Lab 1: Flashing an LED

/*
Lab 1: Flashing LED with PIC16F688
Internal Oscillator @ 4MHz, MCLR Enabled, PWRT Enabled, WDT OFF
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt
Oct 7, 2010
*/
// Define LED @ RC0
sbit LED at RC0_bit;
void main() {
ANSEL = 0b00000000; //All I/O pins are configured as digital
CMCON0 = 007 ; // Disbale comparators
TRISC = 0b00000000; // PORTC All Outputs
TRISA = 0b00001000; // PORTA All Outputs, Except RA3

do {
LED = 1;
Delay_ms(1000);
LED = 0;
Delay_ms(1000);
} while(1); // Infinite Loop
}

Lab 2: Basic digital input and output

/*

Lab 2: Toggle LED with a Tact Switch Input

Internal Oscillator @ 4MHz, MCLR Enabled, PWRT Enabled, WDT OFF
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt
Oct 8, 2010
*/
// Define LED @ RC0 and Tact switch @ RC1
sbit LED at RC0_bit;
sbit Switch at RC1_bit;
#define Switch_Pin 1
#define Switch_Port PORTC
#define Debounce_Time 20
void main() {
ANSEL = 0b00000000; //All I/O pins are configured as digital
CMCON0 = 0x07 ; // Disbale comparators
TRISC = 0b00000010; // PORTC All Outputs
TRISA = 0b00001000; // PORTA All Outputs, Except RA3
LED = 0;
do {
if (Button(&Switch_Port, Switch_Pin, Debounce_Time, 0)) {
if (!Switch) {
LED = ~LED;
}
while (!Switch); // Wait for release of the button
}
} while(1); // Infinite Loop
}

Lab 3: Four bit binary counter

/* Lab 3: 4-bit up counter Internal Clock @ 4MHz, MCLR Enabled, PWRT Enabled, WDT OFF
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt Nov 6, 2010 */
// Define Tact switch @ RC4
sbit Switch at RC4_bit;

// Define button Switch parameters

#define Switch_Pin 4
#define Switch_Port PORTC
#define Debounce_Time 20 // Switch Debounce time 20ms
unsigned short count;
void main()
{
ANSEL = 0b00000000; //All I/O pins are configured as digital
CMCON0 = 0x07 ; // Disbale comparators
TRISC = 0b00010000; // PORTC all output except RC4
TRISA = 0b00001000; // PORTA All Outputs, Except RA3
count = 0;
PORTC = count;
do
{
if (Button(&Switch_Port, Switch_Pin, Debounce_Time, 0))
{
if (!Switch)
{ count ++; if (count ==16) count =0; PORTC = count;
}
while (!Switch); // Wait till the button is released
}
}
while(1); // Infinite Loop
}

Lab 4: Interfacing a character LCD

/* Lab 4: Blink Character Message on LCD Internal Clock @ 4MHz, MCLR Enabled, PWRT
Enabled, WDT OFF Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt October 9, 2010 */
// Define LCD module connections.
sbit LCD_RS at RC4_bit;
bit LCD_EN at RC5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RC0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RC1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RC2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RC3_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISC4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISC5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISC0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISC1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISC2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISC3_bit;
// End LCD module connection definition
// Define Messages
char message1[] = "Welcome to";
char message2[] = "Embedded-Lab.com";
void main()
{
ANSEL = 0b00000000; //All I/O pins are configured as digital
CMCON0 = 0x07 ; // Disbale comparators
TRISC = 0b00000000; // PORTC All Outputs
TRISA = 0b00000000; // PORTA All Outputs, Except RA3
Lcd_Init();

// Initialize LCD

Do
{
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

// CLEAR display

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
Lcd_Out(1,4,message1);

// Cursor off

// Write message1 in 1st row

Lcd_Out(2,1,message2);

// Write message2 in 2nd row

Delay_ms(1000);

// Wait for 1 sec

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

// Clear display

Delay_ms(1000); // Wait for 1 sec

}
while(1);
}

// Infinite Loop

Lab 5: Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)

/* Lab 5: Analog-to-digital converter Internal Oscillator @ 4MHz, MCLR Enabled, PWRT
Enabled, WDT OFF Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt October 10, 2010 */
// Define LCD module connections.
sbit LCD_RS at RC4_bit;
bit LCD_EN at RC5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RC0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RC1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RC2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RC3_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISC4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISC5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISC0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISC1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISC2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISC3_bit;
// End LCD module connection definition
// Define Messages
char message1[] = "ADC Value= ";
char *temp = "0000";
unsigned int ADC_Value;
void main() {
ANSEL = 0b00000100; // RA2/AN2 is analog input
ADCON0 = 0b00001000; // Analog channel select @ AN2
CMCON0 = 0x07 ; // Disbale comparators
TRISC = 0b00000000; // PORTC All Outputs
TRISA = 0b00001100; // PORTA All Outputs, Except RA3 and RA2
Lcd_Init();

// Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

// CLEAR display

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
Lcd_Out(1,1,message1);

// Cursor off

// Write message1 in 1st row

do {
adc_value = ADC_Read(2);
temp[0] = adc_value/1000 + 48; // Add 48 to get the ASCII character value
temp[1] = (adc_value/100)%10 + 48;
temp[2] = (adc_value/10)%10 + 48;
temp[3] = adc_value%10 + 48;
Lcd_Out(1,11,temp);
Delay_ms(2000);
} while(1);
}

Lab 6: Seven segment display

/*
Lab 6: Seven segment display
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt
November 13, 2010
*/
// Define seven segment connections
sbit seg_a at RC0_bit;
sbit seg_b at RC1_bit;
sbit seg_c at RC2_bit;
sbit seg_d at RC3_bit;
sbit seg_e at RC4_bit;
sbit seg_f at RC5_bit;
sbit seg_g at RA0_bit;
unsigned short count=0;
void main() {
ANSEL = 0b00000000; //All I/O pins are configured as digital
CMCON0 = 0x07 ; // Disbale comparators
TRISC = 0b00000000; // PORTC All Outputs
TRISA = 0b00001000; // PORTA All Outputs, Except RA3
do {
switch (count) {
case 0 : seg_a=1; seg_b=1; seg_c=1;
seg_d=1; seg_e=1; seg_f=1; seg_g=0;
break;
case 1 : seg_a=0; seg_b=1; seg_c=1; seg_d=0;
seg_e=0; seg_f=0; seg_g=0;
break;
case 2 : seg_a=1; seg_b=1; seg_c=0; seg_d=1;
seg_e=1; seg_f=0; seg_g=1;
break;

