1.

What are the components of physical database structure of

Oracle database?
Oracle database is comprised of three types of fles. One or more
datafles, two are more redo log fles, and one or more control fles.
2. What are the components of logical database structure of
Oracle database?
There are tablespaces and database's schema objects.
3. What is a tablespace?
A database is divided into Logical Storage nit called tablespaces. A
tablespace is !sed to gro!ped related logical str!ct!res together.
4. What is SYST! tablespace and "hen is it created?
"very Oracle database contains a tablespace named S#ST"$, which is
a!tomatically created when the database is created. The S#ST"$
tablespace always contains the data dictionary tables for the entire
database.
#. $plain the relationship among database% tablespace and
data &le.
"ach databases logically divided into one or more tablespaces one or
more data fles are e%plicitly created for each tablespace.
'. What is schema?
A schema is collection of database objects of a !ser.
(. What are Schema Ob)ects?
Schema objects are the logical str!ct!res that directly refer to the
database's data. Schema objects incl!de tables, views, se&!ences,
synonyms, inde%es, cl!sters, database triggers, proced!res, f!nctions
pac'ages and database lin's.
*. +an ob)ects of the same schema reside in di,erent
tablespaces?
#es.
-. +an a tablespace hold ob)ects from di,erent schemes?
#es.
1.. What is Oracle table?
A table is the basic !nit of data storage in an Oracle database. The
tables of a database hold all of the !ser accessible data. Table data is
stored in rows and col!mns.
11. What is an Oracle /ie"?
Page 1 of 153
A view is a virt!al table. "very view has a &!ery attached to it. (The
&!ery is a S"L")T statement that identifes the col!mns and rows of
the table(s* the view !ses.*
11. What is 0artial 1ac2up ?
A +artial ,ac'!p is any operating system bac'!p short of a f!ll bac'!p,
ta'en while the database is open or sh!t down.
12. What is !irrored on3line 4edo 5og ?
A mirrored on-line redo log consists of copies of on-line redo log fles
physically located on separate dis's, changes made to one member of
the gro!p are made to all members.
13. What is 6ull 1ac2up ?
A f!ll bac'!p is an operating system bac'!p of all data fles, on-line
redo log fles and control fle that constit!te O.A)L" database and the
parameter.
14. +an a 7ie" based on another 7ie" ?
#es.
1#. +an a Tablespace hold ob)ects from di,erent Schemes ?
#es.
1'. +an ob)ects of the same Schema reside in di,erent
tablespaces.?
#es.
1(. What is the use of +ontrol 6ile ?
/hen an instance of an O.A)L" database is started, its control fle is
!sed to identify the database and redo log fles that m!st be opened
for database operation to proceed. 0t is also !sed in database recovery.
1*. 8o 7ie" contain 8ata ?
1iews do not contain or store data.
1-. What are the 4eferential actions supported by 6O49:;
<Y integrity constraint ?
+2AT" and 2"L"T" .estrict - A referential integrity r!le that disallows
the !pdate or deletion of referenced data. 2"L"T" )ascade - /hen a
referenced row is deleted all associated dependent rows are deleted.
2.. What are the type of Synonyms?
There are two types of Synonyms +rivate and +!blic.
21. What is a 4edo 5og ?
The set of .edo Log fles #S2AT",02,S". or S"."31 S4L f!nctions,
or the pse!do col!mns L"1"L or .O/3$.
22. What is an 9nde$ Segment ?
Page 2 of 153
"ach 0nde% has an 0nde% segment that stores all of its data.
23. $plain the relationship among 8atabase% Tablespace and
8ata &le.?
"ach databases logically divided into one or more tablespaces one or
more data fles are e%plicitly created for each tablespace
24. What are the di,erent type of Segments ?
2ata Segment, 0nde% Segment, .ollbac' Segment and Temporary
Segment.
2#. What are +lusters ?
)l!sters are gro!ps of one or more tables physically stores together to
share common col!mns and are often !sed together.
2'. What is an 9ntegrity +onstrains ?
An integrity constraint is a declarative way to defne a b!siness r!le for
a col!mn of a table.
2(. What is an 9nde$ ?
An 0nde% is an optional str!ct!re associated with a table to have direct
access to rows, which can be created to increase the performance of
data retrieval. 0nde% can be created on one or more col!mns of a table.
2*. What is an $tent ?
An "%tent is a specifc n!mber of contig!o!s data bloc's, obtained in a
single allocation, and !sed to store a specifc type of information.
2-. What is a 7ie" ?
A view is a virt!al table. "very view has a 4!ery attached to it. (The
4!ery is a S"L")T statement that identifes the col!mns and rows of
the table(s* the view !ses.*
3.. What is Table ?
A table is the basic !nit of data storage in an O.A)L" database. The
tables of a database hold all of the !ser accessible data. Table data is
stored in rows and col!mns.
31. +an a /ie" based on another /ie"?
#es.
32. What are the ad/antages of /ie"s?
- +rovide an additional level of table sec!rity, by restricting access to a
predetermined set of rows and col!mns of a table.
- 5ide data comple%ity.
- Simplify commands for the !ser.
- +resent the data in a di6erent perspective from that of the base table.
- Store comple% &!eries.
Page 3 of 153
33. What is an Oracle se=uence?
A se&!ence generates a serial list of !ni&!e n!mbers for n!merical
col!mns of a database's tables.
34. What is a synonym?
A synonym is an alias for a table, view, se&!ence or program !nit.
3#. What are the types of synonyms?
There are two types of synonyms private and p!blic.
3'. What is a pri/ate synonym?
Only its owner can access a private synonym.
3(. What is a public synonym?
Any database !ser can access a p!blic synonym.
3*. What are synonyms used for?
- $as' the real name and owner of an object.
- +rovide p!blic access to an object
- +rovide location transparency for tables, views or program !nits of a
remote database.
- Simplify the S4L statements for database !sers.
3-. What is an Oracle inde$?
An inde% is an optional str!ct!re associated with a table to have direct
access to rows, which can be created to increase the performance of
data retrieval. 0nde% can be created on one or more col!mns of a table.
4.. >o" are the inde$ updates?
0nde%es are a!tomatically maintained and !sed by Oracle. )hanges to
table data are a!tomatically incorporated into all relevant inde%es.
41. What is a Tablespace?
A database is divided into Logical Storage nit called tablespaces. A
tablespace is !sed to gro!ped related logical str!ct!res together
42. What is 4ollbac2 Segment ?
A 2atabase contains one or more .ollbac' Segments to temporarily
store 7!ndo7 information.
43. What are the +haracteristics of 8ata 6iles ?
A data fle can be associated with only one database. Once created a
data fle can't change si8e. One or more data fles form a logical !nit of
database storage called a tablespace.
44. >o" to de&ne 8ata 1loc2 si?e ?
A data bloc' si8e is specifed for each O.A)L" database when the
database is created. A database !sers and allocated free database
Page 4 of 153
space in O.A)L" databloc's. ,loc' si8e is specifed in 030T.O.A fle and
can9t be changed latter.
4#. What does a +ontrol &le +ontain ?
A )ontrol fle records the physical str!ct!re of the database. 0t contains
the following information.
2atabase 3ame
3ames and locations of a database's fles and redolog fles.
Time stamp of database creation.
4'.What is di,erence bet"een @;9A@ constraint and 049!B4Y
<Y constraint ?
A col!mn defned as 304" can contain 3!lls while a col!mn defned
as +.0$A.# :"# can't contain 3!lls.
4(.What is 9nde$ +luster ?
A )l!ster with an inde% on the )l!ster :ey
4*.When does a Transaction end ?
/hen it is committed or .ollbac'ed.
4-. What is the e,ect of setting the /alue CB55D4OWSC for
O0T9!9E4D:OB5 parameter of the B5T4 SSS9O; command ?
What are the factors that a,ect O0T9!9E4 in choosing an
Optimi?ation approach ?
Answer The O+T0$0;".<$O2" initiali8ation parameter Statistics in the
2ata 2ictionary the O+T0$0;".<=OAL parameter of the ALT". S"SS0O3
command hints in the statement.
#.. What is the e,ect of setting the /alue C+>OOSC for
O0T9!9E4D:OB5% parameter of the B5T4 SSS9O; +ommand ?
The Optimi8er chooses )ost<based approach and optimi8es with the
goal of best thro!ghp!t if statistics for atleast one of the tables
accessed by the S4L statement e%ist in the data dictionary. Otherwise
the O+T0$0;". chooses .L"<based approach.
#1. >o" does one create a ne" database? Ffor 81BG
One can create and modify Oracle databases !sing the Oracle 7dbca7
(2atabase )onfg!ration Assistant* !tility. The dbca !tility is located in
the >O.A)L"<5O$"?bin directory. The Oracle niversal 0nstaller (o!i*
normally starts it after installing the database server software.
One can also create databases man!ally !sing scripts. This option,
however, is falling o!t of fashion, as it is &!ite involved and error
prone. Loo' at this e%ample for creating and Oracle @i databaseA
)O33")T S#S AS S#S2,A
ALT". S#ST"$ S"T 2,<)."AT"<B0L"<2"STC'?!DE?oradata?'F
ALT". S#ST"$ S"T 2,<)."AT"<O3L03"<LO=<2"ST<EC'?!DG?oradata?'F
ALT". S#ST"$ S"T 2,<)."AT"<O3L03"<LO=<2"ST<GC'?!DH?oradata?'F
)."AT" 2ATA,AS"F
Page 5 of 153
#2. What database bloc2 si?e should 9 use? Ffor 81BG
Oracle recommends that yo!r database bloc' si8e match, or be
m!ltiples of yo!r operating system bloc' si8e. One can !se smaller
bloc' si8es, b!t the performance cost is signifcant. #o!r choice sho!ld
depend on the type of application yo! are r!nning. 0f yo! have many
small transactions as with OLT+, !se a smaller bloc' si8e. /ith fewer
b!t larger transactions, as with a 2SS application, !se a larger bloc'
si8e. 0f yo! are !sing a vol!me manager, consider yo!r 7operating
system bloc' si8e7 to be I:. This is beca!se vol!me manager prod!cts
!se I: bloc's (and this is not confg!rable*.
#3. What are the di,erent approaches used by Optimi?er in
choosing an e$ecution plan ?
.!le-based and )ost-based.
#4. What does 4O551B+< do ?
.OLL,A): retracts any of the changes res!lting from the S4L
statements in the transaction.
>o" does one coalesce free space?Ffor 81BG
S$O3 coalesces free space (e%tents* into larger, contig!o!s e%tents
every G ho!rs and even then, only for a short period of time.
S$O3 will not coalesce free space if a tablespace's defa!lt storage
parameter 7pctincrease7 is set to D. /ith Oracle J.H one can man!ally
coalesce a tablespace !sing the ALT". TA,L"S+A)" ... )OAL"S)"F
command, !ntil then !seA
S4LK alter session set events 'immediate trace name coalesce level n'F
/here 'n' is the tablespace n!mber yo! get from S"L")T TSL, 3A$"
B.O$ S#S.TS>F
#o! can get stat!s information abo!t this process by selecting from the
S#S.2,A<B.""<S+A)"<)OAL"S)"2 dictionary view.
##. >o" does one pre/ent tablespace fragmentation? Ffor 81BG
Always set +)T03)."AS" to D or EDD.
,i8arre val!es for +)T03)."AS" will contrib!te to fragmentation. Bor
e%ample if yo! set +)T03)."AS" to E yo! will see that yo!r e%tents are
going to have weird and wac'y si8esA EDD:, EDD:, EDE:, EDG:, etc.
S!ch e%tents of bi8arre si8e are rarely re-!sed in their entirety.
+)T03)."AS" of D or EDD gives yo! nice ro!nd e%tent si8es that can
easily be re!sed. "g. EDD:, EDD:, GDD:, MDD:, etc.
Thir! 1adivel! contrib!ted the followingA
se the same e%tent si8e for all the segments in a given tablespace.
Locally $anaged tablespaces (available from Ii onwards* with !niform
e%tent si8es virt!ally eliminates any tablespace fragmentation. 3ote
that the n!mber of e%tents per segment does not ca!se any
performance iss!e anymore, !nless they r!n into tho!sands and
Page 6 of 153
tho!sands where additional 0?O may be re&!ired to fetch the additional
bloc's where e%tent maps of the segment are stored.
#'. Where can one &nd the high "ater mar2 for a table? Ffor
81BG
There is no single system table, which contains the high water mar'
(5/$* for a table. A table's 5/$ can be calc!lated !sing the res!lts
from the following S4L statementsA
S"L")T ,LO):S
B.O$ 2,A<S"=$"3TS
/5"." O/3".C++".(owner* A32 S"=$"3T<3A$" C ++".(table*F
A3AL#;" TA,L" owner.table "ST0$AT" STAT0ST0)SF
S"L")T "$+T#<,LO):S
B.O$ 2,A<TA,L"S
/5"." O/3".C++".(owner* A32 S"=$"3T<3A$" C ++".(table*F
Th!s, the tables' 5/$ C (&!ery res!lt E* - (&!ery res!lt G* - E
3OT"A #o! can also !se the 2,$S<S+A)" pac'age and calc!late the
5/$ C TOTAL<,LO):S - 3S"2<,LO):S - E.
#(. What is +OST3based approach to optimi?ation ?
)onsidering available access paths and determining the most eNcient
e%ec!tion plan based on statistics in the data dictionary for the tables
accessed by the statement and their associated cl!sters and inde%es.
#*. What does +O!!9T do ?
)O$$0T ma'es permanent the changes res!lting from all S4L
statements in the transaction. The changes made by the S4L
statements of a transaction become visible to other !ser sessions
transactions that start only after transaction is committed.
#-. >o" are e$tents allocated to a segment? Ffor 81BG
OracleI and above ro!nds o6 e%tents to a m!ltiple of O bloc's when
more than O bloc's are re&!ested. 0f one re&!ests EP: or G bloc's
(ass!ming a I: bloc' si8e*, Oracle doesn't ro!nd it !p to O bloc's, b!t
it allocates G bloc's or EP: as re&!ested. 0f one as's for I bloc's,
Oracle will ro!nd it !p to ED bloc's.
Space allocation also depends !pon the si8e of contig!o!s free space
available. 0f one as's for I bloc's and Oracle fnds a contig!o!s free
space that is e%actly I bloc's, it wo!ld give it yo!. 0f it were @ bloc's,
Oracle wo!ld also give it to yo!. )learly Oracle doesn't always ro!nd
e%tents to a m!ltiple of O bloc's.
The e%ception to this r!le is locally managed tablespaces. 0f a
tablespace is created with local e%tent management and the e%tent
si8e is PM:, then Oracle allocates PM: or I bloc's ass!ming I:-bloc'
si8e. Oracle doesn't ro!nd it !p to the m!ltiple of O when a tablespace
is locally managed.
'.. +an one rename a database user FschemaG? Ffor 81BG
Page 7 of 153
3o, this is listed as "nhancement .e&!est EOIODI. /or'aro!ndA
2o a !ser-level e%port of !ser A
create new !ser ,
0mport system?manager from!serCA to!serC,
2rop !ser A
'1. 8e&ne Transaction ?
A Transaction is a logical !nit of wor' that comprises one or more S4L
statements e%ec!ted by a single !ser.
'2. What is 4ead3Only Transaction ?
A .ead-Only transaction ens!res that the res!lts of each &!ery
e%ec!ted in the transaction are consistant with respect to the same
point in time.
'3. What is a deadloc2 ? $plain .
Two processes wating to !pdate the rows of a table which are loc'ed by
the other process then deadloc' arises. 0n a database environment this
will often happen beca!se of not iss!ing proper row loc' commands.
+oor design of front-end application may ca!se this sit!ation and the
performance of server will red!ce drastically.
These loc's will be released a!tomatically when a commit?rollbac'
operation performed or any one of this processes being 'illed
e%ternally.
'4. What is a Schema ?
The set of objects owned by !ser acco!nt is called the schema.
'#. What is a cluster <ey ?
The related col!mns of the tables are called the cl!ster 'ey. The cl!ster
'ey is inde%ed !sing a cl!ster inde% and its val!e is stored only once
for m!ltiple tables in the cl!ster.
''. What is 0arallel Ser/er ?
$!ltiple instances accessing the same database (Only 0n $!lti-)+
environments*
'(. What are the basic element of 1ase con&guration of an
oracle 8atabase ?
0t consists of
one or more data fles.
one or more control fles.
two or more redo log fles.
The 2atabase contains
m!ltiple !sers?schemas
one or more rollbac' segments
one or more tablespaces
2ata dictionary tables
ser objects (table,inde%es,views etc.,*
Page 8 of 153
The server that access the database consists of
S=A (2atabase b!6er, 2ictionary )ache ,!6ers, .edo log b!6ers,
Shared S4L pool*
S$O3 (System $O3ito*
+$O3 (+rocess $O3itor*
L=/. (Lo= /rite*
2,/. (2ata ,ase /rite*
A.)5 (A.)5iver*
):+T ()hec' +oint*
.")O
2ispatcher
ser +rocess with associated +=S
'*. What is clusters ?
=ro!p of tables physically stored together beca!se they share common
col!mns and are often !sed together is called )l!ster.
'-. What is an 9nde$ ? >o" it is implemented in Oracle
8atabase ?
An inde% is a database str!ct!re !sed by the server to have direct
access of a row in a table. An inde% is a!tomatically created when a
!ni&!e of primary 'ey constraint cla!se is specifed in create table
comman (1er J.D*
(.. What is a 8atabase instance ? $plain
A database instance (Server* is a set of memory str!ct!re and
bac'gro!nd processes that access a set of database fles.
The process can be shared by all !sers. The memory str!ct!re that are
!sed to store most &!eried data from database. This helps !p to
improve database performance by decreasing the amo!nt of 0?O
performed against data fle.
(1. WWhat is the use of B;B5YE command ?
To perform one of these f!nction on an inde%,table, or cl!sterA
- To collect statistics abo!t object !sed by the optimi8er and store them
in the data dictionary.
- To delete statistics abo!t the object !sed by object from the data
dictionary.
- To validate the str!ct!re of the object.
- To identify migrated and chained rows of the table or cl!ster.
(2. What is default tablespace ?
The Tablespace to contain schema objects created witho!t specifying a
tablespace name.
(3. What are the system resources that can be controlled
through 0ro&le ?
The n!mber of conc!rrent sessions the !ser can establish the )+
processing time available to the !ser's session the )+ processing time
Page 9 of 153
available to a single call to O.A)L" made by a S4L statement the
amo!nt of logical 0?O available to the !ser's session the amo!t of
logical 0?O available to a single call to O.A)L" made by a S4L
statement the allowed amo!nt of idle time for the !ser's session the
allowed amo!nt of connect time for the !ser's session.
(4. What is Tablespace Auota ?
The collective amo!nt of dis' space available to the objects in a
schema on a partic!lar tablespace.
('. What are the di,erent 5e/els of Buditing ?
Statement A!diting, +rivilege A!diting and Object A!diting.
((. What is Statement Buditing ?
Statement a!diting is the a!diting of the powerf!l system privileges
witho!t regard to specifcally named objects.
(*. What are the database administrators utilities a/aliable ?
S4L Q 2,A - This allows 2,A to monitor and control an O.A)L"
database. S4L Q Loader - 0t loads data from standard operating system
fles (Blat fles* into O.A)L" database tables. "%port ("R+* and 0mport
(imp* !tilities allow yo! to move e%isting data in O.A)L" format to and
from O.A)L" database.
(-. >o" can you enable automatic archi/ing ?
Sh!t the database
,ac'!p the database
$odify?0ncl!de LO=<A.)501"<STA.T<T." in init.ora fle.
Start !p the database.
*.. What are roles? >o" can "e implement roles ?
.oles are the easiest way to grant and manage common privileges
needed by di6erent gro!ps of database !sers. )reating roles and
assigning provides to roles. Assign each role to gro!p of !sers. This will
simplify the job of assigning privileges to individ!al !sers.
*1. What are 4oles ?
.oles are named gro!ps of related privileges that are granted to !sers
or other roles.
*2. What are the use of 4oles ?
."2)"2 =.A3T03= OB +.010L"="S - .ather than e%plicitly granting
the same set of privileges to many !sers a database administrator can
grant the privileges for a gro!p of related !sers granted to a role and
then grant only the role to each member of the gro!p.
2#3A$0) +.010L"=" $A3A="$"3T - /hen the privileges of a gro!p
m!st change, only the privileges of the role need to be modifed. The
sec!rity domains of all !sers granted the gro!p's role a!tomatically
reSect the changes made to the role.
Page 10 of 153
S"L")T01" A1A0LA,0L0T# OB +.010L"="S - The roles granted to a !ser
can be selectively enable (available for !se* or disabled (not available
for !se*. This allows specifc control of a !ser's privileges in any given
sit!ation.
A++L0)AT0O3 A/A."3"SS - A database application can be designed to
a!tomatically enable and disable selective roles when a !ser attempts
to !se the application.
*3. What is 0ri/ilege Buditing ?
+rivilege a!diting is the a!diting of the !se of powerf!l system
privileges witho!t regard to specifcally named objects.
*4. What is Ob)ect Buditing ?
Object a!diting is the a!diting of accesses to specifc schema objects
witho!t regard to !ser.
*#. What is Buditing ?
$onitoring of !ser access to aid in the investigation of database !se.
*#. >o" does one see the uptime for a database? Ffor 81B
Loo' at the following S4L &!eryA
S"L")T to<char (start!p<time,'22-$O3-#### 55GMA $0A SS'* 72,
Start!p Time7
B.O$ sys.v<>instanceF
$arco ,ergman provided the following alternative sol!tionA
S"L")T to<char (logon<time,'2y dd $on 55GMA $0A SS'* 72, Start!p
Time7
B.O$ sys.v<>session
/5"." SidCE ?Q this is pmon Q?
?
sers still r!nning on Oracle J can try one of the following &!eriesA
)ol!mn STA.T"2 format aEI head 'STA.T+ T0$"'
Select ).03STA3)",
to<date (TL.1AL", 'T'*
UU to<char (Soor (S").1AL"?HPDD*, 'D@'*
UU 'A'
-- UU S!bstr (to<char (mod (S").1AL"?PD, PD*, 'D@'*, G, G*
UU S!bstr (to<char (Soor (mod (S").1AL"?PD, PD**, 'D@'*, G, G*
UU '.'
UU S!bstr (to<char (mod (S").1AL", PD*, 'D@'*, G, G* STA.T"2
from S#S.1<>03STA3)" TL,
S#S.1<>03STA3)" S"),
S#S.1<>T5."A2 )
/here TL.:"# li'e 'VTL0A3V'
and S").:"# li'e 'VS")O32V'F
Select to<date (TL.1AL", 'T'*
UU to<char (to<date (S").1AL", 'SSSSS'*, ' 55GMA$0ASS'* STA.T"2
from S#S.1<>03STA3)" TL,
S#S.1<>03STA3)" S")
Page 11 of 153
where TL.:"# li'e 'VTL0A3V'
and S").:"# li'e 'VS")O32V'F
select to<char (to<date (TL.1AL", 'T'* W (S").1AL"?IPMDD*, -.et!rn a
2AT"
'22-$O3-## 55GMA$0ASS'* STA.T"2
from 1>03STA3)" TL,
1>03STA3)" S")
where TL.:"# li'e 'VTL0A3V'
and S").:"# li'e 'VS")O32V'F
*'. Where are my T!0695S% 9 donHt see them in 7I8BTB695
or 81BD8BTBD695? Ffor 81B
Tempfles, !nli'e normal datafles, are not listed in v>datafle or
dba<data<fles. 0nstead &!ery v>tempfle or dba<temp<flesA
S"L")T Q B.O$ v>tempfleF
S"L")T Q B.O$ dba<temp<flesF
*(. >o" do 9 &nd usedJfree space in a T!0O4B4Y tablespace?
Ffor 81B
nli'e normal tablespaces, tr!e temporary tablespace information is
not listed in 2,A<B.""<S+A)". 0nstead !se the
1>T"$+<S+A)"<5"A2". viewA
S"L")T tablespace<name, S$ (bytes !sed*, S$ (bytes free*
B.O$ 1>temp<space<header
=.O+ ,# tablespace<nameF
**. What is a pro&le ?
"ach database !ser is assigned a +rofle that specifes limitations on
vario!s system reso!rces available to the !ser.
*-. >o" "ill you enforce security using stored procedures?
2on't grant !ser access directly to tables within the application.
0nstead grant the ability to access the proced!res that access the
tables. /hen proced!re e%ec!ted it will e%ec!te the privilege of
proced!res owner. sers cannot access tables e%cept via the
proced!re.
-.. >o" can one see "ho is using a temporary segment? Ffor
81B
Bor every !ser !sing temporary space, there is an entry in
S#S.1><LO): with type 'TS'.
All temporary segments are named '66.bbbb' where '66' is the fle it is
in and 'bbbb' is frst bloc' of the segment. 0f yo!r temporary
tablespace is set to T"$+O.A.#, all sorts are done in one large
temporary segment. Bor !sage stats, see S#S.1<>SO.T<S"=$"3T
Brom Oracle I.D, one can j!st &!ery S#S.v>sort<!sage. Loo' at these
e%amplesA
select s.!sername, !.7S".7, !.tablespace, !.contents, !.e%tents,
Page 12 of 153
!.bloc's
from sys.v<>session s, sys.v<>sort<!sage !
where s.addr C !.session<addr
?
select s.os!ser, s.process, s.!sername, s.serialL,
S!m (!.bloc's*Qvp.val!e?EDGM sort<si8e
from sys.v<>session s, sys.v<>sort<!sage !, sys.v<>parameter 1+
where s.saddr C !.session<addr
and vp.name C 'db<bloc'<si8e'
and s.os!ser li'e 'XE'
gro!p by s.os!ser, s.process, s.!sername, s.serialL, vp.val!e
?
-1. >o" does one get the /ie" de&nition of &$ed /ie"sJtables?
4!ery v>f%ed<view<defnition. "%ampleA S"L")T Q B.O$
v>f%ed<view<defnition /5"." view<nameC'1>S"SS0O3'F
-2. What are the dictionary tables used to monitor a database
spaces ?
2,A<B.""<S+A)"
2,A<S"=$"3TS
2,A<2ATA<B0L"S.
-3. >o" can "e specify the Brchi/ed log &le name format and
destination?
,y setting the following val!es in init.ora fle. LO=<A.)501"<BO.$AT C
arch VS?s?T?tarc (VS - Log se&!ence n!mber and is 8ero left paded, Vs
- Log se&!ence n!mber not padded. VT - Thread n!mber lef-8ero-
paded and Vt - Thread n!mber not padded*. The fle name created is
arch DDDE are if VS is !sed. LO=<A.)501"<2"ST C path.
-4. What is user Bccount in Oracle database?
An !ser acco!nt is not a physical str!ct!re in 2atabase b!t it is having
important relationship to the objects in the database and will be having
certain privileges.
-#. When "ill the data in the snapshot log be used?
/e m!st be able to create a after row trigger on table (i.e., it sho!ld be
not be already available* After giving table privileges. /e cannot
specify snapshot log name beca!se oracle !ses the name of the
master table in the name of the database objects that s!pport its
snapshot log. The master table name sho!ld be less than or e&!al to
GH characters. (The table name created will be $LO=S<tablename, and
trigger name will be TLO=S name*.
-'. What dynamic data replication?
pdating or 0nserting records in remote database thro!gh database
triggers. 0t may fail if remote database is having any problem.
Page 13 of 153
-(. What is T"o30hase +ommit ?
Two-phase commit is mechanism that g!arantees a distrib!ted
transaction either commits on all involved nodes or rolls bac' on all
involved nodes to maintain data consistency across the global
distrib!ted database. 0t has two phase, a +repare +hase and a )ommit
+hase.
-*. >o" can you nforce 4eferential 9ntegrity in snapshots ?
Time the references to occ!r when master tables are not in !se.
+eform the reference the man!ally immdiately loc'ing the master
tables. /e can join tables in snopshots by creating a comple%
snapshots that will based on the master tables.
--. What is a SA5 K ;T?
S4L Q3"T is O.A)L"'s mechanism for interfacing with the
comm!nication protocols !sed by the networ's that facilitate
distrib!ted processing and distrib!ted databases. 0t is !sed in )lint-
Server and Server-Server comm!nications.
1... What is a S;B0S>OT ?
Snapshots are read-only copies of a master table located on a remote
node which is periodically refreshed to reSect changes made to the
master table.
1.1. What is the mechanism pro/ided by O4B+5 for table
replication ?
Snapshots and S3A+S5OT LO=s
1.2. What is snapshots?
Snapshot is an object !sed to dynamically replicate data between
distrib!te database at specifed time intervals. 0n ver J.D they are read
only.
1.3. What are the /arious type of snapshots?
Simple and )omple%.
1.4. 8escribe t"o phases of T"o3phase commit ?
+repare phase - The global coordinator (initiating node* as' a
participants to prepare (to promise to commit or rollbac' the
transaction, even if there is a fail!re* )ommit - +hase - 0f all
participants respond to the coordinator that they are prepared, the
coordinator as's all nodes to commit the transaction, if all participants
cannot prepare, the coordinator as's all nodes to roll bac' the
transaction.
1.#. What is snapshot log ?
0t is a table that maintains a record of modifcations to the master table
in a snapshot. 0t is stored in the same database as master table and is
Page 14 of 153
only available for simple snapshots. 0t sho!ld be created before
creating snapshots.
1.'. What are the bene&ts of distributed options in databases?
2atabase on other servers can be !pdated and those transactions can
be gro!ped together with others in a logical !nit.
2atabase !ses a two phase commit.
1.(. What are the options a/ailable to refresh snapshots ?
)O$+L"T" - Tables are completely regenerated !sing the snapshots
&!ery and the master tables every time the snapshot referenced.
BAST - 0f simple snapshot !sed then a snapshot log can be !sed to send
the changes to the snapshot tables.
BO.)" - 2efa!lt val!e. 0f possible it performs a BAST refreshF Otherwise
it will perform a complete refresh.
1.*. What is a S;B0S>OT 5O: ?
A snapshot log is a table in the master database that is associated with
the master table. O.A)L" !ses a snapshot log to trac' the rows that
have been !pdated in the master table. Snapshot logs are !sed in
!pdating the snapshots based on the master table.
1.-. What is 8istributed database ?
A distrib!ted database is a networ' of databases managed by m!ltiple
database servers that appears to a !ser as single logical database. The
data of all databases in the distrib!ted database can be sim!ltaneo!sly
accessed and modifed.
11.. >o" can "e reduce the net"or2 traLc?
- .eplication of data in distrib!ted environment.
- sing snapshots to replicate data.
- sing remote proced!re calls.
111. 8i,erentiate simple and comple$% snapshots ?
- A simple snapshot is based on a &!ery that does not contains =.O+
,# cla!ses, )O33")T ,# cla!ses, TO03s, s!b-&!ery or snashot of
operations.
- A comple% snapshots contain atleast any one of the above.
112. What are the 1uilt3ins used for sending 0arameters to
forms?
#o! can pass parameter val!es to a form when an application e%ec!tes
the call<form, 3ew<form, Open<form or .!n<prod!ct.
113. +an you ha/e more than one content can/as /ie"
attached "ith a "indo"?
#es. "ach window yo! create m!st have atleast one content canvas
view assigned to it. #o! can also create a window that has manip!lated
Page 15 of 153
content canvas view. At r!n time only one of the content canvas views
assign to a window is displayed at a time.
114. 9s the Bfter report trigger &red if the report e$ecution
fails?
#es.
11#. 8oes a 1efore form trigger &re "hen the parameter form
is suppressed?
#es.
11'. What is S:B?
The System =lobal Area in an Oracle database is the area in memory
to facilitate the transfer of information between !sers. 0t holds the
most recently re&!ested str!ct!ral information between !sers. 0t holds
the most recently re&!ested str!ct!ral information abo!t the database.
The str!ct!re is database b!6ers, dictionary cache, redo log b!6er and
shared pool area.
11(. What is a shared pool?
The data dictionary cache is stored in an area in S=A called the shared
pool. This will allow sharing of parsed S4L statements among
conc!rrent !sers.
11*. What is mean by 0rogram :lobal Brea F0:BG?
0t is area in memory that is !sed by a single Oracle !ser process.
11-. What is a data segment?
2ata segment are the physical areas within a database bloc' in which
the data associated with tables and cl!sters are stored.
12.. What are the factors causing the reparsing of SA5
statements in S:B?
2!e to ins!Ncient shared pool si8e.
$onitor the ratio of the reloads ta'es place while e%ec!ting S4L
statements. 0f the ratio is greater than E then increase the
S5A."2<+OOL<S0;".
121. What are clusters?
)l!sters are gro!ps of one or more tables physically stores together to
share common col!mns and are often !sed together.
122. What is cluster 2ey?
The related col!mns of the tables in a cl!ster are called the cl!ster 'ey.
123. 8o a /ie" contain data?
1iews do not contain or store data.
124. What is user Bccount in Oracle database?
Page 16 of 153
A !ser acco!nt is not a physical str!ct!re in database b!t it is having
important relationship to the objects in the database and will be having
certain privileges.
12#. >o" "ill you enforce security using stored procedures?
2on't grant !ser access directly to tables within the application.
0nstead grant the ability to access the proced!res that access the
tables. /hen proced!re e%ec!ted it will e%ec!te the privilege of
proced!res owner. sers cannot access tables e%cept via the
proced!re.
12'. What are the dictionary tables used to monitor a database
space?
2,A<B.""<S+A)"
2,A<S"=$"3TS
2,A<2ATA<B0L"S.
12(. +an a property clause itself be based on a property
clause?
#es
12*. 9f a parameter is used in a =uery "ithout being pre/iously
de&ned% "hat di,. e$ist bet". report 2.. and 2.# "hen the
=uery is applied?
/hile both reports G.D and G.O create the parameter, report G.O gives a
message that a bind parameter has been created.
12-. What are the s=l clauses supported in the lin2 property
sheet?
/here start with having.
13.. What is trigger associated "ith the timer?
/hen-timer-e%pired.
131. What are the trigger associated "ith image items?
/hen-image-activated fres when the operators do!ble clic's on an
image itemwhen-image-pressed fres when an operator clic's or do!ble
clic's on an image item
132. What are the di,erent "indo"s e/ents acti/ated at
runtimes?
/hen<window<activated
/hen<window<closed
/hen<window<deactivated
/hen<window<resi8ed
/ithin this triggers, yo! can e%amine the b!ilt in system variable
system. event<window to determine the name of the window for which
the trigger fred.
Page 17 of 153
133. When do you use data parameter type?
/hen the val!e of a data parameter being passed to a called prod!ct
is always the name of the record gro!p defned in the c!rrent form.
2ata parameters are !sed to pass data to prod!ts invo'ed with the
r!n<prod!ct b!ilt-in s!bprogram.
134. What is di,erence bet"een openDform and callDform?
when one form invo'es another form by e%ec!ting open<form the frst
form remains displayed, and operators can navigate between the
forms as desired. when one form invo'es another form by e%ec!ting
call<form, the called form is modal with respect to the calling form.
That is, any windows that belong to the calling form are disabled, and
operators cannot navigate to them !ntil they frst e%it the called form.
13#. What is ne"Dform built3in?
/hen one form invo'es another form by e%ec!ting new<form oracle
form e%its the frst form and releases its memory before loading the
new form calling new form completely replace the frst with the
second. 0f there are changes pending in the frst form, the operator will
be prompted to save them before the new form is loaded.
13'. What is the C5O7 of 7alidationC 0roperty of an item? What
is the use of it?
/hen LO1 for 1alidation is set to Tr!e, Oracle Borms compares the
c!rrent val!e of the te%t item to the val!es in the frst col!mn
displayed in the LO1. /henever the validation event occ!rs. 0f the
val!e in the te%t item matches one of the val!es in the frst col!mn of
the LO1, validation s!cceeds, the LO1 is not displayed, and processing
contin!es normally. 0f the val!e in the te%t item does not match one of
the val!es in the frst col!mn of the LO1, Oracle Borms displays the
LO1 and !ses the te%t item val!e as the search criteria to
a!tomatically red!ce the list.
13(. What is the di,. "hen 6le$ mode is mode on and "hen it
is o,?
/hen Se% mode is on, reports a!tomatically resi8es the parent when
the child is resi8ed.
13*. What is the di,. "hen con&ne mode is on and "hen it is
o,?
/hen confne mode is on, an object cannot be moved o!tside its
parent in the layo!t.
13-. What are /isual attributes?
1is!al attrib!tes are the font, color, pattern proprieties that yo! set for
form and men! objects that appear in yo!r application interface.
14.. Which of the t"o /ie"s should ob)ects according to
possession?
Page 18 of 153
view by str!ct!re.
141. What are the t"o types of /ie"s a/ailable in the ob)ect
na/igatorFspeci&c to report 2.#G?
1iew by str!ct!re and view by type .
142. What are the /b$ controls?
1b% control provide a simple method of b!ilding and enhancing !ser
interfaces. The controls can !se to obtain !ser inp!ts and display
program o!tp!ts.vb% control where originally develop as e%tensions for
the ms vis!al basic environments and incl!de s!ch items as sliders,
rides and 'nobs.
143. What is the use of transactional triggers?
sing transactional triggers we can control or modify the defa!lt
f!nctionality of the oracle forms.
144. >o" do you create a ne" session "hile open a ne" form?
sing open<form b!ilt-in setting the session option "%.
Open<form('Stoc's ',active,session*. when invo'e the m!litiple forms
with open form and call<form in the same application, state whether
the following are tr!e?Balse
14#. What are the "ays to monitor the performance of the
report?
se reports profle e%ec!table statement. se S4L trace facility.
14'. 9f t"o groups are not lin2ed in the data model editor%
What is the hierarchy bet"een them?
Two gro!p that is above are the left most ran' higher than the gro!p
that is to right or below it.
14(. Bn open form can not be e$ecute the callDform procedure
if you chain of called forms has been initiated by another open
form?
Tr!e
14*. $plain about hori?ontal% 7ertical tool bar can/as /ie"s?
Tool bar canvas views are !sed to create tool bars for individ!al
windows. 5ori8ontal tool bars are display at the top of a window, j!st
!nder its men! bar. 1ertical Tool bars are displayed along the left side
of a window
14-. What is the purpose of the product order option in the
column property sheet?
To specify the order of individ!al gro!p eval!ation in a cross prod!cts.
1#.. What is the use of imageD?oom built3in?
To manip!late images in image items.
Page 19 of 153
1#1. >o" do you reference a parameter indirectly?
To indirectly reference a parameter !se the 3A$" 03, )O+# 'b!ilt-ins to
indirectly set and reference the parameters val!e' "%ample name<in
('capital parameter my param'*, )opy ('S."S5','+arameter
my<param'*
1#2. What is a timer?
Timer is an 7internal time cloc'7 that yo! can programmatically create
to perform an action each time the times.
1#3. What are the t"o phases of bloc2 coordination?
