-_ir2-su 5’) dBa-u2 6’) dAb-u2 7’) [d]Gu2-la2 8’) dNin-is[in2]²si³-²na³ (remainder of column missing) (two columns missing) Reverse i’ 1) d[...] 2) d²x³-²x³-[...] 3) dEre@-ki-gal 4) dNin-e2-gab2-ba Joins made by author. For a recent treatment of SLT 118 by itself, see Richter 2004: 218. 61 94 5) dNin-ib-gal 6) dNin-gu2-[...] 7) dNin-g[u2 ...] 8) dIr-[...] 9) [d]Nin-x[ ...] (remainder of column missing) ii’ 1) [d]Lugal-sa-par4!(GI$) 2) dLugal-KA.NE 3) dLugal-edin-na 4) dLugal-Gu2-du8ki-a 5) dLugal-kur-dub2 6) dEn-bi-lu-lu 7) dLu2-la[l3] 8) da@?A@7?-g[i4?] 9) d ²Pa5³-ni_in3-[_ar-ra] 10) d ²x³-²x³-[...] 11) d... [...] 12) d... [...] (remainder of column missing) iii’ (approximately 4 entries missing) 1’) d[... ]-ma# 2’) d[...]-AN 3’) [d]KASKAL.KUR 4’) [d]KUR 5’) [d]KUR 6’) [d...?]-UD 7’) d[...]-da? 8’) [dNin]-²girid³-da 9’) d[...]-²x³ (remainder of column missing) (perhaps three columns missing) Chapter 2 Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 95 Commentary Obverse i’ 3’) For dNin-ma@/ama@-kug, who is identified as the shepherd of the yellow goats (ud5 sig7) of Enlil in the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 1 350), see Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2000: 327, Such-Gutiérrez 2003: 356, and Richter 2004: 100. The divine name is also spelled with the MA$ sign as it is here in the pre-OB list of gods and symbols/cultic objects from Nippur, CBS 8359 (PBS 13 60) line 13 (see Renger 1967: 151). As noted by Cavigneaux and Krebernik, the divine name is also attested with this orthography in the Old Babylonian offering list CBS 2163 i 7’ (Sigrist 1980: 105 n. 4, see also Richter 2004: 101), where it occurs in conjunction with the e2-ud5-sig17. 4’-6’) This section juxtaposes several Lagashite deities: compare An = Anum 5 54f. 6’-7’) The same sequence of deities occurs in NGL 108-109. 7’-8’) Here the closely associated healing deities Gula and Ninisina are juxtaposed to each other. Reverse i” 3) Note that, in contrast to TCL 15 10: 400, Ere@kigal occurs here apart from other netherworld deities, including Ninazu, who is often, although not exclusively, identified as her son in Old Babylonian contexts (see, for example, the discussion of Wiggermann 2000: 330, Katz 2003: 438-442) and Allatum, who immediately follows Ere@kigal in TCL 15 10 and is directly equated with Ere@kigal in the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 5 213). 4) This divine name is spelled both with and without the toponym determinative ki. For occurrences and discussion, see, for example, Lambert 1985: 188, Cavigneaux and Krebernik 2000: 342. For the toponym E2-gab2-baki, which occurs in a year name of Ibni-@ad°’µ’ at I@cali, see George 1999: 99. Note that in the OB Isin godlist (source A ii+ 7-8, source B ii 10-11), dNine2-gab2-ba is also juxtaposed to dNin-ib-gal as it is here. 96 Chapter 2 5) dNin-ib-gal originally refers to the incarnation of Inana in conjunction with her E2-ib-gal temple at Umma. See, for example, the discussion of George 1993: 103, Richter 2004: 236-237 and Sallaberger 1993: 88. dNin-ibgal occurs in OB contexts such as the multi-column Nippur source for Inana’s Descent, HS 1480 + HS 1580 (TMH 3 2) + HS 2505) i’ 5, Inana F 31, and the analogous context in the unpublished fragment UM 29-16-559 3’. The divine name also occurs in a prolonged section of initial divine names with the initial element Nin- that constitute variant names of Inana in TCL 15 10: 227. 6-7) These two juxtaposed entries preserving dNin-gu2-[...] are juxtaposed to each other at least in part according to the mutual possession of the first two graphemes. The entries should probably be restored from three likely possibilities: dNin-gu2-bar-ra and dNin-gu2-edin-na, both of which are reckoned to belong to the circle of Inana in TCL 15 10 (see the discussion of Cavigneaux and al-Rawi 2000: 373), or dNin-gu2-en-na, a variant name of the mother goddess. If the first two aforementioned divine names are to be restored, a theological connection may have conditioned the juxtaposition as well, and would be the most likely restoration, given the occurrence of another variant name of Inana immediately above. 8) The precise restoration of this entry is also uncertain, but the netherworld deities dIr-ni-ni/na and dIr-kal-la, which co-occur in the Weidner godlist (OB Babylon exemplar VAT 17502 (VAS 24 20) iv 4’-5’, Nougayrol et al 1968: 218, lines 118-119, Weidner 1924-25: 73, Cavigneaux 1981: 90, lines 126127, Gesche 2001: 327, N 2229 i’ 6’-7’) are likely possibilities. ii” 1-4) This series of dLugal- names bears a theological significance to their arrangement, as the first four are all associated with the netherworld. For general remarks about the conspicuous occurrence of lugal as an epithet of netherworld deities, see Katz 2003: 172. 1) Lugal-sa-par4 is an epithet of Ningi@zida’s vizier Alla in the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 6 78), see Lambert 1987: 151, Wiggerman 1997: 41. 2) As noted above, the rare divine name dLugal-KA.NE was an underworld deity that should probably be held distinct from dLugal-@ud3-de3, which is a variant name of Ninurta in the An = Anum tradition, although conflation between the two is apparent in post-OB contexts. The vocalization of the Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 97 graphemic combination KA.NE is uncertain (see, for example, the remarks of Michalowski 1989: 87). 