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https://www.nature.com/uploads/product/neuro/rss.gif http://feeds.nature.com/neuro/rss/current https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01962-x Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 29 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01962-xThe neuronal composition of the intestinal submucosal plexus is incompletely understood. Here Li et al. define their neuron classes, connectome and stepwise acquisition of identities.]]> Wei LiKhomgrit MorarachZiwei LiuSanghita BanerjeeYanan ChenAshley L. HarbJoel M. KosareffCharles R. HallFernando López-RedondoElham JalalvandSuad H. MohamedAnastassia MikhailovaDavid R. LindenUlrika Marklund doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01962-x Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 2025-05-29; | doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01962-x 2025-05-29 Nature Neuroscience 10.1038/s41593-025-01962-x https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01962-x https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01980-9 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 28 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01980-9How does the brain learn to predict rewards? In this issue of Nature Neuroscience, Qian, Burrell et al. show that understanding how dopamine guides learning requires knowledge of how animals interpret tasks — what they believe is happening and when. By carefully manipulating cue–reward contingencies, the authors show that dopamine responses track belief-state reward prediction errors. These findings reaffirm — against recent challenges — that mesolimbic dopamine neurons signal prediction errors in line with the temporal difference learning rule, a core algorithm that bridges neuroscience and artificial intelligence.]]> Eleonora BanoSteven RyuAdam Kepecs doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01980-9 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 2025-05-28; | doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01980-9 2025-05-28 Nature Neuroscience 10.1038/s41593-025-01980-9 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01980-9 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01972-9 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 28 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01972-9The choroid plexus (ChP) provides molecular cues for brain development. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study identifies an apocrine secretion mechanism in the ChP that modulates the CSF protein composition and instructs cortical development.]]> Ya’el CourtneyJoshua P. HeadNeil DaniOlga V. ChechnevaFrederick B. ShipleyYong ZhangMichael J. HoltzmanCameron SadeghTowia A. LibermannMaria K. Lehtinen doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01972-9 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 2025-05-28; | doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01972-9 2025-05-28 Nature Neuroscience 10.1038/s41593-025-01972-9 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01972-9 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01975-6 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 28 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01975-6Animals need to adapt behavior to balance survival with fulfillment of essential needs. Krauth et al. identify neurons in the lateral hypothalamus that, when activated, prioritize survival over other critical needs by triggering an appropriate motor action.]]> Nathalie KrauthLara K. SachGiacomo SitziaChristoffer ClemmensenOle Kiehn doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01975-6 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 2025-05-28; | doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01975-6 2025-05-28 Nature Neuroscience 10.1038/s41593-025-01975-6 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01975-6 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01966-7 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 27 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01966-7Parhizkar et al. show that lemborexant, an orexin receptor antagonist, protects against neurodegeneration in male tau transgenic mice by preventing tau protein build-up and inflammation, highlighting its potential for preventing neurodegeneration.]]> Samira ParhizkarXin BaoWei ChenNicholas RensingYun ChenMichal KipnisSihui SongGrace GentEric TycksenMelissa ManisChoonghee LeeJavier Remolina SerranoMegan E. BoschEmily FrankeCarla M. YuedeEric C. LandsnessMichael WongDavid M. Holtzman doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01966-7 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 2025-05-27; | doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01966-7 2025-05-27 Nature Neuroscience 10.1038/s41593-025-01966-7 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01966-7 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01979-2 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 27 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01979-2The microglia–neuron interactions contributing to neuronal hyperexcitability are unclear. Here, the authors show how GABA and C3 signaling coordinate microglial engulfment of inhibitory synapses, driving excitatory–inhibitory imbalance and neuronal hyperexcitability in epilepsy.]]> Zhang-Peng ChenXiansen ZhaoSuji WangRuolan CaiQiangqiang LiuHaojie YeMeng-Ju WangShi-Yu PengWei-Xuan XueYang-Xun ZhangWei LiHua TangTengfei HuangQipeng ZhangLiang LiLixia GaoHong ZhouChunhua HangJing-Ning ZhuXinjian LiXiangyu LiuQifei CongChao Yan doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01979-2 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 2025-05-27; | doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01979-2 2025-05-27 Nature Neuroscience 10.1038/s41593-025-01979-2 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01979-2 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01964-9 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 26 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9Rogers et al. show that psilocybin enhances fear extinction, suppresses fear neurons and recruits extinction neurons in the retrosplenial cortex in mice, providing evidence that its effects are linked to individual-neuron reorganization.]]> Sophie A. RogersElizabeth A. HellerGregory Corder doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9 Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 2025-05-26; | doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9 2025-05-26 Nature Neuroscience 10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01964-9 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01929-y Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 22 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01929-yAging induces pathological changes in central nervous system (CNS) myelin, which in turn induce microglia dysregulation. What is the consequence of this microglial response on white matter pathology in aging? Groh et al. show that a maladaptive white matter-associated microglia state that emerges in aging recruits peripheral T cells to the CNS, which leads to degeneration of myelinated axons and loss of function.]]> Jonathan K. MonteiroVeronique E. Miron doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01929-y Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 2025-05-22; | doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01929-y 2025-05-22 Nature Neuroscience 10.1038/s41593-025-01929-y https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01929-y