There are two phases of bloc' coordinationA the clear phase and the
pop!lation phase. 2!ring, the clear phase, Oracle Borms navigates
internally to the detail bloc' and S!shes the obsolete detail records.
2!ring the pop!lation phase, Oracle Borms iss!es a S"L")T statement
to repop!late the detail bloc' with detail records associated with the
new master record. These operations are accomplished thro!gh the
e%ec!tion of triggers.
1#4. What are !ost +ommon types of +omple$ master3detail
relationships?
There are three most common types of comple% master-detail
relationshipsA
master with dependent details
master with independent details
detail with two masters
1##. What is a te$t list?
The te%t list style list item appears as a rectang!lar bo% which displays
the f%ed n!mber of val!es. /hen the te%t list contains val!es that can
not be displayed, a vertical scroll bar appears, allowing the operator to
view and select !ndisplayed val!es.
1#'. What is term?
The term is terminal defnition fle that describes the terminal form
which yo! are !sing rGDr!n.
1#(. What is use of term?
The term fle which 'ey is correspond to which oracle report f!nctions.
1#*. What is pop list?
The pop list style list item appears initially as a single feld (similar to a
te%t item feld*. /hen the operator selects the list icon, a list of
available choices appears.
1#-. What is the ma$imum no of chars the parameter can
store?
Page 20 of 153
The ma%im!m no of chars the parameter can store is only valid for
char parameters, which can be !pto PM:. 3o parameters defa!lt to
GH,ytes and 2ate parameter defa!lt to J,ytes.
1'.. What are the default e$tensions of the &les created by
library module?
The defa!lt fle e%tensions indicate the library mod!le type and storage
format .pll - pl?s&l library mod!le binary
1'1. What are the +oordination 0roperties in a !aster38etail
relationship?
The coordination properties are
2eferred
A!to-4!ery
These +roperties determine when the pop!lation phase of bloc'
coordination sho!ld occ!r.
1'2. >o" do you display console on a "indo" ?
The console incl!des the stat!s line and message line, and is displayed
at the bottom of the window to which it is assigned.To specify that the
console sho!ld be displayed, set the console window form property to
the name of any window in the form. To incl!de the console, set
console window to 3!ll.
1'3. What are the di,erent 0arameter types?
Te%t +arameters2ata +arameters
1'4. State any three mouse e/ents system /ariables?
System.mo!se<b!tton<pressedSystem.mo!se<b!tton<shift
1'#. What are the types of calculated columns a/ailable?
S!mmary, Borm!la, +laceholder col!mn.
1''. $plain about stac2ed can/as /ie"s?
Stac'ed canvas view is displayed in a window on top of, or 7stac'ed7
on the content canvas view assigned to that same window. Stac'ed
canvas views obsc!re some part of the !nderlying content canvas
view, and or often shown and hidden programmatically.
1'(. >o" does one do o,3line database bac2ups? Ffor 81B
Sh!t down the database from s&lpl!s or server manager. ,ac'!p all
fles to secondary storage (eg. tapes*. "ns!re that yo! bac'!p all data
fles, all control fles and all log fles. /hen completed, restart yo!r
database.
2o the following &!eries to get a list of all fles that needs to be bac'ed
!pA
select name from sys.v<>datafleF
select member from sys.v<>logfleF
select name from sys.v<>controlfleF
Page 21 of 153
Sometimes Oracle ta'es forever to sh!tdown with the 7immediate7
option. As wor'aro!nd to this problem, sh!tdown !sing these
commandsA
alter system chec'pointF
sh!tdown abort
start!p restrict
sh!tdown immediate
3ote that if yo! database is in A.)501"LO= mode, one can still !se
archived log fles to roll forward from an o6-line bac'!p. 0f yo! cannot
ta'e yo!r database down for a cold (o6-line* bac'!p at a convenient
time, switch yo!r database into A.)501"LO= mode and perform hot
(on-line* bac'!ps.
1'*. What is the di,erence bet"een S>OWD89TO4 and
89TDTMT9T!?
Show editor is the generic b!ilt-in which accepts any editor name and
ta'es some inp!t string and ret!rns modifed o!tp!t string. /hereas
the edit<te%titem b!ilt-in needs the inp!t foc!s to be in the te%t item
before the b!ilt-in is e%ec!ted.
1'-. What are the built3ins that are used to Bttach an 5O7
programmatically to an item?
set<item<property
get<item<property
(by setting the LO1<3A$" property*
1(.. >o" does one do on3line database bac2ups? Ffor 81B
"ach tablespace that needs to be bac'ed-!p m!st be switched into
bac'!p mode before copying the fles o!t to secondary storage (tapes*.
Loo' at this simple e%ample.
ALT". TA,L"S+A)" %y8 ,"=03 ,A):+F
Y cp %yfBileE ?bac'!p2ir?
ALT". TA,L"S+A)" %y8 "32 ,A):+F
0t is better to bac'!p tablespace for tablespace than to p!t all
tablespaces in bac'!p mode. ,ac'ing them !p separately inc!rs less
overhead. /hen done, remember to bac'!p yo!r control fles. Loo' at
this e%ampleA
ALT". S#ST"$ S/0T)5 LO=B0L"F -- Borce log switch to !pdate control
fle headers
ALT". 2ATA,AS" ,A):+ )O3T.OLB0L" TO '?bac'!p2ir?control.dbf'F
3OT"A 2o not r!n on-line bac'!ps d!ring pea' processing periods.
Oracle will write complete database bloc's instead of the normal deltas
to redo log fles while in bac'!p mode. This will lead to e%cessive
database archiving and even database free8es.
1(1. >o" does one bac2up a database using 4!B;? Ffor 81B
The biggest advantage of .$A3 is that it only bac'!p !sed space in
the database. .man doesn't p!t tablespaces in bac'!p mode, saving
Page 22 of 153
on redo generation overhead. .$A3 will re-read database bloc's !ntil
it gets a consistent image of it. Loo' at this simple bac'!p e%ample.
rman target sys?QQQ nocatalog
r!n Z
allocate channel tE type dis'F
bac'!p
format '?app?oracle?db<bac'!p?Vd<tVt<sVs<pVp'
( database *F
release channel tEF
[
"%ample .$A3 restoreA
rman target sys?QQQ nocatalog
r!n Z
allocate channel tE type dis'F
L set !ntil time 'A!g DJ GDDD AOE'F
restore tablespace !sersF
recover tablespace !sersF
release channel tEF
[
The e%amples above are e%tremely simplistic and only !sef!l for
ill!strating basic concepts. ,y defa!lt Oracle !ses the database
controlfles to store information abo!t bac'!ps. 3ormally one wo!ld
rather set!p a .$A3 catalog database to store .$A3 metadata in.
.ead the Oracle ,ac'!p and .ecovery =!ide before implementing any
.$A3 bac'!ps.
3oteA .$A3 cannot write image copies directly to tape. One needs to
!se a third-party media manager that integrates with .$A3 to bac'!p
directly to tape. Alternatively one can bac'!p to dis' and then
man!ally copy the bac'!ps to tape.
1(2. What are the di,erent &le e$tensions that are created by
oracle reports?
.ep fle and .df fle.
1(3. What is strip sources generate options?
.emoves the so!rce code from the library fle and generates a library
fles that contains only pcode. The res!lting fle can be !sed for fnal
deployment, b!t can not be s!bse&!ently edited in the designer.e%.
fMOgen mod!leCold<lib.pll !seridCscott?tiger strip<so!rce #"S
o!tp!t<fle
1(3. >o" does one put a database into B4+>975O: mode?
Ffor 81B
The main reason for r!nning in archivelog mode is that one can provide
GM-ho!r availability and g!arantee complete data recoverability. 0t is
also necessary to enable A.)501"LO= mode before one can start to
!se on-line database bac'!ps. To enable A.)501"LO= mode, simply
change yo!r database start!p command script, and bo!nce the
Page 23 of 153
databaseA
S4L+LSK connect sys as sysdba
S4L+LSK start!p mo!nt e%cl!siveF
S4L+LSK alter database archivelogF
S4L+LSK archive log startF
S4L+LSK alter database openF
3OT"EA .emember to ta'e a baseline database bac'!p right after
enabling archivelog mode. /itho!t it one wo!ld not be able to recover.
Also, implement an archivelog bac'!p to prevent the archive log
directory from flling-!p.
3OT"GA A.)501"LO= mode was introd!ced with Oracle 1P, and is
essential for database point-in-time recovery. Archiving can be !sed in
combination with on-line and o6-line database bac'!ps.
3OT"HA #o! may want to set the following 030T.O.A parameters when
enabling A.)501"LO= modeA log<archive<startCT.",
log<archive<destC... and log<archive<formatC...
3OT"MA #o! can change the archive log destination of a database on-
line with the A.)501" LO= STA.T TO 'directory'F statement. This
statement is often !sed to switch archiving between a set of
directories.
3OT"OA /hen r!nning Oracle .eal Application Server (.A)*, yo! need
to sh!t down all nodes before changing the database to A.)501"LO=
mode.
1(4. What is the basic data structure that is re=uired for
creating an 5O7?
.ecord =ro!p.
1(#. >o" does one bac2up archi/ed log &les? Ffor 81B
One can bac'!p archived log fles !sing .$A3 or any operating system
bac'!p !tility. .emember to delete fles after bac'ing them !p to
prevent the archive log directory from flling !p. 0f the archive log
directory becomes f!ll, yo!r database will hangY Loo' at this simple
.$A3 bac'!p scriptA
.$A3K r!n Z
GK allocate channel devE type dis'F
HK bac'!p
MK format '?app?oracle?arch<bac'!p?log<tVt<sVs<pVp'
OK (archivelog all delete inp!t*F
PK release channel devEF
JK [
1('. 8oes Oracle "rite to data &les in beginJhot bac2up mode?
Ffor 81B
Oracle will stop !pdating fle headers, b!t will contin!e to write data to
the database fles even if a tablespace is in bac'!p mode.
0n bac'!p mode, Oracle will write o!t complete changed bloc's to the
redo log fles. 3ormally only deltas (changes* are logged to the redo
Page 24 of 153
logs. This is done to enable reconstr!ction of a bloc' if only half of it
was bac'ed !p (split bloc's*. ,eca!se of this, one sho!ld notice
increased log activity and archiving d!ring on-line bac'!ps.
1((. What is the !a$imum allo"ed length of 4ecord group
+olumn?
.ecord gro!p col!mn names cannot e%ceed HD characters.
1(*. Which parameter can be used to set read le/el
consistency across multiple =ueries?
.ead only
1(-. What are the di,erent types of 4ecord :roups?
4!ery .ecord =ro!ps
3on4!ery .ecord =ro!ps
State .ecord =ro!ps
1*.. 6rom "hich designation is it preferred to send the output
to the printed?
+reviewer
1*1. "hat are di,erence bet"een post database commit and
post3form commit?
+ost-form commit fres once d!ring the post and commit transactions
process, after the database commit occ!rs. The post-form-commit
trigger fres after inserts, !pdates and deletes have been posted to the
database b!t before the transactions have been fnali8ed in the iss!ing
the command. The post-database-commit trigger fres after oracle
forms iss!es the commit to fnali8ed transactions.
1*2. What are the di,erent display styles of list items?
+op<listTe%t<list)ombo bo%
1*3. Which of the abo/e methods is the faster method?
performing the calc!lation in the &!ery is faster.
1*4. With "hich function of summary item is the compute at
options re=uired?
percentage of total f!nctions.
1*#. What are parameters?
+arameters provide a simple mechanism for defning and setting the
val!esof inp!ts that are re&!ired by a form at start!p. Borm
parameters are variables of type char,n!mber,date that yo! defne at
design time.
1*'. What are the three types of user e$its a/ailable ?
Oracle +recompiler e%its, Oracle call interface, 3onOracle !ser e%its.
Page 25 of 153
1*(. >o" many "indo"s in a form can ha/e console?
Only one window in a form can display the console, and yo! cannot
change the console assignment at r!ntime.
1**. What is an administrati/e Fpri/ilegedG user? Ffor 81B
Oracle 2,As and operators typically !se administrative acco!nts to
manage the database and database instance. An administrative
acco!nt is a !ser that is granted S#SO+". or S#S2,A privileges.
S#S2,A and S#SO+". allow access to a database instance even if it is
not r!nning. )ontrol of these privileges is managed o!tside of the
database via password fles and special operating system gro!ps. This
password fle is created with the orapwd !tility.
1*-.What are the t"o repeating frame al"ays associated "ith
matri$ ob)ect?
One down repeating frame below one across repeating frame.
1-.. What are the master3detail triggers?N
On-)hec'<delete<masterOn<clear<detailsOn<pop!late<details
1-1. >o" does one connect to an administrati/e user? Ffor 81B
0f an administrative !ser belongs to the 7dba7 gro!p on ni%, or the
7O.A<2,A7 (O.A<sid<2,A* gro!p on 3T, he?she can connect li'e thisA
connect ? as sysdba
3o password is re&!ired. This is e&!ivalent to the des!pported
7connect internal7 method.
A password is re&!ired for 7non-sec!re7 administrative access. These
passwords are stored in password fles. .emote connections via 3etI
are classifed as non-sec!re. Loo' at this e%ampleA
connect sys?password as sysdba
1-2. >o" does one create a pass"ord &le? Ffor 81B
The Oracle +assword Bile (>O.A)L"<5O$"?dbs?orapw or orapwS02*
stores passwords for !sers with administrative privileges. One needs to
create a password fles before remote administrators (li'e O"$* will be
allowed to connect.
Bollow this proced!re to create a new password fleA
. Log in as the Oracle software owner
. .!ncommandA orapwd fleC>O.A)L"<5O$"?dbs?orapw>O.A)L"<S02
passwordCmypasswd
. Sh!tdown the database (S4L+LSK S5T2O/3 0$$"20AT"*
. "dit the 030T.O.A fle and ens!re
."$OT"<LO=03<+ASS/O.2B0L"Ce%cl!sive is set.
. Start!p the database (S4L+LSK STA.T+*
3OT"A The orapwd !tility presents a sec!rity ris' in that it receives a
password from the command line. This password is visible in the
process table of many systems. Administrators needs to be aware of
thisY
Page 26 of 153
1-3. 9s it possible to modify an e$ternal =uery in a report
"hich contains it?
3o.
1-4. 8oes a grouping done for ob)ects in the layout editor
a,ect the grouping done in the data model editor?
3o.
1-#. >o" does one add users to a pass"ord &le? Ffor 81B
One can select from the S#S.1<>+/B0L"<S".S view to see which
!sers are listed in the password fle. 3ew !sers can be added to the
password fle by granting them S#S2,A or S#SO+". privileges, or by
!sing the orapwd !tility. =.A3T S#S2,A TO scottF
1-'. 9f a brea2 order is set on a column "ould it a,ect columns
"hich are under the column?
3o
1-(. Why are O0SI accounts a security ris2 in a clientJser/er
en/ironment? Ffor 81B
0f yo! allow people to log in with O+S> acco!nts from /indows
/or'stations, yo! cannot be s!re who they really are. /ith terminals,
yo! can rely on operating system passwords, with /indows, yo!
cannot.
0f yo! set ."$OT"<OS<AT5"3TCT." in yo!r init.ora fle, Oracle
ass!mes that the remote OS has a!thenticated the !ser. 0f
."$OT"<OS<AT5"3T is set to BALS" (recommended*, remote !sers
will be !nable to connect witho!t a password. 02"3T0B0"2 "RT".3ALL#
will only be in e6ect from the local host. Also, if yo! are !sing 7O+S>7
as yo!r pref%, yo! will be able to log on locally with or witho!t a
password, regardless of whether yo! have identifed yo!r 02 with a
password or defned it to be 02"3T0B0"2 "RT".3ALL#.
1-*. 8o user parameters appear in the data modal editor in
2.#?
3o
1--. +an you pass data parameters to forms?
3o
2... 9s it possible to lin2 t"o groups inside a cross products
after the cross products group has been created?
no
2.1. What are the di,erent modals of "indo"s?
$odalless windows
$odal windows
2.2. What are modal "indo"s?
Page 27 of 153
$odal windows are !s!ally !sed as dialogs, and have restricted
f!nctionality compared to modelless windows. On some platforms for
e%ample operators cannot resi8e, scroll or iconify a modal window.
2.3. What are the di,erent default triggers created "hen
!aster 8eletes 0roperty is set to ;on3isolated?
$aster 2eletes +roperty .es!lting Triggers
----------------------------------------------------
3on-0solated(the defa!lt* On-)hec'-2elete-$aster
On-)lear-2etails
On-+op!late-2etails
2.4. What are the di,erent default triggers created "hen
!aster 8eletes 0roperty is set to isolated?
$aster 2eletes +roperty .es!lting Triggers
---------------------------------------------------
0solated On-)lear-2etails
On-+op!late-2etails
2.#. What are the di,erent default triggers created "hen
!aster 8eletes 0roperty is set to +ascade?
$aster 2eletes +roperty .es!lting Triggers
---------------------------------------------------
)ascading On-)lear-2etails
On-+op!late-2etails
+re-delete
2.'. What is the di,. bet. setting up of parameters in reports
2.. reports2.#?
LO1s can be attached to parameters in the reports G.O parameter form.
2.(. What are the di,erence bet"een lo/ O list item?
Lov is a property where as list item is an item. A list item can have only
one col!mn, lov can have one or more col!mns.
2.*. What is the ad/antage of the library?
Libraries provide a convenient means of storing client-side program
!nits and sharing them among m!ltiple applications. Once yo! create a
library, yo! can attach it to any other form, men!, or library mod!les.
/hen yo! can call library program !nits from triggers men! items
commands and !ser named ro!tine, yo! write in the mod!les to which
yo! have attach the library. /hen a library attaches another library,
program !nits in the frst library can reference program !nits in the
attached library. Library s!pport dynamic loading-that is library
program !nits are loaded into an application only when needed. This
can signifcantly red!ce the r!n-time memory re&!irements of
applications.
2.-. What is le$ical reference? >o" can it be created?
Page 28 of 153
Le%ical reference is place<holder for te%t that can be embedded in a s&l
statements. A le%ical reference can be created !sing X before the
col!mn or parameter name.
21.. What is system.coordinationDoperation?
0t represents the coordination ca!sing event that occ!r on the master
bloc' in master-detail relation.
211. What is synchroni?e?
0t is a terminal screen with the internal state of the form. 0t !pdates the
screen display to reSect the information that oracle forms has in its
internal representation of the screen.
212. What use of command line parameter cmd &le?
0t is a command line arg!ment that allows yo! to specify a fle that
contain a set of arg!ments for rGDr!n.
213. What is a Te$tDio 0ac2age?
0t allows yo! to read and write information to a fle in the fle system.
214. What is formsD885?
0ss!es dynamic S&l statements at r!n time, incl!ding server side pl?S4l
and 22L
21#. >o" is lin2 tool operation di,erent bet. reports 2 O 2.#?
0n .eports G.D the lin' tool has to be selected and then two felds to be
lin'ed are selected and the lin' is a!tomatically created. 0n G.O the frst
feld is selected and the lin' tool is then !sed to lin' the frst feld to
the second feld.
21'. What are the di,erent styles of acti/ation of ole Ob)ects?
0n place activation"%ternal activation
21(. >o" do you reference a 0arameter?
0n +l?S&l, #o! can reference and set the val!es of form parameters
!sing bind variables synta%. "%. +A.A$"T". name C '' or Abloc'.item C
+A.A$"T". +arameter name
21*. What is the di,erence bet"een ob)ect embedding O
lin2ing in Oracle forms?
0n Oracle forms, "mbedded objects become part of the form mod!le,
and lin'ed objects are references from a form mod!le to a lin'ed
so!rce fle.
21-. ;ame of the functions used to getJset can/as properties?
=et<view<property, Set<view<property
22.. What are the built3ins that are used for setting the 5O7
properties at runtime?
Page 29 of 153
get<lov<property
set<lov<property
221. What are the built3ins used for processing ro"s?
=et<gro!p<row<co!nt(f!nction*
=et<gro!p<selection<co!nt(f!nction*
=et<gro!p<selection(f!nction*
.eset<gro!p<selection(proced!re*
Set<gro!p<selection(proced!re*
nset<gro!p<selection(proced!re*
222. What are built3ins used for 0rocessing ro"s?
="T<=.O+<.O/<)O3T(f!nction*
="T<=.O+<S"L")T0O3<)O3T(f!nction*
="T<=.O+<S"L")T0O3(f!nction*
."S"T<=.O+<S"L")T0O3(proced!re*
S"T<=.O+<S"L")T0O3(proced!re*
3S"T<=.O+<S"L")T0O3(proced!re*
223. What are the built3in used for getting cell /alues?
=et<gro!p<char<cell(f!nction*
=et<gro!pcell(f!nction*
=et<gro!p<n!mber<cell(f!nction*
224. What are the built3ins used for :etting cell /alues?
="T<=.O+<)5A.<)"LL (f!nction*
="T<=.O+)"LL(f!nction*
="T<=.O+<3$,"T<)"LL(f!nction*
22#. Btleast ho" many set of data must a data model ha/e
before a data model can be base on it?
Bo!r
22'. To e$ecute ro" from being displayed that still use column
in the ro" "hich property can be used?
Bormat trigger.
22(. What are di,erent types of modules a/ailable in oracle
form?
Borm mod!le - a collection of objects and code ro!tines $en! mod!les
- a collection of men!s and men! item commands that together ma'e
!p an application men! library mod!le - a collection of !ser named
proced!res, f!nctions and pac'ages that can be called from other
mod!les in the application
22*. What is the remo/e on e$it property?
Bor a modelless window, it determines whether oracle forms hides the
window a!tomatically when the operators navigates to an item in the
another window.
Page 30 of 153
22-. What is W>;38atabase3record trigger?
Bires when oracle forms frst mar's a record as an insert or an !pdate.
The trigger fres as soon as oracle forms determines thro!gh validation
that the record sho!ld be processed by the ne%t post or commit as an
insert or !pdate. c generally occ!rs only when the operators modifes
the frst item in the record, and after the operator attempts to navigate
o!t of the item.
23.. What is a di,erence bet"een pre3select and pre3=uery?
Bires d!ring the e%ec!te &!ery and co!nt &!ery processing after oracle
forms constr!cts the select statement to be iss!ed, b!t before the
statement is act!ally iss!ed. The pre-&!ery trigger fres j!st before
oracle forms iss!es the select statement to the database after the
operator as defne the e%ample records by entering the &!ery criteria
in enter &!ery mode.+re-&!ery trigger fres before pre-select trigger.
231. What are built3ins associated "ith timers?
fnd<timercreate<timerdelete<timer
232. What are the built3ins used for &nding ob)ect 98
functions?
Bind<gro!p(f!nction*
Bind<col!mn(f!nction*
233. What are the built3ins used for &nding Ob)ect 98 function?
B032<=.O+(f!nction*
B032<)OL$3(f!nction*
234. Bny attempt to na/igate programmatically to disabled
form in a callDform stac2 is allo"ed?
Balse
23#. @se the BddDgroupDro" procedure to add a ro" to a static
record group 1. true or false?
Balse
23'. What third party tools can be used "ith Oracle 1@J
4!B;? Ffor 81B
The following $edia $anagement Software 1endors have integrated
their media management software pac'ages with Oracle .ecovery
$anager and OracleJ "nterprise ,ac'!p tility. The $edia
$anagement 1endors will provide frst line technical s!pport for the
integrated bac'!p?recover sol!tions.
1eritas 3et,ac'!p
"$) 2ata $anager ("2$*
5+ O$30,ac' 00
0,$'s Tivoli Storage $anager - formerly A2S$
Legato 3etwor'er
Page 31 of 153
$anage0T ,ac'!p and .ecovery
Sterling Software's SA$SAAle%andria - formerly from Spectralogic
S!n Solstice ,ac'!p
23(. Why and "hen should one tune? Ffor 81B
One of the biggest responsibilities of a 2,A is to ens!re that the Oracle
database is t!ned properly. The Oracle .2,$S is highly t!nable and
allows the database to be monitored and adj!sted to increase its
performance. One sho!ld do performance t!ning for the following
reasonsA
The speed of comp!ting might be wasting val!able h!man time (!sers
waiting for response*F "nable yo!r system to 'eep-!p with the speed
b!siness is cond!ctedF and Optimi8e hardware !sage to save money
(companies are spending millions on hardware*. Altho!gh this BA4 is
not overly concerned with hardware iss!es, one needs to remember
than yo! cannot t!ne a ,!ic' into a Berrari.
23*. >o" can a brea2 order be created on a column in an
e$isting group? What are the /arious sub e/ents a mouse
double clic2 e/ent in/ol/es?
,y dragging the col!mn o!tside the gro!p.
23-. What is the use of place holder column? What are the
/arious sub e/ents a mouse double clic2 e/ent in/ol/es?
A placeholder col!mn is !sed to hold calc!lated val!es at a specifed
place rather than allowing is to appear in the act!al row where it has to
appear.
24.. What is the use of hidden column? What are the /arious
sub e/ents a mouse double clic2 e/ent in/ol/es?
A hidden col!mn is !sed to when a col!mn has to embed into
boilerplate te%t.
241. What database aspects should be monitored? Ffor 81B
One sho!ld implement a monitoring system to constantly monitor the
following aspects of a database. /riting c!stom scripts, implementing
Oracle's "nterprise $anager, or b!ying a third-party monitoring
prod!ct can achieve this. 0f an alarm is triggered, the system sho!ld
a!tomatically notify the 2,A (e-mail, page, etc.* to ta'e appropriate
action.
0nfrastr!ct!re availabilityA
. 0s the database !p and responding to re&!ests
. Are the listeners !p and responding to re&!ests
. Are the Oracle 3ames and L2A+ Servers !p and responding to
re&!ests
. Are the /eb Listeners !p and responding to re&!ests
Things that can ca!se service o!tagesA
Page 32 of 153
. 0s the archive log destination flling !p\
. Objects getting close to their ma% e%tents
. ser and process limits reached
Things that can ca!se bad performanceA
See &!estion 7/hat t!ning indicators can one !se\7.
242. Where should the tuning e,ort be directed? Ffor 81B
)onsider the following areas for t!ning. The order in which steps are
listed needs to be maintained to prevent t!ning side e6ects. Bor
e%ample, it is no good increasing the b!6er cache if yo! can red!ce 0?O
by rewriting a S4L statement. 2atabase 2esign (if it's not too late*A
+oor system performance !s!ally res!lts from a poor database design.
One sho!ld generally normali8e to the H3B. Selective denormali8ation
can provide val!able performance improvements. /hen designing,
always 'eep the 7data access path7 in mind. Also loo' at proper data
partitioning, data replication, aggregation tables for decision s!pport
systems, etc.
Application T!ningA
"%perience showed that appro%imately IDV of all Oracle system
performance problems are resolved by coding optimal S4L. Also
consider proper sched!ling of batch tas's after pea' wor'ing ho!rs.
$emory T!ningA
+roperly si8e yo!r database b!6ers (shared pool, b!6er cache, log
b!6er, etc* by loo'ing at yo!r b!6er hit ratios. +in large objects into
memory to prevent fre&!ent reloads.
2is' 0?O T!ningA
2atabase fles needs to be properly si8ed and placed to provide
ma%im!m dis' s!bsystem thro!ghp!t. Also loo' for fre&!ent dis' sorts,
f!ll table scans, missing inde%es, row chaining, data fragmentation, etc
"liminate 2atabase )ontentionA
St!dy database loc's, latches and wait events caref!lly and eliminate
where possible. T!ne the Operating SystemA
$onitor and t!ne operating system )+, 0?O and memory !tili8ation.
Bor more information, read the related Oracle BA4 dealing with yo!r
specifc operating system.
243. What are the /arious sub e/ents a mouse double clic2
e/ent in/ol/es? What are the /arious sub e/ents a mouse
double clic2 e/ent in/ol/es?
2o!ble clic'ing the mo!se consists of the mo!se down, mo!se !p,
mo!se clic', mo!se down X mo!se !p events.
24#. What are the default parameter that appear at run time in
the parameter screen? What are the /arious sub e/ents a
mouse double clic2 e/ent in/ol/es?
2estype and 2esname.
Page 33 of 153
24'. What are the built3ins used for +reating and deleting
groups?
)."AT"-=.O+ (f!nction*
)."AT"<=.O+<B.O$<4".#(f!nction*
2"L"T"<=.O+(proced!re*
24(. What are di,erent types of can/as /ie"s?
)ontent canvas views
Stac'ed canvas views
5ori8ontal toolbar
vertical toolbar.
24*. What are the di,erent types of 8elete details "e can
establish in !aster38etails?
)ascade
0solate
3on-isolate
24-. What is relation bet"een the "indo" and can/as /ie"s?
)anvas views are the bac' gro!nd objects on which yo! place the
interface items (Te%t items*, chec' bo%es, radio gro!ps etc.,* and
boilerplate objects (bo%es, lines, images etc.,* that operators interact
with !s they r!n yo!r form . "ach canvas views displayed in a window.
2#.. What is a @serDe$it?
)alls the !ser e%it named in the !ser<e%it<string. 0nvo'es a H=l
program by name which has been properly lin'ed into yo!r c!rrent
oracle forms e%ec!table.
2#1. >o" is it possible to select generate a select set for the
=uery in the =uery property sheet?
,y !sing the tables?col!mns b!tton and then specifying the table and
the col!mn names.
2#2. >o" can /alues be passed bet. precompiler e$its O Oracle
call interface?
,y !sing the statement "R")0AB="T X "R")0AB+T.
2#3. >o" can a s=uare be dra"n in the layout editor of the
report "riter?
,y !sing the rectangle tool while pressing the ()onstraint* 'ey.
2#4. >o" can a te$t &le be attached to a report "hile creating
in the report "riter?
,y !sing the lin' fle property in the layo!t boiler plate property sheet.
2##. >o" can 9 message to passed to the user from reports?
,y !sing S./.$"SSA=" f!nction.
Page 34 of 153
(Continued on next part...)
2#'. 8oes one need to dropJ truncate ob)ects before
importing? Ffor 81B
,efore one import rows into already pop!lated tables, one needs to
tr!ncate or drop these tables to get rid of the old data. 0f not, the new
data will be appended to the e%isting tables. One m!st always 2.O+
e%isting Se&!ences before re-importing. 0f the se&!ences are not
dropped, they will generate n!mbers inconsistent with the rest of the
database. 3oteA 0t is also advisable to drop inde%es before importing to
speed !p the import process. 0nde%es can easily be recreated after the
data was s!ccessf!lly imported.
2#(. >o" can a button be used in a report to gi/e a drill do"n
facility?
,y setting the action associated with b!tton to "%ec!te pl?s&l option
and !sing the S./..!n<report f!nction.
2#*. +an one importJe$port bet"een di,erent /ersions of
Oracle? Ffor 81B
2i6erent versions of the import !tility is !pwards compatible. This
means that one can ta'e an e%port fle created from an old e%port
version, and import it !sing a later version of the import !tility. This is
&!ite an e6ective way of !pgrading a database from one release of
Oracle to the ne%t.
Oracle also ships some previo!s cate%pR.s&l scripts that can be
e%ec!ted as !ser S#S enabling older imp?e%p versions to wor' (for
bac'wards compatibility*. Bor e%ample, one can r!n
>O.A)L"<5O$"?rdbms?admin?cate%pJ.s&l on an Oracle I database to
allow the Oracle J.H e%p?imp !tilities to r!n against an Oracle I
database.
2#-. What are di,erent types of images?
,oiler plate images0mage 0tems
2'.. +an one e$port to multiple &les?J +an one beat the @ni$ 2
:ig limit? Ffor 81B
Brom OracleIi, the e%port !tility s!pports m!ltiple o!tp!t fles. This
feat!re enables large e%ports to be divided into fles whose si8es will
not e%ceed any operating system limits (B0L"S0;"C parameter*. /hen
importing from m!lti-fle e%port yo! m!st provide the same flenames
in the same se&!ence in the B0L"C parameter. Loo' at this e%ampleA
e%p S)OTT?T0=". B0L"C2A]BE.dmp,"A]BG.dmp B0L"S0;"CEDm
LO=Cscott.log
se the following techni&!e if yo! !se an Oracle version prior to IiA
)reate a compressed e%port on the Sy. 2epending on the type of data,
yo! probably can e%port !p to ED gigabytes to a single fle. This
e%ample !ses g8ip. 0t o6ers the best compression 0 'now of, b!t yo!
can also s!bstit!te it with 8ip, compress or whatever.
Page 35 of 153
L create a named pipe
m'nod e%p.pipe p
L read the pipe - o!tp!t to 8ip fle in the bac'gro!nd
g8ip ^ e%p.pipe K scott.e%p.g8 X
L feed the pipe
e%p !seridCscott?tiger fleCe%p.pipe ...
2'1. What is bind reference and ho" can it be created?
,ind reference are !sed to replace the single val!e in s&l, pl?s&l
statements a bind reference can be created !sing a (A* before a col!mn
or a parameter name.
2'2. >o" can one impro/e 9mportJ $port performance? Ffor
81B
"R+O.TA
. Set the ,BB". parameter to a high val!e (e.g. G$*
. Set the .")O.2L"3=T5 parameter to a high val!e (e.g. PM:*
. Stop !nnecessary applications to free-!p reso!rces for yo!r job.
. 0f yo! r!n m!ltiple e%port sessions, ens!re they write to di6erent
physical dis's.
. 2O 3OT e%port to an 3BS mo!nted flesystem. 0t will ta'e forever.
0$+O.TA
. )reate an inde%fle so that yo! can create inde%es ABT". yo! have
imported data. 2o this by setting 032"RB0L" to a flename and then
import. 3o data will be imported b!t a fle containing inde% defnitions
will be created. #o! m!st edit this fle afterwards and s!pply the
passwords for the schemas on all )O33")T statements.
. +lace the fle to be imported on a separate physical dis' from the
oracle data fles
. 0ncrease 2,<)A)5"<S0;" (2,<,LO):<,BB".S prior to @i*
considerably in the init>S02.ora fle
. Set the LO=<,BB". to a big val!e and restart oracle.
. Stop redo log archiving if it is r!nning (ALT". 2ATA,AS"
3OA.)501"LO=F*
. )reate a ,0= tablespace with a ,0= rollbac' segment inside. Set all
other rollbac' segments o_ine (e%cept the S#ST"$ rollbac' segment
of co!rse*. The rollbac' segment m!st be as big as yo!r biggest table
(0 thin'\*
. se )O$$0TC3 in the import parameter fle if yo! can a6ord it
. se A3AL#;"C3 in the import parameter fle to avoid time cons!ming
A3AL#;" statements
. .emember to r!n the inde%fle previo!sly created
2'3. :i/e the se=uence of e$ecution of the /arious report
triggers?
,efore form , After form , ,efore report, ,etween page, After report.
Page 36 of 153
2'4. What are the common 9mportJ $port problems? Ffor 81B
O.A-DDDDEA ni&!e constraint (...* violated - #o! are importing
d!plicate rows. se 0=3O."C3O to s'ip tables that already e%ist (imp
will give an error if the object is re-created*.
O.A-DEOOOA Snapshot too old - As' yo!r !sers to STO+ wor'ing while
yo! are e%porting or !se parameter )O3S0ST"3TC3O
O.A-DEOPGA Bailed to e%tend rollbac' segment - )reate bigger rollbac'
segments or set parameter )O$$0TC# while importing
0$+-DDDEOA Statement failed ... object already e%ists... - se the
0=3O."C# import parameter to ignore these errors, b!t be caref!l as
yo! might end !p with d!plicate rows.
2'#. Why is it preferable to create a fe"er no. of =ueries in the
data model?
,eca!se for each &!ery, report has to open a separate c!rsor and has
to rebind, e%ec!te and fetch data.
2''. Where is the e$ternal =uery e$ecuted at the client or the
ser/er?
At the server.
2'(. Where is a procedure return in an e$ternal plJs=l library
e$ecuted at the client or at the ser/er?
At the client.
2'*. What is coordination /ent?
Any event that ma'es a di6erent record in the master bloc' the c!rrent
record is a coordination ca!sing event.
2'-. What is the di,erence bet"een O5 Ser/er O Ole
+ontainer?
An Ole server application creates ole Objects that are embedded or
lin'ed in ole )ontainers e%. Ole servers are ms<word X ms<e%cel. OL"
containers provide a place to store, display and manip!late objects
that are created by ole server applications. "%. oracle forms is an
e%ample of an ole )ontainer.
2(.. What is an ob)ect group?
An object gro!p is a container for a gro!p of objectsF yo! defne an
object gro!p when yo! want to pac'age related objects, so that yo!
copy or reference them in other mod!les.
2(1. What is an 5O7?
An LO1 is a scrollable pop!p window that provides the operator with
either a single or m!lti col!mn selection list.
2(2. Bt "hat point of report e$ecution is the before 4eport
trigger &red?
Page 37 of 153
After the &!ery is e%ec!ted b!t before the report is e%ec!ted and the
records are displayed.
2(3. What are the built 3ins used for !odifying a groups
structure?
A22-=.O+<)OL$3 (f!nction*
A22<=.O+<.O/ (proced!re*
2"L"T"<=.O+<.O/(proced!re*
2(4. What is an user e$it used for?
A way in which to pass control (and possibly arg!ments * form Oracle
report to another Oracle prod!cts of H =L and then ret!rn control
( and * bac' to Oracle reports.
2(#. What is the @ser3;amed ditor?
A !ser named editor has the same te%t editing f!nctionality as the
defa!lt editor, b!t, beca!se it is a named object, yo! can specify editor
attrib!tes s!ch as windows display si8e, position, and title.
2('. !y database "as terminated "hile in 1B+<@0 !O8% do 9
need to reco/er? Ffor 81B
0f a database was terminated while one of its tablespaces was in
,A):+ $O2" (ALT". TA,L"S+A)" %y8 ,"=03 ,A):+F*, it will tell yo!
that media recovery is re&!ired when yo! try to restart the database.
The 2,A is then re&!ired to recover the database and apply all
archived logs to the database. 5owever, from OracleJ.G, yo! can
simply ta'e the individ!al datafles o!t of bac'!p mode and restart the
database.
ALT". 2ATA,AS" 2ATAB0L" '?path?flename' "32 ,A):+F
One can select from 1>,A):+ to see which datafles are in bac'!p
mode. This normally saves a signifcant amo!nt of database down
time.
Thir! 1adivel! contrib!ted the followingA
Brom Oracle@i onwards, the following command can be !sed to ta'e all
of the datafles o!t of hot bac'!p modeA
ALT". 2ATA,AS" "32 ,A):+F
The above commands need to be iss!ed when the database is
mo!nted.
2((. What is a Static 4ecord :roup?
A static record gro!p is not associated with a &!ery, rather, yo! defne
its str!ct!re and row val!es at design time, and they remain f%ed at
r!ntime.
2(*. What is a record group?
A record gro!p is an internal Oracle Borms that str!ct!re that has a
col!mn?row framewor' similar to a database table. 5owever, !nli'e
database tables, record gro!ps are separate objects that belong to the
form mod!le which they are defned.