case 3 : seg_a=1; seg_b=1; seg_c=1; seg_d=1;

seg_e=0; seg_f=0; seg_g=1;
break;
case 4 : seg_a=0; seg_b=1; seg_c=1; seg_d=0;
seg_e=0; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
case 5 : seg_a=1; seg_b=0; seg_c=1; seg_d=1;
seg_e=0; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
case 6 : seg_a=1; seg_b=0; seg_c=1; seg_d=1;
seg_e=1; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
case 7 : seg_a=1; seg_b=1; seg_c=1; seg_d=0;
seg_e=0; seg_f=0; seg_g=0;
break;
case 8 : seg_a=1; seg_b=1; seg_c=1; seg_d=1;
seg_e=1; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
case 9 : seg_a=1; seg_b=1; seg_c=1; seg_d=0;
seg_e=0; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
case 10 : seg_a=1; seg_b=1; seg_c=1; seg_d=0;
seg_e=1; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
case 11 : seg_a=0; seg_b=0; seg_c=1; seg_d=1;
seg_e=1; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
case 12 : seg_a=1; seg_b=0; seg_c=0; seg_d=1;
seg_e=1; seg_f=1; seg_g=0;
break;
case 13 : seg_a=0; seg_b=1; seg_c=1; seg_d=1;

seg_e=1; seg_f=0; seg_g=1;

break;
case 14 : seg_a=1; seg_b=0; seg_c=0; seg_d=1;
seg_e=1; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
case 15 : seg_a=1; seg_b=0; seg_c=0; seg_d=0;
seg_e=1; seg_f=1; seg_g=1;
break;
} //case end
count ++;
if(count ==16) count =0;
Delay_ms(1000); // Wait for 1 sec before updating the display
} while(1); // Infinite Loop
}

Lab 7: PIC Timers and Counters (Part 1)

/*
Lab 7: Timer0 as a counter
Internal Oscillator @ 4MHz, MCLR Enabled, PWRT Enabled, WDT OFF
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt
November 18, 2010
*/
// LCD module connections
sbit LCD_RS at RC4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RC5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RC0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RC1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RC2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RC3_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISC4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISC5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISC0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISC1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISC2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISC3_bit;
// End LCD module connections
// Define Messages
char message1[] = "Frequency= Hz";
char *freq = "00";
void Display_Freq(unsigned int freq2write) {
freq[0] = (freq2write/10)%10 + 48; // Extract tens digit
freq[1] = freq2write%10

+ 48; // Extract ones digit

// Display Frequency on LCD

Lcd_Out(1, 11, freq);
}
void main() {

CMCON0 = 0x07; // Disable Comparators

ANSEL = 0x00;
TRISC = 0x00;

// Disable analog channels

// PORTC O/P

TRISA = 0b00001100; // RA2/T0CKI input, RA3 is I/P only

OPTION_REG = 0b00101000; // Prescaler (1:1), TOCS =1 for counter mode
Lcd_Init();

// Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

// CLEAR display

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off

Lcd_Out(1,1,message1);

// Write message1 in 1st row

do {
TMR0=0;
Delay_ms(1000); // Delay 1 Sec
Display_Freq(TMR0);
} while(1); // Infinite loop
}

Lab 8: Asynchronous serial communication

/* Lab 8: Hardware UART MCU: PIC16F628A External 4MHz Crystal, MCLR Enabled, PWRT
Enabled, WDT OFF Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt Dec 12, 2010 */
void newline()
{
UART1_Write(13); // Carriage Return
UART1_Write(10); // Line Feed
}
void main()
{
unsigned char MyError, Temp;
CMCON = 7; // Disable Comparators
TRISB = 0b00000010;
UART1_Init(9600);
Delay_ms(100);
UART1_Write_Text("Testing UART! ");
newline();
do
{
UART1_Write_Text("Type in a Number: ");
while(!UART1_Data_Ready());
Temp = UART1_Read();
newline();
UART1_Write_Text("You entered: ");
UART1_Write(Temp); newline();
}
while(1);
} // End main()

Lab 9: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) using PIC CCP module

/*
Lab 9: Pulse Width Modulation
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt, 2010.
Description: CCP module generating PWM
MCU: PIC16F628A
Oscillator: XT, 4.0 MHz, MCLR Enabled
*/
sbit UP at RB0_bit;
sbit DOWN at RB1_bit;
unsigned short new_DC, current_DC;

void debounce(){
Delay_ms(300);
}

void main() {
CMCON = 0x07; // Disable comparators
PORTB = 0x00;
TRISB = 0b00000011; // RB0, RB1 input, RB3 (PWM1) output
PWM1_Init(5000);
new_DC = 0;

// PWM module initialization (5KHz)

// Initial value of variable Duty Cycle

current_DC = 0;
PWM1_Start();

// Start PWM1 module with Zero DC

PWM1_Set_Duty(current_DC);
do {
if (!UP){

// If the button connected to RB0 is pressed

debounce();
if (new_DC < 250)

// Don't go above 250

new_DC = new_DC + 25 ; // increment Duty Cycle by 25

}

if (!DOWN) { // If the button connected to RB1 is pressed

debounce();
if (new_DC !=0)

// Don't go below 0

new_DC= new_DC - 25 ; // Decrement Duty Cycle by 25

}

if (current_DC != new_DC) {
current_DC = new_DC ;
PWM1_Set_Duty(current_DC); // Change the current DC to new value
}
} while(1);
} // END main()

Lab 10: DC motor interfacing to PICMicro

/* Lab 10: DC Motor control (H-Bridge) Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt, 2010. Description:
Forward and reverse motor control MCU: PIC16F688 Oscillator: Internal clock at 4.0 MHz,
MCLR Enabled */
sbit Forward at RA5_bit;
sbit Reverse at RA4_bit;
sbit Brake at RA2_bit;
sbit PinA at RC5_bit;
sbit PinB at RC4_bit;
sbit PinC at RC3_bit;
sbit PinD at RC2_bit;
void GetDelay()
{
Delay_ms(300);
}
void main()
{
CMCON0 = 0x07; // Disable comparators
ANSEL = 0b00000000;
PORTC = 0x00;
TRISC = 0b00000000;
// PORTB all output
TRISA = 0b00111100; // RA5, RA4, RA2 inputs
do
{
if (!Forward)
{
GetDelay();
PORTC = 0;
GetDelay();
PinA = 0;
PinB = 1;

