Individual Study Plan: Unit 1

Materials
Subject:
Student:

Physics

Teacher:
Unit

N.Lad
Unit 1

Study Task outline:

Materials ISP
This ISP covers the Materials part of Physics Unit 1: Physics on the Go. While much of the
topic contains mathematical concepts which you will be asked quantitatively (using
numbers) you may be asked to explain these ideas qualitatively (using words). This ISP
will help you build the skills required to answer both styles of questions and aid you to
build your knowledge for your assessments.
It is of imperative importance that you can answer both quantitative and qualitative
Physics questions; without this skill you will struggle to do any better than a D grade. To
achieve a grade A-C you will need to be able to bring together different areas of Physics
you have learnt (e.g. terminal velocity and distance/velocity time graph). You must also
be able to use an equation in a qualitative manner, explaining the implications of
changing a variable in the equation. The specification points in this ISP are all of the
specification points within the Materials module (see your introduction to AS Physics
booklet).

The A* grade is awarded if the candidate meets two requirements:

Grade A for the overall Advanced GCE
90% of the total available uniform marks for the A2 units
This means that you can get a B grade in AS Physics and still achieve an A*in A2 Physics
A* students should be able to:
apply principles and concepts in familiar and new contexts involving only a few steps in
the argument
describe significant trends and patterns shown by data presented in tabular or graphical
form and interpret phenomena with few errors and present arguments and evaluations
clearly
explain and interpret phenomena with few errors and present arguments and evaluations
clearly
carry out structured calculations with few errors and demonstrate good understanding of
the underlying relationships between physical quantities.
Exam questions where you are asked to describe experiments are often worth 6 marks,
which can help you reach the next grade up of an exam paper.
In these questions you need to:
Clearly state the equipment required, explain and justify the equipment you have chosen,
the measurement you make, and calculations you will do and also how you will make the
experiment reliable to satisfy the criteria for full marks.
Past papers and other examboard information is available on the following website:
http://www.edexcel.com/quals/gce/gce08/physics/Pages/default.aspx
Task
Task detail
Resource Completed/comments
s needed
1
Specification points covered : 18,19,
AS
Q
E
M
20, 21
Physics
WWW
You should read through the notes
Text

from lessons and p50-62 from the

course textbook. The areas to focus
on are:
1. The link between density mass and
volume
2. The physics of flow
3. How the forces acting on an object
change as it reaches terminal
velocity (including stokes law)
Complete Explaining Everything 1
Complete questions 1 to 4 from
your Materials ISP booklet and
mark them.
A-A* - how does flow link to air
resistance?
2

Specification points covered : 22, 23,

23, 27
You should read through the notes
from lessons and p62-64 from the
course textbook. The areas to focus
on are:
1. Hookes Law graphs
2. Hookes Law experiments
3. How to calculate the Elastic strain
energy from a Hookes law
experiment
Complete Explaining Everything 2
Complete questions 5 and 6 from
your Materials ISP booklet and
mark them.
A-A* - how does Hookes law link
to the conservation of energy?
Specification points covered : 24, 25
You should read through the notes
from lessons and p65-69 from the
course textbook. The areas to focus
on are:
1. The shape of stress strain graphs
2. How to calculate the Youngs
modulus of a material
Complete Explaining Everything 3
Complete questions 7 to 10 from
your Materials ISP booklet and
mark them.
A-A* - how does stress and strain
link to the work on equilibrium?

Specification points covered : 26

You should read through the notes
from lessons and p68-73 from the

book/
Revision
Guide

Explainin
g
Everythin
g
number
1
Materials
ISP
booklet
AS
Physics
Text
book/
Revision
Guide
Explainin
g
Everythin
g
number
2

EBI

MRI

Q
E
WWW

EBI

MRI

Materials
ISP
booklet
AS
Physics
Text
book/
Revision
Guide
Explainin
g
Everythin
g
number
3
Materials
ISP
booklet
AS
Physics
Text

Q
E
WWW

EBI

MRI

Q
E
WWW

course textbook. The areas to focus

on are:
1. The definitions of terms that can be
used to describe the properties of
materials: brittle, ductile, hard,
malleable, stiff, and tough.
Complete Explaining Everything 4
Complete questions 11 to 13 from
your Materials ISP booklet and
mark them.

