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Continous Time Signal Vs Discrete Time Signal

This document discusses continuous-time and discrete-time signal sampling of analog signals. It begins by defining a continuous-time sinusoidal signal and its parameters. It then discusses how a discrete-time sinusoidal signal is obtained by sampling the continuous-time signal at regular intervals. The relationship between the continuous and discrete-time signals is shown, including how the frequency ranges differ. It also discusses the concepts of aliasing that can occur when sampling and how frequencies above the Nyquist rate are aliased. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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Fairoz Usu
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133 views

Continous Time Signal Vs Discrete Time Signal

This document discusses continuous-time and discrete-time signal sampling of analog signals. It begins by defining a continuous-time sinusoidal signal and its parameters. It then discusses how a discrete-time sinusoidal signal is obtained by sampling the continuous-time signal at regular intervals. The relationship between the continuous and discrete-time signals is shown, including how the frequency ranges differ. It also discusses the concepts of aliasing that can occur when sampling and how frequencies above the Nyquist rate are aliased. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

Fairoz Usu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 308 -2

ECE 308 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signal Sampling of Analog Signals


Z. Aliyazicioglu Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Cal Poly Pomona

ECE 308-2 1

Continuous Time Signal


Lets have the following continuous-time sinusoidal signal:

xa (t ) = A cos(t + ), < t <


where A: the amplitude of the signal : the frequency in radians per second : the phase in radians The frequency can be expressed in cycles/s or Hertz (Hz)

F=

2
Tp =

The period is define as

1 F
ECE 308-2 2

Continuous Time Signal


Tp

The analog sinusoidal signal can repeat every period

xa (t + Tp ) = xa (t )
Increasing the frequency means decreasing the period of the signal, so that increase the rate of oscillation of the signal

ECE 308-2 3

Continuous Time Signal


The analog sinusoidal signal can be expressed in complex exponent for as
xa (t ) = A cos(t + ) =
Im

A j ( t + ) A j ( t + ) e + e 2 2

A/2 t+ t+ A/2

Re

ECE 308-2 4

Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signal


A discrete-time sinusoidal signal may be expressed as

x(n) = A cos( n + ), < n <


where n : integer variable A : the amplitude of the signal : the frequency in radians per sample : the phase in radians The frequency can be expressed in cycles per sample

f =
and the signal is

x(n) = A cos(2 fn + ), < n <


ECE 308-2 5

Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signal


Example: A sinusoidal signal with the amplitude A, frequency =/6 radians per sample (f=1/12) and phase =/3
x(n)

A discrete-time sinusoidal is periodic only if its frequency is rational number

x(n + N ) = x( n) cos[2 f 0 ( N + n) + ] = cos[2 f 0 n + ]


It is true if and only if

2 f 0 N = 2k

or

f0 = k / N
ECE 308-2 6

Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signal


Discrete-time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer multiple of 2 are identical

cos[( 0 + 2 ) n + ] = cos( 0 n + 2 n + ) = cos( 0 n + )


xk (n ) = A cos( k n + ) = A cos[(0 + 2k )n + ], for k = 0,1,2...
are identical and where 0 The highest rate of oscillation in a discrete-time sinusoidal is attained when = (or =-) equivalent to f=1/2 (or f=-1/2)
x(nFor ) = A cos 0 n
f N 0 0 /8 1/16 16 /4 1/8 8 /2 1/4 4 1/2 2
ECE 308-2 7

Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signal

If 0 2 , it creates an aliasing. How? Lets 1 = 0 which 0 2 and 2 = 2 0 which 0 2


x1 (n) = A cos 1n = A cos 0 n x2 (n) = A cos 2 n = A cos(2 0 )n = A cos 0 n
= x1 (n)

Hence, 2 is an alias of 1 .