PinD = 1;
}
if (!Reverse)
{
GetDelay();
PORTC = 0;
GetDelay();
PinA = 1;
PinB = 0;
PinC = 1;
}
if (!Brake)
{
GetDelay();
PORTC = 0;
}
}
while(1);
} // END main()

Lab 11: Multiplexing seven segment LED displays

/*
* Project name:
Decimal UP Counter with Four 7-Segment Display Multiplexing
* Copyright:
(c) Rajendra Bhatt, 2011.
* Description:
This code is an example of multiplexed Seven Segment Displays.
MCU: PIC16F628A, 4.0 MHz external clock, MCLR Enabled
The common anodes of four seven segment dispalys are
connected to RA0, RA1, RA2 and RA3, whereas the seven
segments are driven through PORTB pins
*/

unsigned short i, DD0, DD1, DD2, DD3;

unsigned int Count;
//------ Function to Return mask for common anode 7-seg. display
unsigned short mask(unsigned short num) {
switch (num) {
case 0 : return 0xC0;
case 1 : return 0xF9;
case 2 : return 0xA4;
case 3 : return 0xB0;
case 4 : return 0x99;
case 5 : return 0x92;
case 6 : return 0x82;
case 7 : return 0xF8;
case 8 : return 0x80;
case 9 : return 0x90;
} //case end
}

void main() {
CMCON |= 7;

// Disable Comparators

TRISB = 0x00; // Set PORTB direction to be output

PORTB = 0xff;

// Turn OFF LEDs on PORTB

TRISA = 0b00100000; // RA5 is input only

Count = 0; // Initial Value of Counter

do {
DD0 = Count%10; // Extract Ones Digit
DD0 = mask(DD0);
DD1 = (Count/10)%10; // Extract Tens Digit
DD1 = mask(DD1);
DD2 = (Count/100)%10; // Extract Hundreds Digit
DD2 = mask(DD2);
DD3 = (Count/1000); // Extract Thousands Digit
DD3 = mask(DD3);

for (i = 0; i<=50; i++) {

PORTB = DD0;
RA0_bit = 0;

// Select Ones Digit

RA1_bit = 1;
RA2_bit = 1;
RA3_bit = 1;
delay_ms(5);
PORTB = DD1;
RA0_bit = 1;
RA1_bit = 0;
RA2_bit = 1;
RA3_bit = 1;
delay_ms(5);
PORTB = DD2;

// Select Tens Digit

RA0_bit = 1;
RA1_bit = 1;
RA2_bit = 0;

// Select Hundreds Digit

RA3_bit = 1;
delay_ms(5);
PORTB = DD3;
RA0_bit = 1;
RA1_bit = 1;
RA2_bit = 1;
RA3_bit = 0;

// Select Thousands Digit

delay_ms(5);
}
Count = Count + 1 ;
if (Count > 9999) Count = 0;
} while(1);
}

// endless loop

Lab 12: Basics of LED dot matrix display

/*

Project: Interfacing an LED matrix

Description : A 7x5 LED matrix with StartUSB for PIC board
MCU: PIC18F2550, External crystal = 8.0 MHz, Actual Clock from PLL = 48.0 MHz
7 rows are driven by PORTB, and 5 colums by PORTA pins
English Alphabets from A through Z are displayed sequentially.
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt
April 22, 2011

*/

// Define row values for each of the five columns corresponding

// to Alphabets A through Z

unsigned short Alphabets[130]={ 0x7e, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x7E, // A

0x7f, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x36, // B
0x3e, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x22,
0x7f, 0x41, 0x41,0x22, 0x1c,
0x7f, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x63,
0x7f, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x01,
0x3e, 0x41, 0x41, 0x49, 0x7a,
0x7f, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x7f,
0x00, 0x41, 0x7f, 0x41, 0x00, // I
0x20, 0x40, 0x41, 0x3f, 0x01,
0x7f, 0x08, 0x14, 0x22, 0x41,
0x7f, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x60,
0x7f, 0x02, 0x04, 0x02, 0x7f,
0x7f, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x7f,
0x3e, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x3e,

0x7f, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x06,

0x3e, 0x41, 0x51, 0x21, 0x5e,
0x7f, 0x09, 0x19, 0x29, 0x46,
0x46, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x31, // S
0x01, 0x01, 0x7f, 0x01, 0x01,
0x3f, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x3f,
0x1f, 0x20, 0x40, 0x20, 0x1f,
0x3f, 0x40, 0x30, 0x40, 0x3f,
0x63, 0x14, 0x08, 0x14, 0x63,
0x07, 0x08, 0x70, 0x08, 0x07,
0x61, 0x51, 0x49, 0x45, 0x43 // Z
};

const unsigned short characters[30]={

0x24, 0x2A, 0x7f, 0x2A, 0x12, // $
0x08, 0x14, 0x22, 0x41, 0x00, // <
0x41, 0x22, 0x14, 0x08, 0x00, // >
0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, // =
0x36, 0x49, 0x55, 0x22, 0x50, // &
0x44, 0x3c, 0x04, 0x7c, 0x44, // PI

};

unsigned short count, column, num, repeat;

void main() {
TRISB = 0b00000000; // Set PORTB direction to be output
TRISA = 0x00; // Set PORTA direction to be output
PORTB = 0x00; // Turn OFF LEDs on PORTB
CMCON = 7 ; // Disable comparators
ADCON1 = 0x0F; // Disable Analog functions
do{

// Display 26 alphabets
for (num=0; num<26; num++) {

for (repeat=0; repeat<100; repeat++){

column = 1;
for(count = num*5;count < (num*5+6);count++){
PORTB = Alphabets[count];
PORTA = column;
Delay_ms(1);
column = column<<1;
}
}
}

// Display special characters

for (num=0; num<6; num++) {

for (repeat=0; repeat<100; repeat++){

column = 1;
for(count = num*5;count < (num*5+6);count++){
PORTB = characters[count];
PORTA = column;
Delay_ms(1);
column = column<<1;
}
}
}

} while(1);

