PL/SQL Tutorial (Examples) - page 3

PL/SQL BLOCK
The pl/sql block contains the following section:--

-----The DECLARE section.
-----The Master BEGIN and END section that contains the EXCEPTION
section.

The declare section contains declaration of memory variables, constants,
cursors etc. The begin section contains sql executable statements and pl/sql
executable statements. The exception section contains code to handle errors
that may arise during the execution of the code block. The end declares the
end of pl/sql block.

A bit about it's working. When you typed out the pl/sql block for execution.
It is sent to the pl/sql engine, where procedural statements are executed;
and sql statements are sent to the sql executor in the oracle engine. Since
pl/sql engine resides in the oracle engine, the codes executes smoothly and
efficiently.
PL/SQL DATA-TYPE

This is easy since it includes almost all the data types which u have used in sql such as date,
varchar, number, char etc etc... Some of the attributes such as %TYPE is also used. This attribute
automatically takes in the default data type of the sql table from which u have passed the query.
We will discuss this later.

Remember in pl/sql a variable name must begin with a character and can be followed by
maximum of 29 other characters. Reserved words can't be used unless enclosed within double
quotes. Variables must be separated from each other by at least one space or by a punctuation
mark. You can assign values of operator using := operator. I won't discuss about logical
comparisons operators such as <, > , >=, NOT, TRUE, AND, OR, NULL etc since they r quite
easy to understand.
HOW TO DISPLAY MESSAGES ON SCREEN ---

DBMS_OUTPUT : is a package that includes a number of procedure and functions that
accumulate information in a buffer so that it can be retrieved later. These functions can also be
used to display messages to the user.
PUT_LINE : Put a piece of information in the package buffer followed by an end-of-line marker.
It can also be used to display message to the user. Put_line expects a single parameter of
character data type. If used to display a message, it is the message 'string'.
EG: dbms_output.put_line(x);

REMEMBER: To display messages to the user the SERVEROUTPUT should be set to ON.
SERVEROUTPUT is a sql*plus environment parameter that displays the information pased as a
parameter to the PUT_LINE function.
EG: SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

A bit about comments. A comment can have 2 forms i.e.
-- The comment line begins with a double hyphen (--). The entire line will be treated as a
comment.
-- The C style comment such as /* i am a comment */

CONDITIONAL CONTROL AND ITERATIVE CONTROL AND SEQUENTIAL CONTROL

IF and else.....
IF --Condition THEN
--Action
ELSEIF --Condition THEN
--Action
ELSE
--Action
END IF;


SIMPLE LOOP
loop
-- Sequence of statements;
end loop;

the loop ends when u use EXIT WHEN statement --condition

WHILE LOOP
While --condition
loop
--sequence of statements
end loop;

FOR LOOP
FOR i in 1..10
loop
--sequence of statements
end loop;

GOTO (sequential control)
GOTO X;
<< X >>

EXAMPLES

--ADDITION
declare
a number;
b number;
c number;
begin
a:=&a;
b:=&b;
c:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line('Sum of ' || a || ' and ' || b || ' is ' || c);

Here & is used to take user input at runtime.....

--SUM OF 100 NUMBERS

Declare
a number;
s1 number default 0;
Begin
a:=1;
loop
s1:=s1+a;
exit when (a=100);
a:=a+1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('Sum between 1 to 100 is '||s1);
End;

--SUM OF odd NUMBERS USING USER INPUT...for loop

declare
n number;
sum1 number default 0;
endvalue number;
begin
endvalue:=&endvalue;
n:=1;
for n in 1.. endvalue
loop
if mod(n,2)=1
then
sum1:=sum1+n;
end if
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('sum = ' || sum1);
end;

--SUM OF 100 ODD NUMBER .. WHILE LOOP

declare
n number;
endvalue number;
sum1 number default 0;
begin
endvalue:=&endvalue;
n:=1;
while (n < endvalue)
loop
sum1:=sum1+n;
n:=n+2;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('Sum of odd numbers between 1 and ' || endvalue || ' is ' || sum1);
end;

