Chapter 6 Box 6.2, pg.

151 Estimating Carborundum's Cost of Capital

Kennecot Copper Corp is considering purchasing Carborundum Company. What discount rate should Kennecott have used to evaluate this potential acquisition? Info given: Corborundum's Equity beta LT Treasury bond rate Historical spread between returns on S&P500 index & LT Treas. Bonds Corcor. Market value of equity Corbor. Market value of debt If proceed with acquisition, it will be financed with: debt payment of dividend to Kennecott Cash Flows being discounted by Kennecott were those it would receive from Carborundum, net of financing costs. Calculation of Carborundum's pre-acquisition cost of equity capital 1.160 0.075 0.0870 0.076 0.1630

1.16 7.6% 7.5% 271.0 86.2 100.0 140.0

$ $ $ $

16.30%

1). Unlever Carbor's equity beta under current capital structure, then relevering to reflect new capital structure. assume tax rate =

50%

Ba =
1.16 [ 1 + (1 - 0.5)86.2/271] 1.15904059 Ba = 1.00 Under the new financial restructuring: Carbor's debt to equity ratio would rise currently: Corcor. Market value of equity Corbor. Market value of debt D/E After acquisition: Corcor. Market value of equity Pay dividend Equity Corbor. Market value of debt

271 86.2 0.32

271 (140) 131 86

D/E Increase in leverage

100 186 1.42

Be =
The new equity beta would be: 1.71

Now, substitute a beta of 1.71 into equation 6.1, so that can get the cost of equity capital under its postacquistion capital structure 1.71 0.075 0.1283 0.076 0.2043 Kennecot Copper Corp is considering purchasing Carborundum Company. What discount rate should Kennecott have used to evaluate this potential acquisition?

20.4%

million million million million

Page 146, equ 6.1 Corborundum's Equity beta Historical spread between returns on S&P500 index & LT Treas. Bonds equity beta x spread between S&P500 & LT Treasury bonds LT Treasury bond rate

Beta x Project risk premium + Risk-free rate

cost of equity capital Good for analyzing CF's under current capital structure Due to CF's being discounted are CF's to Kennecot, then should use discount rate from Carborundum's cost of equity under new capital structure

Equ 6.5, page 150

Be 1 + (1-t)D/E

Corborundum's Equity beta 86.2/271] Carbor's asset beta

E D

Equ 6.6, page 150

Ba [ 1 + (1-t)D/E]
1.00(1 + .5 x 1.42)

Page 146, equ 6.1 new equity beta Historical spread between returns on S&P500 index & LT Treas. Bonds equity beta x spread between S&P500 & LT Treasury bonds LT Treasury bond rate

Beta x Project risk premium + Risk-free rate

cost of equity capital

Project risk premium

sk-free rate

Project risk premium

sk-free rate

Estimating Vulcan Materials' Divisional Costs of Capital Info given: LT Treasury bond rate 6.3% Risk premium (relative to LT T-bond rate) 5.0% Average asset betas: Contruction 0.64 Chemicals 0.84 Metals 0.79 Oil & Gas 1.10 Use equ 6.1, page 146 Beta x Project risk premium + Risk-free rate Contruction Chemicals Metals 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.64 0.84 0.79 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.095 0.105 0.103 9.50% 10.50% 10.25%

LT Treasury bond rate + avg asset beta x risk premium

Cost of capital by business segment

Oil & Gas 0.063 1.10 0.05 0.06 0.118 11.80%

Chapter 6, page 165 Comparing WACC, APV, LE Methods for calculating the cost of capital Info given: Giant Mfg. Invest $30 million in a new solar power source annual FCF's in perpetuity k=

4,888,000 16% (30,000,000) 30,550,000 550,000

NPV =

New info: addition to debt Interest rate on the debt Tax rate

6.50 10% 30%

Calculate the value of the project using 3 different methods:

APV Method (equ 6.10)

Adjusted Present Value Method NPV of project if all APV = equity financed

The only financing side effect is the tax savings provided by the tax deductibility of inte Annual tax savings = the tax x the annual interest expense Tax rate 0.30 Interest Rate 0.10 Addition to debt 6,500,000 Annual tax savings $ 195,000 550,000

$ APV = $

195,000 0.10 2,500,000

Using market values, the debt ratio for this project = Addition to debt 6,500,000 New equity portion 26,000,000 Equity: Investment 30,000,000 APV (adjusted PV) 2,500,000

Total

32,500,000

WACC Method Equ 6.11 page 164 ke = k* + D/E (1-t)(k* - kd)

0.1705 17.05%

WACC Equ 6.9 pg 155 ko = weke + wdkd (1-t) + wpkp

wt x cost + weight of the debt cost of the debt wt x cost

0.1364 0.20 0.10 0.014 0.1504 15.04%

At this discount rate of 15.04%, calculate the NPV (30,000,000) 4,888,000 15.04% (30,000,000) 32,500,000 2,500,000

NPV =

LE Method LE discount rate: ke = k* + D/E (1-t)(k* - kd) LE cash flows: LCFi = CF1 - debt service charges LE investment: Io - amt borrowed to finance project
Combine the levered cost of equity (17.05%), with the CF's to equity Debt amount annual after tax interest expense interest rate on the debt multiply debt amt x after tax int x int rate on debt $ FCF's (from above-given) Less: 6.50 0.70 0.10 455,000 4,888,000 (455,000)

annual CF to equity $

4,433,000

Investment $ Debt portion $ Equity investment in the project $ At this discount rate of 17.05%, calculate the NPV