Lab 13: Read and Write to internal EEPROM

/* Project name:
Use of internal EEPROM for storing information
* Copyright:
(c) Rajendra Bhatt, 2011.
* Description:
This code demonstrates how to perform basic Read and Write operations
with the internal EEPROM of PIC16F628A.
MCU:

PIC16F628A

Oscillator:

XT, 4.0 MHz

*/
// LCD connections definitions
sbit LCD_RS at RA0_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RA1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RB7_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISA0_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISA1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB7_bit;
// End LCD connections definitions

// Other connections
sbit SW1 at RB0_bit;
sbit SW2 at RB1_bit;
sbit SW3 at RB2_bit;

// String array to store 3 digit access code

char message1[] = "1.READ";
char message2[] = "2.WRITE";
char message3[] = "3.Delete";
char message4[] = "WRITE COMPLETED";
char message5[] = "Read Data";
char message6[] = "Data Deleted";
char message7[] = "Embedded-Lab.com";
char Edata[] = "0000000000000000";
unsigned short i, NUM ;
unsigned int ADD; // Start EEPROM Location
char temp;
void Delay2s(){
Delay_ms(2000);
}

void Debounce(){
Delay_ms(100);
}

void main() {
PORTB = 0;
PORTA = 0;
TRISB = 0b00001111;
TRISA = 0b00100000;
CMCON=0x07;
Lcd_Init();

// Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
Lcd_Out(1, 1, "Lab 13: Testing");
Lcd_Out(2, 1, "internal EEPROM");

// Clear LCD
// Turn cursor off

Delay2s();
start:
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,message1);

// Write message1 in 1st row

Lcd_Out(1,8,message2);
Lcd_Out(2,1,message3);
do{

// Read Operation
if (!SW1) {
Debounce();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,message5);
ADD = 0;
for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
temp = EEPROM_Read(ADD+i);
Edata[i] = temp;
}
Lcd_Out(2,1,Edata);
Delay2s();
goto start;
}
// Write Operation
if (!SW2) {
Debounce();
ADD = 0;
for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
temp = message7[i];
EEPROM_Write(ADD+i,temp);
}
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

Lcd_Out(1,1,message4);
Delay2s();
goto start;
}

// Delete Operation
if (!SW3) {
Debounce();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,message6);
for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
temp = '0';
EEPROM_Write(ADD+i, temp);
}
Delay2s() ;
goto start;
}

} while(1);

Lab 14: Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) communication

/*
Project: Multiple I2C devices on a common bus
MCU: PIC18F2550 @ 48.0 MHz (StartUSB for PIC board)
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt
May 6, 2011
*/

// Define LCD module connections.

sbit LCD_RS at RC6_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RC7_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RB7_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISC6_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISC7_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB7_bit;
// End LCD module connection definition

void Delay2s(){
Delay_ms(2000);
}

void check_device(unsigned short dev_address){

I2C1_Start();
if (I2C1_Wr(dev_address)){

Lcd_Out(2,1,"Device not found");

}
else Lcd_Out(2,1,"Device is OK");
I2C1_Stop();
}

//--------------- Writes data to 24LC512 EEPROM - single location

void EEPROM_WriteByte(unsigned DeviceSelect, unsigned short wAddress, unsigned short
wData) {
unsigned short wAddrH, wAddrL;
wAddrH = 0;
wAddrL = wAddress;
I2C1_Start();

// issue I2C1 start signal

I2C1_Wr(DeviceSelect); // send control byte

I2C1_Wr(wAddrH);

// send higher address byte

I2C1_Wr(wAddrL);

// send lower address byte

I2C1_Wr(wData);

// send data (data to be written)

I2C1_Stop();
}
//--------------- Reads data from 24LC512 EEPROM - single location
unsigned short EEPROM_ReadByte(unsigned short EEPROM_Select, unsigned short rAddress)
{
unsigned short rAddrH, rAddrL, result;
rAddrH = 0;
rAddrL = rAddress;
I2C1_Start();

// issue I2C1 start signal

I2C1_Wr(EEPROM_Select); // send byte via I2C1 (device address + W)

I2C1_Wr(rAddrH);

// send Higher address byte

I2C1_Wr(rAddrL);

// send Lower address byte

I2C1_Repeated_Start();

// issue I2C1 signal repeated start

I2C1_Wr(EEPROM_Select+1);
result = I2C1_Rd(0u);

// send byte (device address + R)

// Read the data (NO acknowledge)

while (!I2C1_Is_Idle())
asm nop;

// Wait for the read cycle to finish

I2C1_Stop();
return result;
}

char message1[] = "I2C Devices ";

char message2[] = "with PIC18F2550" ;
char Sample[] = "Sample 0";
char temp[] = "00.0000 C";

unsigned int address, Fraction_Temp;

unsigned short i,MS_Byte, LS_Byte, Whole_Temp;
const int EEPROM1 = 0xA0, EEPROM2 = 0xA2, DS1631 = 0x90;
void main() {
CMCON = 0x07; // Disable comparators
ADCON1 = 0x0F; // Disable Analog functions
TRISC = 0x00;
TRISB = 0x00;
Lcd_Init();

// Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);

// CLEAR display
// Cursor off

Lcd_Out(1,1,message1); // Write message1 in 1st row

Lcd_Out(2,1,message2); // Write message1 in 1st row
Delay2s();

I2C1_Init(100000); // Initiate I2C

// Check EEPROM1
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"EEPROM1");

check_device(EEPROM1);
Delay2s();

// Check EEPROM2
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"EEPROM2");
check_device(EEPROM2);
Delay2s();

// Check Sensor
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"DS1631");
check_device(DS1631);
Delay2s();
for (i=0; i<5; i++) {
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"Reading Temp.");
// Read temperature
I2C1_Start();
I2C1_Wr(DS1631);
I2C1_Wr(0x51);

// Send device address

// Start Convert Temp command

I2C1_Stop();
Delay_ms(750);
I2C1_Start();
I2C1_Wr(DS1631);
I2C1_Wr(0xAA);

// DS1631 Address again

// Read Temperature command

I2C1_Repeated_Start();
I2C1_Wr(DS1631+1);

// Address with Read

MS_Byte = I2C1_Rd(1);

// Read MSB and send ACK

LS_Byte = I2C1_Rd(0);