--CALCULATION OF NET SALARY

declare
ename varchar2(15);
basic number;
da number;
hra number;
pf number;
netsalary number;
begin
ename:=&ename;
basic:=&basic;

da:=basic * (41/100);
hra:=basic * (15/100);

if (basic < 3000)
then
pf:=basic * (5/100);
elsif (basic >= 3000 and basic <= 5000)
then
pf:=basic * (7/100);
elsif (basic >= 5000 and basic <= 8000)
then
pf:=basic * (8/100);
else
pf:=basic * (10/100);
end if;
netsalary:=basic + da + hra -pf;
dbms_output.put_line('Employee name : ' || ename);
dbms_output.put_line('Providend Fund : ' || pf);
dbms_output.put_line('Net salary : ' || netsalary);
end;

--MAXIMUM OF 3 NUMBERS

Declare
a number;
b number;
c number;
d number;
Begin
dbms_output.put_line('Enter a:');
a:=&a;
dbms_output.put_line('Enter b:');
b:=&b;
dbms_output.put_line('Enter c:');
c:=&b;
if (a>b) and (a>c) then
dbms_output.putline('A is Maximum');
elsif (b>a) and (b>c) then
dbms_output.putline('B is Maximum');
else
dbms_output.putline('C is Maximum');
end if;
End;

--QUERY EXAMPLE--IS SMITH EARNING ENOUGH

declare
s1 emp.sal %type;
begin
select sal into s1 from emp
where ename = 'SMITH';
if(no_data_found)
then
raise_application_error
(20001,'smith is not present');
end if;

if(s1 > 10000)
then
raise_application_error
(20002,'smith is earning enough');
end if;

update emp set sal=sal + 500
where ename='SMITH';
end;

--PRIME NO OR NOT

DECLARE
no NUMBER (3) := &no;
a NUMBER (4);
b NUMBER (2);
BEGIN
FOR i IN 2..no - 1
LOOP
a := no MOD i;
IF a = 0
THEN
GOTO out;
END IF;
END LOOP;
<>
IF a = 1
THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (no || ' is a prime number');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (no || ' is not a prime number');
END IF;
END;

--SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF LOOP STATEMENT I.E. EXIT WHEN

Declare
a number:= 100;
begin
loop
a := a+25;
exit when a=250;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line (to_Char(a));
end;

--EXAMPLE OF WHILE LOOP

Declare
i number:=0;
j number:= 0;
begin
while i <=100 loop
j := j+1;
i := i +2;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(i));
end;

--EXAMPLE OF FOR LOOP

Declare
begin
for i in 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(i));
end loop;
end;

--SEQUENTIAL CONTROL GOTO

declare
--takes the default datatype of the column of the table price
cost price.minprice%type;
begin
select stdprice into cost from price where prodial in (Select prodid from product where prodese =
"shampoo");
if cost > 7000 then
goto Upd;
end if;
<< Upd >>
Update price set minprice = 6999 where prodid=111;
end;

--CALCULATE THE AREA OF A CIRCLE FOR A VALUE OF RADIUS VARYING FROM
3 TO 7. STORE THE RADIUS AND THE CORRESPONDING VALUES OF CALCULATED
AREA IN A TABLE AREAS.

Declare
pi constant number(4,2) := 3.14;
radius number(5);
area number(14,2);

Begin
radius := 3;
While radius <=7
Loop
area := pi* power(radius,2);
Insert into areas values (radius, area);
radius:= radius+1;
end loop;
end;

--REVERSING A NUMBER 5639 TO 9365

Declare
given_number varchar(5) := '5639';
str_length number(2);
inverted_number varchar(5);

Begin
str_length := length(given_number);
For cntr in reverse 1..str_length
loop
inverted_number := inverted_number || substr(given_number, cntr, 1);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('The Given no is ' || given_number);
dbms_output.put_line('The inverted number is ' || inverted_number);
end;
EXCEPTION HANDLING IN PLSQL

Errors in pl/sql block can be handled...error handling refers to the way we handle the errors in
pl/sql block so that no crashing stuff of code takes place...This is exactly the same as we do in
C++ or java..right!!
There are two type:
===> predefined exceptions
===> user defined exceptions
The above 2 terms are self explanatory

predefined exceptions:

No-data-found == when no rows are returned
Cursor-already-open == when a cursor is opened in advance
Dup-val-On-index == for duplicate entry of index..
Storage-error == if memory is damaged
Program-error == internal problem in pl/sql
Zero-divide == divide by zero
invalid-cursor == if a cursor is not open and u r trying to close it
Login-denied == invalid user name or password
Invalid-number == if u r inserting a string datatype for a number datatype which is already
declared
Too-many-rows == if more rows r returned by select statement