30,000,000 6,500,000 23,500,000

(23,500,000) 4,433,000 0.1705 (23,500,000) 26,000,000 2,500,000

NPV =

Investment Perpetuity/interest rate add both together profitable, postive NPV

million

sent Value Method NPV of financing side effects caused by project acceptance

d by the tax deductibility of interest payments

NPV +

Annual tax savings Interest Rate The tax benefits of debt financing have turned project to be more profitable

20% 80%

debt is set to 20% of the project's present value of 32.5 mil

estimate the project's levered cost of equity capital 20% given mil mil tax rate interest rate on the debt

cost of equity capital

(1- .30)

0.0700

cost of debt Investment FCF's (from above-given) discount rate

same result as when we used the APV method

(1-t)(k* - kd) bt service charges wed to finance project

F's to equity million ( 1 - .30)

Investment FCF's calculated above discount rate

same result as when we used the APV & WACC methods

Chapter 6 Estimating the Project Cost of Capital sample problem 1 page 168 Info given: A company is deciding whether to issue stock to raise money for an investment project Project Beta Project Expected return Risk free rate Company's stock price beta Expected return on market Should the company go ahead with the project? With a project beta of 1.0, the project's required return = the expected return on the market, or 15% Since the project's expected return of 20% exceeds the project's cost of capital, the company should make the investment Calculate the cost of equity capital for the company: Company's stock price beta market risk premium Company's cost of equity capital: Company's stock price beta market risk premium Risk free rate Company's cost of equity capital:

1.0 20% 10% 2.5 15%

2.5 5%

2.50 0.05 0.13 0.10 0.225 22.5%

proj expected return - expected return on mkt

Beta x Project risk premium + Risk-free rate

Chapter 6 Estimating the Project Cost of Capital sample problem 2 page 168 Multi Foods has 4 divisions:

Contribution to Firm's Value 10% 25% 50% 15% 100%

Company Pet Products Candlelight Freezies RedyEeet

a).

Estimate the asset betas for MultiFoods divisions, assume the debt betas are -0-, ignore taxes transfer the debt to asset ratio to the debt to equity ratio

D/E = D/(TA - D)
Pet Products Candlelight Freezies RedyEeet Equ 6.3, page 149

Ba

Be
1 + D/E
Pet Products Candlelight Freezies RedyEeet

b).

Info given: Risk free rate

avg market rate of return What is cost of capital for each of the divisions? using CAPM

kpp = rf + Ba(rm - rf)

c).

With a D/TA of 0.50, what is MultiFoods' equity beta? Pet Products Candlelight Freezies RedyEeet with D/TA D/E = equity beta = equity beta =

d).

If the debt of each division also had a beta = 0.50, what would be the cost of capital for each division? For Multi Foods?

Ba = (D/TA)Bd + (E/TA)Be

Company Pet Products Candlelight

Freezies RedyEeet

D/TA Bd E/TA Be Risk free rate avg market rate of return What is cost of capital for each of the divisions? CAPM

kpp = rf + Ba(rm - rf)

Weights 10% 25% 50% 15%

Company Pet Products Candlelight Freezies RedyEeet weighted avg. asset beta CAPM cost of capital for Multi Foods = Risk free rate weighted avg. asset beta avg market rate of return

Be D/TA (debt to total assets 0.33 0.50 0.20 0.25

Equity Beta 0.5 1.5 1.75 2.25

1 1 1 1

3 2 5 4

0.50 1.00 0.25 0.33

D/E D/E D/E D/E

0.33 0.75 1.40 1.69

Asset beta Asset beta Asset beta Asset beta

8%

rf

0.08

16%

rm

0.16

cost of capital 0.1067 0.1400 0.1920 0.2150 Pet Products Candlelight Freezies RedyEeet 10.67% 14.00% 19.20% 21.50%

cont 10% 25% 50% 15%

Asset Beta 0.33 0.75 1.40 1.69 weighted avg

cont x asset beta 0.0333 0.1875 0.7000 0.2531 1.1740

0.50 1.00 1.174 x (1 + D/E) 2.348

0.5

Asset Beta Cost of Capital % 0.50 12.00% 1.00 16.00%

D/TA (debt to total assets 0.33 0.50

1.50 1.81 Pet Products 0.33 0.5 0.67 0.50 8% 16%

20.00% 22.50% Candlelight Freezies 0.50 0.20 0.5 0.5 0.50 0.80 1.5 1.75

0.20 0.25 RedyEeet 0.25 0.5 0.75 2.25

rf rm
Cost of Capital

0.08 0.16

Pet Products Candlelight Freezies RedyEeet

0.12 0.16 0.2 0.225

Asset Beta 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.81 eighted avg. asset beta 18.58% 0.08 1.32 0.16

0.05 0.25 0.75 0.27 1.32

Pet Products Candlelight Freezies RedyEeet

D/E Asset Beta 0.50 0.33 1.00 0.75 0.25 1.40 0.33 1.69

Cost of Capital (%) 10.67% 14.00% 19.20% 21.50%

E/TA 0.67 0.50

0.80 0.75

Chapter 6 page 186 Appendix B Dividend Growth Model

Equity Cost of Capital = ke = DIV1 Po ke DIV1 Po g

Dividend Yield + + g

Expected dividend growth rate

Equity Cost of Capital expected dividend in year 1 current stock price average expected annual dividend growth rate See page 187, Box 6.5 for comparison to CAPM

The dividend discount model (DDM) is a way of valuing a company based on the theory that a stock is worth the discounted sum of all of its future dividend payments. In other words, it is used to value stocks based on the net present value of the future dividends.

growth rate

mparison to CAPM