3) dLugal-edin-na occurs in TCL 15 10: 343 and An = Anum 6 73. The personal name Ur-dLugal-edin-na occurs in the OB Nippur curricular personal name list with the incipit Ur-ki. 5) For dLugal-kur-dub2, an originally Lagashite deity belonging the court of Nin_irsu who is later associated with Ninurta, and is also attested in TCL 15 10: 447, see the discussion of Lambert 1987-1990: 147 and Selz 1997: 174, 196 n. 165. In addition to the occurrence of this divine name in conjunction with Ninurta in Angim 67, Lugal-kur-dub2 also seems to function as an epithet of Ninurta himself as he is possibly addressed by the Lagashite goddess Bau in N 7738, a small unpublished fragment that preserves the beginning of the final lines of a tigi composition, line 4’. Lugal-kur-dub2 also occurs without the divine name determinative as a personal name in the OB Nippur curricular personal name list with the incipit Lu2-dEn-lil2. 6) For the divine name dEn-bi-lu-lu, known primarily for his role in conjunction with canals, which is explicitly mentioned, for example, in Enki and the World Order 272, Enlil and Ninlil 142, and the incantation collective MVN 5 302 iv 5-6. See, for example, the comments of Cavigneaux and al-Rawi 1995: 177. See also Lambert 2006: 239, who also discusses the unique creational role that Enbilulu serves in the later context of the incantation K 9041/ BM 54692. 8-9) A@gi and Pani_inara, if the former is read correctly here, are both reckoned as children of the mother goddess (see Krebernik 1997: 509) and are frequently juxtaposed with each other in godlists, as they are in NGL 158159. See the comments of Krebernik 2004: 325-326. 9) The use of the PA5 sign as opposed to PAP (=pa4) in conjunction with the orthography of the divine name dPani_in_ara is notably rare: see the remarks of Krebernik 2004: 327. iii” 3’) Juxtaposed sequences of dKASKAL.KUR and dKUR also occur together in An = Anum 6 244-256 and the Late Babylonian godlist with pronunciation and explanatory columns BM 46559 (CT 29 44-47) i 16’f. 98 Chapter 2 4’) For the orthography dKUR and various vocalizations, see An = Anum 6 244-249. 7’) The only preserved sign for this entry is fairly consistent with the DA sign as it occurs in the following line, although the medial Winkelhaken appears to be uncharacteristically merged with the top horizontal. 8’) [dNin]-girid-da, the spouse of Ninazu, is a likely restoration for this entry. For this deity, see Krebernik 2000: 362-363. Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 99 2.6 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist UM 29-13-84 UM 29-13-84 (plate XXVI) is an almost entirely intact small two-column tablet. It is written in a notably inexpert hand with some wear and distortion due to pressure on its surface. The obverse is entirely filled with entries, but the reverse is completely blank. This tablet cannot be easily reconciled with any of the major curricular tablet types established by Civil.62 As is the case with the Nippur godlist, the chief gods An and dEn-lil2 begin the text. The ensuing entries Ninlil, Ninurta, and Nuska are readily associated with Enlil. Otherwise, the basis for the organization of entries is not immediately apparent. i 1) An 2) dEn-lil2!(÷I$) 3) dNin-lil2 4) dNin-²urta³ 5) dNuska(PA.²UDU/TUG2?³) 6) d$akka[n] 7) dI@8-tar2 8) dI@[kur] ii 9) dSuen(EN.ZU!?(÷I$)) 10) dUtu 11) dGu-la 12) dZa-ba4-ba4 13) d²Nin³-ma@ 14) d$ul-pa!?(KAR2?)-²UD³.²DU³? 15) dAMAR.²UTU³ 16) d%endur-[sa_?] Commentary i 7) Despite the fact that this text otherwise lists Sumerian divine names, the Akkadian counterpart to Inana is given here. 62 See, most recently, Civil 1995: 2308. 100 Chapter 2 ii 14) The reading of this entry is not completely certain. 16) This speculative restoration is based on the fact that there is space for only one sign in the break, thus precluding a restoration of dPa-[bil-sa_], and that the divine name dNuska has already occurred. Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 101 2.7 Non-Standard Old Babylonian Nippur Godlist From Area TA, House F 3N-T 588 (UM 55-21-351) 3N-T 588 (UM 55-21-351) (plate XXVII) is the upper part of a small type I tablet, with portions of the obverse and reverse preserved. Much of the surface of this fragment is worn. From the curvature, it appears that the tablet consisted of three columns per side. The contents of this godlist, the only such list which was found amongst the large cache of tablets at area TA, house F, area 205,63 do not closely mirror any other godlist known to me. What remains of the list has a notably theological basis to its arrangement, involving the circles of Enki, I@kur, and Nergal, respectively. Obverse i (illegible traces only preserved) ii 1) (entry not preserved) 2) dPa5-[din?]-dug3 3) dAsal-lu2-#i 4) d²Dam³-gal-nun-na 5) [d]I@kur 6) [d]²$a³-la (remainder of column missing) iii 1) (entry not preserved) 2) dx[...] 3) dx[...] 4) dEn-[...]-x 5) d$u-[...] 6) d[...] 7) d²In³-[nin? ...] (remainder of column missing) Thus Stone 1987: 174. Professor Richard Zettler informs me that there is confusion in the original 3N-T catalog as to the exact level of the findspot. 63 102 Chapter 2 Reverse iv (beginning of column missing) 1’) dNin-[...] 2’) dAma-x[ ...] 3’) dLugal-ir[9-ra] 4’) dMes-lam-t[a-e3] 5’) dMa@-tab-ba 6’) dImin-bi 7’) dNa-ru-di 8’) dNin-s[un2] 9’) d²Lugal³-²ban3³-[da?] v (beginning of column missing) 1’) d[...]-x-PA 2’) d[Sa]man3([E$2].NUN.BU)-dumu-an-ki 3’) dI@taran Unugki-ga 4’) dNin-e2-gab2-ka 5’) d²x³-²x³-kit-tum 6’) dNin-KA5 7’) d²Nin³-KA5 8’) d²I@³-²#a³-ra 9’) d²x³-[...] 