SYNTAX

begin
sequence of statements;
exception
when --exception name then
sequence of statements;
end;

EXAMPLES

--When there is no data returned by row
declare
price item.actualprice%type;
begin
Select actual price into price from item where qty=888;
when no-data-found then
dbms_output.put_line('item missing');
end;

--EXAMPLE OF USER DEFINED EXCEPTION

DECLARE
e_rec emp%ROWTYPE;
e1 EXCEPTION;
sal1 emp.sal%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT sal INTO sal1 FROM emp WHERE deptno = 30 AND ename = 'John';
IF sal1 < 5000 THEN
RAISE e1;
sal1 := 8500;
UPDATE emp SET sal = sal1 WHERE deptno = 30 AND ename = 'John';
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN no_data_found THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20001, 'John is not there.');
WHEN e1 THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20002, 'Less Salary.');
END;

--EXAMPLE OF RAISE-APPLICATION-ERROR... THIS IS YOUR OWN ERROR
STATEMENT...YOU RAISE YOUR OWN ERROR

Declare
s1 emp.sal %type;
begin
select sal into s1 from emp where ename='SOMDUTT';
if(no-data-found) then
raise_application_error(20001, 'somdutt is not there');
end if;
if(s1 > 10000) then
raise_application_error(20002, 'somdutt is earing a lot');
end if;
update emp set sal=sal+500 where ename='SOMDUTT';
end;

--INTERESTING EG OF USER DEFINED EXCEPTIONS

Declare
zero-price exception;
price number(8);
begin
select actualprice into price from item where ordid =400;
if price=0 or price is null then
raise zero-price;
end if;
exception
when zero-price then
dbms_output.put_line('raised xero-price exception');
end;




PL/SQL Tutorial (Examples) - page 4 (go to page 1)

CURSORS

Cursor is a work area in pl/sql which is used by sql server used to store the
result of a query. Each column value is pointed using pointer. You can
independently manipulate cursor values. A bit about it's working..... suppose
you ask for a query stored in the server ... at first a cursor consisting of
query result is created in server...now the cursor is transferred to the client
where again cursor is created and hence the result is displayed......

Cursors are of 2 types: implicit and explicit.......implicit cursors are created
by oracle engine itself while explicit cursors are created by the
users......cursors are generally used in such a case when a query returns
more than one rows....normal pl/sql returning more than one rows givens
error but using cursor this limitation can be avoided....so cursors are used....
Cursor attributes

%ISOPEN == returns true if ursor is open, false otherwise
%FOUND == returns true if recod was fetched successfully, false otherwise
%NOTFOUND == returns true if record was not fetched successfully, false otherwise
%ROWCOUNT == returns number of records processed from the cursor.

Very important: Cursor can be controlled using following 3 control statements. They are Open,
Fetch, Close.....open statement identifies the active set...i.e. query returned by select
statement...close statement closes the cursor...and fetch statement fetches rows into the
variables...Cursors can be made into use using cursor for loop and fetch statement...we will see
the corresponding examples...
EXAMPLES

--EXAMPLE OF SQL%FOUND (IMPLICIT CURSORS)

begin
update employee set salary=salary *0.15
where emp_code = &emp_code;
if sql%found then
dbms_output.put_line('employee record modified successfully');
else
dbms_output.put_line('employee no does not exist');
end if;
end;

--EXAMPLE FOR SQL%NOTFOUND (IMPLICIT CURSORS)

begin
update employee set salary = salary*0.15 where emp_code = &emp_code;
if sql%notfound then
dbms_output.put_line('employee no . does not exist');
else
dbms_output.put_line('employee record modified successfully');
end if;
end;

--EXAMPLE FOR SQL%ROWCOUNT (IMPLICIT CURSORS)

declare
rows_affected char(4);
begin
update employee set salary = salary*0.15 where job='programmers';
rows_affected := to_char(sql%rowcount);
if sql%rowcount > 0 then
dbms_output.put_line(rows_affected || 'employee records modified successfully');
else
dbms_output.put_line('There are no employees working as programmers');
end if;
end;