Page 38 of 153
2(-. !y database is do"n and 9 cannot restore. What no"? Ffor
81B
.ecovery witho!t any bac'!p is normally not s!pported, however,
Oracle )ons!lting can sometimes e%tract data from an o_ine database
!sing a !tility called 2L (2is' nLoad*. This !tility reads data in the
data fles and !nloads it into S4LQLoader or e%port d!mp fles. 2L
does not care abo!t rollbac' segments, corr!pted bloc's, etc, and can
th!s not g!arantee that the data is not logically corr!pt. 0t is intended
as an absol!te last resort and will most li'ely cost yo!r company a lot
of moneyYYY
2*.. 9H/e lost my 48O5O: &les% ho" can 9 get my 81 bac2?
Ffor 81B
The following 030T.O.A parameter may be re&!ired if yo!r c!rrent redo
logs are corr!pted or blown away. )a!tion is advised when enabling
this parameter as yo! might end-!p losing yo!r entire database.
+lease contact Oracle S!pport before !sing it.
<allow<resetlogs<corr!ption C tr!e
2*1. What is a property clause?
A property cla!se is a named object that contains a list of properties
and their settings. Once yo! create a property cla!se yo! can base
other object on it. An object based on a property can inherit the setting
of any property in the cla!se that ma'es sense for that object.
2*2. What is a physical page ? O What is a logical page ?
A physical page is a si8e of a page. That is o!tp!t by the printer. The
logical page is the si8e of one page of the act!al report as seen in the
+reviewer.
2*3. 9H/e lost some 4ollbac2 Segments% ho" can 9 get my 81
bac2? Ffor 81B
.e-start yo!r database with the following 030T.O.A parameter if one of
yo!r rollbac' segments is corr!pted. #o! can then drop the corr!pted
rollbac' segments and create it from scratch.
)a!tion is advised when enabling this parameter, as !ncommitted
transactions will be mar'ed as committed. One can very well end !p
with lost or inconsistent dataYYY +lease contact Oracle S!pport before
!sing it. <)orr!pted<rollbac'<segments C (rbsDE, rbsDE, rbsDH, rbsDM*
2*4. What are the di,erences bet"een 1@ and 4!B;? Ffor
81B
"nterprise ,ac'!p tility (",* is a f!nctionally rich, high performance
interface for bac'ing !p OracleJ databases. 0t is sometimes referred to
as O", for Oracle "nterprise ,ac'!p tility. The Oracle .ecovery
$anager (.$A3* !tility that ships with OracleI and above is similar to
OracleJ's ", !tility. 5owever, there is no direct !pgrade path from
", to .$A3.
Page 39 of 153
2*#. >o" does one create a 4!B; reco/ery catalog? Ffor 81B
Start by creating a database schema (!s!ally called rman*. Assign an
appropriate tablespace to it and grant it the recovery<catalog<owner
role. Loo' at this e%ampleA
s&lpl!s sys
S4LKcreate !ser rman identifed by rmanF
S4LK alter !ser rman defa!lt tablespace tools temporary tablespace
tempF
S4LK alter !ser rman &!ota !nlimited on toolsF
S4LK grant connect, reso!rce, recovery<catalog<owner to rmanF
S4LK e%itF
3e%t, log in to rman and create the catalog schema. +rior to Oracle Ii
this was done by r!nning the catrman.s&l script. rman catalog
rman?rman
.$A3Kcreate catalog tablespace toolsF
.$A3K e%itF
#o! can now contin!e by registering yo!r databases in the catalog.
Loo' at this e%ampleA
rman catalog rman?rman target bac'dba?bac'dba
.$A3K register databaseF
2*'. >o" can a group in a cross products be /isually
distinguished from a group that does not form a cross product?
A gro!p that forms part of a cross prod!ct will have a thic'er border.
2*(. What is the frame O repeating frame?
A frame is a holder for a gro!p of felds. A repeating frame is !sed to
display a set of records when the no. of records that are to displayed is
not 'nown before.
2**. What is a combo bo$?
A combo bo% style list item combines the feat!res fo!nd in list and te%t
item. nli'e the pop list or the te%t list style list items, the combo bo%
style list item will both display f%ed val!es and accept one operator
entered val!e.
2*-. What are three panes that appear in the run time plJs=l
interpreter?
E. So!rce pane.
G. interpreter pane.
H. 3avigator pane.
2-.. What are the t"o panes that Bppear in the design time
plJs=l interpreter?
E. So!rce pane.
G. 0nterpreter pane
Page 40 of 153
2-1. What are the t"o "ays by "hich data can be generated
for a parameters list of /alues?
E. sing static val!es.
G. /riting select statement.
2-2. What are the /arious methods of performing a calculation
in a report ?
E. +erform the calc!lation in the S4L statements itself.
G. se a calc!lated ? s!mmary col!mn in the data model.
2-3. What are the default e$tensions of the &les created by
menu module?
.mmb,
.mm%
2-4. What are the default e$tensions of the &les created by
forms modules?
.fmb - form mod!le binary
.fm% - form mod!le e%ec!table
2-#. To display the page no. for each page on a report "hat
"ould be the source O logical page no. or O of physical page
no.?
X physical page no.
2-'. 9t is possible to use ra" de/ices as data &les and "hat is
the ad/antages o/er &le. system &les ?
#es. The advantages over fle system fles. 0?O will be improved
beca!se Oracle is bye-passing the 'ernnel which writing into dis'. 2is'
)orr!ption will be very less.
2-(. What are disad/antages of ha/ing ra" de/ices ?
/e sho!ld depend on e%port?import !tility for bac'!p?recovery (f!lly
reliable* The tar command cannot be !sed for physical fle bac'!p,
instead we can !se dd command which is less Se%ible and has limited
recoveries.
2-*. What is the signi&cance of ha/ing storage clause ?
/e can plan the storage for a table as how m!ch initial e%tents are
re&!ired, how m!ch can be e%tended ne%t, how m!ch V sho!ld leave
free for managing row !pdations etc.,
2--. What is the use of 9;+TY0 option in M0 command ?
Type e%port sho!ld be performed
)O$+L"T",)$LAT01",03)."$"3TAL. List the se&!ence of events
when a large transaction that e%ceeds beyond its optimal val!e when
an entry wraps and ca!ses the rollbac' segment toe%pand into anotion
)ompletes. e. will be written.
Page 41 of 153
3... What is the use of 695 option in 9!0 command ?
The name of the fle from which import sho!ld be performed.
3.1. What is a Shared SA5 pool?
The data dictionary cache is stored in an area in S=A called the Shared
S4L +ool. This will allow sharing of parsed S4L statements among
conc!rrent !sers.
3.2. What is hot bac2up and ho" it can be ta2en?
Ta'ing bac'!p of archive log fles when database is open. Bor this the
A.)501"LO= mode sho!ld be enabled. The following fles need to be
bac'ed !p. All data fles. All Archive log, redo log fles. All control fles.
3.3. 5ist the Optional 6le$ible Brchitecture FO6BG of Oracle
database? or >o" can "e organi?e the tablespaces in Oracle
database to ha/e ma$imum performance ?
S#ST"$ - 2ata dictionary tables.
2ATA - Standard operational tables.
2ATAG- Static tables !sed for standard operations
032"R"S - 0nde%es for Standard operational tables.
032"R"SE - 0nde%es of static tables !sed for standard operations.
TOOLS - Tools table.
TOOLSE - 0nde%es for tools table.
.,S - Standard Operations .ollbac' Segments,
.,SE,.,SG - Additional?Special .ollbac' segments.
T"$+ - Temporary p!rpose tablespace
T"$+<S". - Temporary tablespace for !sers.
S".S - ser tablespace.
3.4. >o" to implement the multiple control &les for an e$isting
database ?
Sh!tdown the database )opy one of the e%isting control fle to new
location "dit )onfg ora fle by adding new control fle. name .estart
the database.
3.#. What is ad/antage of ha/ing dis2 shado"ingJ !irroring ?
Shadow set of dis's save as a bac'!p in the event of dis' fail!re. 0n
most Operating System if any dis' fail!re occ!rs it a!tomatically
switchover to place of failed dis'. 0mproved performance beca!se most
OS s!pport vol!me shadowing can direct fle 0?O re&!est to !se the
shadow set of fles instead of the main set of fles. This red!ces 0?O
load on the main set of dis's.
3.'. >o" "ill you force database to use particular rollbac2
segment ?
S"T T.A3SA)T0O3 S" .OLL,A): S"=$"3T rbs<name.
3.(. Why =uery fails sometimes ?
Page 42 of 153
.ollbac' segment dynamically e%tent to handle larger transactions
entry loads. A single transaction may wipeo!t all available free space
in the .ollbac' Segment Tablespace. This prevents other !ser !sing
.ollbac' segments.
3.*. What is the use of 4+O48 5;:T> option in M0
command ?
.ecord length in bytes.
3.-. >o" "ill you monitor rollbac2 segment status ?
4!erying the 2,A<.OLL,A):<S"=S view
03 S" - .ollbac' Segment is on-line.
A1A0LA,L" - .ollbac' Segment available b!t not on-line.
OBB-L03" - .ollbac' Segment o6-line
031AL02 - .ollbac' Segment 2ropped.
3""2S .")O1".# - )ontains data b!t need recovery or cor!pted.
+A.TL# A1A0LA,L" - )ontains data from an !nresolved transaction
involving a distrib!ted database.
31.. What is meant by 4edo 5og &le mirroring ? >o" it can be
achie/ed?
+rocess of having a copy of redo log fles is called mirroring. This can
be achieved by creating gro!p of log fles together, so that L=/. will
a!tomatically writes them to all the members of the c!rrent on-line
redo log gro!p. 0f any one gro!p fails then database a!tomatically
switch over to ne%t gro!p. 0t degrades performance.
311. Which parameter in Storage clause "ill reduce no. of ro"s
per bloc2?
+)TB."" parameter
.ow si8e also red!ces no of rows per bloc'.
312. What is meant by recursi/e hints ?
3!mber of times processes repeatedly &!ery the dictionary table is
called rec!rsive hints. 0t is d!e to the data dictionary cache is too
small. ,y increasing the S5A."2<+OOL<S0;" parameter we can
optimi8e the si8e of 2ata 2ictionary )ache.
313. What is the use of 0B4695 option in M0 command ?
3ame of the parameter fle to be passed for e%port.
314. What is the di,erence bet"een loc2s% latches% en=ueues
and semaphores? Ffor 81B
A latch is an internal Oracle mechanism !sed to protect data str!ct!res
in the S=A from sim!ltaneo!s access. Atomic hardware instr!ctions li'e
T"ST-A32-S"T is !sed to implement latches. Latches are more
restrictive than loc's in that they are always e%cl!sive. Latches are
never &!e!ed, b!t will spin or sleep !ntil they obtain a reso!rce, or
time o!t.
Page 43 of 153
"n&!e!es and loc's are di6erent names for the same thing. ,oth
s!pport &!e!ing and conc!rrency. They are &!e!ed and serviced in a
frst-in-frst-o!t (B0BO* order.
Semaphores are an operating system facility !sed to control waiting.
Semaphores are controlled by the following ni% parametersA semmni,
semmns and semmsl. Typical settings areA
semmns C s!m of the 7processes7 parameter for each instance
(see init^instanceK.ora for each instance*
semmni C n!mber of instances r!nning sim!ltaneo!slyF
semmsl C semmns
31#. What is a logical bac2up?
Logical bac'!p involves reading a set of database records and writing
them into a fle. "%port !tility is !sed for ta'ing bac'!p and 0mport
!tility is !sed to recover from bac'!p.
31'. Where can one get a list of all hidden Oracle parameters?
Ffor 81B
Oracle initiali8ation or 030T.O.A parameters with an !nderscore in front
are hidden or !ns!pported parameters. One can get a list of all hidden
parameters by e%ec!ting this &!eryA
select Q
from S#S.R>:S++0
where s!bstr(:S++03$,E,E* C '<'F
The following &!ery displays parameter names with their c!rrent val!eA
select a.'sppinm 7+arameter7, b.'sppstvl 7Session 1al!e7, c.'sppstvl
70nstance 1al!e7
from %>'sppi a, %>'sppcv b, %>'sppsv c
where a.ind% C b.ind% and a.ind% C c.ind%
and s!bstr('sppinm,E,E*C'<'
order by a.'sppinmF
.ememberA Tho! shall not play with !ndoc!mented parametersY
31(. What is a database 7;T and ho" does one set it? Ffor
81B
Oracle trace events are !sef!l for deb!gging the Oracle database
server. The following two e%amples are simply to demonstrate synta%.
.efer to later notes on this page for an e%planation of what these
partic!lar events do.
"ither adding them to the 030T.O.A parameter fle can activate events.
".g.
eventC'EMDE trace name errorstac', level EG'
... or, by iss!ing an ALT". S"SS0O3 S"T "1"3TS commandA ".g.
alter session set events 'EDDMP trace name conte%t forever, level M'F
The alter session method only a6ects the !ser's c!rrent session,
whereas changes to the 030T.O.A fle will a6ect all sessions once the
database has been restarted.
Page 44 of 153
31*. What is a 4ollbac2 segment entry ?
0t is the set of before image data bloc's that contain rows that are
modifed by a transaction. "ach .ollbac' Segment entry m!st be
completed within one rollbac' segment. A single rollbac' segment can
have m!ltiple rollbac' segment entries.
31-. What database e/ents can be set? Ffor 81B
The following events are fre&!ently !sed by 2,As and Oracle S!pport
to diagnose problemsA
7 EDDMP trace name conte%t forever, level M Trace S4L statements and
show bind variables in trace o!tp!t.
7 EDDMP trace name conte%t forever, level I This shows wait events in
the S4L trace fles
7 EDDMP trace name conte%t forever, level EG This shows both bind
variable names and wait events in the S4L trace fles
7 EMDE trace name errorstac', level EG EMDE trace name errorstac',
level M EMDE trace name processstate 2!mps o!t trace information if
an O.A-EMDE 7inserted val!e too large for col!mn7 error occ!rs. The
EMDE can be replaced by any other Oracle Server error code that yo!
want to trace.
7 PD trace name errorstac' level ED Show where in the code Oracle
gets a deadloc' (O.A-PD*, and may help to diagnose the problem.
The following lists of events are e%amples only. They might be version
specifc, so please call Oracle before !sing themA
7 EDGED trace name conte%t forever, level ED EDGEE trace name
conte%t forever, level ED EDGHE trace name conte%t forever, level ED
These events prevent database bloc' corr!ptions
7 EDDM@ trace name conte%t forever, level G $emory protect c!rsor
7 EDGED trace name conte%t forever, level G 2ata bloc' chec'
7 EDGEE trace name conte%t forever, level G 0nde% bloc' chec'
7 EDGHO trace name conte%t forever, level E $emory heap chec'
7 EDGPG trace name conte%t forever, level HDD Allow HDD bytes
memory lea' for connections
3oteA #o! can !se the ni% oerr command to get the description of an
event. On ni%, yo! can type 7oerr ora EDDOH7 from the command
prompt to get event details.
32.. >o" can one dump internal database structures? Ffor 81B
The following (mostly !ndoc!mented* commands can be !sed to
obtain information abo!t internal database str!ct!res.
o 2!mp control fle contents
alter session set events 'immediate trace name )O3T.OLB level ED'
?
o 2!mp fle headers
alter session set events 'immediate trace name B0L"<52.S level ED'
?
o 2!mp redo log headers
Page 45 of 153
alter session set events 'immediate trace name ."2O52. level ED'
?
o 2!mp the system state
3OT"A Ta'e H s!ccessive S#ST"$STAT" d!mps, with ED-min!te
intervals alter session set events 'immediate trace name S#ST"$STAT"
level ED'
?
o 2!mp the process state
alter session set events 'immediate trace name +.O)"SSSTAT" level
ED'
?
o 2!mp Library )ache details
alter session set events 'immediate trace name library cache level ED'
?
o 2!mp optimi8er statistics whenever a S4L statement is parsed (hintA
change statement or S!sh pool* alter session set events 'EDDOH trace
name conte%t forever, level E'
?
o 2!mp a database bloc' (Bile? ,loc' m!st be converted to 2,A
address* )onvert fle and bloc' n!mber to a 2,A (database bloc'
address*.
"gA variable % varcharGF
e%ec A% AC dbms<!tility.ma'e<data<bloc'<address(E,EG*F
print %
alter session set events 'immediate trace name bloc'd!mp level
ODHPDI@M'
?
321. What are the di,erent 2ind of e$port bac2ups?
B!ll bac' - )omplete database
0ncremental - Only a6ected tables from last incremental date?f!ll
bac'!p date.
)!m!lative bac'!p - Only a6ected table from the last c!m!lative
date?f!ll bac'!p date.
322. >o" free e$tents are managed in 7er '.. and 7er (.. ?
Bree e%tents cannot be merged together in 1er P.D.
Bree e%tents are periodically coalesces with the neighboring free e%tent
in 1er J.D
323. What is the use of 4+O48 option in M0 command?
Bor 0ncremental e%ports, the Sag indirects whether a record will be
stores data dictionary tables recording the e%port.
324. What is the use of 4OWS option in M0 command ?
Blag to indicate whether table rows sho!ld be e%ported. 0f '3' only 22L
statements for the database objects will be created.
32#. What is the use of +O!04SS option in M0 command ?
Page 46 of 153
Blag to indicate whether e%port sho!ld compress fragmented segments
into single e%tents.
32'. >o" "ill you s"ap ob)ects into a di,erent table space for
an e$isting database ?
"%port the !ser
+erform import !sing the command imp system?manager
fleCe%port.dmp inde%fleCnewrite.s&l.
This will create all defnitions into newfle.s&l. 2rop necessary objects.
.!n the script newfle.s&l after altering the tablespaces.
0mport from the bac'!p for the necessary objects.
32(. >o" does Space allocation table place "ithin a bloc2 ?
"ach bloc' contains entries as follows
Bi%ed bloc' header
1ariable bloc' header
.ow 5eader,row date (m!ltiple rows may e%ists*
+)T"."" (V of free space for row !pdation in f!t!re*
32*. What are the factors causing the reparsing of SA5
statements in S:B?
2!e to ins!Ncient Shared S4L pool si8e. $onitor the ratio of the
reloads ta'es place while e%ec!ting S4L statements. 0f the ratio is
greater than E then increase the S5A."2<+OOL<S0;". LO=0)AL X
+5#S0)AL A.)50T")T." OB 2ATA,AS".
32-. What is dictionary cache ?
2ictionary cache is information abo!t the databse objects stored in a
data dictionary table.
33.. What is a +ontrol &le ?
2atabase overall physical architect!re is maintained in a fle called
control fle. 0t will be !sed to maintain internal consistency and g!ide
recovery operations. $!ltiple copies of control fles are advisable.
331. What is 8atabase 1u,ers ?
2atabase b!6ers are cache in the S=A !sed to hold the data bloc's
that are read from the data segments in the database s!ch as tables,
inde%es and cl!sters 2,<,LO):<,BB".S parameter in 030T.O.A
decides the si8e.
332. >o" "ill you create multiple rollbac2 segments in a
database ?
)reate a database which implicitly creates a S#ST"$ .ollbac' Segment
in a S#ST"$ tablespace. )reate a Second .ollbac' Segment name .D
in the S#ST"$ tablespace. $a'e new rollbac' segment available (After
sh!tdown, modify init.ora fle and Start database* )reate other
Page 47 of 153
tablespaces (.,S* for rollbac' segments. 2eactivate .ollbac' Segment
.D and activate the newly created rollbac' segments.
333. What is cold bac2up? What are the elements of it?
)old bac'!p is ta'ing bac'!p of all physical fles after normal sh!tdown
of database. /e need to ta'e.
- All 2ata fles.
- All )ontrol fles.
- All on-line redo log fles.
- The init.ora fle (Optional*
334. What is meant by redo log bu,er ?
)hanges made to entries are written to the on-line redo log fles. So
that they can be !sed in roll forward operations d!ring database
recoveries. ,efore writing them into the redo log fles, they will frst
bro!ght to redo log b!6ers in S=A and L=/. will write into fles
fre&!ently. LO=<,BB". parameter will decide the si8e.
33#. >o" "ill you estimate the space re=uired by a non3
clustered tables?
)alc!late the total header si8e
)alc!late the available dataspace per data bloc'
)alc!late the combined col!mn lengths of the average row
)alc!late the total average row si8e.
)alc!late the average n!mber rows that can ft in a bloc'
)alc!late the n!mber of bloc's and bytes re&!ired for the table.
After arriving the calc!lation, add ED V additional space to calc!late
the initial e%tent si8e for a wor'ing table.
33'. >o" "ill you monitor the space allocation ?
,y &!erying 2,A<S"=$"3T table?view.
33(. What is meant by free e$tent ?
A free e%tent is a collection of contin!o!s free bloc's in tablespace.
/hen a segment is dropped its e%tents are reallocated and are mar'ed
as free.
33*. What is the use of 9:;O4 option in 9!0 command ?
A Sag to indicate whether the import sho!ld ignore errors enco!nter
when iss!ing )."AT" commands.
33-. What is the use of B;B5YS F 7er (G option in M0
command ?
A Sag to indicate whether statistical information abo!t the e%ported
objects sho!ld be written to e%port d!mp fle.
34.. What is the use of 4OWS option in 9!0 command ?
A Sag to indicate whether rows sho!ld be imported. 0f this is set to '3'
then only 22L for database objects will be e%ec!ted.
Page 48 of 153
341. What is the use of 9;8MS option in M0 command ?
A Sag to indicate whether inde%es on tables will be e%ported.
342. What is the use of 9;8MS option in 9!0 command ?
A Sag to indicate whether import sho!ld import inde% on tables or not.
343. What is the use of :4B;T option in M0 command?
A Sag to indicate whether grants on databse objects will be e%ported or
not. 1al!e is '#' or '3'.
344. What is the use of :4B;T option in 9!0 command ?
A Sag to indicate whether grants on database objects will be imported.
34#. What is the use of 6@55 option in M0 command ?
A Sag to indicate whether f!ll databse e%port sho!ld be performed.
34'. What is the use of S>OW option in 9!0 command ?
A Sag to indicate whether fle content sho!ld be displayed or not.
34(. What is the use of +O;ST4B9;TS option in M0
command ?
A Sag to indicate whether constraints on table need to be e%ported.
34*. What is the use of +O;S9ST;T F7er (G option in M0
command ?
A Sag to indicate whether a read consistent version of all the e%ported
objects sho!ld be maintained.
34-. What are the di,erent methods of bac2ing up oracle
database ?
- Logical ,ac'!ps
- )old ,ac'!ps
- 5ot ,ac'!ps (Archive log*
3#.. What is the di,erence bet"een O;37B598BT36958
trigger and a 0OST3+>B;: trigger ?
/hen yo! changes the "%isting val!e to n!ll, the On-validate feld
trigger will fre post change trigger will not fre. At the time of e%ec!te-
&!ery post-change trigger will fre, on-validate feld trigger will not fre.
3#1. When is 043A@4Y trigger e$ecuted ?
/hen "%ec!te-&!ery or co!nt-&!ery +ac'age proced!res are invo'ed.
3#2. >o" do you trap the error in forms 3.. ?
!sing On-$essage or On-"rror triggers.
3#3. >o" many pages you can in a single form ?
nlimited
Page 49 of 153
3#4. While specifying masterJdetail relationship bet"een t"o
bloc2s specifying the )oin condition is a must ? True or 6alse. ?
Tr!e
3##. M9TD6O4! is a restricted pac2age procedure ?a. True b.
6alse
Tr!e
3#'. What is the usage of an O;39;S4T%O;385T and O;3
@08BT T49::4S ?
These triggers are e%ec!tes when inserting, deleting and !pdating
operations are performed and can be !sed to change the defa!lt
f!nction of insert, delete or !pdate respectively. Bor "g, instead of
inserting a row in a table an e%isting row can be !pdated in the same
table.
3#(. What are the types of 0op3up "indo" ?
the pop-!p feld editor
pop-!p list of val!es
pop-!p pages.
Alert A
3#*. What is an SA5 K6O4!S ?
S4L Qforms is M=L tool for developing and e%ec!tingF Oracle based
interactive application.
3#-. >o" do you control the constraints in forms ?
Select the !se constraint property is O3 ,loc' defnition screen.
,LO):
3'.. What is the di,erence bet"een restricted and
unrestricted pac2age procedure ?
.estricted pac'age proced!re that a6ects the basic f!nctions of S4L Q
Borms. 0t cannot !sed in all triggers e%cept 'ey triggers. nrestricted
pac'age proced!re that does not interfere with the basic f!nctions of
S4L Q Borms it can be !sed in any triggers.
3'1. B =uery fetched 1. records >o" many times does a 043
A@4Y Trigger and 0OST3A@4Y Trigger "ill get e$ecuted ?
+."-4".# fres once.
+OST-4".# fres ED times.
3'2. :i/e the se=uence in "hich triggers &red during insert
operations% "hen the follo"ing 3 triggers are de&ned at the
same bloc2 le/el ?
a. O3-03S".T b. +OST-03S".T c. +."-03S".T
3'3. State the order in "hich these triggers are e$ecuted ?
Page 50 of 153
+OST-B0"L2,O3-1AL02AT"-B0"L2,+OST-)5A3=" and :"#-3"RTBL2. :"#-
3"RTBL2,+OST-)5A3=", O3-1AL02AT"-B0"L2, +OST-B0"L2. g.
3'4. What the 0B@S pac2age procedure does ?
+a!se s!spends processing !ntil the operator presses a f!nction 'ey
3'#. What do you mean by a page ?
+ages are collection of display information, s!ch as constant te%t and
graphics
3''. What are the type of @ser $its ?
O.A)L" +recompliers !ser e%its
O)0 (O.A)L" )all 0nterface*
3on-O.A)"L !ser e%its.
+age A
3'(. What is the di,erence bet"een an O;37B598BT36958
trigger and a trigger ?
On-validate-feld trigger fres, when the feld 1alidation stat!s 3ew or
changed. +ost-feld-trigger whenever the control leaving form the feld,
it will fre.
3'*. +an "e use a restricted pac2age procedure in O;3
7B598BT36958 Trigger ?
3o
3'-. 9s a <ey startup trigger &res as result of a operator
pressing a 2ey e$plicitly ?
3o
3(.. +an "e use :O315O+< pac2age in a pre3&eld trigger ?
3o
3(1. +an "e create t"o bloc2s "ith the same name in form
3.. ?
3o
3(2. What is 0ost31loc2 is a. ???
a. 3avigational Trigger.
b. :ey trigger
c. Transaction Trigger.
3(3. What does an on3clear3bloc2 Trigger &re?
0t fres j!st before S4L Q forms the c!rrent bloc'.
3(4. ;ame the t"o &les that are created "hen you generate
the form gi/e the &le$ e$tension ?
03+ (So!rce Bile*
B.$ ("%ec!table Bile*
Page 51 of 153
3(#. What pac2age procedure used for in/o2e s=l Kplus from
s=l Kforms ?
5ost (".g. 5ost (s&lpl!s**
3('. What is the signi&cance of 0B: . in forms 3.. ?
5ide the felds for internal calc!lation.
3((. What are the di,erent types of 2ey triggers ?
B!nction :ey
:ey-f!nction
:ey-others
:ey-start!p
3(*. What is the di,erence bet"een a 6unction <ey Trigger
and <ey 6unction Trigger ?
B!nction 'ey triggers are associated with individ!al S4LQBO.$S
f!nction 'eys #o! can attach :ey f!nction triggers to ED 'eys or 'ey
se&!ences that normally do not perform any S4L Q BO.$S operations.
These 'eys referred as 'ey BD thro!gh 'ey B@.
3(-. +ommitted bloc2 sometimes refer to a 1BS TB15 ?
Balse
3*.. rrorD+ode is a pac2age proecdure ?
a. Tr!e b. false
Balse
3*1. When is cost based optimi?ation triggered? Ffor 81B
0t's important to have statistics on all tables for the ),O ()ost ,ased
Optimi8er* to wor' correctly. 0f one table involved in a statement does
not have statistics, Oracle has to revert to r!le-based optimi8ation for
that statement. So yo! really want for all tables to have statistics right
awayF it won't help m!ch to j!st have the larger tables analy8ed.
=enerally, the ),O can change the e%ec!tion plan when yo!A
E. )hange statistics of objects by doing an A3AL#;"F
G. )hange some initiali8ation parameters (for e%ampleA
hash<join<enabled, sort<area<si8e, db<fle<m!ltibloc'<read<co!nt*.
3*2. >o" can one optimi?e PMYEP =ueries? Ffor 81B
0t is possible to improve VR#;V &!eries by forcing the optimi8er to
scan all the entries from the inde% instead of the table. This can be
done by specifying hints. 0f the inde% is physically smaller than the
table (which is !s!ally the case* it will ta'e less time to scan the entire
inde% than to scan the entire table.
3*3. What nter pac2age procedure does ?
"nter 1alidate-data in the c!rrent validation !nit.
Page 52 of 153
3*4. Where can one &nd 9JO statistics per table? Ffor 81B
The TL"STAT report shows 0?O per tablespace b!t one cannot see
what tables in the tablespace has the most 0?O. The
>O.A)L"<5O$"?rdbms?admin?catio.s&l script creates a sample<io
proced!re and table to gather the re&!ired information. After e%ec!ting
the proced!re, one can do a simple S"L")T Q B.O$ io<per<objectF to
e%tract the re&!ired information. Bor more details, loo' at the header
comments in the >O.A)L"<5O$"?rdbms?admin?catio.s&l script.
3*#. !y =uery "as &ne last "ee2 and no" it is slo". Why? Ffor
81B
The li'ely ca!se of this is beca!se the e%ec!tion plan has changed.
=enerate a c!rrent e%plain plan of the o6ending &!ery and compare it
to a previo!s one that was ta'en when the &!ery was performing well.
s!ally the previo!s plan is not available.
Some factors that can ca!se a plan to change areA
. /hich tables are c!rrently analy8ed\ /ere they previo!sly analy8ed\
(ie. /as the &!ery !sing .,O and now ),O\*
. 5as O+T0$0;".<$O2" been changed in 030T.O.A\
. 5as the 2"=."" of parallelism been defned?changed on any table\
. 5ave the tables been re-analy8ed\ /ere the tables analy8ed !sing
estimate or comp!te\ 0f estimate, what percentage was !sed\
. 5ave the statistics changed\
. 5as the 030T.O.A parameter 2,<B0L"<$LT0,LO):<."A2<)O3T been
changed\
. 5as the 030T.O.A parameter SO.T<A."A<S0;" been changed\
. 5ave any other 030T.O.A parameters been changed\
. /hat do yo! thin' the plan sho!ld be\ .!n the &!ery with hints to see
if this prod!ces the re&!ired performance.
3*'. Why is Oracle not using the damn inde$? Ffor 81B
This problem normally only arises when the &!ery plan is being
generated by the )ost ,ased Optimi8er. The !s!al ca!se is beca!se
the ),O calc!lates that e%ec!ting a B!ll Table Scan wo!ld be faster
than accessing the table via the inde%.
B!ndamental things that can be chec'ed areA
. S".<TA,<)OL$3S.3$<20ST03)T - This col!mn defnes the
n!mber of distinct val!es the col!mn holds.
. S".<TA,L"S.3$<.O/S - 0f 3$<20ST03)T C 3$<.O/S then
!sing an inde% wo!ld be preferable to doing a BLL TA,L" S)A3. As
the 3$<20ST03)T decreases, the cost of !sing an inde% increase
thereby is ma'ing the inde% less desirable.
. S".<032"R"S.)LST".03=<BA)TO. - This defnes how ordered the
rows are in the inde%. 0f )LST".03=<BA)TO. approaches the n!mber
of bloc's in the table, the rows are ordered. 0f it approaches the
n!mber of rows in the table, the rows are randomly ordered. 0n s!ch a
case, it is !nli'ely that inde% entries in the same leaf bloc' will point to
rows in the same data bloc's.
Page 53 of 153
. 2ecrease the 030T.O.A parameter 2,<B0L"<$LT0,LO):<."A2<)O3T
- A higher val!e will ma'e the cost of a BLL TA,L" S)A3 cheaper.
. .emember that yo! $ST s!pply the leading col!mn of an inde%, for
the inde% to be !sed (!nless yo! !se a BAST BLL S)A3 or S:0+
S)A3303=*.
. There are many other factors that a6ect the cost, b!t sometimes the
above can help to show why an inde% is not being !sed by the ),O. 0f
from chec'ing the above yo! still feel that the &!ery sho!ld be !sing
an inde%, try specifying an inde% hint. Obtain an e%plain plan of the
&!ery either !sing T:+.OB with T0$"2<STAT0ST0)S, so that one can see
the )+ !tili8ation, or with ATOT.A)" to see the statistics. )ompare
this to the e%plain plan when not !sing an inde%.
3-(. When should one rebuild an inde$? Ffor 81B
#o! can r!n the 'A3AL#;" 032"R 1AL02AT" ST.)T."' command on
the a6ected inde%es - each invocation of this command creates a
single row in the 032"R<STATS view. This row is overwritten by the ne%t
A3AL#;" 032"R command, so copy the contents of the view into a
local table after each A3AL#;". The 'badness' of the inde% can then be
j!dged by the ratio of '2"L<LB<.O/S' to 'LB<.O/S'.
3**. What are the unrestricted procedures used to change the
popup screen position during run time ?
Anchor-view
.esi8e -1iew
$ove-1iew.
3*-. What is an Blert ?
An alert is window that appears in the middle of the screen overlaying
a portion of the c!rrent display.
3-.. 8eleting a page remo/es information about all the &elds
in that page ? a. True. b. 6alse?
a. Tr!e.
3-1. T"o popup pages can appear on the screen at a time ?T"o
popup pages can appear on the screen at a time ? a. True. b.
6alse?
a. Tr!e.
3-2. +lassify the restricted and unrestricted procedure from
the follo"ing.
a. +all
b. @ser3$it
c. +all3Auery
d. @p
e. $ecute3Auery
f. !essage
g. $it36rom
Page 54 of 153
h. 0ost
i. 1rea2?
a. )all - !nrestricted
b. ser "%it - nrestricted
c. )all<&!ery - nrestricted
d. p - .estricted
e. "%ec!te 4!ery - .estricted
f. $essage - .estricted
g. "%it<form - .estricted
h. +ost - .estricted
i. ,rea' - nrestricted.
3-3. What is an @ser $its ?
A !ser e%it is a s!bro!tine which are written in programming lang!ages
!sing proQ) pro Q)obol , etc., that lin' into the S4L Q forms e%ec!table.
3-4. What is a Trigger ?
A piece of logic that is e%ec!ted at or triggered by a S4L Qforms event.
3-#. What is a 0ac2age 0rocedure ?
A +ac'age proced!re is b!ilt in +L?S4L proced!re.
3-*. What is the ma$imum si?e of a form ?
GOO character width and GOO characters Length.
3--. What is the di,erence bet"een system.currentD&eld and
system.cursorD&eld ?
E. System.c!rrent<feld gives name of the feld.
G. System.c!rsor<feld gives name of the feld with bloc' name.
4... 5ist the system /ariables related in 1loc2 and 6ield?
E. System.bloc'<stat!s
G. System.c!rrent<bloc'
H. System.c!rrent<feld
M. System.c!rrent<val!e
O. System.c!rsor<bloc'
P. System.c!rsor<feld
J. System.feld<stat!s.
4.1. What are the di,erent types of 0ac2age 0rocedure ?
E. .estricted pac'age proced!re.
G. nrestricted pac'age proced!re.
4.2. What are the types of T49::4S ?
E. 3avigational Triggers.
G. Transaction Triggers.
4.3. 9dentify pac2age function from the follo"ing ? 1. rror3
+ode
Page 55 of 153
2. 1rea2
3. +all
4. rror3te$t
#. 6orm3failure
'. 6orm3fatal
(. $ecute3=uery
*. Bnchor 7ie"
-. !essageDcode?
E. "rror<)ode
G. "rror<Te%t
H. Borm<Bail!re
M. Borm<Batal
O. $essage<)ode
4.3. +an you attach an lo/ to a &eld at run3time? if yes% gi/e
the build3in name.?
#es. Set<item<proprety
4.4. 9s it possible to attach same library to more than one
form?
#es
4.#. +an you attach an lo/ to a &eld at design time?
#es
4.'. 5ist the "indo"s e/ent triggers a/ailable in 6orms 4..?
/hen-window-activated,
when-window-closed,
when-window-deactivated,
when-window-resi8ed
4.(. What are the triggers associated "ith the image item?
/hen-0mage-activated(Bires when the operator do!ble clic's on an
image 0tems*
/hen-image-pressed(fres when the operator selects or deselects the
image item*
4.*. What is a /isual attribute?
1is!al Attrib!tes are the font, color and pattern characteristics of
objects that operators see and intract with in o!r application.
4.-. >o" many ma$imum number of radio buttons can you
assign to a radio group?
nlimited no of radio b!ttons can be assigned to a radio gro!p
411. What is a 5ayout ditor?
The Layo!t "ditor is a graphical design facility for creating and
arranging items and boilerplate te%t and graphics objects in yo!r
application's interface.
Page 56 of 153
412. 5ist the Types of 9tems?
Te%t item.
)hart item.
)hec' bo%.
2isplay item.
0mage item.
List item.
.adio =ro!p.
ser Area item.
413. 5ist system /ariables a/ailable in forms 4..% and not
a/ailable in forms 3..?
System.cordination<operation
System 2ate<threshold
System.e6ective<2ate
System.event<window
System.s!ppress<wor'ing
414. What are the display styles of an alert?
Stop, )a!tion, note
41#. What built3in is used for sho"ing the alert during run3
time?
Show<alert.
41'. What built3in is used for changing the properties of the
"indo" dynamically?
Set<window<property
)anvas-1iew
41(. What are the di,erent types of "indo"s?
.oot window, secondary window.
41*. What is a prede&ned e$ception a/ailable in forms 4..?
.aise form<trigger<fail!re
41-. What is a radio :roup?
.adio gro!ps display a f%ed no of options that are m!t!ally "%cl!sive.
ser can select one o!t of n n!mber of options.
41-. What are the di,erent type of a record group?
4!ery record gro!p
Static record gro!p
3on &!ery record gro!p
42.. What are the menu items that oracle forms 4.. supports?
+lain, )hec',.adio, Separator, $agic
Page 57 of 153
421. :i/e the e=ui/alent term in forms 4.. for the follo"ing.
0age% 0age .?
+age - )anvas-1iew
+age D - )anvas-view n!ll.
422. What triggers are associated "ith the radio group?
Only when-radio-changed trigger associated with radio gro!p
1is!al Attrib!tes.
423. What are the triggers associated "ith a chec2 bo$?
Only /hen-chec'bo%-activated Trigger associated with a )hec' bo%.
424.+an you attach an alert to a &eld?
3o
42#. +an a root "indo" be made modal?
3o
42'. What is a list item?
0t is a list of te%t elements.
42(. 5ist some built3in routines used to manipulate images in
imageDitem?