// Read LSB and send NAK

I2C1_Stop();
Delay2s();
// Write the MS Byte to EEPROM1

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"Writing MS Byte");
EEPROM_WriteByte(EEPROM1, i, MS_Byte);
Delay2s();
// Write the LS Byte to EEPROM2
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"Writing LS Byte");
EEPROM_WriteByte(EEPROM2, i, MS_Byte);
Delay2s();
}
// Reading stored temperature samples
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"Reading EEPROMs");
Delay2s();

for (i=0; i<5; i++){

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Sample[7] = i+49;
Lcd_Out(1,1,Sample);
Whole_Temp = EEPROM_ReadByte(EEPROM1, i);
Fraction_Temp = EEPROM_ReadByte(EEPROM2, i);
Fraction_Temp = Fraction_Temp >>4;
Fraction_Temp = 625*Fraction_Temp; // 12 bit resolution is 0.0625C
temp[0] = Whole_Temp/10+48;
temp[1] = Whole_Temp%10+48;
temp[3] = Fraction_Temp/1000+48;
temp[4] = (Fraction_Temp/100)%10+48;

temp[5] = (Fraction_Temp/10)%10+48;
temp[6] = Fraction_Temp%10+48;
Lcd_Out(2,5,temp);
Delay2s();
}

Lab 15: Scrolling text message on an LED dot-matrix display

/*
Project: Scrolling message on LED dot matrix display
MCU: PIC18F2550 @ 48.0 MHz (StartUSB for PIC board)
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt
May 16, 2011
*/

// Define LCD module connections.

/* sbit Serial_Data at LATC2_bit;
sbit SH_Clk at LATC6_bit;
sbit ST_Clk at LATC7_bit;
sbit CD4017_Clk at LATA2_bit;
sbit CD4017_RST at LATA1_bit;
*/
sbit Serial_Data at RC2_bit;
sbit SH_Clk at RC6_bit;
sbit ST_Clk at RC7_bit;
sbit CD4017_Clk at RA2_bit;
sbit CD4017_RST at RA1_bit;

void send_data(unsigned int temp){

unsigned int Mask = 0x0001, t, Flag;
for (t=0; t<16; t++){
Flag = temp & Mask;
if(Flag==0) Serial_Data = 0;
else Serial_Data = 1;
SH_Clk = 1;
SH_Clk = 0;
Mask = Mask << 1;
}

// Apply clock on ST_Clk

ST_Clk = 1;
ST_Clk = 0;

/* CharData is a two dimensional constant array that holds the 8-bit column values of
individual rows for ASCII characters that are to be displayed on a 8x8 matrix format.
*/
const unsigned short CharData[][8] ={
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,
0b00000000},
{0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000000,
0b00000100},
{0b00001010, 0b00001010, 0b00001010, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,
0b00000000},
{0b00000000, 0b00001010, 0b00011111, 0b00001010, 0b00011111, 0b00001010, 0b00011111,
0b00001010},
{0b00000111, 0b00001100, 0b00010100, 0b00001100, 0b00000110, 0b00000101, 0b00000110,
0b00011100},
{0b00011001, 0b00011010, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00001000, 0b00001011,
0b00010011},
{0b00000110, 0b00001010, 0b00010010, 0b00010100, 0b00001001, 0b00010110, 0b00010110,
0b00001001},
{0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,
0b00000000},
{0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00000100,
0b00000010},
{0b00001000, 0b00000100, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000100,
0b00001000},
{0b00010101, 0b00001110, 0b00011111, 0b00001110, 0b00010101, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,
0b00000000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00011111, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00000000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000110, 0b00000100,
0b00001000},

{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00001110, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,

0b00000000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,
0b00000100},
{0b00000001, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00001000, 0b00001000,
0b00010000},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010011, 0b00010001, 0b00010101, 0b00010001, 0b00011001,
0b00001110},
{0b00000100, 0b00001100, 0b00010100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00011111},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00001000, 0b00010000,
0b00011111},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00000001, 0b00001110, 0b00000001, 0b00000001, 0b00010001,
0b00001110},
{0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010100, 0b00010100, 0b00011111, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00000100},
{0b00011111, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00011110, 0b00000001, 0b00000001, 0b00000001,
0b00011110},
{0b00000111, 0b00001000, 0b00010000, 0b00011110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00001110},
{0b00011111, 0b00000001, 0b00000001, 0b00000001, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00001000,
0b00010000},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00001110},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00001111, 0b00000001, 0b00000001, 0b00000001,
0b00000001},
{0b00000000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00000000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00001000},
{0b00000001, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00000100, 0b00000010,
0b00000001},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00011110, 0b00000000, 0b00011110, 0b00000000,
0b00000000},
{0b00010000, 0b00001000, 0b00000100, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00001000,
0b00010000},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000000,
0b00000100},

{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010101, 0b00010101, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,

0b00011110},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00011111, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00010001},
{0b00011110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00011110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00011110},
{0b00000111, 0b00001000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00001000,
0b00000111},
{0b00011100, 0b00010010, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010010,
0b00011100},
{0b00011111, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00011110, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00011111},
{0b00011111, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00011110, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00010000},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010111, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00001110},
{0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00011111, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00010001},
{0b00011111, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00011111},
{0b00011111, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00010100,
0b00001000},
{0b00010001, 0b00010010, 0b00010100, 0b00011000, 0b00010100, 0b00010010, 0b00010001,
0b00010001},
{0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00011111},
{0b00010001, 0b00011011, 0b00011111, 0b00010101, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00010001},
{0b00010001, 0b00011001, 0b00011001, 0b00010101, 0b00010101, 0b00010011, 0b00010011,
0b00010001},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00001110},
{0b00011110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00011110, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00010000},
{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010101, 0b00010011,
0b00001111},
{0b00011110, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00011110, 0b00010100, 0b00010010, 0b00010001,
0b00010001},

{0b00001110, 0b00010001, 0b00010000, 0b00001000, 0b00000110, 0b00000001, 0b00010001,

0b00001110},
{0b00011111, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00000100},
{0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00001110},
{0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00001010,
0b00000100},
{0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010101, 0b00010101,
0b00001010},
{0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00001010, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00001010, 0b00010001,
0b00010001},
{0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00001010, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00000100},
{0b00011111, 0b00000001, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00001000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00011111},
{0b00001110, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000,
0b00001110},
{0b00010000, 0b00001000, 0b00001000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000010, 0b00000010,
0b00000001},
{0b00001110, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000010,
0b00001110},
{0b00000100, 0b00001010, 0b00010001, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,
0b00000000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,
0b00011111},
{0b00001000, 0b00000100, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000,
0b00000000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00001110, 0b00010010, 0b00010010, 0b00010010,
0b00001111},
{0b00000000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00011100, 0b00010010, 0b00010010,
0b00011100},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00001110, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00001110},
{0b00000000, 0b00000001, 0b00000001, 0b00000001, 0b00000111, 0b00001001, 0b00001001,
0b00000111},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00011100, 0b00010010, 0b00011110, 0b00010000,
0b00001110},