By now we have completed all the

work required from Unit 1 Materials.
Using your class notes complete the
following tasks:
Complete questions 14 to 17 from
your Materials ISP booklet and
mark them.
A-A* - Make a list of area that link
together from the materials and
mechanics module (e.g. terminal
velocity links with forces). Try and
explain how the areas are linked.

book/
Revision
Guide
Explainin
g
Everythin
g
number
4
Materials
ISP
booklet
AS
Physics
Text
book/
Revision
Guide
Materials
ISP
booklet

EBI

MRI

Q
E
WWW

EBI

MRI

Q - Questions completed
E - Explaining everything completed
M - Questions marked
WWW want went well
Define
the following
EBI even
better ifterms using diagrams where appropriate: density, laminar flow, streamline
MRIterminal
My response
is (student
flow,
velocity,
turbulentresponse)
flow, upthrust and viscous drag.
Explaining everything Task 1

State Hookes law and describe a Hookes law experiment. Describe how to find out the
elastic strain energy.
Include the terms: force extension
string spring
length
stiffness
area
under
Describe Stokes law and Archimedes principle. Show how the two can be interlinked
Include the terms: viscosity

terminal velocity

upthrust

Explaining Everything Task 2

weight

Explaining Everything Task 3

Draw a stress strain graph and label the following points: limit of proportionality, elastic limit
and yield point. Include a definition of each.

Explain the difference between elastic and plastic deformation. Include graphs to help.

Explaining Everything Task 4

Explain the meaning of the following terms: calculate tensile/compressive stress,
tensile/compressive strain, strength, breaking stress, stiffness and Young Modulus.
Define the following terms: brittle, ductile, hard, malleable, stiff, and tough. Give examples of
materials with these properties.

Wootton Upper School

ISP - Materials Booklet

Task 1
1.

The velocity of a ball bearing falling from rest through syrup .......... with distance fallen
A

decreases linearly from zero

increases from zero to a maximum

increases linearly from zero

stays constant at a non-zero value

(Total 1 mark)

2.

The process of turbulence was described in verse by the British meteorologist,

Lewis F. Richardson:
Big whorls have little whorls,
Which feed on their velocity,
And little whorls have lesser whorls,
And so on to viscosity.
Suggest what the author means by the word whorl.

(1)

Draw diagrams in the boxes below to show laminar and turbulent flow.
Describe these flow patterns.

Laminar flow

Description:

(2)

Turbulent flow

Description:

(2)

Turbulence can be used to reduce the rate of flow of a fluid.

Explain this statement in terms of energy transfers.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

3.

After wine has been fermenting it contains many small particles. These particles are allowed to settle so
that they can be separated from the liquid.
Add labelled arrows to this diagram showing the other two forces on a particle falling downwards within
the wine.

U p th ru s t

(2)

The upthrust can be calculated using the expression

is the radius of the falling particle.

U 43 r 3 w g

where w is the density of wine and r

Explain how the above expression for upthrust is derived.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Write down the equation relating the three forces acting on the particle when it reaches terminal velocity.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Show that the terminal velocity v of a particle of density s is given by the following expression:
v

2r 2 g ( s w )
9

where is the viscosity of the wine.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Explain how you would expect the velocity of this particle to change if the temperature of the wine was
increased.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Stokess law is valid only provided the flow is laminar. Using a diagram, explain what is meant by the
term laminar flow.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

4.

Some people think that all raindrops fall at the same speed; others think that their speed depends on their
size.
Calculate the speed of a raindrop after it has fallen freely from rest for 0.2 s.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Speed = .
(1)

The raindrop falls for longer than 0.2 s. Explain why its acceleration does not remain uniform for the
whole of its fall.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Show that the mass of a 0.5 mm diameter spherical raindrop is less than 1 107 kg.
1.0 m3 of water has a mass of 1.0 103 kg
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Calculate the raindrops terminal velocity. Assume that the upthrust from the air is negligible. Explain
your working clearly.
Viscosity of air = 1.8 105 kg m1 s1.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Terminal velocity =
(3)

Sketch a graph to show how the raindrops velocity increases from rest to terminal velocity. Add a scale
to the velocity axis.
V e lo c ity

T im e
(3)

Explain how the terminal velocity would be different for a larger raindrop.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Task 2
5.

