CHAPTER 3 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

OVERCURRENT
CAUSES: 1. 1 Failure of insulation flashover between phases caused by equipment failure, lightning strikes, metal parts falling on to live equipment 2. Mistake connect portable earth to a live busbar EFFECTS: 1 1. Injuries to personnel 2. Damage to equipment melting of copper parts, fires..

INTRODUCTION OF OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

Definition: A Protection Relay is a relay that responds to abnormal conditions in an electrical power system, and controls a circuit breaker so as to isolate the faulty section of the system. Overcurrent Protection is achieved by the use of fuses, by direct-acting trip mechanisms on circuit breakers or by relays.

FORMS OF OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

Overcurrent relay trip CB or contactor Fuses Good short circuit protection, cheap but must be replace once it blow MCCBs/MCBs Internal thermal element for overload l d protection t ti & i instantaneous t t magnetic g ti element for short circuit protection

RELAY FUNCTIONS
1. Can measure an electrical quantity, i.e: voltage & current l 2. Send the signal to activate a sudden predetermined change or changes in one or more electrical circuit, i.e: to trip a breaker 3. Receive a controlling signal & then relays the signal g to activate another device, , i.e: to reduce the speed of motor.

TYPES OF OVERCURRENT RELAY

BASIS PRINCIPLES: OPERATES WHEN IFAULT > IRELAY SETTING
Iron armature with coil carrying current from CT When Ifault > Irelay setting, the relay y will p pull of armature, , overcomes the spring force & closes contacts to trip CB Operates typically 20ms 40ms

Instantaneous Relay

Definite time relay Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Relay

Combination of instantaneous relay & timer Operate when Ifault > Irelay setting for preset time Need settings for current and time delay

Consists of rotating aluminium disc driven by electromagnet, which is energized by the CT current when I < Irelay setting , disc remains stationary when I > Irelay setting , disc moves, completes its travel, relay contact closes, CB trip I increase, disc rotates faster, operating time is quicker

ATTRACTED ARMATURE (INSTANTANEOUS RELAYS)

i. ii.

ADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES Can be used on a.c and d.c systems V Very f fast because b of f the h short h length l h of f travel l

If time delay is required, then a timer is required. Once the time is set, set the breaker will trip at the set time regardless of the current. This type of time delay is known as Definite Time Lag (DTL)

CONSTRUCTION OF AN ATTRACTED ARMATURE

INDUCTION DISC RELAYS

i. ii.

iii. iv. v.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The current flowing in the primary coil will produce a primary magnetic flux The primary flux will induce an emf in the secondary coil. The emf in the secondary coil will cause a current to flow through the winding of the lower magnet. The secondary current lags behind the secondary emf. g field in the lower magnet. g This current creates a magnetic Both lower magnet and primary magnetic flux will act on the induction disc and cause it to rotate. The torque created by the magnetic fields is counteracted by the tension of a spiral spring. When the turning torque overcomes the force of the spring, the relay will operate this determines the minimum operating current of the relay

CONSTRUCTION OF AN INDUCTION DISC RELAY

CONTINDUCTION DISC RELAYS

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Current Setting Adjustment

Taps on the coil are used to adjust the operating current of the relay. The taps are selected by the insertion of a single pin plug in the appropriate position of a plug bridge. The current setting of a relay is referred to as plug setting (PS). PS is marked as a percentage, percentage i.e: i e: 50%, 50% 75%, 75% 100%, 100% 125%, 125% 150% 150%, 175% and 200%.

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Time Setting
As the disc rotates, a point on the disc will take a fixed time to move from one position to another. In Figure above, the moving contact at Position A will take a longer time to meet with the fixed contact than if it was at Position B. The position of the moving contact can be adjusting by turning the Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) knob. The TMS varies from (0.1 - 1.0)

CONTINDUCTION DISC RELAYS

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Instantaneous Trip
For very high currents, currents the IDMT relay has an instantaneous trip. The instantaneous trip is of the attracted armature type. For a fault near the generating source, the current will be very high. In this situation, the relay must trip instantaneously.