Syntax of explicit cursor: Cursor cursorname is sql select statement;
Syntax of fetch : fetch cursorname into variable1, variable2...;
Syntax of close; close cursorname;
Syntax of open cursor; open cursorname;


--EXPLICIT CURSOR EG

DECLARE
CURSOR c1 is SELECT * FROM emp;
str_empno emp.empno%type;
str_ename emp.ename%type;
str_job emp.job%type;
str_mgr emp.mgr%type;
str_hiredate emp.hiredate%type;
str_sal emp.sal%type;
str_comm emp.comm%type;
str_deptno emp.deptno%type;
rno number;
BEGIN
rno := &rno;
FOR e_rec IN c1
LOOP
IF c1%rowcount = rno THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (str_empno || ' ' || str_ename || ' ' || str_job || ' ' || str_mgr || ' ' ||
str_hiredate || ' ' || str_sal || ' ' || str_comm || ' ' || str_deptno);
END IF;
END LOOP;
END;

--ANOTHER EG DISPLAYING VALUE OF A TABLE

DECLARE
CURSOR c1 IS SELECT * FROM emp;
e_rec emp%rowtype;
BEGIN
OPEN c1;
LOOP
FETCH c1 INTO e_rec;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number: ' || ' ' || e_rec.empno);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name : ' || ' ' || e_rec.ename);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || ' ' || e_rec.sal);
EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND;
END LOOP;
CLOSE c1;
END;

-- Display details of Highest 10 salary paid employee

DECLARE
CURSOR c1 IS SELECT * FROM emp ORDER BY sal DESC;
e_rec emp%rowtype;
BEGIN
FOR e_rec IN c1
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number: ' || ' ' || e_rec.empno);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name : ' || ' ' || e_rec.ename);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || ' ' || e_rec.sal);
EXIT WHEN c1%ROWCOUNT >= 10;
END LOOP;
END;

-- EXAMPLE OF CURSOR FOR LOOP

declare cursor c1 is select * from somdutt;
begin
for outvariable in c1
loop
exit when c1%notfound;
if outvariable.age < 21 then
dbms_output.put_line(outvariable.age || ' ' || outvariable.name);
end if;
end loop;
end;

--ref STRONG CURSORS

DECLARE
TYPE ecursor IS REF CURSOR RETURN emp%ROWTYPE;
ecur ecursor;
e_rec emp%ROWTYPE;
dn NUMBER;
BEGIN
dn := &deptno;
OPEN ecur FOR SELECT * FROM emp WHERE deptno = dn;
FOR e_rec IN ecur
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Employee No : ' || e_rec.empno);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Employee Salary: ' || e_rec.salary);
END LOOP;
END;

--REF WEAK CURSORS

DECLARE
TYPE tcursor IS REF CURSOR;
tcur tcursor;
e1 emp%ROWTYPE;
d1 dept%ROWTYPE;
tname VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
tname := &tablename;
IF tname = 'emp' THEN
OPEN tcur FOR SELECT * FORM emp;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Emp table opened.');
close tcur;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Emp table closed.');
ELSE IF tname = 'dept' THEN
OPEN tcur FOR SELECT * FROM dept;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Dept table opened.');
close tcur;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Emp table closed.');
ELSE
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20004, 'Table name is wrong');
END IF;
END;

--CURSOR FOR LOOP WITH PARAMETERS

Declare
Cursor c1(Dno number) is select * from emp where deptno = dno;
begin
for empree in c1(10) loop;
dbms_output.put_line(empree.ename);
end loop;
end;


TRIGGERS
Trigger is a stored procedure which is called implicitly by oracle engine whenever a insert,
update or delete statement is fired.

Advantages of database triggers:
---> Data is generated on it's own
---> Replicate table can be maintained
---> To enforce complex integrity contraints
---> To edit data modifications
---> To autoincrement a field
etc..

Syntax: Create or replace trigger --triggername-- [before/after] [insert/pdate/delete] on --
tablename-- [for each satement/ for each row] [when --condition--] plus..begin.and exception

Triggers are of following type: before or after trigger ....and for each row and for each statement
trigger... before trigger is fired before insert/update/delete statement while after trigger is fired
after insert/update/delete statement...for each row and for each statements triggers are self
explainatory..