0mage<add
0mage<and
0mage<s!btract
0mage<%or
0mage<8oom
42*. +an you change the alert messages at run3time?
0f yes, give the name of the b!ilt-in to change the alert messages at
r!n-time. #es. Set<alert<property.
42-. What is the built3in used to get and set lo/ properties
during run3time?
=et<lov<property
Set<lov<property
.ecord =ro!p
43.. What is the built3in routine used to count the no of ro"s
in a group?
=et<gro!p <row<co!nt
System 1ariables
431. :i/e the Types of modules in a form?
Borm
$en!
Library
Page 58 of 153
432. Write the Bbbre/iation for the follo"ing 6ile $tension 1.
6!1 2. !!1 3. 055?
B$, ----- Borm $od!le ,inary.
$$, ----- $en! $od!le ,inary.
+LL ------ +L?S4L Library $od!le ,inary.
433. 5ist the built3in routine for controlling "indo" during run3
time?
Bind<window,
get<window<property,
hide<window,
move<window,
resi8e<window,
set<window<property,
show<1iew
434. 5ist the built3in routine for controlling "indo" during run3
time?
Bind<canvas
=et-)anvas<property
=et<view<property
5ide<1iew
.eplace<content<view
Scroll<view
Set<canvas<property
Set<view<property
Show<view
Alert
43#. What is the built3in function used for &nding the alert?
Bind<alert
"ditors
43'. 5ist the editors a/ailables in forms 4..?
2efa!lt editor
ser<defned editors
system editors.
43(. What buil3in routines are used to display editor
dynamicaly?
"dit<te%t item
show<editor
LO1
43*. What is an 5o/?
A list of val!es is a single or m!lti col!mn selection list displayed in a
pop-!p window
43-. What is a record :roup?
Page 59 of 153
A record gro!p is an internal oracle forms data str!ct!re that has a
similar col!mn?row frame wor' to a database table
44.. :i/e built3in routine related to a record groups?
)reate<gro!p (B!nction*
)reate<gro!p<from<&!ery(B!nction*
2elete<gro!p(+roced!re*
Add<gro!p<col!mn(B!nction*
Add<gro!p<row(+roced!re*
2elete<gro!p<row(+roced!re*
+op!late<gro!p(B!nction*
+op!late<gro!p<with<&!ery(B!nction*
Set<gro!p<)har<cell(proced!re*
441. 5ist the built3in routines for the controlling can/as /ie"s
during run3time?
Bind<canvas
=et-)anvas<property
=et<view<property
5ide<1iew
.eplace<content<view
Scroll<view
Set<canvas<property
Set<view<property
Show<view
Alert
442. System.e,ecti/eDdate system /ariable is read only
TrueJ6alse?
Balse
443. What are the builtDin used to trapping errors in forms 4?
"rror<type ret!rn character
"rror<code ret!rn n!mber
"rror<te%t ret!rn char
2bms<error<code ret!rn no.
2bms<error<te%t ret!rn char
444. What is Oracle 6inancials? Ffor 81B
Oracle Binancials prod!cts provide organi8ations with sol!tions to
a wide range of long- and short-term acco!nting system iss!es.
.egardless of the si8e of the b!siness, Oracle Binancials can
meet acco!nting management demands withA
Oracle AssetsA "ns!res that an organi8ation's property and
e&!ipment investment is acc!rate and that the correct asset ta%
acco!nting strategies are chosen.
Oracle =eneral LedgerA O6ers a complete sol!tion to jo!rnal
entry, b!dgeting, allocations, consolidation, and fnancial
reporting needs.
Page 60 of 153
Oracle 0nventoryA 5elps an organi8ation ma'e better inventory
decisions by minimi8ing stoc' and ma%imi8ing cash Sow.
Oracle Order "ntryA +rovides organi8ations with a sophisticated
order entry system for managing c!stomer commitments.
Oracle +ayablesA Lets an organi8ation process more invoices with
fewer sta6 members and tighter controls. 5elps save money
thro!gh ma%im!m disco!nts, ban' Soat, and prevention of
d!plicate payment.
Oracle +ersonnelA 0mproves the management of employee-
related iss!es by retaining and ma'ing available every form of
personnel data.
Oracle +!rchasingA 0mproves b!ying power, helps negotiate
bigger disco!nts, eliminates paper Sow, increases fnancial
controls, and increases prod!ctivity.
Oracle .eceivablesA. 0mproves cash Sow by letting an
organi8ation process more payments faster, witho!t o6-line
research. 5elps correctly acco!nt for cash, red!ce o!tstanding
receivables, and improve collection e6ectiveness.
Oracle .even!e Acco!nting =ives an organi8ation timely and
acc!rate reven!e and Se%ible commissions reporting.
Oracle Sales AnalysisA Allows for better forecasting, planning. and
reporting of sales information.
44#. What are the design facilities a/ailable in forms 4..?
2efa!lt ,loc' facility.
Layo!t "ditor.
$en! "ditor.
Object Lists.
+roperty Sheets.
+L?S4L "ditor.
Tables )ol!mns ,rowser.
,!ilt-ins ,rowser.
44'. What is the most important module in Oracle 6inancials?
Ffor 81B
The =eneral Ledger (=L* mod!le is the basis for all other Oracle
Binancial mod!les. All other mod!les provide information to it. 0f yo!
implement Oracle Binancials, yo! sho!ld switch yo!r c!rrent =L system
frst.=L is relatively easy to implement. #o! sho!ld go live with it frst
to give yo!r implementation team a chance to be familiar with Oracle
Binancials.
44(. What are the types of can/as3/ie"s?
)ontent 1iew, Stac'ed 1iew.
44*. What is the !ultiOrg and "hat is it used for? Ffor 81B
$!ltiOrg or $!ltiple Organi8ations Architect!re allows m!ltiple
operating !nits and their relationships to be defned within a single
Page 61 of 153
installation of Oracle Applications. This 'eeps each operating !nit's
transaction data separate and sec!re.
se the following &!ery to determine if $!liOrg is intalledA
select m!lti<org<Sag from fnd<prod!ct<gro!psF
44-. What is the di,erence bet"een 6ields and 6le$6ields? Ffor
81B
A feld is a position on a form that one !ses to enter, view, !pdate, or
delete information. A feld prompt describes each feld by telling what
'ind of information appears in the feld, or alternatively, what 'ind of
information sho!ld be entered in the feld.
A Se%feld is an Oracle Applications feld made !p of segments. "ach
segment has an assigned name and a set of valid val!es. Oracle
Applications !ses Se%felds to capt!re information abo!t yo!r
organi8ation. There are two types of Se%feldsA 'ey Se%felds and
descriptive Se%felds.
4#.. $plain types of 1loc2 in forms4..?
,ase table ,loc's.
)ontrol ,loc's.
E. A base table bloc' is one that is associated with a specifc database
table or view.
G. A control bloc' is a bloc' that is not associated with a database
table. 0T"$S
4#1. What is an Blert?
An alert is a modal window that displays a message notifes the
operator of some application condition
4##. What are the built3in routines is a/ailable in forms 4.. to
create and manipulate a parameter list?
Add<parameter
)reate<+arameter<list
2elete<parameter
2estroy<parameter<list
=et<parameter<attr
=et<parameter<list
set<parameter<attr
4#' .What is a record :roup?
A record gro!p is an internal oracle forms data str!ct!re that has a
similar col!mn?row frame wor' to a database table
4#( What is a ;a/igable item?
A navigable item is one that operators can navigate to with the
'eyboard d!ring defa!lt navigation, or that Oracle forms can navigate
to by e%ec!ting a navigational b!ilt-in proced!re.
4#*. What is a library in 6orms 4..?
Page 62 of 153
A library is a collection of +l?S4L program !nits, incl!ding !ser named
proced!res, f!nctions X pac'ages
4'.. >o" imageDitems can be populate to &eld in forms 4..?
A fetch from a long raw database col!mn +L?S&l assignment to
e%ec!ting the read<image<fle b!ilt<in proced!re to get an image from
the fle system.
4'1. What is the content /ie" and stac2ed /ie"?
A content view is the 7,ase7 view that occ!pies the entire content
pane of the window in which it is displayed. A stac'ed view di6ers from
a content canvas view in that it is not the base view for the window to
which it is assigned
4'2. What is a +hec2 1o$?
A )hec' ,o% is a two state control that indicates whether a certain
condition or val!e is on or o6, tr!e or false. The display state of a
chec' bo% is always either 7chec'ed7 or 7!nchec'ed7.
4'3. What is a can/as3/ie"?
A canvas-view is the bac'gro!nd object on which yo! layo!t the
interface items (te%t-items, chec' bo%es, radio gro!ps, and so on.* and
boilerplate objects that operators see and interact with as they r!n
yo!r form. At r!n-time, operators can see only those items that have
been assigned to a specifc canvas. "ach canvas, in term, m!st be
displayed in a specifc window.
4'4. $plain the follo"ing &le e$tension related to library?
.pll,.lib,.pld
The library pll fles is a portable design fle comparable to an fmb form
fle
The library lib fle is a plat form specifc, generated library fle
comparable to a fm% form fle
The pld fle is T%t format fle and can be !sed for so!rce controlling
yo!r library fles +arameter
4'#. $plain the usage of W>4 +@44;T O6 clause in
cursors ?
/5"." ).."3T OB cla!se in an +2AT",2"L"T" statement refers to
the latest row fetched from a c!rsor. 2atabase Triggers
4''. ;ame the tables "here characteristics of 0ac2age%
procedure and functions are stored ?
ser<objects, ser<So!rce and ser<error.
4'(. $plain the t"o type of +ursors ?
There are two types of c!rsors, 0mplicit )!rsor and "%plicit )!rsor.
+L?S4L !ses 0mplicit )!rsors for &!eries. ser defned c!rsors are
called "%plicit )!rsors. They can be declared and !sed.
Page 63 of 153
4'*. What are t"o parts of pac2age ?
The two parts of pac'age are +A):A=" S+")0B0)AT0O3 X +A):A="
,O2#. +ac'age Specifcation contains declarations that are global to
the pac'ages and local to the schema. +ac'age ,ody contains act!al
proced!res and local declaration of the proced!res and c!rsor
declarations.
4'-. What are t"o /irtual tables a/ailable during database
trigger e$ecution ?
The table col!mns are referred as OL2.col!mn<name and
3"/.col!mn<name.
Bor triggers related to 03S".T only 3"/.col!mn<name val!es only
available.
Bor triggers related to +2AT" only OL2.col!mn<name
3"/.col!mn<name val!es only available.
Bor triggers related to 2"L"T" only OL2.col!mn<name val!es only
available.
4(.. What is 6ine :rained Buditing? Ffor 81B
Bine =rained A!diting (2,$S<B=A* allows a!diting records to be
generated when certain rows are selected from a table. A list of
defned policies can be obtained from 2,A<A20T<+OL0)0"S. A!dit
records are stored in 2,A<B=A<A20T<T.A0L. Loo' at this e%ampleA
o Add policy on table with a!titing condition...
e%ec!te dbms<fga.add<policy('5.', '"$+', 'policyE', 'deptno K ED'*F
o $!st A3AL#;", this feat!re wor's with ),O ()ost ,ased Optimi8er*
analy8e table "$+ comp!te statisticsF
select Q from "$+ where cE C EEF -- /ill trigger a!diting
select Q from "$+ where cE C D@F -- 3o a!diting
o 3ow we can see the statments that triggered the a!diting condition...
select s&lte%t from sys.fga<log>F
delete from sys.fga<log>F
4(1. What is a pac2age ? What are the ad/antages of pac2ages
? What is 0ragma M+0T9O;D9;9T ? $plain the usage ?
The +.A=$A "R")+T0O3<030T tells the complier to associate an
e%ception with an oracle error. To get an error message of a specifc
oracle error. e.g. +.A=$A "R)"+T0O3<030T (e%ception name, oracle
error n!mber*
4(2. What is 6ine :rained Bccess +ontrol? Ffor 81B
See &!estion 7/hat is a 1irt!al +rivate 2atabase7.
4(3. What is a 7irtual 0ri/ate 8atabase? Ffor 81B
Oracle Ii introd!ced the notion of a 1irt!al +rivate 2atabase (1+2*. A
1+2 o6ers Bine-=rained Access )ontrol (B=A)* for sec!re separation of
data. This ens!res that !sers only have access to data that pertains to
them. sing this option, one co!ld even store m!ltiple companies' data
Page 64 of 153
within the same schema, witho!t them 'nowing abo!t it. 1+2
confg!ration is done via the 2,$S<.LS (.ow Level Sec!rity* pac'age.
Select from S#S.1>1+2<+OL0)# to see e%isting 1+2 confg!ration.
4(4. What is 4aiseDapplicationDerror ?
.aise<application<error is a proced!re of pac'age 2,$S<STA32A.2
which allows to iss!e an !ser<defned error messages from stored s!b-
program or database trigger.
4(#. What is Oracle 5abel Security? Ffor 81B
Oracle Label Sec!rity (formerly called Tr!sted Oracle $LS .2,$S* !ses
the 1+2 (1irt!al +rivate 2atabase* feat!re of OracleIi to implement
row level sec!rity. Access to rows are restricted according to a !ser's
sec!rity sensitivity tag or label. Oracle Label Sec!rity is confg!red,
controlled and managed from the +olicy $anager, an "nterprise
$anager-based =0 !tility.
4('. :i/e the structure of the procedure ?
+.O)"2." name (parameter list.....*
is
local variable declarations
,"=03
"%ec!table statements.
"%ception.
e%ception handlers
endF
4((. What is O! FOracle nterprise !anagerG? Ffor 81B
O"$ is a set of systems management tools provided by Oracle
)orporation for managing the Oracle environment. 0t provides tools to
monitor the Oracle environment and a!tomate tas's (both one-time
and repetitive in nat!re* to ta'e database administration a step closer
to 7Lights O!t7 management.
4(*. Auestion What is 05JSA5 ?
+L?S4L is a proced!ral lang!age that has both interactive S4L and
proced!ral programming lang!age constr!cts s!ch as iteration,
conditional branching.
4(-. What are the components of O!? Ffor 81B
Oracle "nterprise $anager (O"$* has the following componentsA
. $anagement Server (O$S*A $iddle tier server that handles
comm!nication with the intelligent agents. The O"$ )onsole connects
to the management server to monitor and confg!re the Oracle
enterprise.
. )onsoleA This is a graphical interface from where one can sched!le
jobs, events, and monitor the database. The console can be opened
from a /indows wor'station, ni% RTerm (oemapp command* or /eb
Page 65 of 153
browser session (oem<webstage*.
. 0ntelligent Agent (O0A*A The O0A r!ns on the target database and ta'es
care of the e%ec!tion of jobs and events sched!led thro!gh the
)onsole.
4*1. 9s it possible to use Transaction control Statements such a
4O551B+< or +O!!9T in 8atabase Trigger ? Why ?
0t is not possible. As triggers are defned for each table, if yo! !se
)O$$0T of .OLL,A): in a trigger, it a6ects logical transaction
processing.
4*2. >o" many types of database triggers can be speci&ed on
a table ? What are they ?
0nsert pdate 2elete
,efore .ow o.'. o.'. o.'.
After .ow o.'. o.'. o.'.
,efore Statement o.'. o.'. o.'.
After Statement o.'. o.'. o.'.
0f BO. "A)5 .O/ cla!se is specifed, then the trigger for each .ow
a6ected by the statement.
0f /5"3 cla!se is specifed, the trigger fres according to the ret!rned
,oolean val!e.
4*3. What are the modes of parameters that can be passed to
a procedure ?
03,OT,03-OT parameters.
4*4. Where the 0reDde&nedDe$ceptions are stored ?
0n the standard pac'age.
+roced!res, B!nctions X +ac'ages F
4*#. Write the order of precedence for /alidation of a column
in a table ?
9. done using 8atabase triggers.
ii. done using 9ntegarity +onstraints.?
0 X ii.
4*'. :i/e the structure of the function ?
B3)T0O3 name (arg!ment list .....* .et!rn datatype is
local variable declarations
,egin
e%ec!table statements
"%ception
e%ec!tion handlers
"ndF
4*(. $plain ho" procedures and functions are called in a
05JSA5 bloc2 ?
Page 66 of 153
B!nction is called as part of an e%pression.
sal AC calc!late<sal ('aIGG'*F
proced!re is called as a +L?S4L statement
calc!late<bon!s ('AIGG'*F
4**. What are ad/antages fo Stored 0rocedures?
"%tensibility,$od!larity, .e!sability, $aintainability and one time
compilation.
4*-. What is an $ception ? What are types of $ception ?
"%ception is the error handling part of +L?S4L bloc'. The types are
+redefned and !ser defned. Some of +redefned e%ceptions are.
).SO.<AL."A2#<O+"3
2+<1AL<O3<032"R
3O<2ATA<BO32
TOO<$A3#<.O/S
031AL02<).SO.
031AL02<3$,".
LO=O3<2"30"2
3OT<LO=="2<O3
+.O=.A$-"..O.
STO.A="<"..O.
T0$"OT<O3<."SO.)"
1AL"<"..O.
;".O<20102"
OT5".S.
4-.. What are the 05JSA5 Statements used in cursor
processing ?
2")LA." ).SO. c!rsor name, O+"3 c!rsor name, B"T)5 c!rsor
name 03TO or .ecord types, )LOS" c!rsor name.
4-1. What are the components of a 05JSA5 1loc2 ?
2eclarative part, "%ec!table part and "%ception part.
2atatypes +L?S4L
4-2. What is a database trigger ? ;ame some usages of
database trigger ?
2atabase trigger is stored +L?S4L program !nit associated with a
specifc database table. sages are A!dit data modifcations, Log
events transparently, "nforce comple% b!siness r!les 2erive col!mn
val!es a!tomatically, 0mplement comple% sec!rity a!thori8ations.
$aintain replicate tables.
4-3. What is a cursor ? Why +ursor is re=uired ?
)!rsor is a named private S4L area from where information can be
accessed. )!rsors are re&!ired to process rows individ!ally for &!eries
ret!rning m!ltiple rows.
Page 67 of 153
4-4. What is a cursor for loop ?
)!rsor for loop implicitly declares V.O/T#+" as loop inde%,opens a
c!rsor, fetches rows of val!es from active set into felds in the record
and closes when all the records have been processed.
eg. BO. emp<rec 03 )E LOO+
salary<total AC salary<total Wemp<rec salF
"32 LOO+F
4-#. What "ill happen after commit statement ?
)!rsor )E is
Select empno,
ename from empF
,egin
open )EF loop
Betch )E into
eno.enameF
"%it /hen
)E Vnotfo!ndF-----
commitF
end loopF
endF
The c!rsor having &!ery as S"L")T .... BO. +2AT" gets closed after
)O$$0T?.OLL,A):.
The c!rsor having &!ery as S"L")T.... does not get closed even after
)O$$0T?.OLL,A):.
4-'. >o" pac2aged procedures and functions are called from
the follo"ing?
a. Stored procedure or anonymous bloc2
b. an application program such a 04+ K+% 04OK +O1O5
c. SA5 K05@S??
a. +A):A=" 3A$".+.O)"2." 3A$" (parameters*F
variable AC +A):A=" 3A$".B3)T0O3 3A$" (arg!ments*F
"R") S4L "R")T"
b.,"=03
+A):A=" 3A$".+.O)"2." 3A$" (parameters*
variable AC +A):A=" 3A$".B3)T0O3 3A$" (arg!ments*F
"32F
"32 "R")F
c. "R")T" +A):A=" 3A$".+.O)"2." if the proced!res does not
have any o!t?in-o!t parameters. A f!nction can not be called.
4-(. What is a stored procedure ?
A stored proced!re is a se&!ence of statements that perform specifc
f!nction.
4-*. What are the components of a 05JSA5 bloc2 ?
A set of related declarations and proced!ral statements is called bloc'.
Page 68 of 153
4--. What is di,erence bet"een a 04O+8@4 O 6@;+T9O; ?
A B3)T0O3 is always ret!rns a val!e !sing the ret!rn statement.
A +.O)"2." may ret!rn one or more val!es thro!gh parameters or
may not ret!rn at all.
#... What is di,erence bet"een a +ursor declared in a
procedure and +ursor declared in a pac2age speci&cation ?
A c!rsor declared in a pac'age specifcation is global and can be
accessed by other proced!res or proced!res in a pac'age.
A c!rsor declared in a proced!re is local to the proced!re that can not
be accessed by other proced!res.
#.1. What are the cursor attributes used in 05JSA5 ?
V0SO+"3 - to chec' whether c!rsor is open or not
V .O/)O3T - n!mber of rows fetched?!pdated?deleted.
V BO32 - to chec' whether c!rsor has fetched any row. Tr!e if rows
are fetched.
V 3OT BO32 - to chec' whether c!rsor has fetched any row. Tr!e if
no rows are featched.
These attrib!tes are proceeded with S4L for 0mplicit )!rsors and with
)!rsor name for "%plicit )!rsors.
#.2. What are P TY0 and P 4OWTY0 ? What are the
ad/antages of using these o/er datatypes?
V T#+" provides the data type of a variable or a database col!mn to
that variable.
V .O/T#+" provides the record type that represents a entire row of a
table or view or col!mns selected in the c!rsor.
The advantages are A
0. 3eed not 'now abo!t variable's data type
ii. 0f the database defnition of a col!mn in a table changes, the data
type of a variable changes accordingly.
#.3. What is di,erence bet"een P 4OWTY0 and TY0
4+O48 ?
V .O/T#+" is to be !sed whenever &!ery ret!rns a entire row of a
table or view.
T#+" rec .")O.2 is to be !sed whenever &!ery ret!rns col!mns of
di6erent table or views and variables.
".g. T#+" r<emp is .")O.2 (eno emp.empnoV type,ename emp
ename Vtype *F
e<rec empV .O/T#+"
c!rsor cE is select empno,deptno from empF
e<rec cE V.O/T#+".
#.4. What are the di,erent types of 05JSA5 program units that
can be de&ned and stored in O4B+5 database ?
+roced!res and B!nctions,+ac'ages and 2atabase Triggers.
Page 69 of 153
#.#. What are the ad/antages of ha/ing a 0ac2age ?
0ncreased f!nctionality (for e%ample,global pac'age variables can be
declared and !sed by any proecd!re in the pac'age* and performance
(for e%ample all objects of the pac'age are parsed compiled, and
loaded into memory once*
#.'. What are the uses of 8atabase Trigger ?
2atabase triggers can be !sed to a!tomatic data generation, a!dit
data modifcations, enforce comple% 0ntegrity constraints, and
c!stomi8e comple% sec!rity a!thori8ations.
#.(. What is a 0rocedure ?
A +roced!re consist of a set of S4L and +L?S4L statements that are
gro!ped together as a !nit to solve a specifc problem or perform a set
of related tas's.
#.*. What is a 0ac2age ?
A +ac'age is a collection of related proced!res, f!nctions, variables and
other pac'age constr!cts together as a !nit in the database.
#.-. What is di,erence bet"een 0rocedures and 6unctions ?
A B!nction ret!rns a val!e to the caller where as a +roced!re does not.
#1.. What is 8atabase Trigger ?
A 2atabase Trigger is proced!re (set of S4L and +L?S4L statements*
that is a!tomatically e%ec!ted as a res!lt of an insert in,!pdate to, or
delete from a table.
#11. +an the default /alues be assigned to actual parameters?
#es
#12. +an a primary 2ey contain more than one columns?
#es
#13. What is an @T5D695.What are di,erent procedures and
functions associated "ith it?
TL<B0L" is a pac'age that adds the ability to read and write to
operating system fles. +roced!res associated with it are B)LOS",
B)LOS"<ALL and O proced!res to o!tp!t data to a fle +T, +T<L03",
3"/<L03", +TB, BBLS5.+T, BBLS5.+T<L03",BBLS5.3"/<L03".
B!nctions associated with it are BO+"3, 0SO+"3.
#14. What are O4B+5 04+O!0954S?
sing O.A)L" +.")O$+0L".S, S4L statements and +L?S4L bloc's can
be contained inside H=L programs written in ),)WW,)O,OL,+AS)AL,
BO.T.A3,+L?E A32 A2A. The +recompilers are 'nown as
+roQ),+roQ)obol,... This form of +L?S4L is 'nown as embedded
pl?s&l,the lang!age in which pl?s&l is embedded is 'nown as the host
Page 70 of 153
lang!age. The prcompiler translates the embedded S4L and pl?s&l
ststements into calls to the precompiler r!ntime library.The o!tp!t
m!st be compiled and lin'ed with this library to creater an e%ec!table.
#1#. 8i,erentiate bet"een T4@;+BT and 85T?
T.3)AT" deletes m!ch faster than 2"L"T"
T.3)AT"
2"L"T"
0t is a 22L statement
0t is a 2$L statement
0t is a one way trip,cannot .OLL,A):
One can .ollbac'
2oesn't have selective feat!res (where cla!se*
5as
2oesn't fre database triggers
2oes
0t re&!ires disabling of referential constraints.
#1'. What is di,erence bet"een a formal and an actual
parameter?
The variables declared in the proced!re and which are passed, as
arg!ments are called act!al, the parameters in the proced!re
declaration. Act!al parameters contain the val!es that are passed to a
proced!re and receive res!lts. Bormal parameters are the placeholders
for the val!es of act!al parameters
#1(. What should be the return type for a cursor /ariable.+an
"e use a scalar data type as return type?
The ret!rn type for a c!rsor m!st be a record type.0t can be declared
e%plicitly as a !ser-defned or V.O/T#+" can be !sed. eg T#+"
t<st!dentsref 0S ."B ).SO. ."T.3 st!dentsV.O/T#+"
#1*. What are di,erent Oracle database ob)ects?
-TA,L"S
-10"/S
-032"R"S
-S#3O3#$S
-S"4"3)"S
-TA,L"S+A)"S etc
#1-. What is di,erence bet"een S@1ST4 and 9;ST4?
S,ST. ret!rns a specifed portion of a string eg S,ST.(',)2"B',M*
o!tp!t ,)2" 03ST. provides character position in which a pattern is
fo!nd in a string. eg 03ST.('A,)-2)-B','-',G* o!tp!t J (Gnd occ!rence of
'-'*
#2.. 8isplay the number /alue in Words?
S4LK select sal, (to<char(to<date(sal,'j'*, 'jsp'**
from empF
Page 71 of 153
the o!tp!t li'e,
SAL (TO<)5A.(TO<2AT"(SAL,'T'*,'TS+'**
--------- ----------------------------------------
IDD eight h!ndred
EPDD one tho!sand si% h!ndred
EGOD one tho!sand two h!ndred ffty
0f yo! want to add some te%t li'e, .s. Three Tho!sand only.
S4LK select sal 7Salary 7,
(' .s. 'UU (to<char(to<date(sal,'j'*, 'Tsp'**UU ' only.'**
7Sal in /ords7 from emp
?
Salary Sal in /ords
------- -----------------------------------------------
IDD .s. "ight 5!ndred only.
EPDD .s. One Tho!sand Si% 5!ndred only.
EGOD .s. One Tho!sand Two 5!ndred Bifty only.
#21. What is di,erence bet"een SA5 and SA5K05@S?
S4LQ+LS is a command line tool where as S4L and +L?S4L lang!age
interface and reporting tool. 0ts a command line tool that allows !ser to
type S4L commands to be e%ec!ted directly against an Oracle
database. S4L is a lang!age !sed to &!ery the relational
database(2$L,2)L,22L*. S4LQ+LS commands are !sed to format
&!ery res!lt, Set options, "dit S4L commands and +L?S4L.
#22. What are /arious )oins used "hile "riting S@1A@49S?
Self join-0ts a join foreign 'ey of a table references the same table.
O!ter Toin--0ts a join condition !sed where One can &!ery all the rows
of one of the tables in the join condition even tho!gh they don't satisfy
the join condition.
"&!i-join--0ts a join condition that retrieves rows from one or more
tables in which one or more col!mns in one table are e&!al to one or
more col!mns in the second table.
#23. What a S5+T 6O4 @08BT cursor represent.?
S"L")T......B.O$......BO.......+2AT"`OB col!mn-referencea`3O/A0Ta
The processing done in a fetch loop modifes the rows that have been
retrieved by the c!rsor. A convenient way of modifying the rows is
done by a method with two partsA the BO. +2AT" cla!se in the c!rsor
declaration, /5"." ).."3T OB )LAS" in an +2AT" or declaration
statement.
#24. What are /arious pri/ileges that a user can grant to
another user?
-S"L")T
-)O33")T
-."SO.)"S
Page 72 of 153
#2#. 8isplay the records bet"een t"o range?
select rown!m, empno, ename from emp where rowid in (select rowid
from emp where rown!m ^CX!pto min!s select rowid from emp where
rown!m^XStart*F
#2'. min/alue.s=l Select the ;th lo"est /alue from a table?
select level, min('col<name'* from my<table where level C 'Xn' connect
by prior ('col<name'* ^ 'col<name'*
gro!p by levelF
"%ampleA
=iven a table called emp with the following col!mnsA
-- id n!mber
-- name varcharG(GD*
-- sal n!mber
--
-- Bor the second lowest salaryA
-- select level, min(sal* from emp
-- where levelCG
-- connect by prior sal ^ sal
-- gro!p by level
#2(. What is di,erence bet"een 4ename and Blias?
.ename is a permanent name given to a table or col!mn whereas Alias
is a temporary name given to a table or col!mn which do not e%ist
once the S4L statement is e%ec!ted.
#2*. 8i,erence bet"een an implicit O an e$plicit cursor.?
only one row. 5owever,&!eries that ret!rn more than one row yo! m!st
declare an e%plicit c!rsor or !se a c!rsor BO. loop. "%plicit c!rsor is a
c!rsor in which the c!rsor name is e%plicitly assigned to a S"L")T
statement via the ).SO....0S statement. An implicit c!rsor is !sed for
all S4L statements 2eclare, Open, Betch, )lose. An e%plicit c!rsors are
!sed to process m!ltirow S"L")T statements An implicit c!rsor is !sed
to process 03S".T, +2AT", 2"L"T" and single row S"L")T. .03TO
statements.
#2-. What is a O@T4 QO9;?
O!ter Toin--0ts a join condition !sed where yo! can &!ery all the rows of
one of the tables in the join condition even tho!gh they don9t satisfy
the join condition.
#3.. What is a cursor?
Oracle !ses wor' area to e%ec!te S4L statements and store processing
information +L?S4L constr!ct called a c!rsor lets yo! name a wor' area
and access its stored information A c!rsor is a mechanism !sed to
fetch more than one row in a +l?S4l bloc'.
#31. What is the purpose of a cluster?
Page 73 of 153
Oracle does not allow a !ser to specifcally locate tables, since that is a
part of the f!nction of the .2,$S. 5owever, for the p!rpose of
increasing performance, oracle allows a developer to create a
)LST".. A )LST". provides a means for storing data from di6erent
tables together for faster retrieval than if the table placement were left
to the .2,$S.
#32. What is O+9. What are its uses?
Oracle )all 0nterface is a method of accesing database from a H=L
program. ses--3o precompiler is re&!ired,+L?S4L bloc's are e%ec!ted
li'e other 2$L statements.
The O)0 library provides
--f!nctions to parse S4L statemets
--bind inp!t variables
--bind o!tp!t variables
--e%ec!te statements
--fetch the res!lts
#33. >o" you open and close a cursor /ariable.Why it is
re=uired?
O+"3 c!rsor variable BO. S"L")T...Statement
)LOS" c!rsor variable 0n order to associate a c!rsor variable with a
partic!lar S"L")T statement O+"3 synta% is !sed. 0n order to free the
reso!rces !sed for the &!ery )LOS" statement is !sed.
#34. 8isplay OddJ /en number of records?
Odd n!mber of recordsA
select Q from emp where (rowid,E* in (select rowid, mod(rown!m,G*
from emp*F
O!tp!tA-
E
H
O
"ven n!mber of recordsA
select Q from emp where (rowid,D* in (select rowid, mod(rown!m,G*
from emp*
O!tp!tA-
G
M
P
#3#. What are /arious constraints used in SA5?
-3LL
-3OT 3LL
-)5"):
-2"BALT
#3'. +an cursor /ariables be stored in 05JSA5 tables.9f yes
ho". 9f not "hy?
Page 74 of 153
3o, a c!rsor variable points a row which cannot be stored in a two-
dimensional +L?S4L table.
#3(. 8i,erence bet"een ;O 8BTB 6O@;8 and P;OT6O@;8?
3O 2ATA BO32 is an e%ception raised only for the S"L")T....03TO
statements when the where cla!se of the &!erydoes not match any
rows. /hen the where cla!se of the e%plicit c!rsor does not match any
rows the V3OTBO32 attrib!te is set to T." instead.
#3*. +an you use a commit statement "ithin a database
trigger?
3o
#3-. What W>4 +@44;T O6 clause does in a cursor?
LOO+
S"L")T n!m<credits 03TO v<n!mcredits B.O$ classes
/5"." deptCEGH and co!rseCEDEF
+2AT" st!dents
B5:OFFFFFFFFFS"T c!rrent<creditsCc!rrent<creditsWv<n!mcredits
/5"." ).."3T OB RF
#4.. There is a string 12.... 12 . .12# % ho" you "ill &nd the
position of the decimal place?
03ST.('EGDDDD EG D .EGO',E,'.'*
o!tp!t EH
#41. What are di,erent modes of parameters used in functions
and procedures?
-03 -OT -03OT
#42. >o" you "ere passing cursor /ariables in 05JSA5 2.2?
0n +L?S4L G.G c!rsor variables cannot be declared in a pac'age.This is
beca!se the storage for a c!rsor variable has to be allocated !sing
+roQ) or O)0 with version G.G, the only means of passing a c!rsor
variable to a +L?S4L bloc' is via bind variable or a proced!re
parameter.
#43. When do you use W>4 clause and "hen do you use
>B79;: clause?
5A103= cla!se is !sed when yo! want to specify a condition for a
gro!p f!nction and it is written after =.O+ ,# cla!se. The /5"."
cla!se is !sed when yo! want to specify a condition for col!mns, single
row f!nctions e%cept gro!p f!nctions and it is written before =.O+ ,#
cla!se if it is !sed.
#44. 8i,erence bet"een procedure and function.?
B!nctions are named +L?S4L bloc's that ret!rn a val!e and can be
called with arg!ments proced!re a named bloc' that can be called with
Page 75 of 153
parameter. A proced!re all is a +L?S4L statement by itself, while a
B!nction call is called as part of an e%pression.
#4#. Which is more faster 3 9; or M9STS?
"R0STS is more faster than 03 beca!se "R0STS ret!rns a ,oolean val!e
whereas 03 ret!rns a val!e.
#4'. What is synta$ for dropping a procedure and a function
.Bre these operations possible?
2rop +roced!re proced!re<name
2rop B!nction f!nction<name
#4(. >o" "ill you delete duplicating ro"s from a base table?
delete from table<name where rowid not in (select ma%(rowid* from
table gro!p by d!plicate<val!es<feld<name*F or delete
d!plicate<val!es<feld<name dv from table<name ta where rowid
^(select min(rowid* from table<name tb where ta.dvCtb.dv*F
#4*. 8i,erence bet"een database triggers and form triggers?
-2ata base trigger(2,T* fres when a 2$L operation is performed on a
data base table. Borm trigger(BT* Bires when !ser presses a 'ey or
navigates between felds on the screen
-)an be row level or statement level 3o distinction between row level
and statement level.
-)an manip!late data stored in Oracle tables via S4L )an manip!late
data in Oracle tables as well as variables in forms.
-)an be fred from any session e%ec!ting the triggering 2$L
statements. )an be fred only from the form that defne the trigger.
-)an ca!se other database triggers to fre.)an ca!se other database
triggers to fre, b!t not other form triggers.
#4-. What is a cursor for loop?
)!rsor Bor Loop is a loop where oracle implicitly declares a loop
variable, the loop inde% that of the same record type as the c!rsor's
record.
##.. >o" you "ill a/oid duplicating records in a =uery?
,y !sing 20ST03)T
##1. What is a /ie" ?
A view is stored proced!re based on one or more tables, it9s a virt!al
table.
##2. What is di,erence bet"een @;9A@ and 049!B4Y <Y
constraints?
A table can have only one +.0$A.# :"# whereas there can be any
n!mber of 304" 'eys. The col!mns that compose +: are
a!tomatically defne 3OT 3LL, whereas a col!mn that compose a
Page 76 of 153
304" is not a!tomatically defned to be mandatory m!st also specify
the col!mn is 3OT 3LL.
##3. What is use of a cursor /ariable? >o" it is de&ned?
A c!rsor variable is associated with di6erent statements at r!n time,
which can hold di6erent val!es at r!n time. Static c!rsors can only be
associated with one r!n time &!ery. A c!rsor variable is reference type
(li'e a pointer in )*.
2eclaring a c!rsor variableA
T#+" type<name 0S ."B ).SO. ."T.3 ret!rn<type type<name is the
name of the reference type,ret!rn<type is a record type indicating the
types of the select list that will event!ally be ret!rned by the c!rsor
variable.
##4. >o" do you &nd the numbert of ro"s in a Table ?
A bad answer is co!nt them (S"L")T )O3T(Q* B.O$ table<name*
A good answer is A-
',y generating S4L to A3AL#;" TA,L" table<name )O3T STAT0ST0)S
by &!erying Oracle System )atalog!es (e.g. S".<TA,L"S or
ALL<TA,L"S*.
The best answer is to refer to the !tility which Oracle released which
ma'es it !nnecessary to do A3AL#;" TA,L" for each Table individ!ally.
###. What is the ma$imum bu,er si?e that can be speci&ed
using the 81!SDO@T0@T.;B15 function?
E,DDD,DD
##'. What are cursor attributes?
-V.O/)O3T
-V3OTBO32
-VBO32
-V0SO+"3
##(. There is a P sign in one &eld of a column. What "ill be the
=uery to &nd it?
'' Sho!ld be !sed before 'V'.
##*. What is O; 85T +BS+B8 ?
/hen O3 2"L"T" )AS)A2" is specifed O.A)L" maintains referential
integrity by a!tomatically removing dependent foreign 'ey val!es if a
referenced primary or !ni&!e 'ey val!e is removed.
##-. What is the fastest "ay of accessing a ro" in a table ?
sing .O/02.)O3ST.A03TS
#'.. What is di,erence bet"een T4@;+BT O 85T ?
T.3)AT" commits after deleting entire table i.e., can not be rolled
bac'. 2atabase triggers do not fre on T.3)AT"2"L"T" allows the
Page 77 of 153
fltered deletion. 2eleted records can be rolled bac' or
committed.2atabase triggers fre on 2"L"T".
#'1. What is a transaction ?
Transaction is logical !nit between two commits and commit and
rollbac'.
#'2. What are the ad/antages of 79W ?
To protect some of the col!mns of a table from other !sers.To hide
comple%ity of a &!ery.To hide comple%ity of calc!lations.
#'3. >o" "ill you a acti/ateJdeacti/ate integrity constraints ?
The integrity constraints can be enabled or disabled by ALT". TA,L"
"3A,L" constraint?20SA,L" constraint.