10’) ²d³[...] vi (illegible traces only) Commentary Obverse ii 2) This partially preserved entry perhaps reflects the divine name spelled dPa5-din-dug3 in TCL 15 10: 334, dPa-din-dug3 in the unprovenienced and unpublished MB exemplar of An = Anum 1 CBS 331 reverse ii 21, and dPa_e@tin-dug3 in An = Anum 1 334. This deity was closely associated with Other Godlists from Old Babylonian Nippur 103 Ninkasi in the An = Anum tradition (see, for example, the comments of Litke 1998: 61). If restored correctly, the juxtaposition of this entry with Asallu#i in this context is likely to have been predicated on the mutual possession of the final grapheme %I. Reverse iv 7’) For the prominent Elamite goddess Naru(n)de, see, for example, Koch 1999: 180, and for her role in the Akkadian ritual “Cow of Sin,” see Veldhuis 1991: 14-15, Stol 2000: 68-69. In the An = Anum tradition (An = Anum 6 184, 184a) she is reckoned as the sister of the seven deities of Elam (for these entries, see, for example, the discussion of Wiggerman 1999: 220, who regards the seven deities as a reflex of the dImin/Sebettu, and Civil 1974: 334). The juxtaposition of Naru(n)de with dImin-bi here may carry a similar, albeit less explicit, connotation. The divine name Naru(n)de also appears at Old Babylonian Nippur in the theophoric feminine personal name DI$ dNa-ru-di-ga-²mil³?-at, who occurs in line 20 of the unpublished text CBS 7719A, a roster of servile weavers (geme2 u@-bar) that uses a system of calendrical reckoning that is known only from the reign of Rµm-Sîn. 64 v 2’) dSaman3-dumu-an-ki occurs in An = Anum 1 238, where she is included in the circle of Ninurta as his daughter. 3’) Note that the attribution of I@tar~n to Uruk here does not occur in a contrast set featuring other toponyms, as is often the case when a toponym qualifies a deity in godlists. For a recent detailed discussion of this deity, see Wiggerman 1997: 42-44. The cultic center of I@tar~n was D|r, as reflected, for example, in Temple Hymns 416-424. 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Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasowitz Verlag. -----. 1987. “Die Inschritenfunde der 7. und 8. Kampagnen (1983 und 1984).” In: Hrouda, B. (ed.), Isin-I@~n Ba–rµy~t III: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1983-1984, pp. 83-120. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Woods, C. 2005. “On the Euphrates.” ZA 95: 7-45. Indices 1. Divine Names Contained in Godlists from this Volume A-a.............................................. NGL 32 A-ba............................................ NGL 13” AB2.$AG4-nun-na...................... NGL 9’ Ab-u2.......................................... NGL 108, SLT 118+ obv. i’ 6’ Ad-gi4-gi4................................... NGL 66 A-%U?-E2-a................................ NGL 152 Alamu@.................................... NGL 197, N 1012+ iii 3 Al-la2.......................................... NGL 182, N 1012+ ii 13’ ama a-a dEn-lil2-la2-ke4-ne......... UM 29-15-90 ii’ 11 Am-an-ki.................................... NGL 24 Ama-u@umgal-an-na................... NGL 51 Ama-x-[...].................................. 3N-T 588 iv 2’ An............................................... NGL 1, UM 29-13-84 1 An-nu-um.................................... NGL 164 An-tum........................................ NGL 2 An-nu-ni-tum.............................. NGL 71 Ara.............................................. NGL 25, N 4474+ i’ 4 A-ru-ru........................................ NGL 13 Asal.............................................NGL 165 Asal-alim-ma.............................. NGL 168 Asal-lu2-#i.................................. NGL 167, N 1012+ iii 1, 3N-T 588 ii 3 Asal?-sag9................................... NGL 166 a@A@7-gi4...................................... NGL 158, SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 8’? A@nan.......................................... NGL 121, N 1012+ i 17’ A@-ra-tum.................................... NGL 193 A@-ra-tum imin........................... N 1012+ iii 7 A-zi-mu2-a.................................. NGL 91 Ba-ab-ba..................................... NGL 11” Ba-ba(?)...................................... NGL 12” Barag-ni_in3-_ar-ra..................... NGL 159 Ba-u2........................................... NGL 41, SLT 118+ obv. i’ 5’ Be-li2-gu2-edin-x.........................N 1012+ iv 6 Be-el-i-la-tim/Be-li2-i-la-ti......... NGL 148, N 1012+ iv 7 Be2-li-it-i3-li2...............................NGL 16 Be-el-_i@asal2............................... NGL 146 Be-el-@inig.................................. NGL 145 Be2-zi-la/Bi2-zil-la2.....................NGL 69, N 1012+ iii 11 Bibra........................................... NGL 14” 124 Indices Da-gan........................................ NGL 48 Dam-gal-nun-na......................... NGL 26, N 4474+ i’ 2, N 1012+ i 12’, 3N-T 588 ii 4 Dam-ki-an-na............................. N 4474+ i’ 3 Di_ir-ma#................................... NGL 14 Di_ir-dMar-tu.............................. NGL 47 Dil-im2-babbar............................ NGL 19 Dim3?.......................................... N 1012+ i 18’ Dim3-me..................................... NGL 194, N 1012+ i 7’ Dim3-PI-kug............................... NGL 92 Du3-du3....................................... NGL 10” DUL............................................ NGL 105 Dumu-zi...................................... NGL 50, N 1012+ 13’ E2-a............................................. NGL 3” Ebi#(ki)........................................ NGL 17”, N 1012+ iii 9 E#............................................... NGL 106 E-le-tum...................................... NGL 4” En-an-na..................................... UM 29-15-90 ii’ 3 En-bi-lu-lu.................................. SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 6 En-da-@urim-ma.......................... UM 29-15-90 ii’ 1 En-du6-kug-ga............................ UM 29-15-90 ii’ 5 En-ki (I)...................................... NGL 22 En-ki (II)..................................... UM 29-15-90 i’ 13 En-lil2......................................... NGL 4, UM 29-13-84 2 En-lu-un-ga.................................NGL 19’ En-me-@ar2-ra............................. UM 29-15-90 ii’ 9 En-ni_ir-si...................................NGL 53 En-nu-gi4.................................... N 1012+ ii 11’ En@ada........................................ see PA.UDU En-ul(?)...................................... UM 29-15-90 i’ 16 En-u4-til3-la................................ UM 29-15-90 ii’ 7 En-[...]-x..................................... 3N-T 588 iii 4 Ere@-ki-gal.................................. SLT 118+ rev. i’ 3 Er3-ra......................................... NGL 15” Er3-ra gal................................... NGL 16” E$-IB-nun-na............................. NGL 10’ E2-ta-mu..................................... N 1012+ iv 9 Ga-ga.......................................... NGL 9” Gaggim/Guggim........................ NGL 162 GALAM..................................... NGL 7’ GALAM-%AR........................... N 7764+ ii’ 5 Gana2.......................................... NGL 85 Indices 125 Gibil6.......................................... NGL 73 Gilgame@2................................... NGL 202, N 1012+ iv 5 GUD (var. voc.).......................... NGL 190, 191 Gu-la........................................... NGL 43, UM 29-13-84 11 Gu2-la2........................................ NGL 109, SLT 118+ obv. i’ 7’ Gu-nu-um (= Gu-nu-ra?)............ NGL 181 ÷e@tin-an-na............................... NGL 185, N 1012+ 14’ ÷i@-ban3-da................................ NGL 90 %a-da-ni-i@................................. NGL 161 %a-ia3......................................... NGL 120, N 1012+ i 16’ %a-li2-a-lum............................... N 1012+ iv 8 %endur-sa_-_a2........................... NGL 88, UM 29-13-84 16(?) %u-ma-at.................................... NGL 96 Idim............................................ NGL 2’ Id2............................................... N 4474 i’ 5 Id2-lu2-ru-gu2.............................. NGL 22’, N 1012+ iii 10’ Ig-alim-ma.................................. NGL 77 Igi-sar-ra-ab................................ N 7764+ ii’ 7’ Il3-a-ba4...................................... NGL 5’ Imin-bi........................................ NGL 192, 192a, N 1012+ iii 6, 3N-T 588 iv 6’ Imin?-ki...................................... NGL 156 Inana........................................... NGL 54 Inana E2-an-na............................ NGL 61 Inana E2sa_-rig2.......................... NGL 62 Inana AN.ZA.GAR3................... NGL 55 Inana I3-lipki............................... NGL 57 Inana Ki@ki.................................. NGL 58 Inana Mar-tu............................... NGL 56 Inana Unugki............................... NGL 59, 59a Inana Zabalamki.......................... NGL 60, N 1012+ i 4’ Inana³ ²x³-²x³-²x³........................ N 1012+ i 3’ In-nin-sag9-ga............................. N 7764+ i’ 2’ In-[nin? ...].................................. 3N-T 588 iii 7 Ir-[...].......................................... SLT 118+ rev. i’ 8 Ir#an(MU$.IR.%A.BALA÷) N 7764+ ii’ 4’ I-@ar-ki-di-i@-@u11........................ NGL 149, N 1012+ iv 13 I-@ar-ma-ti-@u11........................... NGL 151, N 1012+ iv 11 I-@ar-ne-ri-(ta)-@u11.................... NGL 150, N 1012+ iv 12 I@-#a-ra....................................... NGL 187, N 1012+ iv 10, 3N-T 588 v 8’ I@kur............................................ NGL 27, UM 29-13-84 8, 3N-T 588 ii 5 I@8-tar2........................................ N 7764+ ii’ 6’, UM 29-13-84 7 126 Indices I@tar~n........................................ NGL 74 I@tar~n Unugki-ga....................... 3N-T 588 v 3’ I-@um........................................... NGL 87 Kab2-ta....................................... NGL 117 Kal-kal........................................ NGL 205 Ka-ni-sur-ra................................ NGL 8’ KASKAL.KUR (var. voc.)......... N 1012+ ii 7’, 8’, SLT 118+ rev. iii’ 3’ Ka-az-ba-a-a.............................. NGL 1’, N 1012+ i 8’ Kin-_al2...................................... NGL 68 Ki-sag9-ga................................... N 4474+ i’ 6 Ki-tu@-[giri17-zal]........................ UM 29-15-90 i’ 8 Ku-uk.......................................... NGL 7” Kulla........................................... NGL 94, N 1012+ iii 5 Ku3-mul-mul.............................. N 7764+ ii’ 3’ KUR........................................... SLT 118+ rev. iii’ 4’, 5’ Kur-ba........................................ NGL 6’ Kur-ba-@um................................ NGL 84 La-ga-ma-al................................ NGL 39 Lama........................................... see LAMA LAMA........................................ NGL 203, 204 La-qi2-bu-um.............................. NGL 153 La-a&........................................... NGL 110 LI-[x].......................................... N 1012+ iv 4 Li9-si4......................................... NGL 196, N 7764+ ii’ 8’, SLT 118+ obv. i’ 2’ Lugal-AN-ZA-GAR3................. NGL 142 Lugal-_i@asal................................ NGL 127, N 4474+ ii’ 5 Lugal-ban3-da............................. N 7764+ i 4’, 3N-T 588 iv 9’ Lugal-dubur-an-na...................... NGL 131 Lugal-du6-kug-ga....................... NGL 135 Lugal-edin-na............................. SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 3 Lugal-e@3-a................................. NGL 138 Lugal-e@3-da............................... NGL 139 Lugal-gud-si-su.......................... NGL 136 Lugal-Gu2-du8(ki)-a..................... NGL 128, SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 4 Lugal-_ir2-ur3-ra......................... NGL 130 Lugal-_i@-du3-a........................... NGL 129 Lugal-ir9-ra................................. N 4474+ ii’ 2, 3N-T 588 iv 3’ Lugal-KA-gin6-na...................... NGL 132, 133 Lugal-KA.NE............................. SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 2 Lugal-ki-sa2-a............................. NGL 140 Lugal-kur-dub2........................... SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 5 Indices Lugal-sa-par4.............................. SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 1 Lugal-_i@@inig.............................. NGL 126, N 4474+ ii’ 4 Lugal-@ud3-de3............................ NGL 137 Lugal-tilla2.................................. NGL 141 Lugal-zu2-lum-ma...................... NGL 134 Lugal-[...]....................................NGL 124 Lugal-[...]....................................NGL 125 Lu2-lal3....................................... NGL 198, SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 7 Lum-ma...................................... NGL 160 Lu2-sa_-_a2................................. N 1012+ ii 17’ Ma2-An-na.................................. N 1012+ i 5’ Ma#-di-an-na.............................. NGL 115 Marduk....................................... NGL 97, UM 29-13-84 15 Ma-lik......................................... NGL 199a, 202a Ma-ma........................................ NGL 15 Ma-mi......................................... NGL 79 Mar-tu......................................... NGL 45 Ma@-tab-ba.................................. N 1012+ ii 12’, 3N-T 588 iv 5’ Me-dim2-@a4................................ NGL 30 ME-ki-tu@................................... N 1012+ i 10’ Men-[...]......................................UM 29-15-90 i’ 5, 6, 7 MES?.......................................... NGL 154 Mes-sanga-Unugki-ga................. NGL 21’ Mes-lam-ta-e3-a.......................... NGL 144, N 4474+ ii’ 3, 3N-T 588 iv 4’ Mu6-a-ti...................................... N 7764+ i’ 3’ Na-bi-tum................................... NGL 70 Na-bu-um.................................... NGL 81 Namma....................................... NGL 107 Nam2-ma#.................................. NGL 17’ Na-na-a-a................................... NGL 63 Nanibgal..................................... NGL 119 Nanna......................................... NGL 17 Nan@e.......................................... NGL 99 Na-ru-di...................................... 3N-T 588 iv 7’ Na-zi........................................... NGL 98 Nergal......................................... NGL 78 Nin-an-na.................................... UM 29-15-90 ii’ 4 Nin-a-zu...................................... NGL 93 Nin-da-@urim-ma........................ UM 29-15-90 ii’ 2 Nin-DE2...................................... NGL 155 Nin-di-da.................................... N 1012+ iii 2 Nin-di_ir-re-ne............................NGL 9 127 128 Indices Nin-du6-kug-ga........................... UM 29-15-90 ii’ 6 Nin-e2-gal................................... NGL 114 Nin-e2-gab2-ba/ka....................... SLT 118+ rev. i’ 4, 3N-T 588 v 4’ Nin-gal........................................ NGL 20 Nin-gal-la#4................................ NGL 178 Nin-girid-da................................ SLT 118+ rev. iii’ 8’ Nin-girim-ma.............................. NGL 14’ Nin-gublaga................................ NGL 21 Nin-gu2-[...]................................ SLT 118+ rev. i’ 6-7 Nin-_edru................................... NGL 169 Nin-_ir2-su.................................. NGL 35, SLT 118+ obv. i’ 4’ [email protected] 89 Nin-#ur-sa_.................................NGL 8, N 4474+ iii’ 3’ Nin-ib-gal................................... SLT 118+ rev. i’ 5 Nin-igi-zid-bar-ra....................... NGL 65 Nin-ildum3.................................. NGL 13’ Nin-isin2si-na................................ NGL 42, SLT 118+ obv. i’ 8’ Nin-kilimx(KA5)......................... see Nin-KA5 Nin-ka5........................................see Nin-KA5 Nin-KA5..................................... 3N-T 588 v 6’, 7’ Nin-kar-nun-na........................... NGL 12’ Nin-kar-ra-ak.............................. NGL 44 Nin-ka-si..................................... NGL 103, N 1012+ iii 8 Nin-ki(?)..................................... UM 29-15-90 i’ 14 Nin-lil2........................................ NGL 6, UM 29-13-84 3 Nin-LUL-lil2-la2......................... NGL 179 Nin-ma-da...................................NGL 49 Nin-ma#...................................... NGL 10 Nin-MAR-KI.............................. NGL 100 Nin-ma@...................................... NGL 170, UM 29-13-84 13 Nin-ma@-kug............................... SLT 118+ obv. i’ 3’ Nin-men-na.................................NGL 12 Nin-me-@ar2-ra............................ UM 29-15-90 ii’ 10 Nin-mug?.................................... NGL 174 Nin-MU$2-a (= Nin-dar-a?)....... NGL 177 Nin-SAR..................................... NGL 175 Nin-si4-an-na.............................. NGL 114a Nin-sun2...................................... NGL 180, N 7764+ i’ 5’, 3N-T 588 iv 8’ Nin-@ubur.................................... NGL 113 Nin-ti.......................................... NGL 176 Nin-ti-#al.................................... NGL 101 Nin-tud....................................... NGL 11 Indices Nin-ul(?)