Optical Transmission and SDH technology

Training Report On OPTICAL TRANSMISSION AND SDH TECHNOLOGY

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelors of Technology In Electronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted by: Name: AVISH KUMAR MALHOTRA Reg. Number: 100620417783

Name and Location of Company: RAILTEL CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.

JALANDHAR Period Training: 01/06/2012- 15/07/2012

Department of Electronics & Comm. Engg Ramgharia Institute Of Engg. & Tech. Phagwara140 401, Punjab (India)
Ramgharia Institute Of Engg. & Tech. Phagwara

Optical Transmission and SDH technology

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With great regard I would like to thank our supervisor of this project, Mr. SATKAR SANDHU , manager , RailTel Corporation Of India Ltd for the valuable guidance and advice. Without his able guidance and supervision this training would not have been successfully completed. His immense knowledge on the subject and his hold on every nuance and concept are unparallel which paved a way for better and clearer understanding of the various new concepts that were taught. I also would like to thank him for showing some real life examples which made the whole learning experience even more interesting. Besides, I would like to thank RAILTEL CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. for providing a good environment and facilities for practical knowledge on the subject. Further, I would like to thank my university, LPU for motivating us and becoming the catalyst to completing this worthy task. Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their understandings and supports on us in completing this training.

AVISH KUMAR MALHOTRA REG NO. 100620417783

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Page no 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. 19. 21 22

Topic Abstract About the organization Flow chart of process at organisation RailTel structure, hierarchy Equipments used and services Ofc network Sdh technology Monitoring and rectification of fiber cable Learning outcomes and analysis Conclusion Future scope of this type of training

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

ABSTRACT:
Communication is an important part of our daily life. The communication process involves information generation, transmission, reception and interpretation. As needs for various types of communication such as voice, images, video and data communications increase demands for large transmission capacity also increase. This need for large capacity has driven the rapid development light wave technology; a worldwide industry has developed. In optical communication the channel i.e., optical fibers play an important role because it carries the data from transmitter to the receiver. Hence, here we shall discuss mainly about optical fibers.

Optical-fiber transmission lines appear attractive for a variety of communication applications in which twisted copper pairs and coaxial cables are now used. These applications range from onpremises data links and equipment wiring to interoffice and intercity telecommunications trunks. This talk summarizes the current state of research on optical fibers, fiber guide cables and splicing techniques, reviews the state of the art of fiber-compatible sources and detectors, and discusses various systems considerations, experiments and applications.

Ramgharia Institute Of Engg. & Tech. Phagwara

Optical Transmission and SDH technology

ABOUT THE ORGANISATION

RAILTEL CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.
RailTel Corporation of India Limited (RailTel) is a Government of India undertaking under the Ministry of Railways. The Corporation was formed in Sept 2000 with the objectives to create nationwide Broadband Telecom and Multimedia Network in all parts of the country, to modernize Train Control Operation and Safety System of Indian Railways and to significantly contribute to realization of goals and objective of national telecom policy 1999. RailTel is a wholly owned subsidiary of Indian Railways. RailTel is building state of the art multimedia telecom network using SDH/DWDM based transmission systems and high end MPLS-IP routers. RailTel has extensive expertise in building telecom networks. Moreover, RailTel draws its manpower from signal and telecom branch of Indian Railway which has been in the business of construction, operation and maintenance of telecom systems for more than 50 years.

Vision
The Vision is to become the preferred telecom solutions and services provider for knowledge economy.

Mission
To attain leadership in providing premier telecom infrastructure service by offering the costeffective state of the art communication solutions.

Objectives

Ramgharia Institute Of Engg. & Tech. Phagwara

Optical Transmission and SDH technology To facilitate Railways in expeditious modernizing of their operation and safety systems and network providing by state of art communication infrastructure.

To plan, build, develop, operate and maintain a nationwide broadband telecom and multimedia network to supplement national telecom infrastructure to spur growth of telecom, broadband and IT enabled value added services in all parts of country specially rural, remote and backward areas.

To generate revenue through commercial exploitation of its telecom network.