#'4. Where the integrity constraints are stored in 8ata
8ictionary ?
The integrity constraints are stored in S".<)O3ST.A03TS.
#'#. What is the Sub=uery ?
S!b &!ery is a &!ery whose ret!rn val!es are !sed in fltering
conditions of the main &!ery.
#''. >o" to access the current /alue and ne$t /alue from a
se=uence ? 9s it possible to access the current /alue in a
session before accessing ne$t /alue ?
Se&!ence name )..1AL, Se&!ence name 3"RT1AL.0t is not possible.
Only if yo! access ne%t val!e in the session, c!rrent val!e can be
accessed.
#'(. What are the usage of SB70O9;TS ?/alue in a session
before accessing ne$t /alue ?
SA1"+O03TS are !sed to s!bdivide a transaction into smaller parts. 0t
enables rolling bac' part of a transaction. $a%im!m of fve save points
are allowed.
#'*. What is 4OW98 ?in a session before accessing ne$t /alue ?
.O/02 is a pse!do col!mn attached to each row of a table. 0t is EI
character long, bloc'no, rown!mber are the components of .O/02.
#'-. $plain +onnect by 0rior ?in a session before accessing
ne$t /alue ?
.etrieves rows in hierarchical order.e.g. select empno, ename from
emp where.
#(.. >o" many 5O;: columns are allo"ed in a table ? 9s it
possible to use 5O;: columns in W>4 clause or O484 1Y ?
Only one LO3= col!mns is allowed. 0t is not possible to !se LO3=
col!mn in /5"." or O.2". ,# cla!se.
Page 78 of 153
#(1. What is 4eferential 9ntegrity ?
$aintaining data integrity thro!gh a set of r!les that restrict the val!es
of one or more col!mns of the tables based on the val!es of primary
'ey or !ni&!e 'ey of the referenced table.
#(2. What is a )oin ? $plain the di,erent types of )oins ?
Toin is a &!ery which retrieves related col!mns or rows from m!ltiple
tables.Self Toin - Toining the table with itself."&!i Toin - Toining two
tables by e&!ating two common col!mns.3on-"&!i Toin - Toining two
tables by e&!ating two common col!mns.O!ter Toin - Toining two tables
in s!ch a way that &!ery can also retrieve rows that do not have
corresponding join val!e in the other table.
#(3. 9f an uni=ue 2ey constraint on 8BT column is created%
"ill it /alidate the ro"s that are inserted "ith SYS8BT ?
0t won't, ,eca!se S#S2AT" format contains time attached with it.
#(4. >o" does one stop and start the O!S? Ffor 81B
se the following command se&!ence to stop and start the O$S
(Oracle $anagement Server*A
oemctl start oms
oemctl stat!s oms sysman?oem<temp
oemctl stop oms sysman?oem<temp
/indows 3T?GDDD !sers can j!st stop and start the re&!ired services.
The defa!lt O"$ administrator is 7sysman7 with a password of
7oem<temp7.
3OT"A se command oemctrl instead of oemctl for Oracle Ii and below.
#(#. What is an 9ntegrity +onstraint ?
0ntegrity constraint is a r!le that restricts val!es to a col!mn in a table.
#('. >o" does one create a repository? Ffor 81B
Bor O"$ vG and above, start the Oracle "nterprise $anager
)onfg!ration Assistant (emca on ni%* to create and confg!re the
management server and repository. .emember to set!p a bac'!p for
the repository database after creating it.
#((. 9f a 7ie" on a single base table is manipulated "ill the
changes be reRected on the base table ?
0f changes are made to the tables which are base tables of a view will
the changes be reference on the view.
#(*. The follo"ing describes means to create a O! 71.$ F/ery
oldSSSG repository on Windo"s;TT
. )reate a tablespace that wo!ld hold the repository data. A si8e
between GDD- GOD $, wo!ld be ideal. Let !s call it 2!mmy<Space.
. )reate an Oracle !ser who wo!ld own this repository. Assign 2,A,
S3$+Agent, "%p<B!ll<database, 0mp<B!ll<database roles to this !ser.
Page 79 of 153
Lets call this !ser 2!mmy<!ser. Assign 2!mmy<Space as the defa!lt
tablespace.
. )reate an operating system !ser with the same name as the Oracle
!sername. 0.e. 2!mmy<ser. Add 'Log on as a batch job' !nder
advanced rights in ser manager.
. Bire !p "nterprise manager and log in as 2!mmy<ser and enter the
password. This wo!ld trigger the creation of the repository. Brom now
on, "nterprise manager is ready to accept jobs.
#(-. What is a database lin2 ?
2atabase Lin' is a named path thro!gh which a remote database can
be accessed.
#*.. >o" does one list oneHs databases in the O! +onsole?
Ffor 81B
Bollow these steps to discover databases and other services from the
O"$ )onsoleA
E. "ns!re the =LO,AL<2,3A$" parameter is set for all databases in
yo!r L0ST"3"..O.A fle (optional*. These names will be listed in the
O"$ )onsole. +lease note that names entered are case sensitive. A
portion of a listener.ora fleA
(S02<2"S) C
(=LO,AL<2,3A$" C 2,<name<for<O"$*
(S02<3A$" C ...
G. Start the Oracle 0ntelligent Agent on the machine yo! want to
discover. See section 75ow does one start the Oracle 0ntelligent
Agent\7.
H. Start the O"$ )onsole, navigate to men! 73avigator? 2iscover
3odes7. The O"$ 2iscovery /i8ard will g!ide yo! thro!gh the process
of discovering yo!r databases and other services.
#*1. What is +Y+5J;O +Y+5 in a Se=uence ?
)#)L" specifes that the se&!ence contin!es to generate val!es after
reaching either ma%im!m or minim!m val!e. After pan ascending
se&!ence reaches its ma%im!m val!e, it generates its minim!m val!e.
After a descending se&!ence reaches its minim!m, it generates its
ma%im!m.3O )#)L" specifes that the se&!ence cannot generate more
val!es after reaching its ma%im!m or minim!m val!e.
#*2. What is correlated sub3=uery ?
)orrelated s!b &!ery is a s!b &!ery which has reference to the main
&!ery.
#*3. What are the data types allo"ed in a table ?
)5A.,1A.)5A.G,3$,".,2AT",.A/,LO3= and LO3= .A/.
#*4. What is di,erence bet"een +>B4 and 7B4+>B42 ? What
is the ma$imum S9E allo"ed for each type ?
Page 80 of 153
)5A. pads blan' spaces to the ma%im!m length. 1A.)5A.G does not
pad blan' spaces. Bor )5A. it is GOO and GDDD for 1A.)5A.G.
#*#. +an a /ie" be updatedJinsertedJdeleted? 9f Yes under
"hat conditions ?
A 1iew can be !pdated?deleted?inserted if it has only one base table if
the view is based on col!mns from one or more tables then insert,
!pdate and delete is not possible.
#*'. What are the di,erent types of +oordinations of the
!aster "ith the 8etail bloc2?
+O+LAT"<=.O+(f!nction*
+O+LAT"<=.O+</0T5<4".#(f!nction*
S"T<=.O+<)5A.<)"LL(proced!re*
S"T<=.O+)"LL(proced!re*
S"T<=.O+<3$,".<)"LL(proced!re*
#*(. @se the B88D:4O@0D+O5@!; function to add a column to
a record group that "as created at design time? 9G T4@
99G6B5S
00* BALS"
#**. @se the B88D:4O@0D4OW procedure to add a ro" to a
static record group? 9G T4@ 99G6B5S
0* BALS"
#*-. ma$/alue.s=l Select the ;th >ighest /alue from a table?
select level, ma%('col<name'* from my<table where level C 'Xn' connect
by prior ('col<name'* K 'col<name'*
gro!p by levelF
"%ampleA
=iven a table called emp with the following col!mnsA
-- id n!mber
-- name varcharG(GD*
-- sal n!mber
--
-- Bor the second highest salaryA
-- select level, ma%(sal* from emp
-- where levelCG
-- connect by prior sal K sal
-- gro!p by level
#-.. 6ind out nth highest salary from emp table?
S"L")T 20ST03)T (a.sal* B.O$ "$+ A /5"." X3 C (S"L")T )O3T
(20ST03)T (b.sal** B.O$ "$+ , /5"." a.sal^Cb.sal*F
Bor "gA-
"nter val!e for nA G
SAL
Page 81 of 153
---------
HJDD
#-1. Suppose a customer table is ha/ing di,erent columns li2e
customer no% payments.What "ill be the =uery to select top
three ma$ payments?
S"L")T c!stomer<no, payments from c!stomer )E
/5"." H^C(S"L")T )O3T(Q* from c!stomer )G
/5"." )E.payment ^C )G.payment*
#-2. >o" you "ill a/oid your =uery from using inde$es?
S"L")T Q B.O$ emp
/here emp<noW' 'CEGHMOF
i.e yo! have to concatenate the col!mn name with space within codes
in the where condition.
S"L")T ?QW BLL(a* Q? ename, emp<no from emp
where emp<noCEGHMF
i.e !sing 503TS
#-3. What utility is used to create a physical bac2up?
"ither rman or alter tablespace begin bac'!p will do..
#-4. What are the 1ac2 ground processes in Oracle and "hat
are they.
This is one of the most fre&!ently as'ed &!estion.There are basically @
+rocesses b!t in a general system we need to mention the frst fve
bac'gro!nd processes.They do the ho!se 'eeping activities for the
Oracle and are common in any system.
The vario!s bac'gro!nd processes in oracle are
a* 2ata ,ase /riter(2,/.* AA 2ata ,ase /riter /rites $odifed bloc's
from 2atabase b!6er cache to 2ata Biles.This is re&!ired since the data
is not written whenever a transaction is commited.
b*Log/riter(L=/.* AA Log/riter writes the redo log entries to dis'.
.edo Log data is generated in redo log b!6er of S=A. As transaction
commits and log b!6er flls, L=/. writes log entries into a online redo
log fle.
c* System $onitor(S$O3* AA The System $onitor performs instance
recovery at instance start!p.This is !sef!l for recovery from system
fail!re
d*+rocess $onitor(+$O3* AA The +rocess $onitor peforms process
recovery when !ser +rocess fails. +mon )lears and Brees reso!rces that
process was !sing.
e* )hec'+oint():+T* AA At Specifed times, all modifed database b!6ers
in S=A are written to data fles by 2,/. at )hec'points and pdating
all data fles and control fles of database to indicate the most recent
chec'point
f*Archieves(A.)5* AA The Archiver copies online redo log fles to
archival storal when they are b!sy.
g* .ecoveror(.")O* AA The .ecoveror is !sed to resolve the distrib!ted
Page 82 of 153
transaction in networ'
h* 2ispatcher (2nnn* AA The 2ispatcher is !sef!l in $!lti Threaded
Architect!re
i* Lc'n AA /e can have !pto ED loc' processes for inter instance loc'ing
in parallel s&l.
#-#. >o" many types of S=l Statements are there in Oracle
There are basically P types of s&l statments.They are
a* 2ata 2efnation Lang!age(22L* AA The 22L statments defne and
maintain objects and drop objects.
b* 2ata $anip!lation Lang!age(2$L* AA The 2$L statments manip!late
database data.
c* Transaction )ontrol Statements AA $anage change by 2$L
d* Session )ontrol AA sed to control the properties of c!rrent session
enabling and disabling roles and changing .e.g AA Alter Statements,Set
.ole
e* System )ontrol Statements AA )hange +roperties of Oracle
0nstance .e.gAA Alter System
f* "mbedded S&l AA 0ncorporate 22L,2$L and T.).S in +rogramming
Lang!age.e.gAA sing the S&l Statements in lang!ages s!ch as ')',
Open,Betch, e%ec!te and close
#-'. What is a Transaction in Oracle
A transaction is a Logical !nit of wor' that compromises one or more
S4L Statements e%ec!ted by a single ser. According to A3S0, a
transaction begins with frst e%ec!table statment and ends when it is
e%plicitly commited or rolled bac'.
#-(. <ey Words @sed in Oracle
The :ey words that are !sed in Oracle are AA
a* )ommiting AA A transaction is said to be commited when the
transaction ma'es permanent changes res!lting from the S4L
statements.
b* .ollbac' AA A transaction that retracts any of the changes res!lting
from S4L statements in Transaction.
c* Save+oint AA Bor long transactions that contain many S4L
statements, intermediate mar'ers or savepoints are declared.
Savepoints can be !sed to divide a transactino into smaller points.
d* .olling Borward AA +rocess of applying redo log d!ring recovery is
called rolling forward.
e* )!rsor AA A c!rsor is a handle ( name or a pointer* for the memory
associated with a specifc stament. A c!rsor is basically an area
allocated by Oracle for e%ec!ting the S&l Statement. Oracle !ses an
implicit c!rsor statement for Single row &!ery and ses "%plcit c!rsor
for a m!lti row &!ery.
f* System =lobal Area(S=A* AA The S=A is a shared memory region
allocated by the Oracle that contains 2ata and control information for
one Oracle 0nstance.0t consists of 2atabase ,!6er )ache and .edo log
Page 83 of 153
,!6er.
g* +rogram =lobal Area (+=A* AA The +=A is a memory b!6er that
contains data and control information for server process.
g* 2atabase ,!6er )ache AA 2atabese ,!6er of S=A stores the most
recently !sed bloc's of datatbase data.The set of database b!6ers in
an instance is called 2atabase ,!6er )ache.
h* .edo log ,!6er AA .edo log ,!6er of S=A stores all the redo log
entries.
i* .edo Log Biles AA .edo log fles are set of fles that protect altered
database data in memory that has not been written to 2ata Biles. They
are basically !sed for bac'!p when a database crashes.
j* +rocess AA A +rocess is a 'thread of control' or mechansim in
Operating System that e%ec!tes series of steps.
#-*. What are 0rocedure%functions and 0ac2ages
+roced!res and f!nctions consist of set of +L?S4L statements that are
gro!ped together as a !nit to solve a specifc problem or perform set of
related tas's.
+roced!res do not .et!rn val!es while B!nctions ret!rn one One 1al!e
+ac'ages AA +ac'ages +rovide a method of encaps!lating and storing
related proced!res, f!nctions, variables and other +ac'age )ontents
#--. What are 8atabase Triggers and Stored 0rocedures
2atabase Triggers AA 2atabase Triggers are +roced!res that are
a!tomatically e%ec!ted as a res!lt of insert in, !pdate to, or delete
from table.
2atabase triggers have the val!es old and new to denote the old val!e
in the table before it is deleted and the new indicated the new val!e
that will be !sed. 2T are !sef!l for implementing comple% b!siness
r!les which cannot be enforced !sing the integrity r!les./e can have
the trigger as ,efore trigger or After Trigger and at Statement or .ow
level. e.gAA operations insert,!pdate ,delete H before ,after HQG A total
of P combinatons
At statment level(once for the trigger* or row level( for every e%ec!tion
* P Q G A total of EG. Th!s a total of EG combinations are there and the
restriction of !sage of EG triggers has been lifted from Oracle J.H
Onwards.
Stored +roced!res AA Stored +roced!res are +roced!res that are stored
in )ompiled form in the database.The advantage of !sing the stored
proced!res is that many !sers can !se the same proced!re in compiled
and ready to !se format.
'... >o" many 9ntegrity 4ules are there and "hat are they
There are Three 0ntegrity .!les. They are as follows AA
a* "ntity 0ntegrity .!le AA The "ntity 0ntegrity .!le enforces that the
+rimary 'ey cannot be 3!ll
b* Boreign :ey 0ntegrity .!le AA The B:0. denotes that the relationship
between the foreign 'ey and the primary 'ey has to be enforced./hen
there is data in )hild Tables the $aster tables cannot be deleted.
Page 84 of 153
c* ,!siness 0ntegrity .!les AA The Third 0ntigrity r!le is abo!t the
comple% b!siness processes which cannot be implemented by the
above G r!les.
'.1. What are the 7arious !aster and 8etail 4elation ships.
The vario!s $aster and 2etail .elationship are
a* 3on0solated AA The $aster cannot be deleted when a child is e%isiting
b* 0solated AA The $aster can be deleted when the child is e%isiting
c* )ascading AA The child gets deleted when the $aster is deleted.
'.2. What are the 7arious 1loc2 +oordination 0roperties
The vario!s ,loc' )oordination +roperties are
a* 0mmediate 2efa!lt Setting. The 2etail records are shown when the
$aster .ecord are shown.
b* 2e6ered with A!to 4!ery Oracle Borms defer fetching the detail
records !ntil the operator navigates to the detail bloc'.
c* 2e6ered with 3o A!to 4!ery The operator m!st navigate to the
detail bloc' and e%plicitly e%ec!te a &!ery
'.3. What is in all those MI tables? Ffor 81B
The following list attempts to describe some %> tables. The list may not
be complete or acc!rate, b!t represents an attempt to fg!re o!t what
information they contain. One sho!ld generally not write &!eries
against these tables as they are internal to Oracle, and Oracle may
change them witho!t any prior notifcation.
R>:G=T"G
:ernel G +hase )ommit =lobal Transaction "ntry
Bi%ed Table
R>:G=T"
:ernel G +hase )ommit =lobal Transaction "ntry
Bi%ed Table
R>,5
,!6er headers contain information describing the
c!rrent contents of a piece of the b!6er cache
R>:),),5
)ache ,!6er )!rrent ,!6er 5eader Bi%ed Table. 0t
can predict the potential loss of decreasing the
n!mber of database b!6ers. The
db<bloc'<lr!<statistics parameter has to be set to
tr!e to gather information in this table.
R>:)1B5 Bile 5eader Bi%ed Table
R>:23)" S=A )ache "ntry Bi%ed Table
R>:23ST Se&!ence )ache Statistics Bi%ed Table
R>:2R5S 5istogram str!ct!re Bi%ed Table
R>:2RST Statistics collection Bi%ed Table
R>:=5L
One-row s!mmary of L. statistics for the shared
pool
R>:=L,O2# 2erived from R>:=LO, (col 'glhdnsp C G*
R>:=L)LST". 2erived from R>:=LO, (col 'glhdnsp C O*
Page 85 of 153
R>:=L032"R 2erived from R>:=LO, (col 'glhdnsp C M*
R>:=LL)
Latch )lean-!p state for library cache objects
Bi%ed Table
R>:=L+3 Library cache pin Bi%ed Table
R>:=LTA,L" 2erived from R>:=LO, (col 'glhdnsp C E*
R>:=LT. Library )ache Translation Table entry Bi%ed Table
R>:=LT.0==". 2erived from R>:=LO, (col 'glhdnsp C H*
R>:=LRS Library )ache Access Table
R>::$$2
Bi%ed table to loo' at what databases are mo!nted
and their stat!s
R>::S,1 )!rsor )ache ,ind 1ariables
R>:S$S+
"ach row represents a piece of memory in the
shared pool
R>:S423 =lobal database name
R>:S4ST "n&!e!e statistics by type
R>:S)B
)ost f!nction for each :ernel +rofle (join to
R>:S+L*
R>:S+L .eso!rce Limit for each :ernel +rofle
R>:S.
.eso!rce sage for each :ernel +rofle (join with
R>:S+L*
R>:S4ST =ets and waits for di6erent types of en&!e!es
R>:TT1S
0ndicate tablespace that has valid save !ndo
segments
R>:100
0nternal instance parameters set at instance
initiali8ation
R>:10S Oracle 2ata ,loc' (si8e<t type* variables
R>:10T
0nstance internal Sags, variables and parameters
that can change d!ring the life of an instance
R>:RB+)2S )lient 2e&!e!e Statistics
R>:RB+)$S )lient $essages Statistics
R>:;2OS
.epresent an os role as defned by the operating
system
R>:;S.O Sec!rity state .oleA List of enabled roles
R>L"
Loc' "lementA each +)$ loc' that is !sed by the
b!6er cache (gc<db<loc's*
R>$"SSA="S
2isplays all the di6erent messages that can be
sent to the ,ac'gro!nd processes
R>3LS<+A.A$"T".S 3LS database parameters
Page 86 of 153
5andy R>table &!eries
Some handy &!eries based on the R> memory tablesA
. Largest L bloc's yo! can write at any given timeA
select 'viival write<batch<si8e
from %>'vii where 'viitag C ''cbswc'F
. See the gets and waits for di6erent types of en&!e!esA
select Q from %>'s&st
where 's&stget K DF
Oracle :ernel S!bsystems
Listed below are some of the important s!bsystems in the Oracle
'ernel. This table might help yo! to read those dreaded trace fles and
internal messages. Bor e%ample, if yo! see messages li'e this, yo! will
at least 'now where they come fromA O+0.0+A nca!ght error MMJ. "rror
stac'A
:)BA write?open error bloc'CD%HeIDD onlineCE
O+0 Oracle +rogram 0nterface
:: )ompilation Layer - +arse S4L, compile +L?S4L
:R
"%ec!tion Layer - ,ind and e%ec!te S4L and
+L?S4L
:G 2istrib!ted "%ec!tion Layer - G+) handling
3+0 3etwor' +rogram 0nterface
:; Sec!rity Layer - 1alidate privs
:4 4!ery Layer
.+0 .ec!rsive +rogram 0nterface
:A Access Layer
:2 2ata Layer
:T Transaction Layer
:) )ache Layer
:S Services Layer
:T Loc' $anager Layer
:= =eneric Layer
:1 :ernel 1ariables (eg. %>:10S and R>:100*
S or
O2S
Operating System 2ependencies
'.4. What are the 8i,erent Optimisation Techni=ues
The 1ario!s Optimisation techni&!es are
a* "%ec!te +lan AA we can see the plan of the &!ery and change it
accordingly based on the inde%es
b* Optimi8er<hint AA
set<item<property('2ept,loc'',O+T0$0;".<503T,'B0.ST<.O/S'*F
Page 87 of 153
Select ?QW Birst<.ows Q? 2eptno,2name,Loc,.owid from dept
where (2eptno K GO*
c* Optimi8e<S&l AA
,y setting the Optimi8e<S&l C 3o, Oracle Borms assigns a single c!rsor
for all S4L statements.This slow downs the processing beca!se for
evertime the S4L m!st be parsed whenver they are e%ec!ted.
fMOr!n mod!le C my<frstform !serid C scott?tiger optimi8e<s&l C 3o
d* Optimi8e<Tp AA
,y setting the Optimi8e<TpC 3o, Oracle Borms assigns seperate c!rsor
only for each &!ery S"L")T statement. All other S4L statements re!se
the c!rsor.
fMOr!n mod!le C my<frstform !serid C scott?tiger optimi8e<Tp C 3o
'.#. >o" does one change an Oracle userHs pass"ord?Ffor 81B
0ss!e the following S4L commandA
ALT". S". ^!sernameK 02"3T0B0"2 ,# ^new<passwordKF
Brom OracleI yo! can j!st type 7password7 from S4LQ+l!s, or if yo!
need to change another !ser's password, type 7password !ser<name7.
Loo' at this e%ampleA
S4LK password
)hanging password for S)OTT
Old passwordA
3ew passwordA
.etype new passwordA
'.'. >o" does one create and drop database users?
Loo' at these e%amplesA
)."AT" S". scott
02"3T0B0"2 ,# tiger -- Assign password
2"BALT TA,L"SA)" tools -- Assign space for table and inde%
segments
T"$+O.A.# TA,L"S+A)" tempF -- Assign sort space
2.O+ S". scott )AS)A2"F -- .emove !ser
After creating a new !ser, assign the re&!ired privilegesA
=.A3T )O33")T, ."SO.)" TO scottF
=.A3T 2,A TO scottF -- $a'e !ser a 2, Administrator
.emember to give the !ser some space &!ota on its tablespacesA
ALT". S". scott 4OTA 3L0$0T"2 O3 toolsF
'.(. Who created all these users in my database?J +an 9 drop
this user? Ffor 81B
Oracle creates a n!mber of defa!lt database !sers or schemas when a
new database is created. ,elow are a few of themA
S#S?)5A3="<O3<03STALL or 03T".3AL
Oracle 2ata 2ictionary? )atalog
)reated byA \?rdbms?admin?s&l.bs& and vario!s catQ.s&l scripts
)an password be changedA #es (2o so right after the database was
created*
)an !ser be droppedA 3O
Page 88 of 153
S#ST"$?$A3A=".
The defa!lt 2,A !ser name (please do not !se S#S*
)reated byA \?rdbms?admin?s&l.bs&
)an password be changedA #es (2o so right after the database was
created*
)an !ser be droppedA 3O
OTL3?OTL3
Stored o!tlines for optimi8er plan stability
)reated byA \?rdbms?admin?s&l.bs&
)an password be changedA #es (2o so right after the database was
created*
)an !ser be droppedA 3O
S)OTT?T0="., A2A$S?/OO2, TO3"S?ST""L, )LA.:?)LOT5 and
,LA:"?+A+"..
Training? demonstration !sers containing the pop!lar "$+ and 2"+T
tables
)reated byA \?rdbms?admin?!tlsampl.s&l
)an password be changedA #es
)an !ser be droppedA #"S - 2rop !sers cascade from all prod!ction
environments
5.?5. (5!man .eso!rces*, O"?O" (Order "ntry*, S5?S5 (Sales 5istory*.
Training? demonstration !sers containing the pop!lar "$+LO#""S and
2"+A.T$"3TS tables
)reated byA \?demo?schema?m'sample.s&l
)an password be changedA #es
)an !ser be droppedA #"S - 2rop !sers cascade from all prod!ction
environments
)TRS#S?)TRS#S
Oracle inter$edia ()onTe%t )artridge* administrator !ser
)reated byA \?ct%?admin?drDcsys.s&l
T.A)"S1.?T.A)"
Oracle Trace server
)reated byA \?rdbms?admin?otrcsvr.s&l
2,S3$+?2,S3$+
Oracle 0ntelligent agent
)reated byA \?rdbms?admin?catsnmp.s&l, called from catalog.s&l
)an password be changedA #es - p!t the new password in snmp<rw.ora
fle
)an !ser be droppedA #"S - Only if yo! do not !se the 0ntelligent
Agents
O.2+L=03S?O.2+L=03S
Object .elational 2ata (O.2* ser !sed by Time Series, etc.
)reated byA \?ord?admin?ordinst.s&l
O.2S#S?O.2S#S
Object .elational 2ata (O.2* ser !sed by Time Series, etc
)reated byA \?ord?admin?ordinst.s&l
2SS#S?2SS#S
Oracle 2ynamic Services and Syndication Server
Page 89 of 153
)reated byA \?ds?s&l?dssys<init.s&l
$2S#S?$2S#S
Oracle Spatial administrator !ser
)reated byA \?ord?admin?ordinst.s&l
A.O.A>O.,>3AT5"3T0)AT"2?031AL02
sed for !sers who do not a!thenticate in A!rora?O.,
)reated byA \?javavm?install?init<orb.s&l called
from \?javavm?install?initjvm.s&l
+".BSTAT?+".BSTAT
Oracle Statistics +ac'age (STATS+A):* that s!persedes
TL,STAT?TL"STAT
)reated byA \?rdbms?admin?statscre.s&l
.emember to change the passwords for the S#S and S#ST"$ !sers
immediately after installationY
"%cept for the !ser S#S, there sho!ld be no problem altering these
!sers to !se a di6erent defa!lt and temporary tablespace.
'.*. >o" does one enforce strict pass"ord control? Ffor 81B
,y defa!lt Oracle's sec!rity is not e%tremely good. Bor e%ample, Oracle
will allow !sers to choose single character passwords and passwords
that match their names and !serids. Also, passwords don't ever e%pire.
This means that one can hac' an acco!nt for years witho!t ever
loc'ing the !ser.
Brom OracleI one can manage passwords thro!gh profles. Some of the
things that one can restrictA
. BA0L"2<LO=03<ATT"$+TS - failed login attempts before the acco!nt is
loc'ed
. +ASS/O.2<L0B"<T0$" - limits the n!mber of days the same password
can be !sed for a!thentication
. +ASS/O.2<."S"<T0$" - n!mber of days before a password can be
re!sed
. +ASS/O.2<."S"<$AR - n!mber of password changes re&!ired
before the c!rrent password can be re!sed
. +ASS/O.2<LO):<T0$" - n!mber of days an acco!nt will be loc'ed
after ma%im!m failed login attempts
. +ASS/O.2<=.A)"<T0$" - n!mber of days after the grace period
begins d!ring which a warning is iss!ed and login is allowed
. +ASS/O.2<1".0B#<B3)T0O3 - password comple%ity verifcation
script
Loo' at this simple e%ampleA
)."AT" +.OB0L" my<profle L0$0T
+ASS/O.2<L0B"<T0$" HDF
ALT". S". scott +.OB0L" my<profleF
'.-. >o" does one s"itch to another user in Oracle? Ffor 81B
sers normally !se the 7connect7 statement to connect from one
database !ser to another. 5owever, 2,As can switch from one !ser to
another witho!t a password. Of co!rse it is not advisable to bridge
Page 90 of 153
Oracle's sec!rity, b!t loo' at this e%ampleA S4LK select password from
dba<!sers where !sernameC'S)OTT'F
+ASS/O.2
BI@MIMM)HMMDG,PJ
S4LK alter !ser scott identifed by lionF
ser altered.
S4LK connect scott?lion
)onnected.
."$ 2o whatever yo! li'e...
S4LK connect system?manager
)onnected.
S4LK alter !ser scott identifed by val!es 'BI@MIMM)HMMDG,PJ'F
ser altered.
S4LK connect scott?tiger
)onnected.
3oteA Also see the s!.s&l script in the sef!l Scripts and Sample
+rograms +age.
'1.. What are snap shots and /ie"s
Snapshots are mirror or replicas of tables. 1iews are b!ilt !sing the
col!mns from one or more tables. The Single Table 1iew can be
!pdated b!t the view with m!lti table cannot be !pdated
'11. What are the OO0S concepts in Oracle.
Oracle does implement the OO+S concepts. The best e%ample is the
+roperty )lasses. /e can categorise the properties by setting the
vis!al attrib!tes and then attach the property classes for the objects.
OO+S s!pports the concepts of objects and classes and we can
consider the peroperty classes as classes and the items as objects
'12. What is the di,erence bet"een candidate 2ey% uni=ue 2ey
and primary 2ey
)andidate 'eys are the col!mns in the table that co!ld be the primary
'eys and the primary 'ey is the 'ey that has been selected to identify
the rows. ni&!e 'ey is also !sef!l for identifying the distinct rows in
the table.*
'13. What is concurrency
)!nc!rrency is allowing sim!ltaneo!s access of same data by di6erent
!sers. Loc's !sef!l for accesing the database are
a* "%cl!sive
The e%cl!sive loc' is !sef!l for loc'ing the row when an insert,!pdate
or delete is being done.This loc' sho!ld not be applied when we do
only select from the row.
b* Share loc'
Page 91 of 153
/e can do the table as Share<Loc' as many share<loc's can be p!t on
the same reso!rce.
'14. 0re/ileges and :rants
+revileges are the right to e%ec!te a partic!lare type of S4L
statements. e.g AA .ight to )onnect, .ight to create, .ight to reso!rce
=rants are given to the objects so that the object might be accessed
accordingly.The grant has to be given by the owner of the object.
'1#. Table Space%8ata 6iles%0arameter 6ile% +ontrol 6iles
Table Space AA The table space is !sef!l for storing the data in the
database./hen a database is created two table spaces are created.
a* System Table space AA This data fle stores all the tables related to
the system and dba tables
b* ser Table space AA This data fle stores all the !ser related tables
/e sho!ld have seperate table spaces for storing the tables and
inde%es so that the access is fast.
2ata Biles AA "very Oracle 2ata ,ase has one or more physical data
fles.They store the data for the database."very datafle is associated
with only one database.Once the 2ata fle is created the si8e cannot
change.To increase the si8e of the database to store more data we
have to add data fle.
+arameter Biles AA +arameter fle is needed to start an instance.A
parameter fle contains the list of instance confg!ration parameters
e.g.AA
db<bloc'<b!6ers C ODD
db<name C O.AJ
db<domain C !.s.acme lang
)ontrol Biles AA )ontrol fles record the physical str!ct!re of the data
fles and redo log fles
They contain the 2b name, name and location of dbs, data fles ,redo
log fles and time stamp.
'1'. 0hysical Storage of the 8ata
The fnest level of gran!larity of the data base are the data bloc's.
2ata ,loc' AA One 2ata ,loc' correspond to specifc n!mber of physical
database space
"%tent AA "%tent is the n!mber of specifc n!mber of contigio!s data
bloc's.
Segments AA Set of "%tents allocated for "%tents. There are three types
of Segments
a* 2ata Segment AA 3on )l!stered Table has data segment data of
every table is stored in cl!ster data segment
b* 0nde% Segment AA "ach 0nde% has inde% segment that stores data
c* .oll ,ac' Segment AA Temporarily store '!ndo' information
'1(. What are the 0ct 6ree and 0ct @sed
+ct Bree is !sed to denote the percentage of the free space that is to
be left when creating a table. Similarly +ct sed is !sed to denote the
Page 92 of 153
percentage of the !sed space that is to be !sed when creating a table
eg.AA +ctfree GD, +ct!sed MD
'1*. What is 4o" +haining
The data of a row in a table may not be able to ft the same data
bloc'.2ata for row is stored in a chain of data bloc's .
'1-. What is a 2 0hase +ommit
Two +hase commit is !sed in distrib!ted data base systems. This is
!sef!l to maintain the integrity of the database so that all the !sers
see the same val!es. 0t contains 2$L statements or .emote +roced!ral
calls that reference a remote object. There are basically G phases in a G
phase commit.
a* +repare +hase AA =lobal coordinator as's participants to prepare
b* )ommit +hase AA )ommit all participants to coordinator to +repared,
.ead only or abort .eply
'2.. What is the di,erence bet"een deleting and truncating of
tables
2eleting a table will not remove the rows from the table b!t entry is
there in the database dictionary and it can be retrieved ,!t tr!ncating
a table deletes it completely and it cannot be retrieved.
'21. What are mutating tables
/hen a table is in state of transition it is said to be m!tating. eg AA 0f a
row has been deleted then the table is said to be m!tating and no
operations can be done on the table e%cept select.
'22. What are +odd 4ules
)odd .!les describe the ideal nat!re of a .2,$S. 3o .2,$S satisfes
all the EG codd r!les and Oracle Satisfes EE of the EG r!les and is the
only .dbms to satisfy the ma%im!m n!mber of r!les.
'23. What is ;ormalisation
3ormalisation is the process of organising the tables to remove the
red!ndancy.There are mainly O 3ormalisation r!les.
a* E 3ormal Borm AA A table is said to be in Est 3ormal Borm when the
attrib!tes are atomic
b* G 3ormal Borm AA A table is said to be in Gnd 3ormal Borm when all
the candidate 'eys are dependant on the primary 'ey
c* Hrd 3ormal Borm AA A table is said to be third 3ormal form when it is
not dependant transitively
'24. What is the 8i,erence bet"een a post =uery and a pre
=uery
A post &!ery will fre for every row that is fetched b!t the pre &!ery will
fre only once.
'2#. 8eleting the 8uplicate ro"s in the table
Page 93 of 153
/e can delete the d!plicate rows in the table by !sing the .owid
'2'. +an @ disable database trigger? >o"?
#es. /ith respect to table
ALT". TA,L" TA,L"
`` 20SA,L" all<trigger aa
'2(. What is pseudo columns ? ;ame them?
A pse!docol!mn behaves li'e a table col!mn, b!t is not act!ally stored
in the table. #o! can select from pse!docol!mns, b!t yo! cannot insert,
!pdate, or delete their val!es. This section describes these
pse!docol!mnsA
Q )..1AL
Q 3"RT1AL
Q L"1"L
Q .O/02
Q .O/3$
'2*. >o" many columns can table ha/e?
The n!mber of col!mns in a table can range from E to GOM.
'2-. 9s space ac=uired in bloc2s or e$tents ?
0n e%tents .
'3.. "hat is clustered inde$?
0n an inde%ed cl!ster, rows are stored together based on their cl!ster
'ey val!es . )an not applied for 5AS5.
'31. "hat are the datatypes supported 1y oracle F9;T4;B5G?
1archarG, 3!mber,)har , $LSLA,"L.
'32. What are attributes of cursor?
VBO32 , V3OTBO32 , V0SO+"3,V.O/)O3T
'33. +an you use select in 64O! clause of SA5 select ?
#es.
'34. Which trigger are created "hen master 3detail rela?
master delete property
Q 3O3-0SOLAT"2 (defa!lt*
a* on chec' delete master
b* on clear details
c* on pop!late details
Q 0SOLAT"2
a* on clear details
b* on pop!late details
Q )AS)A2"
a* per-delete
b* on clear details
c* on pop!late details
Page 94 of 153
'3#. "hich system /ariables can be set by users?
S#ST"$.$"SSA="<L"1"L
S#ST"$.2AT"<T5."S5OL2
S#ST"$."BB")T01"<2AT"
S#ST"$.S++."SS</O.:03=
'3'. What are ob)ect group?
An object gro!p is a container for a gro!p of objects. #o! defne an
object gro!p when yo! want to pac'age related objects so yo! can
copy or reference them in another mod!le.
'3(. What are referenced ob)ects?
.eferencing allows yo! to create objects that inherit their f!nctionality
and appearance from other objects. .eferencing an object is similar to
copying an object, e%cept that the res!lting reference object maintains
a lin' to its so!rce object. A reference object a!tomatically inherits any
changes that have been made to the so!rce object when yo! open or
regenerate the mod!le that contains the reference object.
'3*. +an you store ob)ects in library?
.eferencing allows yo! to create objects that inherit their f!nctionality
and appearance from other objects. .eferencing an object is similar to
copying an object, e%cept that the res!lting reference object maintains
a lin' to its so!rce object. A reference object a!tomatically inherits any
changes that have been made to the so!rce object when yo! open or
regenerate the mod!le that contains the reference object.
'3-. 9s forms 4.# ob)ect oriented tool ? "hy?
yes , partially. E* +.O+".T# )LASS - inheritance property G*
O1".LOA203= A proced!res and f!nctions.
'4.. +an you issue 885 in forms?
yes, b!t yo! have to !se BO.$S<22L.
.eferencing allows yo! to create objects that inherit their f!nctionality
and appearance from other objects. .eferencing an object is similar to
copying an object, e%cept that the res!lting reference object maintains
a lin' to its so!rce object. A reference object a!tomatically inherits any
changes that have been made to the so!rce object when yo! open or
regenerate the mod!le that contains the reference object. Any string
e%pression !p to HG:A
- a literal
- an e%pression or a variable representing the te%t of a bloc' of
dynamically created +L?S4L code
- a 2$L statement or
- a 22L statement
.estrictionsA
The statement yo! pass to BO.$S<22L may not contain bind variable
Page 95 of 153
references in the string, b!t the val!es of bind variables can be
concatenated into the string before passing the res!lt to BO.$S<22L.
'41. What is S+@4 property?
- 5ides characters that the operator types into the te%t item. This
setting is typically !sed for password protection.