..................................... UM 29-15-90 i’ 16 Nin-urta...................................... NGL 34, UM 29-13-84 4 Nin-u4-til3-la............................... UM 29-15-90 ii’ 8 Nin-x...........................................NGL 171 Nin-x-gal.................................... NGL 172 Nin-x[ ...].................................... SLT 118+ rev. i’ 9 Nin-x[ ...].................................... UM 29-15-90 i’ 1 Nin-[...]....................................... 3N-T 588 iv 1’ Nira#(MU$)............................... NGL 186 Nir-_al2....................................... NGL 67 Nisaba......................................... NGL 68, N 1012+ i 15’ Nita#........................................... NGL 86, N 1012+ ii 15’ Nu-dim2-mud.............................. NGL 23 Nu-mu@-da.................................. NGL 95 Nu-nam-nir................................. NGL 5 Nun-gal....................................... N 1012+ i 6’ Nu-silig-[ga]............................... UM 29-15-90 i’ 9 Nuska.......................................... see PA.UDU Pa-bil-sa_.................................... NGL 40, N 1012+ ii 16’ Pa5-din-dug3............................... 3N-T 588 ii 2 Pa5-ni_in3-_ar-ra......................... SLT 118+ rev. ii’ 9 Pa4-nun-na.................................. NGL 199 PAP............................................. NGL 111 Pap-sukkal.................................. NGL 112 PA.UDU..................................... NGL 188, 189, UM 29-13-84 5 [email protected] 75 Sa-dara3-nun-na.......................... NGL 11’ Sa_-@[email protected] 8” Sag-gar........................................ NGL 200 Saman3-dumu-an-ki.................... 3N-T 588 v 2’ SANGA...................................... N 1012+ ii 18’ Si-ma-at...................................... NGL 6” Sira@............................................ NGL 102 Sirsir........................................... N 1012+ iii 14 Suen............................................ NGL 18, UM 29-13-84 9 Su-#i-nun.................................... NGL 46 ©ar-pa-ni-tum............................. NGL 64, N 1012+ iii 13 $AG4-ma-at................................ N 1012+ iii 12 $AG4-TAR..................................NGL 76, N 1012+ ii 5’ $ag4-ZI....................................... NGL 201, N 1012+ i 9’ $akkan........................................ NGL 104, UM 29-13-84 6 $a-la........................................... NGL 29, 3N-T 588 ii 6 129 130 Indices $ar2-gaz...................................... NGL 16’ $ar2-ur3....................................... NGL 15’ $edu........................................... see LAMA $e-ir5-da...................................... NGL 33 $e-ru-um..................................... NGL 18’ $u-bu-la...................................... NGL 80 $ud3............................................ NGL 3’ $ul-pa-e3..................................... NGL 7, N 1012+ i 11’, UM 29-13-84 14(?) $u-[...]......................................... 3N-T 588 iii 5 Ta-am-kar-tum............................ N 1012+ iv 15 Te-el-tum..................................... NGL 5” Tilla2........................................... N 1012+ iv 16 Ti-mu2-a......................................NGL 116 Tir-an-na..................................... NGL 122 TU...............................................NGL 183 TUR-x[ ...].................................. UM 29-15-90 i’ 2 TU-ZI......................................... NGL 184’ TU?-[...]...................................... SLT 118+ obv. i’ 1’ Ug2.............................................. NGL 20’ U4-gu3-di.....................................NGL 28 U-GUR....................................... NGL 4’ Ul-ma@-ir-tum............................. NGL 72 Ura@............................................ NGL 3, 37, N 1012+ 14 UR-mu-u@-(t)um......................... NGL 83 U2-sa_-ni_2-ar3........................... N 1012+ ii 6’ U4-sa#ar-ra..................................N 7764 ii’ 2’ U3-@uk-nir................................... NGL 147 U@umgal..................................... NGL 52 U4-ta-u18-lu................................. NGL 36 Uttu............................................. NGL 195 Utu.............................................. NGL 31, UM 29-13-84 10 U2-tu-uk-ki.................................. N 1012+ ii 14’ We-du-um....................................NGL 82 Za-ba4-ba4................................... NGL 38, UM 29-13-84 12 Zil2-zil2....................................... N 7764+ i’ 1’ [...]-AN....................................... SLT 118+ rev. iii’ 2’ [...]-a-x........................................ N 1012+ iv 19 [...?]-da....................................... SLT 118+ rev. iii’ 7’ x-DU........................................... NGL 23’ x-ki-gi4........................................ NGL 157 x-x-kit-tum.................................. 3N-T 588 v 5’ [... ]-ma#..................................... SLT 118+ rev. iii’ 1’ Indices x-mu-x........................................ N 1012+ ii 3’ [x]-NI-NI.................................... N 1012+ iv 17 [...]-NI-x..................................... N 1012+ iv 18 [...]-x-PA..................................... 3N-T 588 v 1’ [...?]-UD..................................... SLT 118+ rev. iii’ 6’ [...]-za......................................... NGL 2” 131 132 Indices 2. Texts cited Godlists65 AbS-T 200 + 207 (OIP 99 82) obv. iii 2............74 AbS-T 206 + 210 (OIP 99 83) rev. v 6.............. 64 AbS-T 208 (OIP 99 86) ii 6’................... 74 An = Anum 1 41-42............. 58 1 138................. 83 1 158................. 