A student carries out an experiment to investigate the extension x of a clamped copper wire when he
applies a varying force F to the free end.
B lo c k s

M a rk e r

R u le r

l
is th e le n g th u n d e r te s t
(a)

The graph below shows his results.

F o rc e /N
50
x
x

40
x
x

30
x
x

20
x
x

10
x
0

(i)

2 .0

4 .0

6 .0

8 .0

1 0 .0
1 2 .0
E x te n s io n /m m

Add a line of best fit to the graph.

(1)

(ii)

Add an X to the line to mark the limit of proportionality.

(1)

(b)

(i)

Calculate the energy stored in the copper wire due to a 20 N load.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Energy stored = ...........................................
(3)

(ii)

What property of the wire could be determined by calculating the gradient of this graph?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Explain how the graph would be different if the student had used a thicker piece of copper wire.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

6.

It is common for pens to have retractable ink refills. When a force F is applied to the button at the end of
the pen, the tip of the refill is pushed out of the body of the pen. This compresses a spring in the end of
the pen so that if the button is pressed again the refill is pushed back inside the pen.

r e fill

S p rin g in
pen

(a)

What sort of deformation must the spring undergo when compressed? Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

In an experiment, an increasing force was used to compress this spring. The table shows the
compression for each value of force.
Force / N

Compression / mm

0.0

0.0

1.0

1.9

2.0

3.8

3.0

5.6

4.0

7.5

5.0

9.4

6.0

11.3

7.0

13.1

8.0

15.0

(b)

On the grid below, plot a graph of compression against force for this spring. Add a line of best fit to
your points.
C o m p re s s io n / m m
1 5 .0
1 4 .0
1 3 .0
1 2 .0
1 1 .0
1 0 .0
9 .0
8 .0
7 .0
6 .0
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0
0

F o rce / N
0

(c)

1 .0

2 .0

3 .0

4 .0

5 .0

6 .0

7 .0

8 .0

9 .0

1 0 .0

(3)

Calculate the stiffness of this spring.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Stiffness = ................................................
(2)

(d)

In the pen, the spring is compressed by 6.0 mm. What force is needed for this compression?
.....................................................................................................................................
Force = ...................................................
(1)

(e)

Calculate the elastic energy stored in the spring when its compression is 6.0 mm.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Elastic energy = ...................................................
(3)

(f)

The spring is replaced by another with double the length but identical in all other ways. How
would the force needed to compress this new spring by 6.0 mm compare with the force needed for
the original spring?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Task 3
7.

A force-extension graph for a long thin copper wire is drawn below.

20
F o rc e /N
10

10

20
30
E x te n s io n /m m

Show clearly on the graph the region where the copper wire obeys Hookes law.
What additional information would be needed in order to calculate the Young modulus for copper from
this graph?
...............................................................................................................................................
Estimate the energy stored in the wire when it has been extended by 20 mm.
Energy stored = ...
(Total 5 marks)

8.

(i)

A wire fence is made of steel wire of diameter 2.5 mm.

Show that this wire has a cross-sectional area of approximately 5 10

m.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

A force of 1500 N is applied to tension a single length of this wire.

Calculate the stress produced in the wire.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Hence calculate the extension, in mm, produced in a 33 m length of this wire when it is tensioned.
The Young modulus of steel is 210 GPa.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

9.

The picture shows an Anglo-Saxon gold shoulder clasp excavated in 1939 from the Sutton Hoo ship
burial.

The decoration of the clasp is known as cloisonn. The clasp was made by:

Hammering gold sheet to the desired shape

Fixing thin gold wires to the surface to make cloisons (compartments)
Filling these cloisons or compartments with an enamel paste
Heating to bind the paste to the gold, forming a hard, shiny, attractive layer.