'42. What are the types of triggers and ho" the se=uence of
&ring in te$t item
Triggers can be classifed as :ey Triggers, $o!se Triggers ,3avigational
Triggers.
:ey Triggers AA :ey Triggers are fred as a res!lt of :ey action.e.g AA :ey-
ne%t-feld, :ey-!p,:ey-2own
$o!se Triggers AA $o!se Triggers are fred as a res!lt of the mo!se
navigation.e.g. /hen-mo!se-b!tton-presed,when-mo!se-
do!bleclic'ed,etc
3avigational Triggers AA These Triggers are fred as a res!lt of
3avigation. ".g A +ost-Te%t-item,+re-te%t-item.
/e also have event triggers li'e when \new-form-instance and when-
new-bloc'-instance.
/e cannot call restricted proced!res li'e go<to(\my<bloc'.frst<item\*
in the 3avigational triggers
,!t can !se them in the :ey-ne%t-item.
The 2i6erence between :ey-ne%t and +ost-Te%t is an very important
&!estion. The 'ey-ne%t is fred as a res!lt of the 'ey action while the
post te%t is fred as a res!lt of the mo!se movement. :ey ne%t will not
fre !nless there is a 'ey event. The se&!ence of fring in a te%t item
are as follows AA
a* pre - te%t
b* when new item
c* 'ey-ne%t
d* when validate
e* post te%t
'43. +an you store pictures in database? >o"?
#es , in long .aw datatype.
'44. What are property classes ? +an property classes ha/e
trigger?
+roperty class inheritance is a powerf!l feat!re that allows yo! to
&!ic'ly defne objects that conform to yo!r own interface and
f!nctionality standards. +roperty classes also allow yo! to ma'e global
changes to applications &!ic'ly. ,y simply changing the defnition of a
property class, yo! can change the defnition of all objects that inherit
properties from that class.
#es . All type of triggers .
'4#. 9f you ha/e property class attached to an item and you
ha/e same trigger "ritten for the item . Which "ill &re &rst?
Page 96 of 153
0tem level trigger fres , 0f item level trigger fres, property level trigger
won't fre. Triggers at the lowest level are always given the frst
preference. The item level trigger fres frst and then the bloc' and
then the Borm level trigger.
'4'. What are record groups ? K +an record groups created at
run3time?
A record gro!p is an internal Oracle Borms data str!ct!re that has a
col!mn?row framewor' similar to a database table. 5owever, !nli'e
database tables, record gro!ps are separate objects that belong to the
form mod!le in which they are defned. A record gro!p can have an
!nlimited n!mber of col!mns of type )5A., LO3=, 3$,"., or 2AT"
provided that the total n!mber of col!mns does not e%ceed PM:.
.ecord gro!p col!mn names cannot e%ceed HD characters.
+rogrammatically, record gro!ps can be !sed whenever the
f!nctionality o6ered by a two-dimensional array of m!ltiple data types
is desirable.
T#+"S OB .")O.2 =.O+A
4!ery .ecord =ro!p A &!ery record gro!p is a record gro!p that has an
associated S"L")T statement. The col!mns in a &!ery record gro!p
derive their defa!lt names, data types, and lengths from the database
col!mns referenced in the S"L")T statement. The records in a &!ery
record gro!p are the rows retrieved by the &!ery associated with that
record gro!p.
3on-&!ery .ecord =ro!p A non-&!ery record gro!p is a gro!p that does
not have an associated &!ery, b!t whose str!ct!re and val!es can be
modifed programmatically at r!ntime.
Static .ecord =ro!p A static record gro!p is not associated with a
&!eryF rather, yo! defne its str!ct!re and row val!es at design time,
and they remain f%ed at r!ntime.
'4(. What are B54T?
An AL".T is a modal window that displays a message notifying
operator of some application condition.
'4*. +an a button ha/e icon and lable at the same time ?
-3O
'4-. What is mouse na/igate property of button?
/hen $o!se 3avigate is Tr!e (the defa!lt*, Oracle Borms performs
standard navigation to move the foc!s to the item when the operator
activates the item with the mo!se.
/hen $o!se 3avigate is set to Balse, Oracle Borms does not perform
navigation (and the res!lting validation* to move to the item when an
operator activates the item with the mo!se.
'#.. What is 6O4!SD!89DW9;8OW?
Page 97 of 153
forms r!n inside the $20 application window. This property is !sef!l for
calling a form from another one.
'#1. What are timers ? "hen "hen3timer3e$pired does not &re?
The /hen-Timer-"%pired trigger can not fre d!ring trigger, navigation,
or transaction processing.
'#2. +an ob)ect group ha/e a bloc2?
#es , object gro!p can have bloc' as well as program !nits.
'#3. >o" many types of can/ases are there.
There are G types of canvases called as )ontent and Stac' )anvas.
)ontent canvas is the defa!lt and the one that is !sed mostly for
giving the base e6ect. 0ts li'e a plate on which we add items and
stac'ed canvas is !sed for giving H dimensional e6ect.
'#4. What are user3e$its?
0t invo'es H=L programs.
'##. +an you pass /alues to3and3fro from foreign function ?
ho" ?
#es . #o! obtain a ret!rn val!e from a foreign f!nction by assigning the
ret!rn val!e to an Oracle Borms variable or item. $a'e s!re that the
Oracle Borms variable or item is the same data type as the ret!rn val!e
from the foreign f!nction.
After assigning an Oracle Borms variable or item val!e to a +L?S4L
variable, pass the +L?S4L variable as a parameter val!e in the +L?S4L
interface of the foreign f!nction. The +L?S4L variable that is passed as
a parameter m!st be a valid +L?S4L data typeF it m!st also be the
appropriate parameter type as defned in the +L?S4L interface.
'#'. What is 9B0MT1 structure ?
The entries of +ro Q ) and !ser e%its and the form which sim!late the
proc or !ser<e%it are stored in 0A+RT, table in d?b.
'#(. +an you call W9;3S8< thruoH user e$its?
#"S.
'#*. 8oes user e$its supports 855 on !SW9;8OWS ?
#"S .
'#-. What is path setting for 855?
$a'e s!re yo! incl!de the name of the 2LL in the BO.$SMO<S"."R0T
variable of the O.A)L".030 fle, or rename the 2LL to BMORT,.2LL. 0f
yo! rename the 2LL to BMORT,.2LL, replace the e%isting BMORT,.2LL in
the O.A/03,03 directory with the new BMORT,.2LL.
''.. >o" is mapping of name of 855 and function done?
The dll can be created !sing the 1is!al )WW ? 1is!al ,asic Tools and
then the dll is p!t in the path that is defned the registery.
Page 98 of 153
''1. "hat is precompiler?
0t is similar to ) precompiler directives.
''2. +an you connect to non 3 oracle datasource ? >o"?
#es .
''3. "hat are 2ey3mode and loc2ing mode properties? le/el ?
:ey $ode A Specifes how oracle forms !ni&!ely identifes rows in the
database.This is property incl!des for application that will r!n against
3O3-O.A)L" dataso!rces .
:ey setting !ni&!e (defa!lt.*
dateable
n-!pdateable.
Loc'ing mode A
Specifes when Oracle Borms sho!ld attempt to obtain database loc's
on rows that correspond to &!eried records in the form. a* immediate
b* delayed
''4. What are sa/epoint mode and cursor mode properties ?
le/el?
Specifes whether Oracle Borms sho!ld iss!e savepoints d!ring a
session. This property is incl!ded primarily for applications that will r!n
against non-O.A)L" data so!rces. Bor applications that will r!n against
O.A)L", !se the defa!lt setting.
)!rsor mode - defne c!rs!r state across transaction Open?close.
''#. +an you replace default form processing ? >o" ?
'''. What is transactional trigger property?
0dentifes a bloc' as transactional control bloc'. i.e. non - database
bloc' that oracle forms sho!ld manage as transactional bloc'.(3O3-
O.A)L" dataso!rce* defa!lt - BALS".
''(. What is O5 automation ?
OL" a!tomation allows an OL" server application to e%pose a set of
commands and f!nctions that can be invo'ed from an OL" container
application. OL" a!tomation provides a way for an OL" container
application to !se the feat!res of an OL" server application to
manip!late an OL" object from the OL" container environment.
(BO.$S<OL"*
''*. What does in/o2e built3in do?
This proced!re invo'es a method.
Synta%A
+.O)"2." OL"G.031O:"
(object obj<type,
method 1A.)5A.G,
Page 99 of 153
list list<type AC D*F
+arametersA
object 0s an OL"G A!tomation Object.
method 0s a method (proced!re* of the OL"G object.
list 0s the name of an arg!ment list assigned to the
OL"G.)."AT"<A.=L0ST f!nction.
''-. What are O0;D6O4!%+B55D6O4!%;WD6O4!? di,?
)ALL<BO.$ A 0t calls the other form. b!t parent remains active, when
called form completes the operation , it releases loc' and control goes
bac' to the calling form.
/hen yo! call a form, Oracle Borms iss!es a savepoint for the called
form. 0f the )L"A.<BO.$ f!nction ca!ses a rollbac' when the called
form is c!rrent, Oracle Borms rolls bac' !ncommitted changes to this
savepoint.
O+"3<BO.$ A /hen yo! call a form, Oracle Borms iss!es a savepoint
for the called form. 0f the )L"A.<BO.$ f!nction ca!ses a rollbac' when
the called form is c!rrent, Oracle Borms rolls bac' !ncommitted
changes to this savepoint.
3"/<BO.$ A "%its the c!rrent form and enters the indicated form. The
calling form is terminated as the parent form. 0f the calling form had
been called by a higher form, Oracle Borms 'eeps the higher call active
and treats it as a call to the new form. Oracle Borms releases memory
(s!ch as database c!rsors* that the terminated form was !sing.
Oracle Borms r!ns the new form with the same .!nform options as the
parent form. 0f the parent form was a called form, Oracle Borms r!ns
the new form with the same options as the parent form.
'(.. What is call form stac2?
/hen s!ccessive forms are loaded via the )ALL<BO.$ proced!re, the
res!lting mod!le hierarchy is 'nown as the call form stac'.
'(1. +an u port applictions across the platforms? ho"?
#es we can port applications across platforms.)onsider the form
developed in a windows system.The form wo!ld be generated in !ni%
system by !sing fMOgen my<form.fmb scott?tiger
'(2. What is a /isual attribute?
1is!al attrib!tes are the font, color, and pattern properties that yo! set
for form and men! objects that appear in yo!r application's interface.
'(3. 8i,. bet"een 7BT and 0roperty +lass? imp
3amed vis!al attrib!tes defne only font, color, and pattern attrib!tesF
property classes can contain these and any other properties.
#o! can change the appearance of objects at r!ntime by changing the
named vis!al attrib!te programmaticallyF property class assignment
cannot be changed programmatically. /hen an object is inheriting from
both a property class and a named vis!al attrib!te, the named vis!al
Page 100 of 153
attrib!te settings ta'e precedence, and any vis!al attrib!te properties
in the class are ignored.
'(3. Which trigger related to mouse?
/hen-$o!se-)lic'
/hen-$o!se-2o!ble)lic'
/hen-$o!se-2own
/hen-$o!se-"nter
/hen-$o!se-Leave
/hen-$o!se-$ove
/hen-$o!se-p
'(4. What is +urrent record attribute property?
Specifes the named vis!al attrib!te !sed when an item is part of the
c!rrent record. )!rrent .ecord Attrib!te is fre&!ently !sed at the bloc'
level to display the c!rrent row in a m!lti-record 0f yo! defne an item-
level )!rrent .ecord Attrib!te, yo! can display a pre-determined item
in a special color when it is part of the c!rrent record, b!t yo! cannot
dynamically highlight the c!rrent item, as the inp!t foc!s changes.
'(#. +an u change 7BT at run time?
#es. #o! can programmatically change an object's named vis!al
attrib!te setting to change the font, color, and pattern of the object at
r!ntime.
'('. +an u set default font in forms?
#es. )hange windows registry(regedit*. Set formMO<font to the desired
font.
<brea'
'((. What is 5og S"itch ?
The point at which O.A)L" ends writing to one online redo log fle and
begins writing to another is called a log switch.
'(*. What is On3line 4edo 5og?
The On-line .edo Log is a set of tow or more on-line redo fles that
record all committed changes made to the database. /henever a
transaction is committed, the corresponding redo entries temporarily
stores in redo log b!6ers of the S=A are written to an on-line redo log
fle by the bac'gro!nd process L=/.. The on-line redo log fles are
!sed in cyclical fashion.
'(-. Which parameter speci&ed in the 86B@5T STO4B:
clause of +4BT TB15S0B+ cannot be altered after creating
the tablespace?
All the defa!lt storage parameters defned for the tablespace can be
changed !sing the ALT". TA,L"S+A)" command. /hen objects are
created their 030T0AL and $03"RT"3S val!es cannot be changed.
Page 101 of 153
'*.. What are the steps in/ol/ed in 8atabase Startup ?
Start an instance, $o!nt the 2atabase and Open the 2atabase.
.olling forward to recover data that has not been recorded in data fles,
yet has been recorded in the on-line redo log, incl!ding the contents of
rollbac' segments. .olling bac' transactions that have been e%plicitly
rolled bac' or have not been committed as indicated by the rollbac'
segments regenerated in step a. .eleasing any reso!rces (loc's* held
by transactions in process at the time of the fail!re. .esolving any
pending distrib!ted transactions !ndergoing a two-phase commit at
the time of the instance fail!re.
'*2. +an 6ull 1ac2up be performed "hen the database is
open ?
3o.
'*3. What are the di,erent modes of mounting a 8atabase
"ith the 0arallel Ser/er ?
"%cl!sive $ode 0f the frst instance that mo!nts a database does so in
e%cl!sive mode, only that 0nstance can mo!nt the database.
+arallel $ode 0f the frst instance that mo!nts a database is started in
parallel mode, other instances that are started in parallel mode can
also mo!nt the database.
'*4. What are the ad/antages of operating a database in
B4+>975O: mode o/er operating it in ;O B4+>975O: mode ?
)omplete database recovery from dis' fail!re is possible only in
A.)501"LO= mode. Online database bac'!p is possible only in
A.)501"LO= mode.
'*#. What are the steps in/ol/ed in 8atabase Shutdo"n ?
)lose the 2atabase, 2ismo!nt the 2atabase and Sh!tdown the
0nstance.
'*'. What is Brchi/ed 4edo 5og ?
Archived .edo Log consists of .edo Log fles that have archived before
being re!sed.
'*(. What is 4estricted !ode of 9nstance Startup ?
An instance can be started in (or later altered to be in* restricted mode
so that when the database is open connections are limited only to
those whose !ser acco!nts have been granted the ."ST.0)T"2
S"SS0O3 system privilege.
'((. +an u ha/e O5 ob)ects in forms?
#es.
'(*. +an u ha/e 71M and O+M controls in forms ?
#es.
Page 102 of 153
'(-. What r the types of "indo"s FWindo" styleG?
Specifes whether the window is a 2oc!ment window or a 2ialog
window.
'*.. What is O5 Bcti/ation style property?
Specifes the event that will activate the OL" containing item.
'*1. +an u change the mouse pointer ? >o"?
#es. Specifes the mo!se c!rsor style. se this property to dynamically
change the shape of the c!rsor.
'*2. >o" many types of columns are there and "hat are they
Borm!la col!mns AA Bor doing mathematical calc!lations and ret!rning
one val!e S!mmary )ol!mns AA Bor doing s!mmary calc!lations s!ch
as s!mmations etc. +lace holder )ol!mns AA These col!mns are !sef!l
for storing the val!e in a variable
'*3. +an u ha/e more than one layout in report
0t is possible to have more than one layo!t in a report by !sing the
additional layo!t option in the layo!t editor.
'*4. +an u run the report "ith out a parameter form
#es it is possible to r!n the report witho!t parameter form by setting
the +A.A$ val!e to 3!ll
'*#. What is the loc2 option in reports layout
,y !sing the loc' option we cannot move the felds in the layo!t editor
o!tside the frame. This is !sef!l for maintaining the felds .
'*'. What is 6le$
Ble% is the property of moving the related felds together by setting the
Se% property on
'*(. What are the minimum number of groups re=uired for a
matri$ report
The minim!m of gro!ps re&!ired for a matri% report are M e -----
'**.. What is a Synonym ?
A synonym is an alias for a table, view, se&!ence or program !nit.
'*-. What is a Se=uence ?
A se&!ence generates a serial list of !ni&!e n!mbers for n!merical
col!mns of a database's tables.
'-.. What is a Segment ?
A segment is a set of e%tents allocated for a certain logical str!ct!re.
'-1. What is schema?
Page 103 of 153
A schema is collection of database objects of a ser.
'-2. 8escribe 4eferential 9ntegrity ?
A r!le defned on a col!mn (or set of col!mns* in one table that allows
the insert or !pdate of a row only if the val!e for the col!mn or set of
col!mns (the dependent val!e* matches a val!e in a col!mn of a
related table (the referenced val!e*. 0t also specifes the type of data
manip!lation allowed on referenced data and the action to be
performed on dependent data as a res!lt of any action on referenced
data.
'-3. What is >ash +luster ?
A row is stored in a hash cl!ster based on the res!lt of applying a hash
f!nction to the row's cl!ster 'ey val!e. All rows with the same hash 'ey
val!e are stores together on dis'.
'-4. What is a 0ri/ate Synonyms ?
A +rivate Synonyms can be accessed only by the owner.
'-#. What is 8atabase 5in2 ?
A database lin' is a named object that describes a 7path7 from one
database to another.
'-'. What is inde$ cluster?
A cl!ster with an inde% on the cl!ster 'ey.
'-(.What is hash cluster?
A row is stored in a hash cl!ster based on the res!lt of applying a hash
f!nction to the row's cl!ster 'ey val!e. All rows with the same hash 'ey
val!e are stores together on dis'.
'-*.When can hash cluster used?
5ash cl!sters are better choice when a table is often &!eried with
e&!ality &!eries. Bor s!ch &!eries the specifed cl!ster 'ey val!e is
hashed. The res!lting hash 'ey val!e points directly to the area on dis'
that stores the specifed rows.
'--.When can hash cluster used?
5ash cl!sters are better choice when a table is often &!eried with
e&!ality &!eries. Bor s!ch &!eries the specifed cl!ster 'ey val!e is
hashed. The res!lting hash 'ey val!e points directly to the area on dis'
that stores the specifed rows.
(... What are the types of database lin2s?
+rivate database lin', p!blic database lin' X networ' database lin'.
(.1. What is pri/ate database lin2?
+rivate database lin' is created on behalf of a specifc !ser. A private
database lin' can be !sed only when the owner of the lin' specifes a
Page 104 of 153
global object name in a S4L statement or in the defnition of the
owner's views or proced!res.
(.2. What is public database lin2?
+!blic database lin' is created for the special !ser gro!p +,L0). A
p!blic database lin' can be !sed when any !ser in the associated
database specifes a global object name in a S4L statement or object
defnition.
(.3. What is net"or2 database lin2?
3etwor' database lin' is created and managed by a networ' domain
service. A networ' database lin' can be !sed when any !ser of any
database in the networ' specifes a global object name in a S4L
statement or object defnition.
(.4. What is data bloc2?
Oracle database's data is stored in data bloc's. One data bloc'
corresponds to a specifc n!mber of bytes of physical database space
on dis'.
(.#. >o" to de&ne data bloc2 si?e?
A data bloc' si8e is specifed for each Oracle database when the
database is created. A database !sers and allocated free database
space in Oracle data bloc's. ,loc' si8e is specifed in init.ora fle and
cannot be changed latter.
(.'. What is ro" chaining?
0n circ!mstances, all of the data for a row in a table may not be able to
ft in the same data bloc'. /hen this occ!rs, the data for the row is
stored in a chain of data bloc' (one or more* reserved for that
segment.
(.(. What is an e$tent?
An e%tent is a specifc n!mber of contig!o!s data bloc's, obtained in a
single allocation and !sed to store a specifc type of information.
(.*. What are the di,erent types of segments?
2ata segment, inde% segment, rollbac' segment and temporary
segment.
(.-. What is a data segment?
"ach non-cl!stered table has a data segment. All of the table's data is
stored in the e%tents of its data segment. "ach cl!ster has a data
segment. The data of every table in the cl!ster is stored in the cl!ster's
data segment.
(.-. What is an inde$ segment?
"ach inde% has an inde% segment that stores all of its data.
Page 105 of 153
(1.. What is rollbac2 segment?
A database contains one or more rollbac' segments to temporarily
store 7!ndo7 information.
(11. What are the uses of rollbac2 segment?
To generate read-consistent database information d!ring database
recovery and to rollbac' !ncommitted transactions by the !sers.
(12. What is a temporary segment?
Temporary segments are created by Oracle when a S4L statement
needs a temporary wor' area to complete e%ec!tion. /hen the
statement fnishes e%ec!tion, the temporary segment e%tents are
released to the system for f!t!re !se.
(13. What is a data&le?
"very Oracle database has one or more physical data fles. A
database's data fles contain all the database data. The data of logical
database str!ct!res s!ch as tables and inde%es is physically stored in
the data fles allocated for a database.
(14. What are the characteristics of data &les?
A data fle can be associated with only one database. Once created a
data fle can't change si8e. One or more data fles form a logical !nit of
database storage called a tablespace.
(1#. What is a redo log?
The set of redo log fles for a database is collectively 'nown as the
database redo log.
(1'. What is the function of redo log?
The primary f!nction of the redo log is to record all changes made to
data.
(1(. What is the use of redo log information?
The information in a redo log fle is !sed only to recover the database
from a system or media fail!re prevents database data from being
written to a database's data fles.
(1*. What does a control &le contains?
- 2atabase name
- 3ames and locations of a database's fles and redolog fles.
- Time stamp of database creation.
(1-. What is the use of control &le?
/hen an instance of an Oracle database is started, its control fle is
!sed to identify the database and redo log fles that m!st be opened
for database operation to proceed. 0t is also !sed in database recovery.
Page 106 of 153
(2.. 9s it possible to split the print re/ie"er into more than
one region?
#es
(21. 9s it possible to center an ob)ect hori?ontally in a
repeating frame that has a /ariable hori?ontal si?e?
#es
(22. 6or a &eld in a repeating frame% can the source come from
the column "hich does not e$ist in the data group "hich forms
the base for the frame?
#es
(23. +an a &eld be used in a report "ithout it appearing in any
data group?
#es
(24. The )oin de&ned by the default data lin2 is an outer )oin
yes or no?
#es
(2#. +an a formula column referred to columns in higher
group?
#es
(2'. +an a formula column be obtained through a select
statement?
#es
(2(. 9s it possible to insert comments into s=l statements
return in the data model editor?
#es
(2*. 9s it possible to disable the parameter from "hile running
the report?
#es
(2-. When a form is in/o2ed "ith callDform% 8oes oracle forms
issues a sa/e point?
#es
(3.. $plain the di,erence bet"een a hot bac2up and a cold
bac2up and the bene&ts associated "ith each.
A hot bac'!p is basically ta'ing a bac'!p of the database while it is still
!p and r!nning and it m!st be in archive log mode. A cold bac'!p is
ta'ing a bac'!p of the database while it is sh!t down and does not
re&!ire being in archive log mode. The beneft of ta'ing a hot bac'!p is
that the database is still available for !se while the bac'!p is occ!rring
and yo! can recover the database to any point in time. The beneft of
Page 107 of 153
ta'ing a cold bac'!p is that it is typically easier to administer the
bac'!p and recovery process. 0n addition, since yo! are ta'ing cold
bac'!ps the database does not re&!ire being in archive log mode and
th!s there will be a slight performance gain as the database is not
c!tting archive logs to dis'.
(31. You ha/e )ust had to restore from bac2up and do not ha/e
any control &les. >o" "ould you go about bringing up this
database?
0 wo!ld create a te%t based bac'!p control fle, stip!lating where on
dis' all the data fles where and then iss!e the recover command with
the !sing bac'!p control fle cla!se.
(32. >o" do you s"itch from an init.ora &le to a sp&le?
0ss!e the create spfle from pfle command.
(32. $plain the di,erence bet"een a data bloc2% an e$tent
and a segment.
A data bloc' is the smallest !nit of logical storage for a database
object. As objects grow they ta'e ch!n's of additional storage that are
composed of contig!o!s data bloc's. These gro!pings of contig!o!s
data bloc's are called e%tents. All the e%tents that an object ta'es
when gro!ped together are considered the segment of the database
object.
(33. :i/e t"o e$amples of ho" you might determine the
structure of the table 80T.
se the describe command or !se the dbms<metadata.get<ddl
pac'age.
(34. Where "ould you loo2 for errors from the database
engine?
0n the alert log.
(3#. +ompare and contrast T4@;+BT and 85T for a table.
,oth the tr!ncate and delete command have the desired o!tcome of
getting rid of all the rows in a table. The di6erence between the two is
that the tr!ncate command is a 22L operation and j!st moves the high
water mar' and prod!ces a now rollbac'. The delete command, on the
other hand, is a 2$L operation, which will prod!ce a rollbac' and th!s
ta'e longer to complete.
(3'. :i/e the reasoning behind using an inde$.
Baster access to data bloc's in a table.
(3(. :i/e the t"o types of tables in/ol/ed in producing a star
schema and the type of data they hold.
Page 108 of 153
Bact tables and dimension tables. A fact table contains meas!rements
while dimension tables will contain data that will help describe the fact
tables.
(3*. What type of inde$ should you use on a fact table?
A ,itmap inde%.
(3-. :i/e t"o e$amples of referential integrity constraints.
A primary 'ey and a foreign 'ey.
(4.. B table is classi&ed as a parent table and you "ant to
drop and re3create it. >o" "ould you do this "ithout a,ecting
the children tables?
2isable the foreign 'ey constraint to the parent, drop the table, re-
create the table, enable the foreign 'ey constraint.
(41. $plain the di,erence bet"een B4+>975O: mode and
;OB4+>975O: mode and the bene&ts and disad/antages to
each.
A.)501"LO= mode is a mode that yo! can p!t the database in for
creating a bac'!p of all transactions that have occ!rred in the
database so that yo! can recover to any point in time. 3OA.)501"LO=
mode is basically the absence of A.)501"LO= mode and has the
disadvantage of not being able to recover to any point in time.
3OA.)501"LO= mode does have the advantage of not having to write
transactions to an archive log and th!s increases the performance of
the database slightly.
(42. What command "ould you use to create a bac2up control
&le?
Alter database bac'!p control fle to trace.
(43. :i/e the stages of instance startup to a usable state
"here normal users may access it.
STA.T+ 3O$O3T - 0nstance start!p
STA.T+ $O3T - The database is mo!nted
STA.T+ O+"3 - The database is opened
(44. What column di,erentiates the 7I /ie"s to the :7I /ie"s
and ho"?
The 03ST<02 col!mn which indicates the instance in a .A) environment
the information came from.
(4#. >o" "ould you go about generating an M05B9; plan?
)reate a plan table with !tl%plan.s&l.
se the e%plain plan set statement<id C 'tstE' into plan<table for a S4L
statement
Loo' at the e%plain plan with !tl%plp.s&l or !tl%pls.s&l
Page 109 of 153
(4'. >o" "ould you go about increasing the bu,er cache hit
ratio?
se the b!6er cache advisory over a given wor'load and then &!ery
the v>db<cache<advice table. 0f a change was necessary then 0 wo!ld
!se the alter system set db<cache<si8e command.
(4(. $plain an O4B3.1###
#o! get this error when yo! get a snapshot too old within rollbac'. 0t
can !s!ally be solved by increasing the !ndo retention or increasing
the si8e of rollbac's. #o! sho!ld also loo' at the logic involved in the
application getting the error message.
(4*. $plain the di,erence bet"een IO4B+5D>O! and
IO4B+5D1BS.
O.A)L"<,AS" is the root directory for oracle. O.A)L"<5O$" located
beneath O.A)L"<,AS" is where the oracle prod!cts reside.
(4-. >o" "ould you determine the time ?one under "hich a
database "as operating?
select 2,T0$";O3" from d!alF
(#.. $plain the use of setting :5O1B5D;B!S e=ual to T4@.
Setting =LO,AL<3A$"S dictates how yo! might connect to a database.
This variable is either T." or BALS" and if it is set to T." it enforces
database lin's to have the same name as the remote database to
which they are lin'ing.
(#1. What command "ould you use to encrypt a 05JSA5
application?
/.A+
(#2. $plain the di,erence bet"een a 6@;+T9O;% 04O+8@4
and 0B+<B:.
A f!nction and proced!re are the same in that they are intended to be
a collection of +L?S4L code that carries a single tas'. /hile a proced!re
does not have to ret!rn any val!es to the calling application, a f!nction
will ret!rn a single val!e. A pac'age on the other hand is a collection of
f!nctions and proced!res that are gro!ped together based on their
commonality to a b!siness f!nction or application.
(#3. $plain the use of table functions.
Table f!nctions are designed to ret!rn a set of rows thro!gh +L?S4L
logic b!t are intended to be !sed as a normal table or view in a S4L
statement. They are also !sed to pipeline information in an "TL
process.
(#4. ;ame three ad/isory statistics you can collect.
,!6er )ache Advice, Segment Level Statistics, X Timed Statistics
Page 110 of 153
(##. Where in the Oracle directory tree structure are audit
traces placed?
0n !ni% >O.A)L"<5O$"?rdbms?a!dit, in /indows the event viewer
(#'. $plain materiali?ed /ie"s and ho" they are used.
$ateriali8ed views are objects that are red!ced sets of information that
have been s!mmari8ed, gro!ped, or aggregated from base tables.
They are typically !sed in data wareho!se or decision s!pport systems.
(#(. When a user process fails% "hat bac2ground process
cleans up after it?
+$O3
(#*. What bac2ground process refreshes materiali?ed /ie"s?
The Tob 4!e!e +rocesses.
(#-. >o" "ould you determine "hat sessions are connected
and "hat resources they are "aiting for?
se of 1>S"SS0O3 and 1>S"SS0O3</A0T
('.. 8escribe "hat redo logs are.
.edo logs are logical and physical str!ct!res that are designed to hold
all the changes made to a database and are intended to aid in the
recovery of a database.
('1. >o" "ould you force a log s"itch?
ALT". S#ST"$ S/0T)5 LO=B0L"F
('2. :i/e t"o methods you could use to determine "hat 885
changes ha/e been made.
#o! co!ld !se Logminer or Streams
('3. What does coalescing a tablespace do?
)oalescing is only valid for dictionary-managed tablespaces and de-
fragments space by combining neighboring free e%tents into large
single e%tents.
('4. What is the di,erence bet"een a T!0O4B4Y tablespace
and a 04!B;;T tablespace?
A temporary tablespace is !sed for temporary objects s!ch as sort
str!ct!res while permanent tablespaces are !sed to store those objects
meant to be !sed as the tr!e objects of the database.
('#. ;ame a tablespace automatically created "hen you create
a database.
The S#ST"$ tablespace.
(''. When creating a user% "hat permissions must you grant to
allo" them to connect to the database?
Page 111 of 153
=rant the )O33")T to the !ser.
('(. >o" do you add a data &le to a tablespace
ALT". TA,L"S+A)" ^tablespace<nameK A22 2ATAB0L"
^datafle<nameK S0;"
('*. >o" do you resi?e a data &le?
ALT". 2ATA,AS" 2ATAB0L" ^datafle<nameK ."S0;" ^new<si8eKF
('-. What /ie" "ould you use to loo2 at the si?e of a data &le?
2,A<2ATA<B0L"S
((.. What /ie" "ould you use to determine free space in a
tablespace?
2,A<B.""<S+A)"
((1. >o" "ould you determine "ho has added a ro" to a
table?
T!rn on fne grain a!diting for the table.
((2. >o" can you rebuild an inde$?
ALT". 032"R ^inde%<nameK .",0L2F
((3. $plain "hat partitioning is and "hat its bene&t is.
+artitioning is a method of ta'ing large tables and inde%es and splitting
them into smaller, more manageable pieces.
((4. You ha/e )ust compiled a 05JSA5 pac2age but got errors%
ho" "ould you /ie" the errors?
S5O/ "..O.S
((#. >o" can you gather statistics on a table?
The A3AL#;" command.
(('. >o" can you enable a trace for a session?
se the 2,$S<S"SS0O3.S"T<S4L<T.A)" or
se ALT". S"SS0O3 S"T S4L<T.A)" C T."F
(((. What is the di,erence bet"een the SA5K5oader and
9!0O4T utilities?
These two Oracle !tilities are !sed for loading data into the database.
The di6erence is that the import !tility relies on the data being
prod!ced by another Oracle !tility "R+O.T while the S4LQLoader !tility
allows data to be loaded that has been prod!ced by other !tilities from
di6erent data so!rces j!st so long as it conforms to AS)00 formatted or
delimited fles.
Page 112 of 153
((*. ;ame t"o &les used for net"or2 connection to a
database.
T3S3A$"S.O.A and S4L3"T.O.A
((-. What is the function of Optimi?er ?
The goal of the optimi8er is to choose the most eNcient way to e%ec!te
a S4L statement.
(*.. What is $ecution 0lan ?
The combinations of the steps the optimi8er chooses to e%ec!te a
statement is called an e%ec!tion plan.
(*1. +an one resi?e tablespaces and data &les? Ffor 81BG
One can man!ally increase or decrease the si8e of a datafle from
Oracle J.G !sing the command.
ALT". 2ATA,AS" 2ATAB0L" 'flenameG' ."S0;" EDD$F
,eca!se yo! can change the si8es of datafles, yo! can add more
space to yo!r database witho!t adding more datafles. This is
benefcial if yo! are concerned abo!t reaching the ma%im!m n!mber
of datafles allowed in yo!r database.
$an!ally red!cing the si8es of datafles allows yo! to reclaim !n!sed
space in the database. This is !sef!l for correcting errors in estimations
of space re&!irements.
Also, datafles can be allowed to a!tomatically e%tend if more space is
re&!ired. Loo' at the following commandA
)."AT" TA,L"S+A)" pcs<data<ts
2ATAB0L" 'cA]ora<apps]pcs]pcsdataE.dbf' S0;" H$
ATO"RT"32 O3 3"RT E$ $ARS0;" 3L0$0T"2
2"BALT STO.A=" (030T0AL EDGMD
3"RT EDGMD
$03"RT"3TS E
$AR"RT"3TS 3L0$0T"2
+)T03)."AS" D*
O3L03"
+".$A3"3TF
(*2. What is SB7 0O9;T ?
Bor long transactions that contain many S4L statements, intermediate
mar'ers or savepoints can be declared which can be !sed to divide a
transaction into smaller parts. This allows the option of later rolling
bac' all wor' performed from the c!rrent point in the transaction to a
declared savepoint within the transaction.
(*3. What are the /alues that can be speci&ed for O0T9!9E4
!O8 0arameter ?
)OST and .L".
(*4. +an one rename a tablespace? Ffor 81BG
Page 113 of 153
3o, this is listed as "nhancement .e&!est EMIJMG. /or'aro!ndA
"%port all of the objects from the tablespace
2rop the tablespace incl!ding contents
.ecreate the tablespace
0mport the objects
(*#. What is 4@53based approach to optimi?ation ?
)hoosing an e%ec!ting planbased on the access paths available and
the ran's of these access paths.
(*'. What are the /alues that can be speci&ed for
O0T9!9E4D:OB5 parameter of the B5T4 SSS9O;
+ommand ? G
)5OOS",ALL<.O/S,B0.ST<.O/S and .L".
(*(. >o" does one create a standby database? Ffor 81BG
/hile yo!r prod!ction database is r!nning, ta'e an (image copy*
bac'!p and restore it on d!plicate hardware. 3ote that an e%port will
not wor'YYY
On yo!r standby database, iss!e the following commandsA
ALT". 2ATA,AS" )."AT" STA32,# )O3T.OLB0L" AS 'flename'F
ALT". 2ATA,AS" $O3T STA32,# 2ATA,AS"F
.")O1". STA32,# 2ATA,AS"F
On systems prior to Oracle Ii, write a job to copy archived redo log
fles from the primary database to the standby system, and apply the
redo log fles to the standby database (pipe it*. .emember the
database is recovering and will prompt yo! for the ne%t log fle to
apply.
Oracle Ii onwards provide an 7A!tomated Standby 2atabase7 feat!re,
which will send archived, log fles to the remote site via 3"TI, and
apply then to the standby database.
/hen one needs to activate the standby database, stop the recovery
process and activate itA
ALT". 2ATA,AS" A)T01AT" STA32,# 2ATA,AS"F
(**.>o" does one gi/e de/elopers access to trace &les
Fre=uired as input to t2profG? Ffor 81BG
The 7alter session set s&l<traceCtr!e7 command generates trace fles
in S".<2$+<2"ST that can be !sed by developers as inp!t to t'prof.
On ni% the defa!lt fle mas' for these fles are 7rw% r-- ---7.
There is an !ndoc!mented 030T.O.A parameter that will allow everyone
to read (rw% r-r--* these trace flesA
<trace<fles<p!blic C tr!e
0ncl!de this in yo!r 030T.O.A fle and bo!nce yo!r database for it to
ta'e e6ect.
(*-. What are the responsibilities of a 8atabase
Bdministrator ?
Page 114 of 153
0nstalling and !pgrading the Oracle Server and application tools.
Allocating system storage and planning f!t!re storage re&!irements
for the database system. $anaging primary database str!ct!res
(tablespaces* $anaging primary objects (table,views,inde%es* "nrolling
!sers and maintaining system sec!rity. "ns!ring compliance with
Oralce license agreement )ontrolling and monitoring !ser access to
the database. $onitoring and optimi8ing the performance of the
database. +lanning for bac'!p and recovery of database information.
$aintain archived data on tape ,ac'ing !p and restoring the database.
)ontacting Oracle )orporation for technical s!pport.
(-.. What is a trace &le and ho" is it created ?
"ach server and bac'gro!nd process can write an associated trace fle.
/hen an internal error is detected by a process or !ser process, it
d!mps information abo!t the error to its trace. This can be !sed for
t!ning the database.
(-1. What are the roles and user accounts created
automatically "ith the database?
2,A - role )ontains all database system privileges.
S#S !ser acco!nt - The 2,A role will be assigned to this acco!nt. All of
the base tables and views for the database's dictionary are store in this
schema and are manip!lated only by O.A)L". S#ST"$ !ser acco!nt -
0t has all the system privileges for the database and additional tables
and views that display administrative information and internal tables
and views !sed by oracle tools are created !sing this !sername.
(-2. What are the minimum parameters should e$ist in the
parameter &le Finit.oraG ?
2, 3A$" - $!st set to a te%t string of no more than I characters and it
will be stored inside the datafles, redo log fles and control fles and
control fle while database creation.
2,<2O$A03 - 0t is string that specifes the networ' domain where the
database is created. The global database name is identifed by setting
these parameters
(2,<3A$" X 2,<2O$A03* )O3TO.L B0L"S - List of control flenames of
the database. 0f name is not mentioned then defa!lt name will be !sed.