75 1 175................. 92 1 202................. 91 1 218................. 60 1 226................. 59 1 238................. 103 1 281................. 71 1 289................. 61 1 328................. 66 1 334................. 102 1 336................. 57 1 340-345......... 84 1 350................. 95 2 89................... 66 2 168................. 72 2 276f............... 71 2 298................. 48 2 347................. 64 2 349................. 65 2 352................. 65 3 268-271......... 72 4 172................. 58 4 176................. 58 4 178................. 58 4 278................. 91 4 281-282......... 71 5 20................... 75 5 47................... 55 5 54f................. 95 5 54-55............. 58 5 169................. 55 5 197................. 57 5 199-200......... 57 5 213................. 95 5 265................. 60 5 306................. 89 6 29................... 61 6 43................... 60 6 73................... 97 6 78................... 96 6 95................... 64 6 128................. 75 6 150f............... 69 6 184, 184a....... 103 6 203f............... 68 6 224-225......... 65 6 244-249......... 98 6 244-256......... 97 6 250-256......... 89 6 279................. 76 An = Anum 1 MB CBS 331 (unpublished) obv. ii 11’-12’... 83 n. 51 rev. i 15............. 65, 68 rev. i 26............. 60 rev. i 34............. 71 rev. ii 24-28...... 84 rev. ii 21............102 MB Nippur An = Anum extract UM 29-16-35 rev. 4-5..............57 An = Anu @a am|li 126.................... 64 BM 46559 (CT 29 44-47) i 1’-12’..............68 References to the Weidner godlist are not indexed here due to a lack of a standardized edition of the text. 65 Indices i 16’f................. 97 i 24’-29’............89 i 11”.................. 69 ii 7’................... 71 ii 29’................. 72 CBS 4482 (MB, unpublished) ii’ 4’.................. 67 Genouillac godlist (AO 5376 (TCL 15 10)) 53-54................ 64 59...................... 76 110.................... 54 123.................... 91 127.................... 73 131.................... 68 135.................... 68 160-161............ 56 204.................... 52 206-208............ 51 210.................... 51 227.................... 96 236.................... 91 262-266............ 59 263.................... 70 264.................... 59 268.................... 50 295.................... 66 311.................... 61 332-333............ 57 334.................... 102 343.................... 97 358.................... 58 360.................... 58 379.................... 76 394.................... 55 396.................... 74 400.................... 95 403-404............ 54 416.................... 61 418f.................. 60 425-455............ 59 447.................... 97 456.................... 64 471.................... 64 HS 1764 (AfO 50 33).... 68 Isin godlist A i 34................ 48 A ii+ 7-8........... 95 A vii 13............. 71 A viii 4-5...........76 B i 5’.................48 B ii 10-11..........95 B iv 9f...............63 B vi 6’...............71 B vii 3’............. 76 B viii 17............ 71 B ix 13-14.........76 frag. I 5’-7’....... 89 K 1451 (CT 25 49) rev. 1................. 74 Mari godlist (Lambert 1985) 78...................... 66 86...................... 65 MDP 18 257.................. 1 n. 6 MDP 27 139 1........................ 74 TIM 9 86 iii 12’................ 51 VAT 8084 (Weidner 1924-25: 6) obv. 4................ 90 VAT 8371 (Förtsch 1917: pl. 4) text.................... 1 n. 2 rev. 4................. 65 VAT 12684 (SF 1) i 20....................90 iii 6................... 91 vii 16................ 74 viii 5-7.............. 75 n. 44 viii 9................. 75 n. 44 xii 7.................. 71 VAT 17169 (VAS 24 19) ii’ 4’.................. 90 ii’ 5’.................. 71 133 134 W 16603ay (AUWE 23 154) obv. 1................ 90 obv. 2-4.............89 W 16743dd (AUWE 23 252) 1........................ 67 U 4407 1-8.................... 1 n. 7 UET 6/3 824.................. 1 n. 7 Literary Texts Angim 67...................... 97 129-130............ 74 CBS 11780 + CBS 11793 (unpublished) i’(?) 7’.............. 91 Curse of Agade 120.................... 75 207.................... 83 n. 53 235-236............ 73 “Diversified” bala_ composition BM 86535 195.................... 58 205.................... 58 ED “Amau@umgal myth” (Krebernik 2004) 6........................ 67 Enki and Nin#ursa_ 266.................... 66 273.................... 49 276.................... 66 Enki and the World Order 272.................... 97 Enlil and Ninlil 142.................... 97 Er@ema collective BM 96927 5........................ 83 n. 53 How Grain Came to Sumer (HS 1518 (TMH 3 5)) 14...................... 56 Indices HS 1434 (TMH 4 47) 16...................... 71 Inana’s Descent (HS 1480 + HS 1580 (TMH 3 2) + HS 2505) i 5’.................... 96 i 13’.................. 51 Inana F 30...................... 51 31...................... 96 Ke@ Temple Hymn 110.................... 67 Lamentation over Sumer and Ur 125.................... 56 Lipit-I@tar and the Plow 65...................... 67 Lugalbanda NA bilingual manuscript K 4628 (CT 14 41f.) 16...................... 57 Marriage of Martu 45...................... 50 N 1424 (unpublished) ii’(?) 3’-4’......... 74 N 6263 (unpublished) ii’ 4................... 71 N 7738 (unpublished) 4’.......................97 Ni 4408 (ISET 1 57 (pg. 115)) obv. 4’...............83 n. 53 obv. 12’.............83 n. 53 Ningublaga A 5........................ 67 Ninkasi A 10...................... 57 12...................... 