Gold was used to make this clasp because it has suitable properties. Fill in the gaps in the sentences to
name the two properties described below.
Gold can be hammered to form the basic shape. It is ..................................................
Gold can be made into thin wires. It is ..................................................
(2)

When gold wire is stretched, its load-extension graph would have the typical shape shown below.

L oad

A
E x te n s io n

The graph can be divided into two regions, A and B. Name the property exhibited in region A.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Explain what is meant by the terms hard and plastic behaviour.

Hard
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Plastic behaviour
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

10.

Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you could use in a school laboratory to determine the Young
modulus of copper in the form of a wire.

(3)

Suggest an appropriate length for the wire being tested.

...............................................................................................................................................

How would you determine the cross-sectional area of the wire?

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

State the unit of k, the constant of proportionality in Hookes law.

...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Show that for a wire of length l and cross-sectional area A the Young modulus
E = kl/A.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Task 4
11.

Complete the gaps in the following paragraph by selecting appropriate words from the following list.
compressive

density

energy

force

mass

stiff

tensile

tough

Increasingly, drinks containers are made out of polymers rather than glass. A container
made from a polymer such as polythene has several advantages over a glass container.
Polythene has low ..........................................., and so the ........................................... of
the container is kept low. Polythene is also ........................................... and so can
absorb a large amount of ........................................... before breaking. Glass is
only strong under ........................................... forces but polythene is also strong
under ........................................... forces.
(Total 3 marks)

12.

The body armour worn by modern police officers falls into two categories: hard and soft.
(a)

Hard body armour gives more protection but is heavier to wear and does not give any flexibility of
movement.
(i)

Circle the word which describes the type of behaviour hard body armour is likely to
demonstrate.
Ductile

Elastic

Plastic

Tough

State what is meant by the word you have circled.

...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (2)

(ii)

Hard body armour is made of rigid ceramic plates. Ceramic materials are often described as
being brittle. Why would this not be a desirable property for body armour?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Many ceramics are not brittle, including alumina, the ceramic material used in body armour.
Alumina is also a very strong material. What is meant by a strong material?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Soft body armour allows much greater flexibility of movement. Most soft body armour is made
from Kevlar. A new fibre called Biosteel is now being developed, however, that is several times
stronger than Kevlar.
The manufacturers claim that Biosteel can be up to 20 times stronger than an ordinary steel wire of
the same thickness.

(i)

Material

Young Modulus

Steel

2 10 Pa

11

Breaking strain
0.1%

Calculate the maximum breaking stress that steel can withstand.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Maximum stress = ....................................................
(2)

(ii)

Hence show that the force needed to break a steel wire of diameter 1 mm is about 160 N.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

If the manufacturers of Biosteel are correct, what maximum force would be needed to break
a Biosteel fibre of the same dimensions as the steel wire?
...........................................................................................................................
Maximum force = ....................................................
(1)

(iv)

State one assumption you have made in your previous calculations.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

13.

Speed cyclists need to reach very high speeds when competing.

What word describes the preferred airflow around the body of a speed cyclist?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Draw the possible airflow above and behind the body of a speed cyclist

(i) in racing position

(ii) when sitting upright.

(2)

What is the advantage to speed cyclists of travelling very close together as shown in the photograph?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Would plastic or elastic better describe the material of the bodysuit worn by a speed cyclist?
...............................................................................................................................................
Explain your choice.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Would brittle or tough better describe the material of the helmet worn by a speed cyclist?
...............................................................................................................................................
Explain your choice.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Explain why such a helmet is designed to deform in a crash.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Task 5
The graph shows how a sample of material behaves when extended by a force.

C
B
U ltim a te
fa ilu re
p o in t

F o rc e

14.

(a)

E x te n s io n

What does point B represent?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

State the physical property represented by the gradient of the section AB of the graph.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Explain the significance of the area underneath the line from A to C.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

15.

A skydiver accelerates towards the ground at 9.81 m s2 at the instant that he leaves the aeroplane.
(a)

Explain why his acceleration will decrease as he continues to fall.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The skydiver opens his parachute. Explain why he reaches a terminal velocity shortly afterwards.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The velocity at which he then hits the ground is similar to that achieved when falling freely from a
height of 3 m. Calculate this velocity.