2,<,LO):<,BB".S - To determine the no of b!6ers in the b!6er
cache in S=A.
+.O)"SS"S - To determine n!mber of operating system processes that
can be connected to O.A)L" conc!rrently. The val!e sho!ld be O
(bac'gro!nd process* and additional E for each !ser.
.OLL,A):<S"=$"3TS - List of rollbac' segments an O.A)L" instance
ac&!ires at database start!p. Also optionally
L0)"3S"<$AR<S"SS0O3S,L0)"3S"<S"SS0O3</A.303= and
L0)"3S"<$AR<S".S.
(-3. Why and "hen should 9 bac2up my database? Ffor 81B
Page 115 of 153
,ac'!p and recovery is one of the most important aspects of a 2,As
job. 0f yo! lose yo!r company's data, yo! co!ld very well lose yo!r job.
5ardware and software can always be replaced, b!t yo!r data may be
irreplaceableY
3ormally one wo!ld sched!le a hierarchy of daily, wee'ly and monthly
bac'!ps, however cons!lt with yo!r !sers before deciding on a bac'!p
sched!le. ,ac'!p fre&!ency normally depends on the following factorsA
. .ate of data change? transaction rate
. 2atabase availability? )an yo! sh!tdown for cold bac'!ps\
. )riticality of the data? 1al!e of the data to the company
. .ead-only tablespace needs bac'ing !p j!st once right after yo!
ma'e it read-only
. 0f yo! are r!nning in archivelog mode yo! can bac'!p parts of a
database over an e%tended cycle of days
. 0f archive logging is enabled one needs to bac'!p archived log fles
timeo!sly to prevent database free8es
. "tc.
)aref!lly plan bac'!p retention periods. "ns!re eno!gh bac'!p media
(tapes* are available and that old bac'!ps are e%pired in-time to ma'e
media available for new bac'!ps. O6-site va!lting is also highly
recommended.
Bre&!ently test yo!r ability to recover and doc!ment all possible
scenarios. .emember, it's the little things that will get yo!. $ost failed
recoveries are a res!lt of organi8ational errors and
miscomm!nications.
(-4. What strategies are a/ailable for bac2ing3up an Oracle
database? Ffor 81B
The following methods are valid for bac'ing-!p an Oracle databaseA
"%port?0mport - "%ports are 7logical7 database bac'!ps in that they
e%tract logical defnitions and data from the database to a fle.
)old or O6-line ,ac'!ps - Sh!t the database down and bac'!p !p ALL
data, log, and control fles.
5ot or On-line ,ac'!ps - 0f the databases are available and in
A.)501"LO= mode, set the tablespaces into bac'!p mode and bac'!p
their fles. Also remember to bac'!p the control fles and archived redo
log fles.
.$A3 ,ac'!ps - /hile the database is o6-line or on-line, !se the
7rman7 !tility to bac'!p the database.
0t is advisable to !se more than one of these methods to bac'!p yo!r
database. Bor e%ample, if yo! choose to do on-line database bac'!ps,
also cover yo!rself by doing database e%ports. Also test ALL bac'!p
and recovery scenarios caref!lly. 0t is better to be save than sorry.
.egardless of yo!r strategy, also remember to bac'!p all re&!ired
software libraries, parameter fles, password fles, etc. 0f yo!r database
is in A.)=01"LO= mode, yo! also need to bac'!p archived log fles.
Page 116 of 153
(-#. What is the di,erence bet"een online and oUine
bac2ups? Ffor 81B
A hot bac'!p is a bac'!p performed while the database is online and
available for read?write. "%cept for Oracle e%ports, one can only do on-
line bac'!ps when r!nning in A.)501"LO= mode.
A cold bac'!p is a bac'!p performed while the database is o6-line and
!navailable to its !sers.
(-'. What is the di,erence bet"een restoring and reco/ering?
Ffor 81B
.estoring involves copying bac'!p fles from secondary storage
(bac'!p media* to dis'. This can be done to replace damaged fles or
to copy?move a database to a new location.
.ecovery is the process of applying redo logs to the database to roll it
forward. One can roll-forward !ntil a specifc point-in-time (before the
disaster occ!rred*, or roll-forward !ntil the last transaction recorded in
the log fles. S&lK connect S#S as S#S2,A
S&lK .")O1". 2ATA,AS" 3T0L T0$" 'GDDE-DH-DPAEPADDADD' S03=
,A):+ )O3T.OLB0L"F
(-(. >o" does one bac2up a database using the e$port utility?
Ffor 81B
Oracle e%ports are 7logical7 database bac'!ps (not physical* as they
e%tract data and logical defnitions from the database into a fle. Other
bac'!p strategies normally bac'-!p the physical data fles.
One of the advantages of e%ports is that one can selectively re-import
tables, however one cannot roll-forward from an restored e%port fle. To
completely restore a database from an e%port fle one practically needs
to recreate the entire database.
Always do f!ll system level e%ports (BLLC#"S*. B!ll e%ports incl!de
more information abo!t the database in the e%port fle than !ser level
e%ports.
(-*. What are the builtDins used the display the 5O7?
Show<lov
List<val!es
(--. >o" do you call other Oracle 0roducts from Oracle 6orms?
.!n<prod!ct is a b!ilt-in, sed to invo'e one of the s!pported oracle
tools prod!cts and specifes the name of the doc!ment or mod!le to be
r!n. 0f the called prod!ct is !navailable at the time of the call, Oracle
Borms ret!rns a message to the operator.
*... What is the main di,. bet. 4eports 2.. O 4eports 2.#?
.eport G.O is object oriented.
*.1. What are the 1uilt3ins to display the user3named editor?
Page 117 of 153
A !ser named editor can be displayed programmatically with the b!ilt
in proced!re S5O/-"20TO., "20T<T"T0T"$ independent of any
partic!lar te%t item.
*.3. >o" many number of columns a record group can ha/e?
A record gro!p can have an !nlimited n!mber of col!mns of type
)5A., LO3=, 3$,"., or 2AT" provided that the total n!mber of
col!mn does not e%ceed PM:.
*.4. What is a Auery 4ecord :roup?
A &!ery record gro!p is a record gro!p that has an associated S"L")T
statement. The col!mns in a &!ery record gro!p derive their defa!lt
names, data types, had lengths from the database col!mns referenced
in the S"L")T statement. The records in &!ery record gro!p are the
rows retrieved by the &!ery associated with that record gro!p. /hat is
a 3on 4!ery .ecord =ro!p\
*.#. What does the term panel refer to "ith regard to pages?
A panel is the no. of physical pages needed to print one logical page.
*.'. What is a master detail relationship?
A master detail relationship is an association between two base table
bloc's- a master bloc' and a detail bloc'. The relationship between the
bloc's reSects a primary 'ey to foreign 'ey relationship between the
tables on which the bloc's are based.
*.(.What is a library?
A library is a collection of s!bprograms incl!ding !ser named
proced!res, f!nctions and pac'ages.
*.*. What is an anchoring ob)ect O "hat is its use? What are
the /arious sub e/ents a mouse double clic2 e/ent in/ol/es?
An anchoring object is a print condition object which !sed to e%plicitly
or implicitly anchor other objects to itself.
*.-. @se the addDgroupDcolumn function to add a column to
record group that "as created at a design time?
Balse
*1.. What are the /arious sub e/ents a mouse double clic2
e/ent in/ol/es? What are the /arious sub e/ents a mouse
double clic2 e/ent in/ol/es?
2o!ble clic'ing the mo!se consists of the mo!se down, mo!se !p,
mo!se clic', mo!se down X mo!se !p events.
*11. What is the use of brea2 group? What are the /arious sub
e/ents a mouse double clic2 e/ent in/ol/es?
A brea' gro!p is !sed to display one record for one gro!p ones. /hile
m!ltiple related records in other gro!p can be displayed.
Page 118 of 153
*12. What tuning indicators can one use? Ffor 81B
The following high-level t!ning indicators can be !sed to establish if a
database is performing optimally or notA
. ,!6er )ache 5it .atio
Borm!laA 5it .atio C (Logical .eads - +hysical .eads* ? Logical .eads
ActionA 0ncrease 2,<)A)5"<S0;" (2,<,LO):<,BB".S prior to @i* to
increase hit ratio
. Library )ache 5it .atio
ActionA 0ncrease the S5A."2<+OOL<S0;" to increase hit ratio
*13. What toolsJutilities does Oracle pro/ide to assist "ith
performance tuning? Ffor 81B
Oracle provide the following tools? !tilities to assist with performance
monitoring and t!ningA
. T:+rof
. TL,STAT.S4L and TL"STAT.S4L - ,egin and end stats monitoring
. Statspac'
. Oracle "nterprise $anager - T!ning +ac'
*14. What is STBTS0B+< and ho" does one use it? Ffor 81B
Statspac' is a set of performance monitoring and reporting !tilities
provided by Oracle from OracleIi and above. Statspac' provides
improved ,STAT?"STAT f!nctionality, tho!gh the old ,STAT?"STAT
scripts are still available. Bor more information abo!t STATS+A):, read
the doc!mentation in fle >O.A)L"<5O$"?rdbms?admin?spdoc.t%t.
0nstall Statspac'A
cd >O.A)L"<5O$"?rdbms?admin
s&lpl!s 7? as sysdba7 bspdrop.s&l -- 0nstall Statspac' -
s&lpl!s 7? as sysdba7 bspcreate.s&l-- "nter tablespace names when
prompted
se Statspac'A
s&lpl!s perfstat?perfstat
e%ec statspac'.snapF -- Ta'e a performance snapshots
e%ec statspac'.snapF
o =et a list of snapshots
select S3A+<02, S3A+<T0$" from STATS>S3A+S5OTF
bspreport.s&l -- "nter two snapshot id's for di6erence report
Other Statspac' ScriptsA
. spp!rge.s&l - +!rge a range of Snapshot 0d's between the specifed
begin and end Snap 0d's
. spa!to.s&l - Sched!le a dbms<job to a!tomate the collection of
STAT+A): statistics
. spcreate.s&l - 0nstalls the STATS+A): !ser, tables and pac'age on a
database (.!n as S#S*.
. spdrop.s&l - 2einstall STATS+A): from database (.!n as S#S*
. spp!rge.s&l - 2elete a range of Snapshot 0d's from the database
. spreport.s&l - .eport on di6erences between val!es recorded in two
Page 119 of 153
snapshots
. sptr!nc.s&l - Tr!ncates all data in Statspac' tables
*1#. What are the common 4!B; errors F"ith solutionsG? Ffor
81B
Some of the common .$A3 errors areA
.$A3-GDGMGA Specifcation does not match any archivelog in the
recovery catalog.
Add to .$A3 scriptA s&l 'alter system archive log c!rrent'F
.$A3-DPDI@A archived log %y8 not fo!nd or o!t of sync with catalog
"%ec!te from .$A3A change archivelog all validateF
*1'. >o" can you e$ecute the user de&ned triggers in forms
3.. ?
"%ec!te Trigger (trigger-name*
*1(. What 4BS pac2age procedure does ?
"rase removes an indicated global variable.
*1*. What is the di,erence bet"een ;B!D9; and +O0Y ?
)opy is pac'age proced!re and writes val!es into a feld.
3ame in is a pac'age f!nction and ret!rns the contents of the variable
to which yo! apply.
*1-. What pac2age procedure is used for calling another
form ?
)all (".g. )all(formname*
*2.. When the form is running in 81@: mode% 9f you "ant to
e$amine the /alues of global /ariables and other form
/ariables% What pac2age procedure command you "ould use in
your trigger te$t ?
,rea'.
S#ST"$ 1A.0A,L"S
*21. The /alue recorded in system.lastDrecord /ariable is of
type
a. ;umber
b. 1oolean
c. +haracter. ?
b. ,oolean.
*22. What is mean by 0rogram :lobal Brea F0:BG ?
0t is area in memory that is !sed by a Single Oracle ser +rocess.
*23. What is hit ratio ?
0t is a meas!re of well the data cache b!6er is handling re&!ests for
data. 5it .atio C (Logical .eads - +hysical .eads - 5its $isses*? Logical
.eads.
Page 120 of 153
*24. >o" do u implement the 9f statement in the Select
Statement
/e can implement the if statement in the select statement by !sing
the 2ecode statement. e.g select 2")O2"
("$+<)AT,'E','Birst','G','Second'3!ll*F 5ere the 3!ll is the else statement
where n!ll is done .
*2#. >o" many types of $ceptions are there
There are G types of e%ceptions. They are
a* System "%ceptions
e.g. /hen no<data<fo!nd, /hen too<many<rows
b* ser 2efned "%ceptions
e.g. $y<e%ception e%ception
/hen $y<e%ception then
*2'. What are the inline and the precompiler directi/es
The inline and precompiler directives detect the val!es directly
*2(. >o" do you use the same lo/ for 2 columns
/e can !se the same lov for G col!mns by passing the ret!rn val!es in
global val!es and !sing the global val!es in the code
*2*. >o" many minimum groups are re=uired for a matri$
report
The minim!m n!mber of gro!ps in matri% report are M
*2-. What is the di,erence bet"een static and dynamic lo/
The static lov contains the predetermined val!es while the dynamic lov
contains val!es that come at r!n time
*3.. >o" does one manage Oracle database users? Ffor 81B
Oracle !ser acco!nts can be loc'ed, !nloc'ed, forced to choose new
passwords, etc. Bor e%ample, all acco!nts e%cept S#S and S#ST"$ will
be loc'ed after creating an Oracle@i2, database !sing the 2,
)onfg!ration Assistant (dbca*. 2,A's m!st !nloc' these acco!nts to
ma'e them available to !sers.
Loo' at these e%amplesA
ALT". S". scott A))O3T LO): -- loc' a !ser acco!nt
ALT". S". scott A))O3T 3LO):F -- !nloc's a loc'ed !sers acco!nt
ALT". S". scott +ASS/O.2 "R+0."F -- Borce !ser to choose a new
password
*31. >o" does one tune Oracle Wait e/ents? Ffor 81B
Some wait events from 1>S"SS0O3</A0T and 1>S#ST"$<"1"3T viewsA
"vent 3ameA T!ning .ecommendationA
db fle
se&!ential
T!ne S4L to do less 0?O. $a'e s!re all objects are
analy8ed. .edistrib!te 0?O across dis's.
Page 121 of 153
read
b!6er b!sy
waits
0ncrease 2,<)A)5"<S0;" (2,<,LO):<,BB".S prior to
@i*? Analy8e contention from S#S.1>,5
log b!6er
spaces
0ncrease LO=<,BB". parameter or move log fles to
faster dis's
*32. What is the di,erence bet"een 816ile Se=uential and
Scattered 4eads?Ffor 81B
,oth 7db fle se&!ential read7 and 7db fle scattered read7 events
signify time waited for 0?O read re&!ests to complete. Time is reported
in EDD's of a second for Oracle Ii releases and below, and EDDD's of a
second for Oracle @i and above. $ost people conf!se these events with
each other as they thin' of how data is read from dis'. 0nstead they
sho!ld thin' of how data is read into the S=A b!6er cache.
db fle se&!ential readA
A se&!ential read operation reads data into contig!o!s memory
(!s!ally a single-bloc' read with pHCE, b!t can be m!ltiple bloc's*.
Single bloc' 0?Os are !s!ally the res!lt of !sing inde%es. This event is
also !sed for reb!ilding the controlfle and reading datafle headers
(+GCE*. 0n general, this event is indicative of dis' contention on inde%
reads.
db fle scattered readA
Similar to db fle se&!ential reads, e%cept that the session is reading
m!ltiple data bloc's and scatters them into di6erent discontin!o!s
b!6ers in the S=A. This statistic is 3O.$ALL# indicating dis'
contention on f!ll table scans. .arely, data from f!ll table scans co!ld
be ftted into a contig!o!s b!6er area, these waits wo!ld then show !p
as se&!ential reads instead of scattered reads.
The following &!ery shows average wait time for se&!ential vers!s
scattered readsA
prompt 7A1".A=" /A0T T0$" BO. ."A2 ."4"STS7
select a.average<wait 7S"4 ."A27, b.average<wait 7S)AT ."A27
from sys.v<>system<event a, sys.v<>system<event b
where a.event C 'db fle se&!ential read'
and b.event C 'db fle scattered read'F
*33. What is the use of 0B4695 option in M0 command ?
3ame of the parameter fle to be passed for e%port.
*34. What is the use of TB15S option in M0 command ?
List of tables sho!ld be e%ported.8e*
*3#. What is the O0T9!B5 parameter?
0t is !sed to set the optimal length of a rollbac' segment.
*3'. >o" does one use O4B81@: from Ser/er !anagerJ
SA5K0lus? Ffor 81B
Page 122 of 153
"%ec!te the 7O.A2",= 5"L+7 command from svrmgrl or s&lpl!s to
obtain a list of valid O.A2",= commands. Loo' at these e%amplesA
S4L+LSK ."$ Trace S4L statements with bind variables
S4L+LSK oradeb!g setospid EDEGE
Oracle pidA @E, ni% process pidA EDEGE, imageA oracleorcl
S4L+LSK oradeb!g "1"3T EDDMP trace name conte%t forever, level
EG
Statement processed.
S4L+LSK Y vi ?app?oracle?admin?orcl?bd!mp?ora<EDEGE.trc
S4L+LSK ."$ Trace +rocess Statistics
S4L+LSK oradeb!g setorapid G
ni% process pidA EMHP, imageA ora<pmon<orcl
S4L+LSK oradeb!g procstat
Statement processed.
S4L+LSKK oradeb!g T.A)"B0L"<3A$"
?app?oracle?admin?orcl?bd!mp?pmon<EMHP.trc
S4L+LSK ."$ List semaphores and shared memory segments in !se
S4L+LSK oradeb!g ipc
S4L+LSK ."$ 2!mp "rror Stac'
S4L+LSK oradeb!g setospid ^pidK
S4L+LSK oradeb!g event immediate trace name errorstac' level H
S4L+LSK ."$ 2!mp +arallel Server 2L$ loc's
S4L+LSK oradeb!g l'deb!g -a convloc'
S4L+LSK oradeb!g l'deb!g -a convres
S4L+LSK oradeb!g l'deb!g -r ^reso!rce handleK (i.e D%IDPPdHHI
from convres d!mp*
*3(. Bre there any undocumented commands in Oracle? Ffor
81B
S!re there are, b!t it is hard to fnd them. Loo' at these e%amplesA
Brom Server $anager (OracleJ.H and above*A O.A2",= 5"L+
0t loo's li'e one can change memory locations with the O.A2",=
+O:" command. Anyone brave eno!gh to test this one for !s\
+revio!sly this f!nctionality was available with O.A2,R (ls -l
>O.A)L"<5O$"?rdbms?lib?oradb%.oF ma'e -f oracle.m' oradb%*
S4LQ+l!sA ALT". S"SS0O3 S"T ).."3T<S)5"$A C S#SF
*3*. 9f the ma$imum record retrie/ed property of the =uery is
set to 1. then a summary /alue "ill be calculated?
Only for ED records.
*3-. What are the di,erent ob)ects that you cannot copy or
reference in ob)ect groups?
Objects of di6erent mod!les
Another object gro!ps
0ndivid!al bloc' dependent items
+rogram !nits.
*4.. What is an O5?
Page 123 of 153
Object Lin'ing X "mbedding provides yo! with the capability to
integrate objects from many $s-/indows applications into a single
compo!nd doc!ment creating integrated applications enables yo! to
!se the feat!res form .
*41. +an a repeating frame be created "ithout a data group as
a base?
3o
*42. 9s it possible to set a &lter condition in a cross product
group in matri$ reports?
3o
*43. What is O/erloading of procedures ?
The Same proced!re name is repeated with parameters of di6erent
datatypes and parameters in di6erent positions, varying n!mber of
parameters is called overloading of proced!res. e.g. 2,$S<OT+T
p!t<line
*44. What are the return /alues of functions SA5+O8 and
SA544! ? What is 0ragma M+0T9O;D9;9T ? $plain the
usage ?
S4L)O2" ret!rns the latest code of the error that has occ!rred.
S4L"..$ ret!rns the relevant error message of the S4L)O2".
*4#. What are the datatypes a a/ailable in 05JSA5 ?
Some scalar data types s!ch as 3$,"., 1A.)5A.G, 2AT", )5A.,
LO3=, ,OOL"A3. Some composite data types s!ch as .")O.2 X
TA,L".
*4'. What are the t"o parts of a procedure ?
+roced!re Specifcation and +roced!re ,ody.
*4(. What is the basic structure of 05JSA5 ?
+L?S4L !ses bloc' str!ct!re as its basic str!ct!re. Anonymo!s bloc's
or nested bloc's can be !sed in +L?S4L.
*4-. W>BT 9S 4!B; ? Ffor 81B
.ecovery $anager is a tool thatA manages the process of creating
bac'!ps and also manages the process of restoring and recovering
from them.
*#.. W>Y @S 4!B; ? Ffor 81B
3o e%tra costs c0ts available free
\.$A3 introd!ced in Oracle I it has become simpler with newer
versions and easier than !ser managed bac'!ps
\+roper sec!rity
\#o! are EDDV s!re yo!r database has been bac'ed !p.
Page 124 of 153
\0ts contains detail of the bac'!ps ta'en etc in its central
repository
Bacility for testing validity of bac'!ps also commands li'e
crosschec' to chec' the stat!s of bac'!p.
Baster bac'!ps and restores compared to bac'!ps witho!t .$A3
.$A3 is the only bac'!p tool which s!pports incremental
bac'!ps.
Oracle EDg has got f!rther optimi8ed incremental bac'!p which
has res!lted in improvement of performance d!ring bac'!p and
recovery time
+arallel operations are s!pported
,etter &!erying facility for 'nowing di6erent details of bac'!p
3o e%tra redo generated when bac'!p is ta'en..compared to
online
bac'!p witho!t .$A3 which res!lts in saving of space in hard
dis'
.$A3 an intelligent tool
$aintains repository of bac'!p metadata
.emembers bac'!p set location
:nows what need to bac'ed !p
:nows what is re&!ired for recovery
:nows what bac'!ps are red!ndant
@;84STB;89;: T> 4!B; B4+>9T+T@4
An oracle 4!B; comprises of
4!B; M+@TB15 This co!ld be present and fred even thro!gh
client side
TB4:T 8BTB1BS This is the database which needs to be bac'ed !p
.
4+O74Y +BTB5O: .ecovery catalog is optional otherwise bac'!p
details are stored in target database controlfle .
0t is a repository of information &!eried and !pdated by .ecovery
$anager
0t is a schema or !ser stored in Oracle database. One schema can
s!pport many databases
0t contains information abo!t physical schema of target database
datafle and archive log ,bac'!p sets and pieces .ecovery catalog is a
m!st in following scenarios
. 0n order to store scripts
. Bor tablespace point in time recovery
$edia $anagement Software
$edia $anagement software is a m!st if yo! are !sing .$A3 for
storing bac'!p in tape drive directly.
,ac'!ps in 4!B;
Oracle bac'!ps in 4!B; are of the following type
.$A3 complete bac'!p O. 4!B; incremental bac'!p
Page 125 of 153
These bac'!ps are of 4!B; proprietary nat!re
9!B: +O0Y
The advantage of !ing 0mage copy is its not in .$A3 proprietary
format..
,ac'!p Bormat
.$A3 bac'!p is not in oracle format b!t in .$A3 format. Oracle
bac'!p comprises of bac'!p sets and it consists of bac'!p pieces.
,ac'!p sets are logical entity 0n oracle @i it gets stored in a defa!lt
location There are two type of bac'!p sets 2atafle bac'!p sets,
Archivelog bac'!p sets One more important point of data fle bac'!p
sets is it do not incl!de empty bloc's. A bac'!p set wo!ld contain
many bac'!p pieces.
A single bac'!p piece consists of physical fles which are in .$A3
proprietary format.
"%ample of ta'ing bac'!p !sing .$A3
Ta'ing .$A3 ,ac'!p
0n non archive mode in dos prompt type
.$A3
#o! get the .$A3 prompt
.$A3 K )onnect Target
)onnect to target database A $agic
!sing target database controlfle instead of recovery catalog
Lets ta'e a simple bac'!p of database in non archive mode
sh!tdown immediate F - - Sh!tdowns the database
start!p mo!nt
bac'!p database F- its start bac'ing the database
alter database openF
/e can fre the same command in archive log mode
And whole of datafles will be bac'ed
,ac'!p database pl!s archivelogF
.estoring database
.estoring database has been made very simple in @i .
0t is j!st
.estore database..
.$A3 has become intelligent to identify which datafles has to be
restored
and the location of bac'!ped !p fle.
Oracle "nhancement for .$A3 in ED =
Blash .ecovery Area
.ight now the price of hard dis' is falling. $any dba are ta'ing oracle
database bac'!p inside the hard dis' itself since it res!lts in lesser
Page 126 of 153
mean time between recoverability.
The new parameter introd!ced is
2,<.")O1".#<B0L"<2"ST C ?oracle?Sash<recovery<area
,y confg!ring the .$A3 ."T"3T0O3 +OL0)# the Sash recovery area
will a!tomatically delete obsolete bac'!ps and archive logs that are no
longer re&!ired based on that confg!ration Oracle has introd!ced new
feat!res in incremental bac'!p
)hange Trac'ing Bile
Oracle EDg has the facility to deliver faster incrementals with the
implementation of changed trac'ing fle feat!re.This will res!lts in
faster bac'!ps lesser space cons!mption and also red!ces the time
needed for daily bac'!ps
0ncrementally pdated ,ac'!ps
Oracle database EDg 0ncrementally pdates ,ac'!p feat!res merges
the image copy of a datafle with .$A3 incremental bac'!p. The
res!lting image copy is now !pdated with bloc' changes capt!red by
incremental bac'!ps.The merging of the image copy and incremental
bac'!p is initiated with .$A3 recover command. This res!lts in faster
recovery.
,inary compression techni&!e red!ces bac'!p space !sage by OD-
JOV.
/ith the new 2.AT0O3 option for the .$A3 ,A):+ command, 2,As
can weigh bac'!p performance against system service level
re&!irements. ,y specifying a d!ration, .$A3 will a!tomatically
calc!late the appropriate bac'!p rateF in addition, 2,As can optionally
specify whether bac'!ps sho!ld minimi8e time or system load.
3ew Beat!res in Oem to identify .$A3 related bac'!p li'e bac'!p
pieces, bac'!p sets and image copy
Oracle @i 3ew feat!res +ersistent .$A3 )onfg!ration
A new confg!re command has been introd!ced in Oracle @i , that lets
yo! confg!re vario!s feat!res incl!ding a!tomatic channels,
parallelism ,bac'!p options, etc.
These a!tomatic allocations and options can be overridden by
commands in a .$A3 command fle.
)ontrolfle A!to bac'!ps
Thro!gh this new feat!re .$A3 will a!tomatically perform a controlfle
a!to bac'!p. after every bac'!p or copy command.
,loc' $edia .ecovery
0f we can restore a few bloc's rather than an entire fle we only need
few bloc's.
Page 127 of 153
/e even dont need to bring the data fle o_ine.
Synta% for it as follows
,loc' .ecover datafle I bloc' GGF
)onfg!re ,ac'!p Optimi8ation
+rior to @i whenever we bac'ed !p database !sing .$A3 o!r bac'!p
also !sed ta'e bac'!p of read only table spaces which had already
been bac'ed !p and also the same with archive log too.
3ow with @i bac'!p optimi8ation parameter we can prevent repeat
bac'!p of read only tablespace and archive log. The command for this
is as follows )onfg!re bac'!p optimi8ation on
Archive Log failover
0f .$A3 cannot read a bloc' in an archived log from a destination.
.$A3 a!tomatically attempts to read from an alternate location this is
called as archive log failover
There are additional commands li'e
bac'!p database not bac'ed !p since time 'HE-jan-GDDG EMADDADD'
2o not bac'!p previo!sly bac'ed !p fles
(say a previo!s bac'!p failed and yo! want to restart from where it left
o6*.
Similar synta% is s!pported for restores
bac'!p device sbt bac'!p set all )opy a dis' bac'!p to tape
(bac'ing !p a bac'!p
Additionally it s!pports
. ,ac'!p of server parameter fle
. +arallel operation s!pported
. "%tensive reporting available
. Scripting
. 2!ple% bac'!p sets
. )orr!pt bloc' detection
. ,ac'!p archive logs
+itfalls of !sing .$A3
+revio!s to version Oracle @i bac'!ps were not that easy which means
yo! had to allocate a channel comp!lsorily to ta'e bac'!p #o! had to
give a r!n etc . The synta% was a bit comple% c.$A3 has now become
very simple and easy to !se..
0f yo! changed the location of bac'!p set it is comp!lsory for yo! to
register it !sing .$A3 or while yo! are trying to restore bac'!p 0t
res!lted in hanging sit!ations
There is no method to 'now whether d!ring recovery database restore
is going to fail beca!se of missing archive log fle.
)omp!lsory $edia $anagement only if !sing tape bac'!p
0ncremental bac'!ps tho!gh !sed to cons!me less space !sed to be
slower since it !sed to read the entire database to fnd the changed
bloc's and also They have diNc!lt time streaming the tape device. .
Page 128 of 153
)onsiderable improvement has been made in EDg to optimi8e the
algorithm to handle changed bloc'.
Observation
0ntrod!ced in Oracle I it has become more powerf!l and simpler with
newer version of Oracle @ and ED g.
So if yo! really don't want to miss something critical please start !sing
.$A3.
*#1. $plain @;9O;%!9;@S%@;9O; B55% 9;T4S+T ?
03T".S")T ret!rns all distinct rows selected by both &!eries.$03S -
ret!rns all distinct rows selected by the frst &!ery b!t not by the
second.30O3 - ret!rns all distinct rows selected by either &!ery30O3
ALL - ret!rns all rows selected by either &!ery, incl!ding all d!plicates.
*#2. Should the O! +onsole be displayed at all times F"hen
there are scheduled )obsG? Ffor 81B
/hen a job is s!bmitted the agent will confrm the stat!s of the job.
/hen the stat!s shows !p as sched!led, yo! can close down the O"$
console. The processing of the job is managed by the O0A (Oracle
0ntelligent Agent*. The O0A maintains a .jo! fle in the agent's
s!bdirectory. /hen the console is la!nched comm!nication with the
Agent is established and the contents of the .jo! fle (binary* are
reported to the console job s!bsystem. 3ote that O"$ will not be able
to send e-mail and paging notifcations when the )onsole is not
started.
*#3. 8i,erence bet"een S@1ST4 and 9;ST4 ?
03ST. (StringE,StringG(n,(m**,03ST. ret!rns the position of the mth
occ!rrence of the string G instringE. The search begins from nth
position of stringE.S,ST. (StringE n,m*S,ST. ret!rns a character
string of si8e m in stringE, starting from nth position of stringE.
*#4. What 2ind of )obs can one schedule "ith O!? Ffor 81B
O"$ comes with pre-defned jobs li'e "%port, 0mport, r!n OS
commands, r!n s&l scripts, S4LQ+l!s commands etc. 0t also gives yo!
the Se%ibility of sched!ling c!stom jobs written with the T)L lang!age.
*##. What are the pre re=uisites ?
0. to modify data type of a col!mn \ ii. to add a col!mn with 3OT 3LL
constraint \ To $odify the datatype of a col!mn the col!mn m!st be
empty. to add a col!mn with 3OT 3LL constrain, the table m!st be
empty.
*#'. >o" does one bac2out e/ents and )obs during
maintenance slots? Ffor 81B
$anagemnet and data collection activity can be s!spended by
imposing a blac'o!t. Loo' at these e%amplesA
agentctl start blac'o!t L ,lac'o!t the entrire agent
Page 129 of 153
agentctl stop blac'o!t L .es!me normal monitoring and management
agentctl start blac'o!t O.)L L ,lac'o!t database O.)L
agentctl stop blac'o!t O.)L L .es!me normal monitoring and
management
agentctl start blac'o!t -s jobs -d DDAGD L ,lac'o!t jobs for GD min!tes
*#(. What are the types of SA5 Statement ?
2ata 2efnition Lang!age A
)."AT",ALT".,2.O+,T.3)AT",."1O:",3O A20T X )O$$0T.
2ata $anip!lation Lang!ageA
03S".T,+2AT",2"L"T",LO):
TA,L","R+LA03 +LA3 X S"L")T.Transactional )ontrolA
)O$$0T X .OLL,A):Session )ontrolA ALT".S"SS0O3 X S"T
.OL"System )ontrol A
ALT". S#ST"$.
*#*. What is the Oracle 9ntelligent Bgent? Ffor 81B
The Oracle 0ntelligent Agent (O0A* is an a!tonomo!s process that
needs to r!n on a remote node in the networ' to ma'e the node O"$
manageable. The Oracle 0ntelligent Agent is responsible forA
. 2iscovering targets that can be managed (2atabase Servers, 3etI
Listeners, etc.*F
. $onitoring of events registered in "nterprise $anagerF and
. "%ec!ting tas's associated with jobs s!bmitted to "nterprise
$anager.
*#-. >o" does one start the Oracle 9ntelligent Bgent? Ffor 81B
One needs to start an O0A (Oracle 0ntelligent Agent* process on all
machines that will to be managed via O"$.
Bor O"$ @i and aboveA
agentctl start agent
agentctl stop agent
Bor O"$ G.E and belowA
lsnrctl dbsnmp<start
lsnrctl dbsnmp<stat!s
On /indows 3T, start the 7OracleAgent7 Service.
0f the agent doesn't want to start, ens!re yo!r environment variables
are set correctly and delete the following fles before trying againA
E* 0n >O.A)L"<5O$"?networ'?adminA snmp<ro.ora and snmp<rw.ora.
G* Also delete ALL fles in >O.A)L"<5O$"?networ'?agent?.
)an one write scripts to send alert messages to the console\
Page 130 of 153
Start the O"$ console and create a new event. Select option 7"nable
nsolicited "vent7. Select test 7nsolicited "vent7. /hen entering the
parameters, enter val!es similar to theseA
"vent 3ameA ?oracle?script?myalert
ObjectA Q
SeverityA Q
$essageA Q
One can now write the script and invo'e the oemevent command to
send alerts to the console. Loo' at this e%ampleA oemevent
?oracle?script?myalert 2"ST03AT0O3 alert 7$y c!stom error message7
where 2"ST03AT0O3 is the same val!e as entered in the 7$onitored
2estinations7 feld when yo!'ve registered the event in the O"$
)onsole.
*'.. Where can one get more information about T+5? Ffor 81B
One can write c!stom event chec'ing ro!tines for O"$ !sing the T)L
(Tool )ommand Lang!age* lang!age. )hec' the following sites for
more information abo!t T)LA
. The Tcl 2eveloper Rchange - download and learn abo!t T)L
. OraT)L at So!rceforge - 2ownload the OraT)L pac'age
. Tom +oinde%ter's Tcl +age - Oratcl was originally written by Tom
+oinde%ter
*'1. Bre there any troubleshooting tips for O!? Ffor 81B
. )reate the O"$ repository with a !ser (which will manage the O"$*
and store it in a tablespace that does not share any data with other
database !sers. 0t is a bad practice to create the repository with S#S
and System.
. 0f yo! are !nable to la!nch the console or there is a comm!nication
problem with the intelligent agent (daemon*. "ns!re O)R fles are
registered. Type the following in the 2OS prompt (the c!rrent directory
sho!ld be >O.A)L"<5O$"],03A
)A]Orawin@O],inK .egSvrHG mmd%HG.O)R
)A]Orawin@O],inK .egSvrHG vojt.O)R
. 0f yo! have a problem starting the Oracle Agent
Sol!tion AA ,ac'!p the Q.4 fles and 2elete all the Q.4 Biles
(>Oracle<home?networ'?agent folder*
,ac'!p and delete S3$+<.O.ora, S3$+<./.ora, dbsnmp.ver and
services.ora fles (>Oracle<5ome?networ'?admin folder* Start the
Oracle Agent service.
Sol!tion ,A #o!r version of 0ntelligent Agent co!ld be b!ggy. )hec' with
Oracle for any available patches. Bor e%ample, the 0ntelligent Agent
that comes with Oracle I.D.M is b!ggy.
Sometimes yo! get a Bailed stat!s for the job that was e%ec!ted
s!ccessf!lly.
)hec' the log to see the res!lts of the e%ec!tion rather than relying on
this stat!s.
*'2. What is importJe$port and "hy does one need it? Ffor 81B
Page 131 of 153
The Oracle e%port ("R+* and import (0$+* !tilities are !sed to perform
logical database bac'!p and recovery. They are also !sed to move
Oracle data from one machine, database or schema to another.
The imp?e%p !tilities !se an Oracle proprietary binary fle format and
can th!s only be !sed between Oracle databases. One cannot e%port
data and e%pect to import it into a non-Oracle database. Bor more
information on how to load and !nload data from fles, read the
S4LQLoader BA4.
The e%port?import !tilities are also commonly !sed to perform the
following tas'sA
. ,ac'!p and recovery (small databases only*
. .eorgani8ation of data? "liminate database fragmentation
. 2etect database corr!ption. "ns!re that all the data can be read.
. Transporting tablespaces between databases
. "tc.
*'3. "hat is a display item?
2isplay items are similar to te%t items b!t store only fetched or
assigned val!es. Operators cannot navigate to a display item or edit
the val!e it contains.
*'(. >o" does one use the importJe$port utilities? Ffor 81B
Loo' for the 7imp7 and 7e%p7 e%ec!tables in yo!r >O.A)L"<5O$"?bin
directory. One can r!n them interactively, !sing command line
parameters, or !sing parameter fles. Loo' at the imp?e%p parameters
before starting. These parameters can be listed by e%ec!ting the
following commandsA 7e%p helpCyes7 or 7imp helpCyes7.
The following e%amples demonstrate how the imp?e%p !tilities can be
!sedA
e%p scott?tiger fleCemp.dmp logCemp.log tablesCemp rowsCyes
inde%esCno
e%p scott?tiger fleCemp.dmp tablesC(emp,dept*
imp scott?tiger fleCemp.dmp f!llCyes
imp scott?tiger fleCemp.dmp from!serCscott to!serCscott
tablesCdept
e%p !seridCscott?tigerborcl parfleCe%port.t%t
... where e%port.t%t containsA
,BB".CEDDDDD
B0L"Cacco!nt.dmp
BLLCn
O/3".Cscott
=.A3TSCy
)O$+."SSCy
3OT"A 0f yo! do not li'e command line !tilities, yo! can import and
e%port data with the 7Schema $anager7 =0 that ships with Oracle
"nterprise $anager (O"$*.
*'*. What are the types of /isual attribute settings?
Page 132 of 153
)!stom 1is!al attrib!tes 2efa!lt vis!al attrib!tes 3amed 1is!al
attrib!tes. /indow
*'-. +an one e$port a subset of a table? Ffor 81B
Brom OracleIi one can !se the 4".#C e%port parameter to selectively
!nload a s!bset of the data from a table. Loo' at this e%ampleA
e%p scott?tiger tablesCemp &!eryC]7where deptnoCED]7
*(.. What are the t"o "ays to incorporate images into a
oracle forms application?