RECOGNITION AND AWARDS :

1. RailTel have been conferred with several awards by various agencies. RailTel got the

highest honors for MoU Excellence Award conferred by SCOPE/DPE for its performance in 2008-09 in Telecom sector. 2. The award was awarded by Prime Minister to MD/RailTel in a function held at Vigyan Bhawan on 15th Dec 2010.
3. In addition to this, RailTel was conferred various other awards viz. Best Carrier of

Carrier Award

by VAR India and Excellence in Innovative New Telecom

Services by CMAI during last year.

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

RailTels Organizational Structure/ Hierarchy of organization:

The structure of organization is as follows

Corporate Office (NDLS)

Northern Region Delhi

Eastern Region Kolkata

Southern Region Secunderabad

Western Region Mumbai

Territorial Offices an Chandigarh Lucknow Jaipur Delhi

Territorial Offices Bhuvaneshwar Patna Guwahati Kolkata

Territorial Offices Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Cochin

Territorial Offices Ahmedabad Bhopal Mumbai Pune

FLOW CHART OF PROCESS

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

MONITORING THE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE LAYOUT

RESTORING IN CASE OF DAMAGE OF FIBER CABLE

EQUIPMENTS SUCH AS ALCATAL, TEJAS , FIBCOM

OVER 1600 TOWERS AROUND INDIA

USE OF SDH TECHNOLOGY TO IMPLEMENT VARIOUS PROJECTS SUCH AS NKN. NOFN, NLD, ETC

MANAGING WORK OF

GENERATING BUISNESS FROM COMMERSIAL

SERVICES BY RAILTEL:

1. VPN (virtual network protocol) services.

Ramgharia Institute Of Engg. & Tech. Phagwara

Optical Transmission and SDH technology 2. NGN (next generation network). 3. NLD (national long distance).. 4. NKN (national knowledge network). 5. NLD (national long distance). 6. Co-location facilities. 7. Cyber cafes. 8. MPLS-IP network. 9. Wi-FI & Wi-max. 10. Managed leased line.

Equipments used in railtel:

1. ALCATAL SN1660 (REL 42,REL5) 2. WRI 3. EDWA 4. STM-64 TEJAS (REL 5 VERSION). 5. FIBCOM 6320, FIBCOM6340 6. TEJAS MC-4 7. MARCONI STM 1

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

OFC NETWORK:

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

RailTel has about 42,000 Route Km of Optical Fiber Cable running along Indian Railway Track in many part of the country. RailTel is having fibers at every station enrooted, spaced at 8-10 Kms to meet Railway operations. RailTel is laying fibers in uncovered sections & shall complete 54,000Km of Rail route. This network is designed in a Layered for its efficient utilization and management. The three layers viz. 1.Access Layer 2.Edge Layer 3.Backbone layer Backbone layer enables required capacity with desired granularity. Access layer provides of STM-1 (155Mbps) capacity at stations, spaced at every 8-10 Kms. The traffic from access layer is aggregated on to the Edge layer having STM-16 connectivity, which is available in important locations at every 50-60 Kms. Collecting the traffic from edge layer is finally aggregated on to the Backbone layer with DWDM/STM-16/64 available in big cities/towns situated at every 60-70 Kms. Over that RailTel has built state of the art backbone network using latest SDH & DWDM technology. Presently, 400 cities covering over 30,000 RKMs are connected on backbone network with STM-16 (2.5 Gbps) connectivity across the country. We have implemented DWDM network over 10,000 RKM to provide 100mbps, which may be further augmented, to 400 Gbps as & when required. RailTel plans to cover complete CORE network on DWDM network within a year. For Trouble Free Service to our customers, Backbone Network have been configured in multiple Self Healing ring architecture which provides redundancy by automatically redirecting traffic away from failed/ de-graded route. It is designed in such a way that full redundancy is available for bandwidth between any two
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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

points. RailTel is servicing all Telcos in the country through its OFC network. RailTel also serves some Enterprises customer through its MPLS, IBW network. RailTels strength is in providing access to rural & remote areas and with commissioning of OFC in new sections everywhere; we enable digital connectivity to unconnected.