Velocity = ................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

16.

A sign at a railway station advises passengers to keep back from the platform edge. This is because
passing trains may cause turbulence.

Explain what is meant by turbulent flow, and suggest why it is dangerous for passengers to stand near the
edge of the platform.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

17.

A raindrop has a radius of 0.70 mm. It is falling at terminal velocity through air.
(a)

Show that the mass of the raindrop is approximately 1 10

3
Density of water = 1000 kg m .

kg.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Ignoring any upthrust on the raindrop, calculate its terminal velocity.

4
1 1
Viscosity of air = 8.90 10 kg m s .

Terminal velocity = ..................................................

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

18.

List of data, formulae and relationships

Data
Acceleration of free fall
Boltzmann constant
Coulombs law constant

g = 9.81 m s

k = 1.38 10

(close to Earths surface)

23

JK

k = 1/4 o
9

= 8.99 10 N m C
C

31

kg

e = 1.60 10

Electron mass

me = 9.11 10

Electronvolt

1 eV = 1.60 10

Gravitational constant
Gravitational field strength

G = 6.67 10
g = 9.81 N kg

11

19

J
2

N m kg

(close to Earths surface)

Permittivity of free space

o = 8.85 1012 F m1

Planck constant

h = 6.63 10

Proton mass

mp = 1.67 10

Speed of light in a vacuum

19.

19-

Electron charge

34

Js

27

kg

c = 3.00 10 m s

Stefan Boltzmann constant

5.67 108 W m2 K4

Unified atomic mass unit

Mechanics

u = 1.66 10

Kinematic equations of motion

v = u + at
s = ut + at
2

27

v = u + 2as
Forces

F = ma
g = F/m
W = mg

Work and energy

W = Fs
Ek = mv

Egrav = mgh
Materials
Stokes law

F = 6rv

Hookes law

F = kx

Density

= m/V

Pressure

p = F/A

Youngs modulus

E = / where
Stress = F/A
Strain = x/x

Elastic strain energy

Eel = Fx

kg

1.

B
[1]

2.

Meaning of whorl:
An eddy/circular flow/whirlpool OEP (1)

Diagram and description of flow patterns:

Laminar
At least 3 reasonably parallel and straight lines (1)
No abrupt change in direction/no whorls/eddies (1)

Turbulent flow
No order shown in the flow/small broken circular shapes or similar (1)
Mixing between layers of liquid/whorls/whirlpools/
eddies occur along the flow (1)

Explanation of statement in terms of energy transfers:

Kinetic energy, of motion of eddies becomes kinetic energy of
molecules in liquid; overall kinetic energy reduces and flow
slows/ordered kinetic energy disordered kinetic energy (1) (1)

2
[7]

3.

Add forces to diagram

Downward arrow labelled weight / mg (1)
Upward arrow labelled (viscous) drag (1)

Expression for upthrust

Upthrust = weight of displaced fluid (1)
= volume density g (1)

Relationship between forces

Upthrust + (viscous) drag = weight OR F + U = W (1)
[ecf. From diagram must be 3 forces]

Expression for velocity

F=WU
3

6 rv = 4/3r sg 4/3 r wg (ecf) (1)

3

6rv = 4/3 r g (ps pw)

2r 2 g ( s w )
9
v=
(1)

Velocity change with temperature

Velocity will increase (1)
As viscosity will decrease with temperature/as velocity increases
with decreasing viscosity / as density of wine decreases (1)
Explanation of what is meant by laminar
Diagram showing at least 3 reasonably parallel and straight lines (1)

No abrupt change in direction/no whorls/no eddies (1)

[Both marks may be awarded from the diagram.]

2
[11]

4.