ECE 308-2 8

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)


In many real-world application, the signals are analog. To process analog signal by digital, we need to convert them into digital signal This process is called Analog-to-Digital conversion and devices are A/D Converter (ADCs). A/D Conversion has three steps:
xa(t) Analog Signal Sampler x(n) Quantizer xq(n) Coder Digital Signal

Discrete-Time Signal

Quantized Signal

Sampling :

Conversion of a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal Taking samples of the continuous-time signal at discrete-time instants. x(n) = xa ( nT ) Sampling interval is T.
ECE 308-2 9

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)


2. Quantization: Conversion of a discrete-time continuous valued signal into a discrete-time, discrete valued digital signal xq (n) Digital signal values are a finite set of possible values. The differences between xq ( n) and x( n) ( xq (n) x(n) ) is called the quantization error. Discretetime Signals are defined only at certain specific values of time or variable.

3. Coding: Each discrete value is represented by a b-bit binary sequence.

ECE 308-2 10

Sampling of Analog Signals


xa(t) Fs=1/T x(n)=xa(nT) Discrete-time Signal

Analog Signal

>> x=0:0.1:10; >> y=x.^3-18*x.^2+81*x; >> plot(x,y)

>> x=0:10; >> y=x.^3-18*x.^2+81*x; >> stem(x,y)

ECE 308-2 11

Sampling of Analog Signals


The discrete-time signal x(n) is obtained by taking-samples of the analog signal xa (t ) every T second.

x ( n) = xa ( nT )
The time interval T is called the sampling period or sampling interval The sampling rate or the sampling frequency is found as
Fs = 1 [ Hz ] T

The relationship between the variable t of analog signal and the variable n of discrete-time signal is

t = nT =

n Fs
ECE 308-2 12

Sampling of Analog Signals


Consider an analog sinusoidal signal

xa (t ) = A cos(2 Ft + )
Sampling frequency is Fs = 1/ T , so that
x( n) = xa (nT ) = A cos(2 FnT + ) = A cos(2 F n + ) Fs

or

x(n) = A cos( n + )
f = F Fs

We call relative or normalize frequency that Equivalently,

2 F = = T Fs Fs
ECE 308-2 13

Sampling of Analog Signals


Relations between analog signals and Discrete-time signal
Continuous-time signal
= 2 F
[radians/s]
F [Hz]

Discrete-time signal
= 2 f [radians/sample]
f [cycles/sample]

=T , f = F / Fs
= /T , F = f .Fs

1 2

1 2

Range
< < < F <

Range

Fs F F 2 2 2
ECE 308-2 14

Sampling of Analog Signals


The fundamental different between analog signal and discrete-time signal is frequency range. The highest frequency in the discrete-time signal is = or , f = 1/ 2 the sampling rate Fs , the corresponding highest value of F and are

Fmax =

Fs 1 = 2 2T

max = Fs =

Example:

Consider two analog signal

x1 (t ) = cos 2 10t

x2 (t ) = cos 2 50t

The sampling rate is Fs = 40Hz Find discrete time signal x1(n) and x2(n)
ECE 308-2 15

Sampling of Analog Signals


Example:(cont) Corresponding discrete-time signals are
10 x (n) = cos 2 n = cos n 40 2 5 50 x(n) = cos 2 n = cos n 2 40

We know that
cos 5 n = cos 2 + n = cos n 2 2 2

Hence

x1 (n) = x2 (n)

The frequency F2 = 50Hz is an alias of the frequency F1 = 10Hz at the sampling rate of Fs = 40 Hz. Even
Fk = ( F1 + 40 k ), k = 1,2,3,...

are alias of F1 at the sampling rate at Fs = 40 Hz.


ECE 308-2 16

Sampling of Analog Signals


In general form, Fk = ( F0 + kFs ), k = 1, 2, 3,... are creates an alias for frequency F0 of analog signal, which are outside of

Fs F F 2 2 2

ECE 308-2 17

Sampling of Analog Signals

F=10 Hz

F=50 Hz T=0.025 s
>> t=0:0.001:0.2; >> x1=cos(2*pi*10*t); >> plot (t,x1,'--') >> hold on >> x2=cos(2*pi*50*t); >> plot (t,x2,'r--') >> n=0:0.025:0.2; >> y1=cos(2*pi*10*n); >> stem (t,y1,'g-') >> Title('Discrete-time signal with x1(t) and x2(t)')

Fs=40 Hz

ECE 308-2 18

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