SDH TECHNOLOGY :
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is an international standard for high speed telecommunication over optical/electrical networks which can transport digital signals
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Optical Transmission and SDH technology in variable capacities. It is a synchronous system which intend to provide a more flexible , yet simple network infrastructure. SDH (and its American variant- SONET) emerged from standard bodies somewhere around 1990. these two standards create a revolution in the communication networks based on optical fibers , in their cost and performance. when do we use SDH ?

When networks need to increase capacity , SDH simply acts as a means of increasing transmission capacity. When networks need to improve flexibility , to provide services quickly or to respond to new change more rapidly. when networks need to improve survivability for important user services. when networks need to reduce operation costs , which are becoming a heavy burden .

SDH Elements

The terminal multiplexer is used to multiplex local tributaries (low rate) to the stm-N (high rate) aggregate. The terminal is used in the chain topology as an end element.

The regenerator is used to regenerate the (high rate) stm-N in case that the distance between two sites is longer than the transmitter can carry. The Add And Drop Multiplexer (ADM) passes the (high rate) stm-N through from his one side to the other and has the ability to drop or add any (low rate) tributary. The ADM used in all topologies.

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

The synchronous digital cross connect receives several (high rate) stm-N and switches any of their (low rate) tributaries between them. It is used to connect between several topologies.

DETAILS OF JOB ASSIGNED :

FIBER HEALTH MONITORING AND RECTIFICATION

The whole process of detection and monitoring is given as follows in steps :-

STEP 1 : CABLE ROUTE LOCATOR AND RODOMETER

Cable route locator is a device which is used to locate armored optical fiber cable buried deep under the field at certain frequency. It tells us the approximate depth of the cable in form of centimeters and work on four different frequencies. Rodometer is a device which is used to measure the distance manually.

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology STEP 2: USE OF OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFRACTOMETER (OTDR)

The failure analysis and information is delivered to the field engineers for prompt actions using OTDR which is able to overcome the upwardly or downwardly monitoring issues with conventional fiber fault localization technique by using optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). OTDR testing is the best method for determining the exact location of broken optical fibers in an installed optical fiber cable. Whenever a fault occurs, a technician is called to plug OTDR manually to the faulty fiber to detect where the failure is located. The OTDR makes measurements on optical fibers by sending a very high intensity pulse of light into the fiber, minute reflections occur along the length of the fiber as well as at all discontinuities at such places as splices and connections and reflect the light back to the transmitter. The technician can observe losses due to splice, break, connector, and other attenuation in an optical line by looking at the visual representation on the OTDR's screen.

SAMPLE OTDR TRACE :

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

The OTDR software displays obvious faults and terminations (typically patch cables) on a generated graph, known as a trace, and provides the loss value in dB as a function of distance. The faults, called events, are listed in a table of events. Fig illustrates a typical OTDR acquisition, displaying a trace and its corresponding table of events.

STEP 3 :

SPLICING THE CABLE Fusion splicing is the act of joining two optical fibers end-to-end using heat. The goal is to fuse the two fibers together in such a way that light passing through the fibers is not scattered or reflected back by the splice, and so that the splice and the region surrounding it are almost as strong as the virgin fiber itself. The source of heat is usually an electric arc, but can also be a laser, or a gas flame, or a tungsten filament through which current is passed. The process of fusion splicing involves using localized heat to melt or fuse the ends of two optical fibers together. The splicing process begins by preparing each fiber end for fusion. Fusion splicing requires that all protective coatings be removed from the ends of each fiber, a process called stripping.
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Optical Transmission and SDH technology Railtel uses 24 core cables , cable when sliced is found to have 6 tubes containg following colour coding in clockwise fashion : Blue, orange, green, brown , grey , natural Then it is dipped in isopropyl alcohol which is a liquid that is used to clean up the dust or other un wanted particles deposited over the optical connectors as well as on the core of the fiber. Other substitute is petrol.

STEP 4: CLEAVER The fiber optic cleaver is a semi-auto type and it is one-step operation, which makes it easy to use, and it is high precision- the end face angle fault is within 0.5 degrees. Cleaver is with a long lifetime, its blade lifetime is 48000 times minimum, it is not only suitable for single fiber cable but also for ribbon fiber optic cable cleaving. The fiber is then cleaved using the score-and-break method so that its end face is perfectly flat and perpendicular to the axis of the fiber. The quality of each fiber end is inspected using a microscope. In fusion splicing, splice loss is a direct function of the angles and quality of the two fiber-end faces.