IDMT RELAY

The time for relay to give a trip signal depends on:

1. 1

Magnitude of fault current 2. Current Setting (Plug Setting, PS) 3. 3 Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)

EQUATION INVOLVED IN IDMT RELAY SETTING

PS % I load max 100% CT ratio I relayrating

Plug ug se setting g Multiplier u p e :

PSM

I fault PS CT ratio I relayrating

TMS can be obtained through time/current characteristic curves or equations:

Tchar

0.14 PSM 0.02 1

Toperate Tchar

TMS

QUESTION

Figure below shows a radial system attached with IDMT relay at point A, B and C. Table gives details T bl below b l i d t il on the th CT and d relay l rating ti used d at t each h point. i t Relay R l at t point B is set with Plug Setting (PS) of 75% and it will operate within 0.84 sec if a three phase fault with fault current of 8100A occurs close to point C. On the other hand, , if a three p phase fault with fault current of 10kA occurs near to p point B, , the relay will operate within 0.58 sec. Determine the appropriate setting (PS and TMS) for each relay by using 0.6 sec of time delay between relays. Use IDMT relay characteristics for reference.

A CT ratio Relay Rating 300/5 5A

B 700/5 5A

C 500/5 5A

IDMT RELAY CHARACTERISTICS

FIGURE & TABLE

A CT ratio R l Rating Relay R i 300/5 5A

B 700/5 5A

C 500/5 5A

ANSWER
The calculation must consider every relay such as Relay A, B and C on the single diagram circuit.

RELAY C
Step 1: Find the load current, IL.
ILoad L d S 2.5M 437.39 437 39A 3VLine 3(3.3kV )

Step 2: Find the Plug Setting, PS.

ILoad 437.39 PS 0.87475 CTRatio RelayRating 500 5 5

Select 100%

FAULT AT C (PRIMARY)
Step 3: Find the Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)
I Fault 8.1kA 8.1kA PSM 16.2 PS CTRatio Re lay Rating 1 500 5 500 5

Step 4: Find the operating times, times toperate

t operate t relay B t delay each relay 0.84 0.6 0.24 sec

FAULT AT C (PRIMARY)
Step 5: Find the TMS from the IDMT graph
T M S F r o m c u r v e , T M S 0 .1

TMS also can obtain by formula if not state refer to the IDMT characteristics

Step 6: Conclude the final setting at relay

Setting at Re lay C [ PS 100%, TMS 0.1]

RELAY B

Step 1: Find the load current, IL.

No calculation needed as PS for relay B has been given. (IL is detemined to compute the value of PS)

Step 2: Find the Plug Setting, PS.

Given PS = 75%

FAULT AT C (BACK UP)

Step 3: Find the Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)
Gi Given I Fault 8100 A

8100 PSM 15.4 700 0.75 5 5

Step 4: Find the operating times, times toperate

toperate t relay B 0.84 0 84 sec

FAULT AT C (BACK UP)

Step 5: Find the TMS from the IDMT graph

TMS From curve, TMS 0.3

TMS also can obtain by formula if not state refer to the IDMT characteristics

Step 6: Conclude the final setting at relay

Setting at Re lay B [ PS 100%, TMS 0.3]

RELAY A

Step 1: Find the load current, IL.

I Load S 5M 262.43 A 3VLine 3(11kV )

Step 2: Find the Plug Setting, PS.