{0b00000000, 0b00000011, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000110, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,

0b00000100},
{0b00000000, 0b00001110, 0b00001010, 0b00001010, 0b00001110, 0b00000010, 0b00000010,
0b00001100},
{0b00000000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00011100, 0b00010010, 0b00010010,
0b00010010},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000100, 0b00000000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00000100},
{0b00000000, 0b00000010, 0b00000000, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000010, 0b00000010,
0b00001100},
{0b00000000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010100, 0b00011000, 0b00011000, 0b00010100,
0b00010000},
{0b00000000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00001100},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00001010, 0b00010101, 0b00010001, 0b00010001,
0b00010001},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00010100, 0b00011010, 0b00010010, 0b00010010,
0b00010010},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00001100, 0b00010010, 0b00010010, 0b00010010,
0b00001100},
{0b00000000, 0b00011100, 0b00010010, 0b00010010, 0b00011100, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00010000},
{0b00000000, 0b00001110, 0b00010010, 0b00010010, 0b00001110, 0b00000010, 0b00000010,
0b00000001},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00001010, 0b00001100, 0b00001000, 0b00001000,
0b00001000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00001110, 0b00010000, 0b00001000, 0b00000100, 0b00000010,
0b00011110},
{0b00000000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00011100, 0b00010000, 0b00010000, 0b00010000,
0b00001100},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00010010, 0b00010010, 0b00010010, 0b00010010,
0b00001100},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00001010,
0b00000100},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010001, 0b00010101,
0b00001010},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00010001, 0b00001010, 0b00000100, 0b00001010,
0b00010001},

{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00010001, 0b00001010, 0b00000100, 0b00001000, 0b00001000,

0b00010000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00011111, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00001000,
0b00011111},
{0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00001000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00000010},
{0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00000100},
{0b00001000, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000100, 0b00000010, 0b00000100, 0b00000100,
0b00001000},
{0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00000000, 0b00001010, 0b00011110, 0b00010100, 0b00000000,
0b00000000}
};

unsigned int DisplayBuffer[]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};

unsigned int speed;
short i, l, k, ShiftAmount, scroll, temp, shift_step=1, StringLength;
char message[]="SCROLLING MESSAGE ON LED DOT-MATRIX DISPLAY FROM
WWW.EMBEDDED-LAB.COM ";
char index;
void main() {
CMCON = 0x07; // Disable comparators
ADCON0 = 0x00; // Select ADC channel AN0
ADCON1 = 0b00001110; // RA0 as analog input
TRISC = 0x00;
TRISB = 0xFF;
TRISA = 0x01;
StringLength = strlen(message) ;
do {
for (k=0; k<StringLength; k++){
for (scroll=0; scroll<(8/shift_step); scroll++) {
for (ShiftAmount=0; ShiftAmount<8; ShiftAmount++){
index = message[k];
temp = CharData[index-32][ShiftAmount];

DisplayBuffer[ShiftAmount] = (DisplayBuffer[ShiftAmount] << shift_step)| (temp >> ((8shift_step)-scroll*shift_step));

}

speed = 10+ADC_Read(0)/10;
for(l=0; l<speed;l++){

for (i=0; i<8; i++) {

send_data(DisplayBuffer[i]);
CD4017_Clk = 1;
CD4017_Clk = 0;
Delay_ms(1);
} // i
CD4017_Rst = 1;
CD4017_Rst = 0;
} // l
} // scroll
} // k

} while(1);

Lab 16: Understanding Interrupts

/*
Lab 16: Understanding Interrupts
MCU: PIC16F688
Internal Clock @ 4MHz, MCLR Enabled, PWRT Enabled, WDT OFF
Copyright @ Rajendra Bhatt
Jul 19, 2011
*/

sbit LED at RA0_bit; // Interrupt LED

unsigned short count;

// Interrupt service routine

void interrupt(){
if(INTCON.INTF == 1) LED = ~LED;
delay_ms(200); // Key debounce time
INTCON.INTF = 0;
}

void main() {
ANSEL = 0b00000000; // All I/O pins are configured as digital
CMCON0 = 0x07 ;

// Disbale comparators

TRISC = 0b00010000; // PORTC all outputs except RC4

TRISA = 0b00000100; // PORTA all outputs except RA2
INTCON = 0b10010000; // Set GIE and INTE bits
OPTION_REG.INTEDG = 0; // External interrupt on falling edge of RA2/INT pin
count = 0;
LED = 0;
PORTC = count;
do {
count ++;

if (count ==16) count =0;

PORTC = count;
delay_ms(1000);
}while (1); // infinite loop
}

Lab 17: Sleep and Wake PIC microcontrollers

/* Project name: Understanding sleep mode in PIC microcontrollers * Copyright: (c) Rajendra
Bhatt * Test configuration: MCU: PIC16F628A Oscillator: XT, 4.0000 MHz */
sbit LED at RB0_bit; // LED is connected to PORTB.0
void main()
{
TRISB = 0b00000000;
TRISA = 0b00100000;
LED = 0;
OPTION_REG = 0b00001111; // Assign 1:128 prescaler to WDT
do
{
asm sleep; // Sleep mode, WDT is cleared,
// and time out occurs at Approx. 2.3 Sec
// Current is minimum in Sleep mode
LED = 1; // After wake-up the LED is turned on
Delay_ms(500); LED = 0;
asm CLRWDT; // Clear WDT
Delay_ms(2000); // Measure current here and compare with Sleep mode
}while(1); // current
}

Lab 18: Matrix keypad interfacing

// Column connections
sbit Col1 at RB4_bit;
sbit Col2 at RB5_bit;
sbit Col3 at RB6_bit;
sbit Col4 at RB7_bit;

// Define LCD connections

sbit LCD_RS at RA6_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RA7_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RA0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RA1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RA2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RA3_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISA6_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISA7_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISA0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISA1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISA2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISA3_bit;
// End LCD module connections