57 Ninurta D 31...................... 53 Nungal Hymn 67...................... 53 88...................... 53 94...................... 90 Indices Pre-Sargonic Riddles from Laga@ 2H-T 25 (JNES 32 27f.) iv 8’.................. 74 Proverb Collection 28 3........................ 104 Shrines of Inana 28-29................ 51 Sumerian Kinglist 179.................... 65 Temple Hymns 153.................... 67 416-424............ 103 422.................... 60 UM 29-16-559 (unpublished) 3’...................... 96 7’...................... 51 Zami hymns 79...................... 74 Lexical Texts CBS 7033 (PBS 11/3 69) (nonstandard PN list) rev. ii’ 4’........... 52 CBS 8359 (PBS 13 60) (list of gods and symbols(?)) 13...................... 95 CBS 10997 (PBS 11/3 31) + CBS 11016 (PBS 11/3 33) (PN list Ur-ki) text.................... 8 n. 22 Emesal Vocabulary 1 13-14............. 68 1 111................. 69 H 194 (list of shrines) (OrNS 44 96f.) 32...................... 69 Lu2 = @a 4 114................. 48 MB Diri Nippur N 2948 3........................ 58 5........................ 58 135 PN list dInana-te@2 CBS 6457 (PBS 1/1 23) + N 4743.................. 10 53...................... 90 148.................... 49 157.................... 63 202.................... 72 5”...................... 76 15”.................... 76 PN list Ur-ki/ED Lu2 A collective tablet CBS 6142 (SLT 112) + CBS 7989 (PBS 11/3 75) + UM 29-16252 (+) UM 29-16-221 (+) UM 2916-224 ii 6.....................70 Proto-Diri Nippur 10 8................... 64 10 13................. 53 10 14-16........... 68 10 17-18........... 65 10 19................. 55 10 20................. 55 10 21................. 72 10 23-25........... 89 10 28................. 48 10 29-31........... 68 10 35................. 76 11 1................... 55 11 8................... 91 11 12................. 70 11 24-27........... 58 Proto-Ea 187.................... 75 552-562............ 75 Proto-Izi 1 26................... 70 Proto-Izi (bilingual) N 1567 text.................... 85 n. 55 12’.................... 70 Proto-Lu2 249.................... 48 136 Syllable Vocabulary A (CBS 6511 (SLT 243)) text.................... 9 n. 25 UET 7 93 rev. 17............... 59 UM 29-13-8 (unpublished: list of PN elements?) rev. ii 8’............ 80 Incantations and Rituals CBS 11366 + CBS 11400 (PBS 5 76) rev. ii’ 10’f.’......65 Gattung 1 (VAT 13662 + VAT 13833) 2........................ 83 n. 52 H 84 (ZA 1993, 1995) v 16................... 83 n. 53 H 97 (ZA 1993, 1995) vi 26..................50 Incantation to Utu 82-83................ 70 MVN 5 302 iv 5-6................ 97 NBC 3830 (YOS 11 66) 22...................... 91 and n. 59 Ni 2177 (TMH 6 app. 1) iv 6’.................. 67 Commentaries Commentary to $umma Alu 22-23 BM 129092 obv. 25.............. 68 11N-T 3 (JNES 33 331f.) 25...................... 68 Indices Royal Inscriptions IM 50009 vi 5’.................. 67 Royal Year Names Apil-Sîn xxx.................. 51 Warad-Sîn YN 12.......... 51 Hammurabi YN 17........ 51 Ibni-@ad°’µ’ xxx............. 95 Economic Texts Adab 714....................... 67 CBS 2163 (JCS 32 105 n. 4) (offering list) i 7’.................... 95 i 8’.................... 88 CBS 4596 (PBS 12/1 53) 8’...................... 61 CBS 7719A (unpublished) 20...................... 103 CBS 12555 (unpublished) (offering list) 3........................ 88 CBS 13916 (unpublished) text.................... 88 CBS 14106 (PBS 8/2 166) iii 15................. 61 NBC 8436 (BIN 9 387) text.................... 88 NBC 8470 (BIN 9 327) text.................... 88 Erm. 14738 text.................... 67 L 74.107 (Syria 53 47f. no. 122) text.................... 88 N 1834 (unpublished) (offering list) rev. 14’-16’....... 88 Ni 2449 (unpublished) (offering list) rev. 14............... 52 Indices UM 29-13-357 + N 1911 (+) N 915 + unn. (+) unn. (offering list) rev. vi’ 12’........ 88 UM 29-13-398 (unpublished) (offering list) 5........................ 88 137 List of Plates Plate I: NGL source NI-1 (CBS 13889 (SLT 122)) obverse and reverse Plate II: NGL source NI-2 (CBS 6385 (SLT 124)) obverse Plate III: NGL source NI-2 (CBS 6385 (SLT 124)) reverse Plate IV: NGL source NIIR=1 (N 6046 reverse), NGL source NIIR-2 (CBS 6067 (SLT 123) reverse) Plate V: NGL source NIIR-3 (CBS 4841 reverse), NGL source NIIR-4 (N 5289 reverse) Plate VI: NGL source NIIR-5 (UM 29-13-73 reverse) Plate VII: NGL source NIIR-6 (CBS 5991 reverse), NGL source NIIR-7 (CBS 6678 reverse) Plate VIII: NGL source NIIR-8 (N 5371 reverse), NGL source NIIR-9 (CBS 8145 reverse) Plate IX: NGL source NIIR-10 (CBS 6543 (SLT 125) reverse), NGL source NIIO-1 (CBS 15082 obverse) Plate X: NGL source NIIO-2 (N 5150 obverse) Plate XI: NGL source NIIO-3 (CB 5957 (top) (+) CBS 5997 (bottom) obverse) Plate XII: NGL source NIIO-4 (N 6168 obverse), NGL source NIIO-5 (N 5855 obverse) Plate XIII: NGL source NIIO-6 (N 6145 obverse), NGL source NIIO-7 (N 5371 obverse) Plate XIV: NGL source NIIO-8 (N 3853 obverse) Plate XV: NGL source NIIO-9 (CBS 6067 (SLT 123) obverse) Plate XVI: NGL source NIIO-10 (CBS 13621 (SLT 116) obverse), NGL source NIIO-11 (N 5366 obverse) Plate XVII: NGL source NU-1 (N 5961), NGL source NU-2 (N 5195) Plate XVIII: NGL source NU-3 (CBS 5986 (SLT 117)), NGL source NU-4 (N 7611) Plate XIX: N 7764 + N 7783, N 4474 + N 7553 obverse and reverse Plate XX: UM 29-15-90 Plate XXI-XXIV: N 1012 + N 3316A + N 3387 obverse, obverse right side, bottom, reverse, and reverse right side Plate XXV: CBS 2182 + UM 29-15-458 + N 5764 obverse and reverse Plate XXVI: UM 29-13-84 obverse Plate XXVII: 3N-T 588 (UM 55-21-351) obverse and reverse