STEP 5: SPLICING MACHINE :

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology

The two end faces of the fibers are aligned, then are fused together. The bare fiber area is protected either by recoating or with a splice protector. It is often desirable to perform a prooftest to ensure that the splice is strong enough to survive handling, packaging and extended use. The basic fusion splicing apparatus consists of two fixtures on which the fibers are mounted and two electrodes. Inspection microscope assists in the placement of the prepared fiber ends into a fusion-splicing apparatus. The fibers are placed into the apparatus, aligned, and then fused together. Initially, fusion splicing used nichrome wire as the heating element to melt or fuse fibers together. New fusionsplicing techniques have replaced the nichrome wire with carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers, electric arcs, or gas flames to heat the fiber ends, causing them to fuse together. The small size of the fusion splice and the development of automated fusion-splicing machines have made electric arc fusion (arc fusion) one of the most popular splicing techniques in commercial applications.

STEP 6:

JOINT ENCLOSURE: The Optical Joint Closure has been developed to meet the special needs of Fibre Optic cable jointing and provides a full proof solution for the Fibre Optic cable jointing and branching applications. Flexibility, modularity ease of installation and maintenance makes the closure an ideal solution for buried and aerial application. Depending on the closure size it can accommodate a maximum of 72 . Fibres in 6 splice trays which can be medially stacked. The Closure body consists of a polyethylene cylinder. The high quality HDPE is resistant to acidic / alkaline earths, salt water, fungi and bacteria which cause rotting. The closure body is designed for Ramgharia Institute Of Engg. & Tech. Phagwara 19

Optical Transmission and SDH technology protection against water and moisture ingress and is tested for pressure and impact resistance.

LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ANALYSIS :

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By this training on optical fiber communication we can have followings outcomes-

1.Gaining a deeper understanding of fiber optic communication technology

2.To be able to design, implement and maintain a fiber optic communication network 3. Explain how an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) measures the loss of a fibre system and measures and locates fibre joints and connections; 4.Explain the concepts of dead zone and resolution as relating to the characteristics of OTDRs; 5. Describe the facilities of modern OTDRs and interpret the results of OTDR tests; 6. Describe and demonstrate the purpose and operation of the various tools used in preparing fibres and cables for jointing; 7.Explain how a fusion splice is produced between two fibres using typical fusion splicing equipment and discuss the effects of incorrect arc current and incorrectly prepared fibre.

CONCLUSION :
As a conclusion, fiber optic technology is a revolutionary technological departure from the traditional copper wires twisted-pair cable or coaxial cable.
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Optical Transmission and SDH technology As we move forward in the Information Technology age, the responsibility of moving extreme amounts of data must fall on the shoulders of this new technology. There is no doubt as to the vast opportunities that fiber optic technology can give and it should be continuously researched and expanded to cater for future demands. There are a number of essential points about fiber optics that have been mentioned throughout this report. As we move towards a more sophisticated and modern future, the uses of fiber optics are going to grow in all computer systems as well as telecommunication networks. Modern information systems handle ever-increasing data loads which strain the data throughput ability of information systems. Designers have made significant progress in increasing processor speeds, however progress in the design of high-speed interconnection networks has lagged so much so that the most significant bottleneck in today's information systems is the low speed of communications between integrated chips. These low speed communications networks consume increasing amounts of power in an effort to keep up with the faster processors. The slow communications speed is brought on by the small bandwidth available to existing communications networks based on the propagation of electrical signals through metallic lines.

FUTURE SCOPE OF THIS TYPE OF TRAINING:

This type of training has immense future scope:

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Optical Transmission and SDH technology 1. It gives us an insight of the latest technological backbone of network on which high speed data run from one part of the country to another. 2. This provides us with a better understanding of learning advanced telecommunication technologies. 3. Gives a platform to have better opportunity work in telecommunication oriented organisations in terms of our career prospective.

Opportunities in fiber optics are everywhere. Cable television providers and Telephone companies are working at a record pace to provide customers with fiber to their homes and business. Fiber optic technologies are also the future for networking. Other applications include Security and Surveillance systems

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