// Define Messages
char message1[] = "Hit Key:";
char KeyPad[] = " ";
unsigned short temp1, temp2;
unsigned short col, row;

char KeyS[4][4] ={
{0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x41},

{0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x42},

{0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x43},
{0x2A, 0x30, 0x23, 0x44}
};
void Debounce(){
Delay_ms(50);
}

char Get_Key(){
// Make rows output and columns input
TRISB = 0b11110000;
WPUB = 0b11110000;
PORTB = 0b11110000;
temp1 = (PORTB >> 4) ^ 0x0F;
col = temp1/2;
if(col == 4) col = 3;
// Make columns output and rows input
TRISB = 0b00001111;
WPUB = 0b00001111;
PORTB = 0b00001111;
temp2 = PORTB ^ 0x0F;
row = temp2/2;
if (row == 4) row = 3;
if (temp1 && temp2) return KeyS[row][col];
return ' ';

void main() {
char key[] = " ";
TRISA = 0b00100000; // PORTA output except RA5

TRISB = 0b00000000;
ANSELA = 0x00;

// Disable any analog functions in PORTA

ANSELB = 0x00;

// Disable any analog functions in PORTB

OPTION_REG = 0x00;
PORTB = 0b11111111; // All rows equal to 1
Lcd_Init();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

// CLEAR display

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
Lcd_Out(1,1,message1);

// Write message1 in 1st row

do {
key[0] = Get_Key();
if (key[0] != ' ') Lcd_Out(2,7,key);
}while(1);
}

// Column connections
sbit Col1 at RB4_bit;
sbit Col2 at RB5_bit;
sbit Col3 at RB6_bit;
sbit Col4 at RB7_bit;

// Define LCD connections

sbit LCD_RS at RA6_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RA7_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RA0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RA1_bit;

// Cursor off

sbit LCD_D6 at RA2_bit;

sbit LCD_D7 at RA3_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISA6_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISA7_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISA0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISA1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISA2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISA3_bit;
// End LCD module connections

// Define Messages
char message1[] = "Hit Key:";

void Debounce(){
Delay_ms(50);
}

char Get_Key(){
// Scan row 1
PORTB = 0b00001110;
if (!Col1){
Debounce();
return 0x31;
}
if (!Col2){
Debounce();
return 0x32;
}
if (!Col3){
Debounce();
return 0x33;

}
if (!Col4){
Debounce();
return 0x41;
}
// Scan row 2
PORTB = 0b00001101;
if (!Col1){
Debounce();
return 0x34;
}
if (!Col2){
Debounce();
return 0x35;
}
if (!Col3){
Debounce();
return 0x36;
}
if (!Col4){
Debounce();
return 0x42;
}
// Scan row 3
PORTB = 0b00001011;
if (!Col1){
Debounce();
return 0x37;
}
if (!Col2){
Debounce();

return 0x38;
}
if (!Col3){
Debounce();
return 0x39;
}
if (!Col4){
Debounce();
return 0x43;
}
// Scan row 4
PORTB = 0b00000111;
if (!Col1){
Debounce();
return 0x2A;
}
if (!Col2){
Debounce();
return 0x30;
}
if (!Col3){
Debounce();
return 0x23;
}
if (!Col4){
Debounce();
return 0x44;
}
return ' ';

void main() {
char key[] = " ";
TRISA = 0b00100000; // PORTA output except RA5
TRISB = 0b11110000; // R1-R4 output, C1-C4 input
ANSELA = 0x00;

// Disable any analog functions in PORTA

ANSELB = 0x00;

// Disable any analog functions in PORTB

OPTION_REG = 0x00;
PORTB = 0b00001111; // All rows equal to 1
Lcd_Init();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

// CLEAR display

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);

// Cursor off

Lcd_Out(1,1,message1);

// Write message1 in 1st row

WPUB = 0b11110000;

// RB3-RB7 pull-up enabled

do {
key[0] = Get_Key();
if (key[0] != ' ') Lcd_Out(2,7,key);
}while(1);
}

LAB 19: PLAY MUSICAL NOTES

/*
Experiment No. 19: Playing music notes with a PIC micro
MCU: PIC16F628A at 4.0 MHz, MCLR Enabled
Description: Plays the Happy birthday tune
Compile with MikroC Pro for PIC
*/

void pause(unsigned short i){

unsigned short j;
for (j = 0; j < i; j++){
Delay_ms(10);
}
}

// Happy birthday notes

/*

Hap py Birth Day to you, Hap py birth day to

C4 C4 D4 C4 F4 E4 C4 C4 D4 C4 G4 */

unsigned int notes[] = {262, 262, 294, 262, 349, 330, 262, 262, 294, 262, 392,

/*

you, Hap py Birth Day dear xxxx

Hap py birth

F4 C4 C4 C5 A4 F4 E4 D4 B4b B4b A4 */
349, 262, 262, 523, 440, 349, 330, 294, 466, 466, 440,

/*

day to you
F4 G4 F4 */
349, 392, 349
};

unsigned short interval[] = {4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 10, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 10, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8,

8, 8, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 12};

unsigned short k;
void main() {
CMCON = 0x07;
TRISB = 0b00001000; // GP5, 5 I/P's, Rest O/P's
Sound_Init(&PORTB,0); // Initialize sound o/p pin

do {
for(k = 0; k<25; k++){
Sound_Play(notes[k], 100*interval[k]);
pause(6);
}
pause(100);
}while(1);
}

Lab 20: Interfacing a KS0108 based Graphics LCD (Part 1)

/*
* Project name: Testing GLCD with PIC16F887
* Copyright:
(c) Embedded-Lab.com, 2011.