EXAMPLE

-- A database trigger that allows changes to employee table only during the business hours(i.e.
from 8 a.m to 5.00 p.m.) from monday to saturday. There is no restriction on viewing data from
the table -CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER Time_Check BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
OR DELETE ON EMP BEGIN IF TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'hh24')) < 10 OR
TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'hh24')) >= 17 OR TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY') =
'SAT' OR TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY') = 'SAT' THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-
20004,'YOU CAN ACCESS ONLY BETWEEN 10 AM TO 5 PM ON MONDAY TO FRIDAY
ONLY.'); END IF; END; --YOU HAVE 2 TABLES WITH THE SAME STRUCTURE. IF U
DELETE A RECORD FROM ONE TABLE , IT WILL BE INSERTED IN 2ND TABLE ED
TRIGGERNAME Create or replace trigger backup after delete on emp fro each row begin insert
into emp/values (:old.ename,:old.job,:old.sal); end; save the file.. and then sql> @ triggername --
To STICK IN SAL FIELD BY TRIGGER MEANS WHEN U ENTER GREATER THAN 5000,
THEN THIS TRIGGER IS EXECUTED Create or replace trigger check before insert on emp for
each row when (New.sal > 5000); begin raise_application_error(-20000, 'your no is greater than
5000'); end; --NO CHANGES CAN BE DONE ON A PARTICULAR TABLE ON SUNDAY
AND SATURDAY Create or replace trigger change before on emp for each row when
(to_char(sysdate,'dy') in ('SAT','SUN')) begin raise_application_error(-200001, 'u cannot enter
data in saturnday and sunday'); end; --IF U ENTER IN EMP TABLE ENAME FIELD'S DATA
IN ANY CASE IT WILL BE INSERTED IN CAPITAL LETTERS'S ONLY Create or replace
trigger cap before insert on emp for each row begin :New.ename = upper(:New.ename); end; --A
TRIGGER WHICH WILL NOT ALLOW U TO ENTER DUPLICATE VALUES IN FIELD
EMPNO IN EMP TABLE Create or replace trigger dubb before insert on emp for each row
Declare cursor c1 is select * from emp; x emp%rowtype; begin open c1; loop fetch c1 into x; if
:New.empno = x.empno then dbms_output.put_line('you entered duplicated no'); elseif
:New.empno is null then dbms_output.put_line('you empno is null'); end if; exit when
c1%notfound; end loop; close c1; end;

Remember trigger can be dropped using Drop Trigger triggername ; statement...

PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS

procedure is a subprogram...which consists of a set of sql statement. Procedures are not very
different from functions. A procedure or function is a logically grouped set of SQL and PL/SQL
statements that perform a specific task. A stored procedure or function is a named pl/sql code
block that have been compiled and stored in one of the oracle engines's system tables.

To make a procedure or function dynamic either of them can be passed parameters before
execution. A procedure or function can then change the way it works depending upon the
parameters passed prior to its execution.

Procedures and function are made up of a declarative part, an executable part and an optional
exception-handling part

A declaration part consists of declarations of variables. A executable part consists of the logic i.e.
sql statements....and exception handling part handles any error during run-time

The oracle engine performs the following steps to execute a procedure or function....Verifies user
access, Verifies procedure or function validity and executes the procedure or function. Some of
the advantages of using procedures and functions are: security, performance, memory allocation,
productivity, integrity.

Most important the difference between procedures and functions: A function must return a value
back to the caller. A function can return only one value to the calling pl/sql block. By defining
multiple out parameters in a procedure, multiple values can be passed to the caller. The out
variable being global by nature, its value is accessible by any pl/sql code block including the
calling pl/sql block.

Syntax for stored procedure:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE [schema] procedure name (argument { IN, OUT, IN
OUT} data type, ..) {IS, AS}
variable declarations; constant declarations; BEGIN
pl/sql subprogram body;
EXCEPTION
exception pl/sql block;
END;

Syntax for stored function:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION [schema] functionname(argument IN data type, ..)
RETURN data type {IS, AS}
variable declarations; constant declarations; BEGIN
pl/sql subprogram body;
EXCEPTION
exception pl/sql block;
END;

The above syntax i think is self explanatory...but i will give you some details...IN : specifies that
a value for the argument must be specified when calling the procedure or function. argument : is
the name of an argument to the procedure or function. parentheses can be omitted if no
arguments are present. OUT : specifies that the procedure passes a value for this argument back
to its calling environment after execution. IN OUT : specifies that a value for the argument must
be specified when calling the procedure and that the procedure passes a value for this argument
back to its calling environment after execution. By default it takes IN. Data type : is the data type
of an argument.