Speed of raindrop:

= u + at = 0 + 9.81 m s2 0.2 s = 1.96 m s1 2 m s1 (1)

Explanation:
Air resistance (1)
Drag force increases with (speed) (1)
So resulting accelerating force/acceleration drops (1)
Terminal velocity when weight = resistance (+ upthrust) (1)

Max 2

Mass of raindrop:
Mass = volume density
substitute 1.0 10 3 kg 3 4 (0.25 103 m)3 /3 (1)
6.5 108 (kg) (1)

Terminal velocity:
Viscous drag = weight (1)
VT = (6.54 108 kg 9.81 m s2) / (6 1.8 105 kg m1 s1 2.5 10 4 m) (1)
[Allow e.c.f. for m and r]
So terminal velocity = 7.56 m s1 (1)

Graph:
Line drawn which begins straight from (0,0) (1)
Then curves correctly (1)
to horizontal (1)
Scale on velocity axis (1)
[More than 2 sensible values and unit]

Max 3

Explanation:
VT increases (because of greater mass) (1)

1
[12]

5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Graph:
(i)

Line of best fit completed curving between 5.0 and 5.5 mm (1)

(ii)

X marked correctly on line (by eye) between 5.0 5.5 mm (1)

(i)

Energy stored calculation:

Energy = Fx or area under graph to intercept line (1)
Correct reading of x from graph (1)
Correct answer from graph in Joules (1)

eg.

Energy = Fx
3
= 20 4 10
= 0.04 J

(ii)

Gradient of graph:
Stiffness of wire (1)

Thicker wire:
Any 2 of the following:
Steeper gradient
More force required to produce the same extension
Limit of proportionality at a larger force (1)(1)

Max 2

[8]

6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Deformation of spring:
As spring must return to original length when (compressive) force
is removed (1)
Elastic (conditional on 1st mark) (1)

Graph:
4 points plotted correctly (1)
all points plotted correctly (to within +/ square) (1)
straight line of best fit through points and origin (1)

Stiffness:
Use of stiffness = F/x taking any pair of values from the table or
graph (1)
1
1
1
= 0.53 N mm (530 Nm ) [allow 0.52 0.54 N mm ] (1)

Force exerted:
Correct reading from graph
= 3.2 N [allow 3.1 3.3 N] (1)
OR
F = kx = 0.53 6 = 3.2 N [allow ecf] (1)

Elastic energy:
Energy stored = area under graph OR Energy stored = Fx OR
Energy stored = kx2 (1)
Correct values substituted [ignore powers of 10] (1)
3
3
Correct answer (9.6 10 J) [allow 9.3 9.9 10 J] (1)

Example:
3
3
Energy stored = (3.2 6 10 ) = 9.6 10 J
OR
3
3
Energy stored = 530 (6 10 )2 = 9.6 10 J
(f)

New force to compress:

Half of the original force / 1.6 N [allow ecf] (1)

1
[12]

7.

Region on graph where copper wire obeys Hookes law:

Hookes law region up to (9,15)
Additional information needed:
Length and cross-sectional area
Estimate of energy stored in wire:
Sensible attempt at area up to 20 mm
Answer in range 250 270
0.26 J
[5]

8.

(i)

Fence wire cross-section

2

Use of r and 10 m (1)

4.9 106 (m2) [do not accept m] (1)
2

A =r
3 2
= (0.5 2.50 10 )

(ii)

Stress calculation
6

Substitution: 1500 N / 4.9 [or 5] 10 m (1)

310 MPa [accept 300, ecf] (1)
=F/A
6 2
= 1500 N / 4.9 10 m
8
= 3.1 10 Pa

(iii) Extension calculation

E = / and = l / l (or E = F l / A l) (1)
Substitution in E = / and = l / l [or in E = F l / A l, ecf,
ignore 10n] (1)
0.048 (m) [ecf] (1)
48 mm [accept 47 49 mm, bald answer scores 4/4] (1)
E

= F l / A l

= (1500 N 33 m) / (210 10 Pa 4.9 10 m )

= 0.048 m = 48 mm

4
[8]

9.

Properties of gold
Malleable (1)
Ductile (1)

E.g. elastic, stiff

Definitions
Hard: material not readily scratched/indented (1)
Plastic behaviour: material remains in stretched/
deformed shape when force removed (1)

2
[5]

10.