* Description:
This routine demonstrates how to initialize a KS0108 based GLCD and
activate the pixels on display. A sub-routine is written to draw a point on
the GLCD at a given coordinates.
* Test configuration:
MCU:
Dev.Board:
Oscillator:

PIC16F887
UNI-DS6
HS, 10.0000 MHz

Ext. Modules: GLCD 128x64, KS108/107 controller

*/

// Glcd module connections

#define GLCD_Data PORTD
#define GLCD_Dir

TRISD

sbit GLCD_CS1 at RB0_bit;

sbit GLCD_CS2 at RB1_bit;
sbit GLCD_RS at RB2_bit;
sbit GLCD_RW at RB3_bit;
sbit GLCD_RST at RB4_bit;
sbit GLCD_EN at RB5_bit;

sbit GLCD_CS1_Direction at TRISB0_bit;

sbit GLCD_CS2_Direction at TRISB1_bit;

sbit GLCD_RS_Direction at TRISB2_bit;

sbit GLCD_RW_Direction at TRISB3_bit;
sbit GLCD_RST_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit GLCD_EN_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
// End Glcd module connections

void Enable_Pulse()
{
GLCD_EN = 1; //EN high
delay_us(5);
GLCD_EN = 0; //EN low
delay_us(5);
}

void GLCD_ON()
{
//Activate both chips
GLCD_CS1 = 0;
GLCD_CS2 = 0;
GLCD_RS = 0;
GLCD_RW = 0;
GLCD_Data = 0x3F;

//RS low --> command

//RW low --> write
//ON command

Enable_Pulse();
}

void Set_Start_Line(unsigned short line)

{
GLCD_RS = 0;
GLCD_RW = 0;
//Activate both chips
GLCD_CS1 = 0;

//RS low --> command

//RW low --> write

GLCD_CS2 = 0;
GLCD_Data = 0xC0 | line;

//Set Start Line command

Enable_Pulse();
}

void GOTO_COL(unsigned int x)

{
unsigned short Col_Data;
GLCD_RS = 0;

//RS low --> command

GLCD_RW = 0;
if(x<64)

//RW low --> write

//left section

{
GLCD_CS1 = 0;

//select chip 1

GLCD_CS2 = 1;

//deselect chip 2

Col_Data = x;

//put column address on data port

}
else

//right section

GLCD_CS2 = 0;
GLCD_CS1 = 1;
Col_Data = x-64; //put column address on data port
}
Col_Data = (Col_Data | 0x40 ) & 0x7F; //Command format
GLCD_Data = Col_Data;
Enable_Pulse();
}

void GOTO_ROW(unsigned int y)

{
unsigned short Col_Data;

GLCD_RS = 0;

//RS low --> command

GLCD_RW = 0;

//RW low --> write

Col_Data = (y | 0xB8 ) & 0xBF; //put row address on data port set command
GLCD_Data = Col_Data;
Enable_Pulse();
}

void GOTO_XY(unsigned int x,unsigned int y)

{
GOTO_COL(x);
GOTO_ROW(y);
}

void GLCD_Write(unsigned short b)

{
GLCD_RS = 1;

//RS high --> data

GLCD_RW = 0;

//RW low --> write

GLCD_Data = b;

//put data on data port

delay_us(1);
Enable_Pulse();
}

unsigned short GLCD_Read(unsigned short column)

{
unsigned short read_data = 0; //Read data here
GLCD_Dir = 0xFF;
GLCD_RW = 1;

//PORTD as Input
//Read

GLCD_RS = 1;

//Data

GLCD_CS1 = (column>63);
GLCD_CS2 = !GLCD_CS1;
delay_us(1);

//tasu

//Disable/Enable CS2

GLCD_EN = 1;
delay_us(1);

//Latch RAM data into ouput register

//twl + tf

//Dummy read
GLCD_EN = 0;

//Low Enable

delay_us(5);
GLCD_EN = 1;

//latch data from output register to data bus

delay_us(1);

//tr + td(twh)

read_data = GLCD_Data;
GLCD_EN = 0;
delay_us(1);

//Input data

//Low Enable to remove data from the bus

//tdhr

GLCD_Dir = 0x00;

//Output again

return read_data;
}

void GLCD_Clrln(unsigned short ln)

{
int i;
GOTO_XY(0,ln);

//At start of line of left side

GOTO_XY(64,ln);

//At start of line of right side (Problem)

GLCD_CS1 = 0;
for(i=0;i<65;i++)
GLCD_Write(0);
}

//-------------------------

void GLCD_CLR()
{
unsigned short m;

for(m=0;m<8;m++){
GLCD_Clrln(m);
}
}

void Draw_Point(unsigned short x,unsigned short y, unsigned short color)

{
unsigned short Col_Data;;
GOTO_XY(x,(y/8));
switch (color)
{
case 0:

//Light spot

Col_Data = ~(1<<(y%8)) & GLCD_Read(x);

break;
case 1:

//Dark spot

Col_Data = (1<<(y%8)) | GLCD_Read(x);

break;
}
GOTO_XY(x,(y/8));
GLCD_Write(Col_Data);
}

void main() {
unsigned short u, v;
ANSEL = 0;

// Configure AN pins as digital

ANSELH = 0;
C1ON_bit = 0;
C2ON_bit = 0;
TRISD = 0x00;
TRISB = 0x00;
PORTB = 0x00;

// Disable comparators

PORTD = 0x00;
GLCD_CS1 = 1;
GLCD_CS2 = 1;
GLCD_RST = 1;
GLCD_ON();
GLCD_CLR();
Set_Start_Line(0);
do {

for(u=0; u<64; u+=6)

for (v=0; v<128; v+=2)
Draw_Point(v, u, 1);
delay_ms(1000);
GLCD_CLR();
delay_ms(1000);

} while(1);
}

// De-Activate both chips

Lab 21: Servo motor control

/*
Lab 21: Servo motor Control using PIC16F628A
MCU: PIC16F628A running at 4.0 MHz, MCLR enabled, WDT is OFF
Written by: Rajendra Bhatt (www.embedded-lab.com)
2012/03/29
Description: User input switch is connected to RB0 and Servo Control signal
is generated from RB1 pin.
*/

sbit SW1 at RB0_bit;

sbit Control at RB1_bit;

unsigned short i=7, delay;

void interrupt() {
delay = i*10;
Control = 1;
Delay_Cyc(delay); // Generates delay equal to 10*delay clock cycles
Control = 0;
TMR0 = 180;

// TMR0 returns to its initial value

INTCON.T0IF = 0; // Bit T0IF is cleared so that the interrupt could reoccur

}

void main() {
CMCON = 0x07; // Disable Comparators
TRISB = 0b00000001;
PORTB = 0;
OPTION_REG = 0x07; // Prescaler (1:256) is assigned to the timer TMR0
TMR0 = 180;
INTCON = 0xA0;

// Timer T0 counts from 180 to 255 to create ~20 ms period

// Enable interrupt TMR0 and Global Interrupts

do{
if(!SW1){

// Change pulse width when Switch is pressed

Delay_ms(300);
i = i+2;
if(i>24) i=7;
}

}while(1);
}