EXAMPLES

--PROCEDURE USING NO ARGUMENT..AND USING CURSOR
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P2 IS
cursor cur1 is select * from emp;
begin
for erec in cur1
loop
dbms_output.put_line(erec.ename);
end loop;
end;

--PROCEDURE USING ARGUMENT
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE ME( X IN NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(x*x);
end;

sql> exec me(3);


--FUNCTION using argument
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION RMT(X IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(x*x);
--return (x*x);
end;

(make a block like this to run it.....)
begin
dbms_output.put_line(rmt(3));
end;


--CREATE A PROCEDURE THAT DELETE ROWS FROM ENQUIRY
--WHICH ARE 1 YRS BEFORE

Create or replace procedure myprocedure is begin
delete from enquiry where enquirydate <= sysdate - 1;
end;

--CREATE A PROCEDURE THAT TAKES ARGUMENT STUDENT NAME,
--AND FIND OUT FEES PAID BY THAT STUDENT

CREATE or REPLACE procedure me (namee in varchar) is
cursor c1 is select a.feespaiddate from feespaid a, enrollment b, enquiry c
where
c.enquiryno = b.enquiryno and
a.rollno = b.rollno and
c.fname = namee;
begin
for erec in c1
loop
dbms_output.put_line(erec.feespaiddate);
end loop;
end;

--SUM OF 2 Numbers

CREATE or replace procedure p1 is
Declare
a number;
b number;
c number;
Begin
a:=50;
b:=89;
c:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line('Sum of '||a||' and '||b||' is '||c);
End;

--DELETION PROCEDURE

create or replace procedure myproc is
begin
delete from enquiry where fname='somdutt';
end;

--IN and OUT procedure example

Create or replace procedure lest ( a number, b out number) is
identify number;
begin
select ordid into identity from item where
itemid = a;
if identity < 1000 then
b := 100;
end if;
end l

--in out parameter

Create or replace procedure sample ( a in number, b in out number) is
identity number;
begin
select ordid, prodid into identity, b from item where itemid=a;
if b<600 then
b := b + 100;
end if;
end;

now procedure is called by passing parameter

declare
a number;
b number;
begin
sample(3000, b)
dbms_output.put_line(1th value of b is 11 b);
end ;

--SIMILAR EXAMPLE AS BEFORE

create or replace procedure getsal( sal1 in out number) is
begin
select sal into sal1 from emp
where empno = sal1;
end ;

now use the above in plsql block

declare
sal1 number := 7999;
begin
getsal(sal1);
dbms_output.put_line('The employee salary is' || sal1);
end ;


You can make a procedure and functions similarly.....also if u wanna drop a function then use
drop function functionname and for procedure use drop procedure procedurename


PACKAGES

A package is an oracle object, which holds other objects within it. Objects commonly held within
a package are procedures, functions, variables, constants, cursors and exceptions. Packages in
plsql is very much similar to those packages which we use in JAVA......yeah!! java packages
holds numerous classes..right!!!...

A package has 2 parts..... package specification and package body

A package specification part consists of all sort of declaration of functions and procedures while
package body consists of codings and logic of declared functions and procedures...


EXAMPLE

--SIMPLEST EG

--specification
create or replace package pack2 is
function rmt(x in number) return number;
procedure rmt1(x in number);
end;

--body
create or replace package body pack2 is
function rmt(x in number) return number is
begin
return (x*x);
end;

procedure rmt1(x in number) is
begin
dbms_output.put_line(x*x);
end;
end;

(how to run.....)
exec packagename.procedurename
i.e.
exec pack2.rmt1(3);

As shown above u can put in complicated procedures and functions inside the package...I have
just shown a simple example...you can easily modify the above code to fit your
requirement......Just try out packages which includes cursors, procedures and
functions..etc..Remeber pl/sql supports overloading...i.e. you can use the same function or
procedure name in your application but with different no or type of arguments.