Diagram of apparatus to determine Young modulus of copper

Were firmly fixed to ceiling/beam/end of bench (1)
Load and ruler/scale (1)
Means of reading small extensions e.g. pointer against
scale/vernier (1)

Length of wire being tested

Appropriate length 2 m [Less if vernier used] (1)
Cross-sectional area of wire
Micrometer (1)
Diameter in several places (1)

Unit of k in Hookes law

1

N m /kg, s

(1)

Show that
E = F/A e / l (1)
= Fl/Ae (1)
but F/e = k/substitute F = ke (1)

3
[10]

11.
density, mass (1)
tough, energy (1)
compressive, tensile (1)
[3]

12.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(b)

(i)

Type of behaviour:
Plastic
Correct definition of circled word:
Ductile: can be pulled into a long thin shape
Elastic: returns to original shape/size (once force removed)
Plastic: does not return to original shape/size (once force removed)
Tough: can withstand dynamic loads / shocks / impacts / absorbs
a lot of energy before breaking

Brittle:
Snaps / cracks / shatters / breaks without (plastic) deformation
(when subjected to a force)

Strong:
Large force / stress required to break it

Breaking stress:
Use of = E
8
Correct answer [2 10 Pa]
Eg.
11
= 2 10 0.001
8
= 2 10 Pa

(ii)

Force to break wire:

2
Use of A = r
Use of F = A
Correct answer [157 (N)]
[allow 156 157 (N) for rounding errors no u.e]
Eg.
3
7 2
A = (1 10 /2)2 = 7.9 10 m
8
7 2
F = 2 10 7.9 10 m
Weight (= F) = 157 N

(iii)

(iv)

Force to break Biosteel fibre:

3
3
3
3.1 10 N [allow 3.1 10 N 3.2 10 N]
eg.
20 157 = 3140 N (3200 N if 160 N used)

Assumption:
Elastic limit (of both materials) not reached / elastic behaviour /
Hookes law obeyed / Young modulus still holds at breaking point
/ Area remains constant / best Biosteel scenario / 20 stronger

1
[11]

13.

Preferred airflow
Streamlined/laminar flow (1)

Diagrams
At least one continuous curve drawn above body of cyclist (1)
Turbulence shown behind cyclist (1)

Advantage
Less drag on cyclist behind (1)
OR airflow above bodies more streamlined
OR less work needs to be done by following cyclists
Material of bodysuit and explanation
Elastic (1)
e.g. stretch around body in use/nothing loose to cause turbulent flow (1)

Material of helmet and explanation

Tough (1)
e.g deforms plastically before breaking (1)

Deformation
(In crash energy, deform s/absorbed by helmet rather than causing injury (1)

1
[9]

14.

(a)

Proportional / Hookes law limit (1)

(b)

Stiffness of sample (1)

(c)

Work done / strain energy (1)

To stretch (OR strain) wire to fracture (1)

2
[4]

15.

(a)
(b)

(c)

As skydiver speeds up, air resistance will increase (1)

Net force on skydiver will decrease, reducing acceleration (1)

Parachute greatly increases the size of the air resistance (1)

When air resistance = weight of skydiver, skydiver is in equilibrium (1)

1
2
Use of as v = u + 2as or 2 mv = mgh (1)
1
Correct answer [7.7 m s ] (1)
2

Example of calculation:
1
v = 2 9.81 3 = 7.7 m s

2
[6]

16.

Spelling of technical terms must be correct and the answer must be

organised in a logical sequence (QWC)
Mixing of layers leading to eddies/whorls (1)
Air circulates around at edge of platform (1)
Passenger may be pushed over due to eddies/whorls (1)
[3]

17.

(a)

4 3
r
Use of 3
(1)
6
Correct answer [1.44 10 kg] (1)
Example of calculation:
4
4
m r 3 (0.7 10 3 ) 3 1000 1.44 10 6 kg
3
3

(b)

Use of mg = 6rv (1)

1
Correct answer [1.2 m s ] (1)
Example of calculation:
mg
1.44 10 6 9.81
v

1.2 m s 1
4
3
6r 6 8.90 10 0.7 10
(2)

2
[4]