I Load 262.43 PS 0.87 0 87 CTRatio Re lay Rating 300 5 5

Select 100%

FAULT AT B

Given Fault Current Given operating time

Given I Fault 10kA

toperate 0.58sec

FAULT AT B ( (BACK UP) )

Step 3: Find the fault current

G iven I Load 10 kA

Transformer here, , the current will CHANGE

3.3k I Fault new 10k 3kA k 11k

FAULT AT B (BACK UP)

Step 3: Find the Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)
Gi Given I Fault 3kA
PSM I Fault 3kA 3kA 10 300 PS CTRatio Re R lay l Rating R i 1 5 300 5

Step 4: Find the operating times, times toperate

toperate t relay 0.58 0.6 1.18 sec l B t delay d l

FAULT AT B (BACK UP)

Step 5: Find the TMS from the IDMT graph

TMS From curve, TMS 0.4

TMS also can obtain by formula if not state refer to the IDMT characteristics

Step 6: Conclude the final setting at relay

Setting g f for relay y A [ PS 100%, , TMS 0.4]

EXAMPLE 2
A 33kV power system shown below is installed with IDMT relays at each substation to provide overcurrent protection scheme. As an engineer, you are required to determine the Tap Setting (TS) and Time Dial Setting (TDS) for each relay so that the protection system will function well according to the data given in Table below below. In the design, you have to ensure relay at substation C operates within 0.23 second. You also should consider time discrimination between each location is 0.5 second.
33 kV A B C

Substation A B C

Maximum Fault Current (A) 5074 2975 1925

CT Ratio 300/5 300/5 200/5

Relay Rating (A) 5 5 5

Maximum Load Current (A) 252 148 96

SOLUTION
Relay C (Fault at C)

96 100 48 % 200 5 5 PS 50 % 1925 19 .25 PSM 200 0 .5 5 5 t ope 0 .23 s PS 0 .14 t char 2 .298 0 .02 19 .25 1 0 .23 TMS 0 .1 2 .298 Setting for Re lay A [ PS 50 %, TMS 0 .1]

RELAY B (FAULT AT C)
148 PS 100 49 % 300 PS 50 % 1925 PSM 12 .83 300 0 .5 5 5 t ope 0 .23 0 .5 0 .73 s 0 .14 t char 2 .67 0 .02 12 .83 1 0 .73 TMS 0 .27 2 .67
Setting for Relay B = [PS = 50%, TMS = 0.27]

RELAY B (FAULT AT B)
2975 PSM 19 . 83 300 0 .5 5 5 0 . 14 t char 2 . 27 0 . 02 19 . 83 1 t ope TMS t char t ope 0 . 27 2 . 27 0 . 61 s

RELAY A (FAULT AT B)
252 PS 100 84 % 300 PS 100 % 2975 PSM 9 . 92 300 5 1 5 0 . 14 t char 2 . 98 0 . 02 9 . 92 1 t ope 0 . 61 0 . 5 1 . 11 s 1 . 11 TMS 0 . 37 2 . 98

Setting for Relay A = [PS = 100%, TMS = 0.37]

OVERCURRENT RELAY CONNECTIONS

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The output of the current transformers are connected to the coils of the respective overcurrent relays as shown figure below. below If there is a fault in any phase, the relay in that phase will operate and trip the breaker.

THREE OVERCURRENT RELAYS & ONE EARTH FAULT RELAY EARTH-FAULT

The protection scheme using three overcurrent relays & one earth-fault in below. l h f l is i shown h i figure fi b l In this I thi protection t ti scheme, h th the phase h currents t will ill still flow though the overcurrent relays. The fault current due to an overload or short-circuit between phases or between phases and neutral will be detected by the overcurrent relays. The earth-fault relay will still monitor the sum of the currents of the three phases and neutral. neutral

DIAGRAM OF THREE OVERCURRENT RELAYS & ONE EARTH-FAULT RELAY

TWO OVERCURRENT RELAYS & ONE EARTHFAULT RELAY

g g Figure below shows that a p protection scheme using two overcurrent relays and one earth fault relay. In this scheme, an overload or short circuit between any two t phases h will ill be b detected d t t d by b the th overcurrent t relays. The earth earth-fault fault relay is monitoring the sum of the currents in the three phases. If there is a short-circuit between one of the phase and earth, the earth-fault relay will detect the current imbalance and trip the circuit breaker.

DIAGRAM OF TWO OVERCURRENT RELAYS & ONE EARTH-FAULT RELAY

DIGITAL OVERCURRENT & GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY

OVER CURRENT RELAY FOR GENERATOR