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Socialization Part 2

The document discusses several processes of socialization: social learning theory, operant conditioning, groupthink, indoctrination, brainwashing, and deindividuation. It provides details on Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment which demonstrated that children's aggressive behaviors can be influenced by observing aggressive models. The document also explains how groupthink can occur in cohesive groups that are isolated and directed by a strong leader, potentially leading to poor decision making. Indoctrination and brainwashing aim to infiltrate new beliefs and get people to abandon prior beliefs through coercive means. Deindividuation in certain group settings can reduce personal accountability and increase abnormal behaviors.

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Navie Alegre
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1K views

Socialization Part 2

The document discusses several processes of socialization: social learning theory, operant conditioning, groupthink, indoctrination, brainwashing, and deindividuation. It provides details on Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment which demonstrated that children's aggressive behaviors can be influenced by observing aggressive models. The document also explains how groupthink can occur in cohesive groups that are isolated and directed by a strong leader, potentially leading to poor decision making. Indoctrination and brainwashing aim to infiltrate new beliefs and get people to abandon prior beliefs through coercive means. Deindividuation in certain group settings can reduce personal accountability and increase abnormal behaviors.

Uploaded by

Navie Alegre
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Processes of Socialization

Social learning theory Groupthink Indoctrination Brainwashing Deindividuation

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Processes of Socialization
Social learning theory Operant conditioning
by Burrhus Frederic Skinner certain responses are learned because they operate on, or affect, the environment
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

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Process of Socialization: Social Learning Theory


by Albert Bandura Bandura argued that individuals, especially children, learn aggressive responses from observing others, either personally or through the media and the environment

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Process of Socialization: Social Learning Theory


According to Bandura, individuals in high crime areas are more likely than those who dwell in low-crime rate areas to act violently.

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Albert Bandura
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The Bobo Doll Experiment

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The Bobo Doll Experiment

(1961)

The model laid bobo on its side, sat on it, and punched it repeatedly in the nose. The model then raised the Bobo doll, picked up the mallet, and struck the doll on the head.

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The Bobo Doll Experiment


Following the mallet aggression, the model tossed the doll up in the air aggressively, and kicked it about the room. This sequence of physically aggressive acts was repeated three times, interspersed with verbally aggressive responses

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The Bobo Doll Experiment


sock him in the nose, hit him down, throw him in the air, kick him, pow,

and two non-aggressive comments:


he keeps coming back for more, he sure is a tough fella
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The Bobo Doll Experiment


Some measures of aggression: acts that imitate the physical aggression of the model imitation of the models verbal aggression other mallet aggression non-imitative aggression (acts that have not been performed by the model)
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The Bobo Doll Experiment


Results:
Children exposed to violent models tended to imitate the exact violent behaviors that they observed Physical and verbal aggression were virtually never observed in the subjects exposed to the non-aggressive models, or in the subjects who were not exposed to any model.

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The Bobo Doll Experiment


Results:
Boys violent behavior was influenced more by the aggressive male model than by the aggressive female model In same-sex aggressive conditions, girls were more likely to imitate verbal aggression while boys were more inclined to imitate physical violence
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The Bobo Doll Experiment


Results:
Boys were significantly more physically aggressive than girls
Aggression is seen as most typical of males than of females Masculine-typed behavior

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Social Learning Theory


Four component processes: a. Attention b. Retention c. Motor reproduction d. Motivation

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Subsequent Researches (1963)


Live adult model had a stronger influence than the filmed adult, who, in turn, was more influential than the cartoon All three forms of aggressive models produced significantly more violent behaviors in the children than was observed in children exposed to non-aggressive models or control subjects

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Subsequent Researches (1965)

Children imitated the violence more when they saw it rewarded, but significantly less when the model was punished for aggressive behavior

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Implications
Parenting and parental discipline Establishment of gender roles and stereotypes Vicarious traumatization

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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink

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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink


Groupthink (Janis, 1982)
Phenomenon in which members of a group are led to suppress their own dissent in the interests of group consensus Certain conditions foster a strong desire to achieve and maintain group consensus and avoid rocking the boat by dissenting

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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink

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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink

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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink


Groupthink is caused by:
A cohesive group of decision makers Isolation of the group from outside influences No systematic procedures for considering the pros and cons of different courses of action A directive leader who explicitly favors a particular course of action High stress

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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink


Groupthink is caused by:
A cohesive group of decision makers Isolation of the group from outside influences No systematic procedures for considering the pros and cons of different courses of action A directive leader who explicitly favors a particular course of action High stress

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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink


Symptoms:
Shared illusion of invulnerability, morality, unanimity Direct pressure on dissenters Self-censorship

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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink


SelfSelf -censorship: for having kept so silent during those crucial discussions in the Cabinet Room, though my feelings of guilt were tempered by the knowledge that a course of objections would have accomplished little save to gain me a name as a nuisance. -Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (1965)
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink


Symptoms:
Shared illusion of invulnerability, morality, unanimity Direct pressure on dissenters Self-censorship Collective rationalization of a decision rather than realistically examine its strengths and weaknesses Self-appointed mindguards
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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination


How could one man achieve control over a large group of people to the point that they would willingly die at his command?

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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination

The case of the Peoples Temple


(founded in 1963)

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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination


Indianapolis, Indiana in 1963 California in 1965 Guyana, South America severe initiation self-sacrifice (time, effort, money, properties) relinquishing of control of ones life to Jones a person finds it difficult to leave the Peoples Temple

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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination

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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination


November 18, 1978
Guyana, South America

Jonestown Massacre Peoples Temple 918 deaths

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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination

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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination


Indoctrination
Can be defined as the process of infiltrating (drilling, inculcating) concepts, attitudes, beliefs, and theories into a persons mind Indoctrinated persons are expected not to question or critically examine the doctrine they have learned Religious indoctrination, secular indoctrination, military indoctrination
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Processes of Socialization: Brainwashing


Brainwashing
A forcible indoctrination or use of coercive methods (including the destruction of the persons prior belief) to induce him or her to give up basic political or religious beliefs

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Processes of Socialization: Brainwashing


A remarkable thing about cult mind control is that its so ordinary in the tactics and strategies of social influence employed. They are variants of wellknown social psychological principles of compliance, conformity, persuasion, dissonance, reactance, framing, emotional manipulation, manipulation and others that are used on all of us daily to entice us: to buy, to try, to donate, to vote, to join, to change, to believe, to love, to hate the enemy. - Philip Zimbardo, American Psychological Association
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Processes of Socialization: Brainwashing


Cult mind control is not different in kind from these everyday varieties, but in its greater intensity, persistence, duration, and scope. One difference is in its greater efforts to block quitting the group, by imposing high exit costs, replete with induced phobias of harm, failure, and personal isolation. isolation - Philip Zimbardo, American Psychological Association
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Processes of Socialization: Deindividuation


Deindividuation
Certain group situations can minimize the salience of peoples personal identities, reduce their sense of public accountability, and in doing so produce aggressive or unusual behavior

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Effects of Socialization
Personality Deviance

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