,oilerplate 0mages
0mage<items
*(1. +an one monitor ho" fast a table is imported? Ffor 81B
0f yo! need to monitor how fast rows are imported from a r!nning
import job, try one of the following methodsA
$ethod EA
select s!bstr(s&l<te%t,instr(s&l<te%t,'03TO 7'*,HD* table<name,
rows<processed,
ro!nd((sysdate-to<date(frst<load<time,'yyyy-mm-dd
hhGMAmiAss'**QGMQPD,E* min!tes,
tr!nc(rows<processed?((sysdate-to<date(frst<load<time,'yyyy-mm-dd
hhGMAmiAss'**QGMQPD** rows<per<min
from sys.v<>s&larea
where s&l<te%t li'e '03S".T V03TO 7V'
and command<type C G
and open<versions K DF
Bor this to wor' one needs to be on Oracle J.H or higher (J.G might also
be O:*. 0f the import has more than one table, this statement will only
show information abo!t the c!rrent table being imported.
)ontrib!ted by Osvaldo Ancarola, ,s. As. Argentina.
$ethod GA
se the B""2,A):Cn import parameter. This command will tell 0$+ to
display a dot for every 3 rows imported.
*(2. +an one import tables to a di,erent tablespace? Ffor 81B
Oracle o6ers no parameter to specify a di6erent tablespace to import
data into. Objects will be re-created in the tablespace they were
originally e%ported from. One can alter this behavio!r by following one
of these proced!resA +re-create the table(s* in the correct tablespaceA
. 0mport the d!mp fle !sing the 032"RB0L"C option
. "dit the inde%fle. .emove remar's and specify the correct
tablespaces.
. .!n this inde%fle against yo!r database, this will create the re&!ired
tables in the appropriate tablespaces
. 0mport the table(s* with the 0=3O."C# option.
)hange the defa!lt tablespace for the !serA
Page 133 of 153
. .evo'e the 73L0$0T"2 TA,L"S+A)"7 privilege from the !ser
. .evo'e the !ser's &!ota from the tablespace from where the object
was e%ported. This forces the import !tility to create tables in the
!ser's defa!lt tablespace.
. $a'e the tablespace to which yo! want to import the defa!lt
tablespace for the !ser
. 0mport the table
*(3. What do you mean by a bloc2 in forms4..?
,loc' is a single mechanism for gro!ping related items into a
f!nctional !nit for storing, displaying and manip!lating records.
*(4. >o" is possible to restrict the user to a list of /alues
"hile entering /alues for parameters?
,y setting the .estrict To List property to tr!e in the parameter
property sheet.
*(#. What is SA5K5oader and "hat is it used for? Ffor 81B
S4LQLoader is a b!l' loader !tility !sed for moving data from e%ternal
fles into the Oracle database. 0ts synta% is similar to that of the 2,G
Load !tility, b!t comes with more options. S4LQLoader s!pports vario!s
load formats, selective loading, and m!lti-table loads.
*('. >o" does one use the SA5K5oader utility? Ffor 81B
One can load data into an Oracle database by !sing the s&lldr (s&lload
on some platforms* !tility. 0nvo'e the !tility witho!t arg!ments to get a
list of available parameters. Loo' at the following e%ampleA
s&lldr scott?tiger controlCloader.ctl
This sample control fle (loader.ctl* will load an e%ternal data fle
containing delimited dataA
load data
infle 'cA]data]mydata.csv'
into table emp
felds terminated by 7,7 optionally enclosed by '7'
( empno, empname, sal, deptno *
The mydata.csv fle may loo' li'e thisA
EDDDE,7Scott Tiger7, EDDD, MD
EDDDG,7Bran' 3a!de7, ODD, GD
Another Sample control fle with in-line data formatted as f% length
records. The tric' is to specify 7Q7 as the name of the data fle, and !se
,"=032ATA to start the data section in the control fle.
load data
infle Q
replace
into table departments
( dept position (DGADO* char(M*,
deptname position (DIAGJ* char(GD*
*
begindata
Page 134 of 153
)OS) )O$+T". S)0"3)"
"3=L "3=L0S5 L0T".AT."
$AT5 $AT5"$AT0)S
+OL# +OL0T0)AL S)0"3)"
*((. >o" can a cross product be created?
,y selecting the cross prod!cts tool and drawing a new gro!p
s!rro!nding the base gro!p of the cross prod!cts.
*(*. 9s there a SA5K@nloader to do"nload data to a Rat &le?
Ffor 81B
Oracle does not s!pply any data !nload !tilities. 5owever, yo! can !se
S4LQ+l!s to select and format yo!r data and then spool it to a fleA
set echo o6 newpage D space D pagesi8e D feed o6 head o6 trimspool
on
spool oradata.t%t
select colE UU ',' UU colG UU ',' UU colH
from tabE
where colG C 'R#;'F
spool o6
Alternatively !se the TL<B0L" +L?S4L pac'ageA
rem .emember to !pdate initS02.ora, !tl<fle<dirC'cA]oradata'
parameter
declare
fp !tl<fle.fle<typeF
begin
fp AC !tl<fle.fopen('cA]oradata','tabE.t%t','w'*F
!tl<fle.p!tf(fp, 'Vs, Vs]n', 'Te%tBield', OO*F
!tl<fle.fclose(fp*F
endF
?
#o! might also want to investigate third party tools li'e S4L/ays from
0spirer Systems, TOA2 from 4!est, or $anage0T Bast nloader from )A
to help yo! !nload data from Oracle.
*(-. +an one load /ariable and &$ length data records? Ffor
81B
#es, loo' at the following control fle e%amples. 0n the frst we will load
delimited data (variable length*A
LOA2 2ATA
03B0L" Q
03TO TA,L" load<delimited<data
B0"L2S T".$03AT"2 ,# 7,7 O+T0O3ALL# "3)LOS"2 ,# '7'
T.A0L03= 3LL)OLS
( dataE,
dataG
*
,"=032ATA
Page 135 of 153
EEEEE,AAAAAAAAAA
GGGGG,7A,,,),2,7
0f yo! need to load positional data (f%ed length*, loo' at the following
control fle e%ampleA
LOA2 2ATA
03B0L" Q
03TO TA,L" load<positional<data
( dataE +OS0T0O3(EAO*,
dataG +OS0T0O3(PAEO*
*
,"=032ATA
EEEEEAAAAAAAAAA
GGGGG,,,,,,,,,,
)an one s'ip header records load while loading\
se the 7S:0+ n7 'eyword, where n C n!mber of logical rows to s'ip.
Loo' at this e%ampleA
LOA2 2ATA
03B0L" Q
03TO TA,L" load<positional<data
S:0+ O
( dataE +OS0T0O3(EAO*,
dataG +OS0T0O3(PAEO*
*
,"=032ATA
EEEEEAAAAAAAAAA
GGGGG,,,,,,,,,,
**.. +an one modify data as it loads into the database? Ffor
81B
2ata can be modifed as it loads into the Oracle 2atabase. 3ote that
this only applies for the conventional load path and not for direct path
loads.
LOA2 2ATA
03B0L" Q
03TO TA,L" modifed<data
( rec<no 7my<db<se&!ence.ne%tval7,
region )O3STA3T 'HE',
time<loaded 7to<char(S#S2AT", '55GMA$0'*7,
dataE +OS0T0O3(EAO* 7AdataE?EDD7,
dataG +OS0T0O3(PAEO* 7!pper(AdataG*7,
dataH +OS0T0O3(EPAGG*7to<date(AdataH, '##$$22'*7
*
,"=032ATA
EEEEEAAAAAAAAAA@@EGDE
GGGGG,,,,,,,,,,@@DEEG
LOA2 2ATA
03B0L" 'mail<orders.t%t'
,A2B0L" 'bad<orders.t%t'
Page 136 of 153
A++"32
03TO TA,L" mailing<list
B0"L2S T".$03AT"2 ,# 7,7
( addr,
city,
state,
8ipcode,
mailing<addr 7decode(Amailing<addr, n!ll, Aaddr, Amailing<addr*7,
mailing<city 7decode(Amailing<city, n!ll, Acity, Amailing<city*7,
mailing<state
*
**1.+an one load data into multiple tables at once? Ffor 81B
Loo' at the following control fleA
LOA2 2ATA
03B0L" Q
."+LA)"
03TO TA,L" emp
/5"3 empno YC ' '
( empno +OS0T0O3(EAM* 03T"=". "RT".3AL,
ename +OS0T0O3(PAEO* )5A.,
deptno +OS0T0O3(EJAEI* )5A.,
mgr +OS0T0O3(GDAGH* 03T"=". "RT".3AL
*
03TO TA,L" proj
/5"3 projno YC ' '
( projno +OS0T0O3(GOAGJ* 03T"=". "RT".3AL,
empno +OS0T0O3(EAM* 03T"=". "RT".3AL
*
**2. What is the di,erence bet"een boiler plat images and
image items?
,oiler plate 0mages are static images ("ither vector or bit map* that
yo! import from the fle system or database to !se a graphical
elements in yo!r form, s!ch as company logos and maps. 0mage items
are special types of interface controls that store and display either
vector or bitmap images. Li'e other items that store val!es, image
items can be either base table items(items that relate directly to
database col!mns* or control items. The defnition of an image item is
stored as part of the form mod!le B$, and B$R fles, b!t no image fle
is act!ally associated with an image item !ntil the item is pop!late at
r!n time.
**3. What are the triggers a/ailable in the reports?
,efore report, ,efore form, After form , ,etween page, After report.
**4. Why is a Where clause faster than a group &lter or a
format trigger?
,eca!se, in a where cla!se the condition is applied d!ring data
retrievalthan after retrieving the data.
Page 137 of 153
**#. +an one selecti/ely load only the records that one need?
Ffor 81B
Loo' at this e%ample, (DE* is the frst character, (HDAHJ* are characters
HD to HJA
LOA2 2ATA
03B0L" 'mydata.dat' ,A2B0L" 'mydata.bad' 20S)A.2B0L" 'mydata.dis'
A++"32
03TO TA,L" my<selective<table
/5"3 (DE* ^K '5' and (DE* ^K 'T' and (HDAHJ* C 'E@@@EGEJ'
(
region )O3STA3T 'HE',
service<'ey +OS0T0O3(DEAEE* 03T"=". "RT".3AL,
call<b<no +OS0T0O3(EGAG@* )5A.
*
**'. +an one s2ip certain columns "hile loading data? Ffor 81B
One cannot !se +OST0O3(%Ay* with delimited data. L!c'ily, from Oracle
Ii one can specify B0LL". col!mns. B0LL". col!mns are !sed to s'ip
col!mns?felds in the load fle, ignoring felds that one does not want.
Loo' at this e%ampleA -- One cannot !se +OST0O3(%Ay* as it is stream
data, there are no positional felds-the ne%t feld begins after some
delimiter, not in col!mn R. --K
LOA2 2ATA
T.3)AT" 03TO TA,L" TE
B0"L2S T".$03AT"2 ,# ','
( feldE,
feldG B0LL".,
feldH
*
**(. >o" does one load multi3line records? Ffor 81B
One can create one logical record from m!ltiple physical records !sing
one of the following two cla!sesA
. )O3)AT"3AT"A - !se when S4LQLoader sho!ld combine the same
n!mber of physical records together to form one logical record.
. )O3T03"0B - !se if a condition indicates that m!ltiple records sho!ld
be treated as one. "g. by having a 'L' character in col!mn E.
**-. >o" can get SA5K5oader to +O!!9T only at the end of the
load &le? Ffor 81B
One cannot, b!t by setting the .O/SC parameter to a large val!e,
committing can be red!ced. $a'e s!re yo! have big rollbac' segments
ready when yo! !se a high val!e for .O/SC.
*-.. +an one impro/e the performance of SA5K5oader? Ffor
81B
Page 138 of 153
A very simple b!t easily overloo'ed hint is not to have any inde%es
and?or constraints (primary 'ey* on yo!r load tables d!ring the load
process. This will signifcantly slow down load times even with .O/SC
set to a high val!e.
Add the following option in the command lineA 20.")TCT.". This will
e6ectively bypass most of the .2,$S processing. 5owever, there are
cases when yo! can't !se direct load. .efer to chapter I on Oracle
server tilities man!al.
T!rn o6 database logging by specifying the 3.")O1".A,L" option.
This option can only be !sed with direct data loads. .!n m!ltiple load
jobs conc!rrently.
*-1. >o" does one use SA5K5oader to load images% sound clips
and documents? Ffor 81B
S4LQLoader can load data from a 7primary data fle7, S2B (Secondary
2ata fle - for loading nested tables and 1A..A#s* or LO=B0L". The
LO,B0L" method provides and easy way to load doc!ments, images
and a!dio clips into ,LO, and )LO, col!mns. Loo' at this e%ampleA
=iven the following tableA
)."AT" TA,L" image<table (
image<id 3$,".(O*,
fle<name 1A.)5A.G(HD*,
image<data ,LO,*F
)ontrol BileA
LOA2 2ATA
03B0L" Q
03TO TA,L" image<table
."+LA)"
B0"L2S T".$03AT"2 ,# ','
(
image<id 03T"=".(O*,
fle<name )5A.(HD*,
image<data LO,B0L" (fle<name* T".$03AT"2 ,# "OB
*
,"=032ATA
DDE,imageE.gif
DDG,imageG.jpg
*-2. What is the di,erence bet"een the con/entional and
direct path loader? Ffor 81B
The conventional path loader essentially loads the data by !sing
standard 03S".T statements. The direct path loader (20.")TCT."*
bypasses m!ch of the logic involved with that, and loads directly into
the Oracle data fles. $ore information abo!t the restrictions of direct
path loading can be obtained from the tilities sers =!ide.
:;4B5 9;T479W A@ST9O;S F1G
1.What are the /arious types of $ceptions ?
ser defned and +redefned "%ceptions.
Page 139 of 153
2.+an "e de&ne e$ceptions t"ice in same bloc2 ?
3o.
3.What is the di,erence bet"een a procedure and a function ?
B!nctions ret!rn a single variable by val!e whereas proced!res do not
ret!rn any variable by val!e. .ather they ret!rn m!ltiple variables by
passing variables by reference thro!gh their OT parameter.
4.+an you ha/e t"o functions "ith the same name in a 05JSA5
bloc2 ?
#es.
#.+an you ha/e t"o stored functions "ith the same name ?
#es.
'.+an you call a stored function in the constraint of a table ?
3o.
(.What are the /arious types of parameter modes in a
procedure ?
03, OT A32 03OT.
*.What is O/er 5oading and "hat are its restrictions ?
OverLoading means an object performing di6erent f!nctions depending
!pon the no. of parameters or the data type of the parameters passed
to it.
-.+an functions be o/erloaded ?
#es.
1..+an 2 functions ha/e same name O input parameters but
di,er only by return datatype
3o.
11.What are the constructs of a procedure% function or a
pac2age ?
The constr!cts of a proced!re, f!nction or a pac'age are A
variables and constants
c!rsors
e%ceptions
12.Why +reate or 4eplace and not 8rop and recreate
procedures ?
So that =rants are not dropped.
13.+an you pass parameters in pac2ages ? >o" ?
#es. #o! can pass parameters to proced!res or f!nctions in a pac'age.
Page 140 of 153
14.What are the parts of a database trigger ?
The parts of a trigger areA
A triggering event or statement
A trigger restriction
A trigger action
1#.What are the /arious types of database triggers ?
There are EG types of triggers, they are combination of A
0nsert, 2elete and pdate Triggers.
,efore and After Triggers.
.ow and Statement Triggers.
(HQGQGCEG*
1'.What is the ad/antage of a stored procedure o/er a
database trigger ?
/e have control over the fring of a stored proced!re b!t we have no
control over the fring of a trigger.
1(.What is the ma$imum no. of statements that can be
speci&ed in a trigger statement ?
One.
1*.+an /ie"s be speci&ed in a trigger statement ?
3o
1-.What are the /alues of Tne" and Told in
9nsertJ8eleteJ@pdate Triggers ?
03S".T A new C new val!e, old C 3LL
2"L"T" A new C 3LL, old C old val!e
+2AT" A new C new val!e, old C old val!e
2..What are cascading triggers? What is the ma$imum no of
cascading triggers at a time?
/hen a statement in a trigger body ca!ses another trigger to be fred,
the triggers are said to be cascading. $a% C HG.
21.What are mutating triggers ?
A trigger giving a S"L")T on the table on which the trigger is written.
22.What are constraining triggers ?
A trigger giving an 0nsert?pdat e on a table having referential integrity
constraint on the triggering table.
23.8escribe Oracle databaseHs physical and logical structure ?
+hysical A 2ata fles, .edo Log fles, )ontrol fle.
Logical A Tables, 1iews, Tablespaces, etc.
24.+an you increase the si?e of a tablespace ? >o" ?
Page 141 of 153
#es, by adding datafles to it.
2'.What is the use of +ontrol &les ?
)ontains pointers to locations of vario!s data fles, redo log fles, etc.
2(.What is the use of 8ata 8ictionary ?
sed by Oracle to store information abo!t vario!s physical and logical
Oracle str!ct!res e.g. Tables, Tablespaces, datafles, etc
2*.What are the ad/antages of clusters ?
Access time red!ced for joins.
2-.What are the disad/antages of clusters ?
The time for 0nsert increases.
3..+an 5ongJ5ong 4BW be clustered ?
3o.
31.+an null 2eys be entered in cluster inde$% normal inde$ ?
#es.
32.+an +hec2 constraint be used for self referential integrity ?
>o" ?
#es. 0n the )5"): condition for a col!mn of a table, we can reference
some other col!mn of the same table and th!s enforce self referential
integrity.
33.What are the min. e$tents allocated to a rollbac2 e$tent ?
Two
34.What are the states of a rollbac2 segment ? What is the
di,erence bet"een partly a/ailable and needs reco/ery ?
The vario!s states of a rollbac' segment are A
O3L03", OBBL03", +A.TL# A1A0LA,L", 3""2S .")O1".# and 031AL02.
3#.What is the di,erence bet"een uni=ue 2ey and primary
2ey ?
ni&!e 'ey can be n!llF +rimary 'ey cannot be n!ll.
3'.Bn insert statement follo"ed by a create table statement
follo"ed by rollbac2 ? Will the ro"s be inserted ?
3o.
3(.+an you de&ne multiple sa/epoints ?
#es.
3*.+an you 4ollbac2 to any sa/epoint ?
#es.
Page 142 of 153
4..What is the ma$imum no. of columns a table can ha/e ?
GOM.
41.What is the signi&cance of the O and OO operators in 05
SA5 ?
The X operator means that the +L S4L bloc' re&!ires !ser inp!t for a
variable. The XX operator means that the val!e of this variable sho!ld
be the same as inp!tted by the !ser previo!sly for this same variable.
0f a transaction is very large, and the rollbac' segment is not able to
hold the rollbac' information, then will the transaction span across
di6erent rollbac' segments or will it terminate \ 0t will terminate
(+lease chec' *.
42.+an you pass a parameter to a cursor ?
"%plicit c!rsors can ta'e parameters, as the e%ample below shows. A
c!rsor parameter can appear in a &!ery wherever a constant can
appear. ).SO. cE (median 03 3$,".* 0S S"L")T job, ename B.O$
emp /5"." sal K medianF
43.What are the /arious types of 4oll1ac2 Segments ?
+!blic Available to all instances
+rivate Available to specifc instance
44.+an you use P4o"+ount as a parameter to a cursor ?
#es
4#.9s the =uery belo" allo"ed T
Select sal% ename 9nto $ 6rom emp Where ename V H<9;:H
FWhere $ is a record of ;umberF4G and +harF1#GG
#es
4'.9s the assignment gi/en belo" allo"ed T
B1+ V 0A4 FWhere B1+ and 0A4 are recordsG
#es
4(.9s this for loop allo"ed T
6or $ in OStart..Ond 5oop
#es
4*.>o" many ro"s "ill the follo"ing SA5 return T
Select K from emp Where ro"num W 1.X
@ rows
4-.>o" many ro"s "ill the follo"ing SA5 return T
Select K from emp Where ro"num V 1.X
3o rows
#..Which symbol preceeds the path to the table in the remote
database ?
Page 143 of 153
b
#1.Bre /ie"s automatically updated "hen base tables are
updated ?
#es
#2.+an a trigger "ritten for a /ie" ?
3o
#3.9f all the /alues from a cursor ha/e been fetched and
another fetch is issued% the output "ill be T error% last record or
&rst record ?
Last .ecord
#4.B table has the follo"ing data T YY#% ;ull% 1.ZZ. What "ill the
a/erage function return ?
J.O
##.9s Sysdate a system /ariable or a system function?
System B!nction
#'.+onsider a se=uence "hose curr/al is 1 and gets
incremented by 1 by using the ne$t/al reference "e get the
ne$t number 2. Suppose at this point "e issue an rollbac2 and
again issue a ne$t/al. What "ill the output be ?
H
#'.8e&nition of relational 8ata1ase by 8r. +odd F91!G?
A .elational 2atabase is a database where all data visible to the !ser is
organi8ed strictly as tables of data val!es and where all database
operations wor' on these tables.
#(.What is !ulti Threaded Ser/er F!TBG ?
0n a Single Threaded Architect!re (or a dedicated server confg!ration*
the database manager creates a separate process for each database
!ser. ,!t in $TA the database manager can assign m!ltiple !sers
(m!ltiple !ser processes* to a single dispatcher (server process*, a
controlling process that &!e!es re&!est for wor' th!s red!cing the
databases memory re&!irement and reso!rces.
#*.Which are initial 481!S% >ierarchical O ;J" database ?
.2,$S - . system
5ierarchical - 0$S
3?/ - 2,T=
'..What is 6unctional 8ependency
Page 144 of 153
=iven a relation ., attrib!te # of . is f!nctionally dependent on
attrib!te R of . if and only if each R-val!e has associated with it
precisely one -# val!e in .
'1.What is Buditing ?
The database has the ability to a!dit all actions that ta'e place within
it.
a* Login attempts, b* Object Accesss, c* 2atabase Action .es!lt of
=reatest(E,3LL* or Least(E,3LL* 3LL
'2.While designing in clientJser/er "hat are the 2 imp. things
to be considered ?
3etwor' Overhead (traNc*, Speed and Load of client server
'4.When to create inde$es ?
To be created when table is &!eried for less than GV or MV to GOV of
the table rows.
'#.>o" can you a/oid inde$es ?
TO ma'e inde% access path !navailable - se BLL hint to optimi8er for
f!ll table scan - se 032"R or A32-"4AL hint to optimi8er to !se one
inde% or set to inde%es instead of another. - se an e%pression in the
/here )la!se of the S4L.
''.What is the result of the follo"ing SA5 T
Select 1 from dual
@;9O;
Select HBH from dualX
"rror
'(.+an database trigger "ritten on synonym of a table and if it
can be then "hat "ould be the e,ect if original table is
accessed.
#es, database trigger wo!ld fre.
'*.+an you alter synonym of /ie" or /ie" ?
3o
'-.+an you create inde$ on /ie"
3o
(..What is the di,erence bet"een a /ie" and a synonym ?
Synonym is j!st a second name of table !sed for m!ltiple lin' of
database. 1iew can be created with many tables, and with virt!al
col!mns and with conditions. ,!t synonym can be on view.
(1.What is the di,erence bet"een alias and synonym ?
Alias is temporary and !sed with one &!ery. Synonym is permanent
and not !sed as alias.
Page 145 of 153
(2.What is the e,ect of synonym and table name used in same
Select statement ?
1alid
(3.WhatHs the length of SA5 integer ?
HG bit length
(4.What is the di,erence bet"een foreign 2ey and reference
2ey ?
Boreign 'ey is the 'ey i.e. attrib!te which refers to another table
primary 'ey. .eference 'ey is the primary 'ey of table referred by
another table.
(#.+an dual table be deleted% dropped or altered or updated or
inserted ?
#es
('.9f content of dual is updated to some /alue computation
ta2es place or not ?
#es
((.9f any other table same as dual is created "ould it act
similar to dual?
#es
(*.6or "hich relational operators in "here clause% inde$ is not
used ?
^K , li'e 'V ...' is 3OT f!nctions, feld Wconstant, feld UU ''
(-.Bssume that there are multiple databases running on one
machine. >o" can you s"itch from one to another ?
)hanging the O.A)L"<S02
*..What are the ad/antages of Oracle ?
+ortability A Oracle is ported to more platforms than any of its
competitors, r!nning on more than EDD hardware platforms and GD
networ'ing protocols.
$ar'et +resence A Oracle is by far the largest .2,$S vendor and
spends more on . X 2 than most of its competitors earn in total
reven!e. This mar'et clo!t means that yo! are !nli'ely to be left in the
l!rch by Oracle and there are always lots of third party interfaces
available.
,ac'!p and .ecovery A Oracle provides ind!strial strength s!pport for
on-line bac'!p and recovery and good software fa!lt tolerence to dis'
fail!re. #o! can also do point-in-time recovery.
+erformance A Speed of a 't!ned' Oracle 2atabase and application is
&!ite good, even with large databases. Oracle can manage K EDD=,
Page 146 of 153
databases.
$!ltiple database s!pport A Oracle has a s!perior ability to manage
m!ltiple databases within the same transaction !sing a two-phase
commit protocol.
*1.What is a for"ard declaration ? What is its use ?
+L?S4L re&!ires that yo! declare an identifer before !sing it.
Therefore, yo! m!st declare a s!bprogram before calling it. This
declaration at the start of a s!bprogram is called forward declaration. A
forward declaration consists of a s!bprogram specifcation terminated
by a semicolon.
*2.What are actual and formal parameters ?
Act!al +arameters A S!bprograms pass information !sing parameters.
The variables or e%pressions referenced in the parameter list of a
s!bprogram call are act!al parameters. Bor e%ample, the following
proced!re call lists two act!al parameters named emp<n!m and
amo!ntA
"g. raise<salary(emp<n!m, amo!nt*F
Bormal +arameters A The variables declared in a s!bprogram
specifcation and referenced in the s!bprogram body are formal
parameters. Bor e%ample, the following proced!re declares two formal
parameters named emp<id and increaseA "g. +.O)"2." raise<salary
(emp<id 03T"="., increase ."AL* 0S c!rrent<salary ."ALF
*3.What are the types of ;otation ?
+osition, 3amed, $i%ed and .estrictions.
*4.What all important parameters of the init.ora are supposed
to be increased if you "ant to increase the S:B si?e ?
0n o!r case, db<bloc'<b!6ers was changed from PD to EDDD (std val!es
are PD, OOD X HODD* shared<pool<si8e was changed from H.O$, to @$,
(std val!es are H.O, O X @$,* open<c!rsors was changed from GDD to
HDD (std val!es are GDD X HDD* db<bloc'<si8e was changed from GDMI
(G:* to MD@P (M:* Zat the time of database creation[.
The initial S=A was aro!nd M$, when the server .A$ was HG$, and
The new S=A was aro!nd EH$, when the server .A$ was increased to
EGI$,.
*#.9f 9 ha/e an e$ecute pri/ilege on a procedure in another
users schema% can 9 e$ecute his procedure e/en though 9 do
not ha/e pri/ileges on the tables "ithin the procedure ?
#es
*'.What are /arious types of )oins ?
"&!ijoins, 3on-e&!ijoins, self join, o!ter join
*(.What is a pac2age cursor ?
Page 147 of 153
A pac'age c!rsor is a c!rsor which yo! declare in the pac'age
specifcation witho!t an S4L statement. The S4L statement for the
c!rsor is attached dynamically at r!ntime from calling proced!res.
**.9f you insert a ro" in a table% then create another table and
then say 4ollbac2. 9n this case "ill the ro" be inserted ?
#es. ,eca!se )reate table is a 22L which commits a!tomatically as
soon as it is e%ec!ted. The 22L commits the transaction even if the
create statement fails internally (eg table already e%ists error* and not
syntactically.
*-.What are the /arious types of =ueries ??
3ormal 4!eries
S!b 4!eries
)o-related &!eries
3ested &!eries
)ompo!nd &!eries
-..What is a transaction ?
A transaction is a set of S4L statements between any two )O$$0T and
.OLL,A): statements.
-1.What is implicit cursor and ho" is it used by Oracle ?
An implicit c!rsor is a c!rsor which is internally created by Oracle. 0t is
created by Oracle for each individ!al S4L.
-2.Which of the follo"ing is not a schema ob)ect T 9nde$es%
tables% public synonyms% triggers and pac2ages ?
+!blic synonyms
-4.What is 05JSA5?
+L?S4L is Oracle's +roced!ral Lang!age e%tension to S4L. The
lang!age incl!des object oriented programming techni&!es s!ch as
encaps!lation, f!nction overloading, information hiding (all b!t
inheritance*, and so, brings state-of-the-art programming to the Oracle
database server and a variety of Oracle tools.
-#.9s there a 05JSA5 ngine in SA5K0lus?
3o. nli'e Oracle Borms, S4LQ+l!s does not have a +L?S4L engine.
Th!s, all yo!r +L?S4L are send directly to the database engine for
e%ec!tion. This ma'es it m!ch more eNcient as S4L statements are
not stripped o6 and send to the database individ!ally.
-'.9s there a limit on the si?e of a 05JSA5 bloc2?
)!rrently, the ma%im!m parsed?compiled si8e of a +L?S4L bloc' is PM:
and the ma%im!m code si8e is EDD:. #o! can r!n the following select
statement to &!ery the si8e of an e%isting pac'age or proced!re.
S4LK select Q from dba<object<si8e where name C 'proced!re<name'
Page 148 of 153
-(.+an one readJ"rite &les from 05JSA5?
0ncl!ded in Oracle J.H is a TL<B0L" pac'age that can read and write
fles. The directory yo! intend writing to has to be in yo!r 030T.O.A fle
(see TL<B0L"<20.C... parameter*. ,efore Oracle J.H the only means of
writing a fle was to !se 2,$S<OT+T with the S4LQ+l!s S+OOL
command.
2")LA."
fle5andler TL<B0L".B0L"<T#+"F
,"=03
fle5andler AC TL<B0L".BO+"3('?home?oracle?tmp', 'myo!tp!t','/'*F
TL<B0L".+TB(fle5andler, '1al!e of f!ncE is Vsn', f!ncE(E**F
TL<B0L".B)LOS"(fle5andler*F
"32F
-*.>o" can 9 protect my 05JSA5 source code?
+L?S4L 1G.G, available with OracleJ.G, implements a binary wrapper for
+L?S4L programs to protect the so!rce code. This is done via a
standalone !tility that transforms the +L?S4L so!rce code into portable
binary object code (somewhat larger than the original*. This way yo!
can distrib!te software witho!t having to worry abo!t e%posing yo!r
proprietary algorithms and methods. S4LQ+l!s and S4LQ2,A will still
!nderstand and 'now how to e%ec!te s!ch scripts. T!st be caref!l,
there is no 7decode7 command available.
The synta% isA
wrap inameCmyscript.s&l onameC%%%%.yyy
--.+an one use dynamic SA5 "ithin 05JSA5? O4 +an you use a
885 in a procedure ? >o" ?
Brom +L?S4L 1G.E one can !se the 2,$S<S4L pac'age to e%ec!te
dynamic S4L statements.
"gA )."AT" O. ."+LA)" +.O)"2." 2#3S4L
AS
c!r integerF
rc integerF
,"=03
c!r AC 2,$S<S4L.O+"3<).SO.F
2,$S<S4L.+A.S"(c!r,')."AT" TA,L" R (# 2AT"*', 2,$S<S4L.3AT01"*F
rc AC 2,$S<S4L."R")T"(c!r*F
2,$S<S4L.)LOS"<).SO.(c!r*F
"32F
Oracel 9nter/ie" Auestion Only F1G
/hat is .eferential 0ntegrity r!le\ 2i6erentiate between
2elete X Tr!ncate command.
0mplicit )!rsor X "%plicit )!rsor.
.ef. 'ey X Boreign 'ey.
/here X 5aving )la!se.
/hat are vario!s 'inds of 0ntegrity )onstraints in Oracle\
Page 149 of 153
/hat are vario!s 'ind of joins\
/hat is .aise<Application<"rror\
/hat are vario!s 'inds of e%ceptions in Oracle\
3ormal Borms
/hat is meant by Scrollable c!rsor\
The !se of 5A103= , /5"." and =.O+,# in one S4L\
/hat is meant by SO.T03= and =.O+03=\
/hat are the di6erent types of OT". TO03S\
"%plain the 30O3 operation in S4L . /hat is meant by OT".
TO03\
/hat is a 3on- corelated s!b&!ery\
/hat is a corelated s!b&!ery\
/hat do yo! 'now abo!t s!b&!eries\
/hat is the theory behind the TO03 statement in 2,G\
/hat are the di6erent types of S4L\
5ow to drop the col!mn in a table\
5ow to drop the inde%\
/hat are the di6erent tablespaces in database\
/hat is the ma%im!m n!mber of triggers, can apply to a single
table\
/hat is the o!tp!t of S0=3 f!nction\
/hat are the more common pse!do-col!mns\
Other way to replace &!ery res!lt n!ll val!e with a te%t\
/hat are +L?S4L )!rsor "%ceptions\
Any three +L?S4L "%ceptions\
Any three +L?S4L "%ceptions\
/hich date f!nction ret!rns n!mber val!e\
2isplay Odd? "ven n!mber of records\
2isplay the n!mber val!e in /ords\
To view installed Oracle version information\
Bind o!t nth highest salary from emp table\
0mplicit )!rsor attrib!tes\
"%plicit )!rsor attrib!tes\
2isplay the records between two range 0 'now the nvl f!nction
only allows the same data type(ie. n!mber or char or date
3vl(comm, D**, if commission is n!ll then the te%t 3ot Applicable
want to display, instead of blan' space. 5ow do 0 write the
&!ery\\\
5ow do 0 display row n!mber with records\
5ow do 0 eliminate the d!plicate rows\
0f a view on a single base table is manip!lated will the changes
be reSected on the base table\
0f #es - !nder what conditions\
)an a view be !pdated?inserted?deleted\
/hat are the advantages of 10"/\

/hat is )#)L"?3O )#)L" in a Se&!ence\

Page 150 of 153
0s it possible to access the c!rrent val!e in a session before
accessing ne%t val!e\
5ow to access the c!rrent val!e and ne%t val!e from a
se&!ence\
/hat is a database lin'\
0f !ni&!e 'ey constraint on 2AT" col!mn is created, will it
validate the rows that are inserted with S#S2AT"\
5ow will yo! activate?deactivate integrity constraints\
/here the integrity constraints are stored in data dictionary\
/hat are the pre-re&!isites to modify datatype of a col!mn and
to add a col!mn with 3OT 3LL constraint\
0s it possible to !se LO3= col!mns in /5"." cla!se or O.2".
,#\
5ow many LO3= col!mns are allowed in a table\
/hat is the ma%im!m S0;" allowed for each type\
/hat is di6erence between )5A. and 1A.)5A.G\
/hat are the data types allowed in a table\
/hat is O3 2"L"T" )AS)A2"\
/hat is the !sage of SA1"+O03TS\
/hat is referential integrity constraint\
/hat is an integrity constraint\
/hat is the fastest way of accessing a row in a table\
/hat is .O/02\
"%plain 30O3, $03S, 30O3 ALL and 03T".S")T\
2i6erence between S,ST. and 03ST.\
"%plain )O33")T ,# +.0O.\
/hat is correlated s!b-&!ery\
/hat is the s!b-&!ery\
"%plain the di6erent types of joins\
/hat is a join\
/hat is di6erence between T.3)AT" X 2"L"T"\
/hat is a transaction\
/hat are the types of S4L statement\
/hich datatype is !sed for storing graphics and images\
LO3= .A/ data type is !sed for storing ,LO,'s (binary large
objects*.\
/hat is a pse!do col!mn. =ive some e%amples\
0t is a col!mn that is not an act!al col!mn in the table\
eg S"., 02, S#S2AT", .O/3$, .O/02, 3LL, A32 L"1"L.\
/hat are the di6erences yo! have seen while installing Oracle on
3T and ni% platform\
/hat !tility is !sed to create a logical bac'!p\ e%port
/hat are the di6erences between database designing and
database modeling\
0f the large table contains tho!sands of records and the
application is accessing HOV of the table which method to !seA
inde% searching or f!ll table scan\
Page 151 of 153
0n which sit!ation whether pea' time or o6 pea' time yo! will
e%ec!te the A3AL#;" TA,L" command. /hy\
5ow to chec' to memory gap once the S=A is started in
.estricted mode\
All the !sers are complaining that their application is hanging.
5ow yo! will resolve this sit!ation in OLT+\
0f the S4L Q +l!s hangs for a long time, what is the reason\
Shall we create proced!res to fetch more than one record\
5ow do yo! increase the performance of VL0:" operator\
#o! are reg!larly changing the pac'age body part. 5ow will yo!
create or what will yo! do before creating that pac'age\
5ow can yo! see the so!rce code of the pac'age\
2!al table e%plain. 0s any data internally storing in d!al table. Lot
of !sers are accessing select sysdate from d!al and they getting
some millisecond di6erences. 0f we e%ec!te S"L")T S#S2AT"
B.O$ "$+F what error will we get. /hy\
0n e%ception handling we have some 3OT<BO32 and OT5".S.
0n inner layer we have some 3OT<BO32 and OT5".S. /hile
e%ec!ting which one whether o!ter layer or inner layer will chec'
frst\
/hat is m!tated trigger, is it the problem of loc's. 0n single !ser
mode we got m!tated error, as a 2,A how yo! will resolve it\
Schema A has some objects and created one proced!re and
granted to Schema ,. Schema , has the same objects li'e
schema A. Schema , e%ec!ted the proced!re li'e inserting some
records. 0n this case where the data will be stored whether in
Schema A or Schema ,\
/hat is b!l' S4L\
5ow to do the sched!led tas'?jobs in ni% platform\
0f the entire dis' is corr!pted how will yo! and what are the steps
to recover the database\
5ow will yo! monitor rollbac' segment stat!s\
List the se&!ence of events when a large transaction that
e%ceeds beyond its optimal val!e when an entry wraps and
ca!ses the rollbac' segment to e%pand into another e%tend\
/hat is redo log fle mirroring\
5ow can we plan storage for very large tables
/hen will be a segment released \
/hat are disadvantages of having raw devices\
List the factors that can a6ect the acc!racy of the estima\
/hat is the di6erence between >>2AT">> X >>2,2AT">>>
>2,2AT">> retrieves the c!rrent database date>>date>>
retrieves the c!rrent operating system
5ow to prevent !na!thori8ed !se of privileges granted to a
.ole \
/hat is a deadloc' and "%plain\
/hat are the basic element of base confg!ration of an Oracle
database\
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/hat is an inde% and 5ow it is implemented in Oracle database\
/hat is the !se of redo log information\
/hat is a schema\
/hat is +arallel Server\
/hat is a database instance and "%plain\
/hat is a datafle\
/hat is a temporary segment\
/hat are the !ses of rollbac' segment
Page 153 of 153