UNIT

11The Power of Images

Relative Clauses

A time-exposure image shows star trails over

Geghard Monastery, Armenia

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Review the Grammar

page 296

page 308

page 318

page 327

Subject Relative
Clauses

Object Relative
Clauses

Relative Clauses;
Reduced; with
with When and
Where

Connect the
Grammar to Writing
page 330
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LESSON 1

Subject Relative Clauses

EXPLORE
CD1-01

2 CHECK. Answer the questions. Write complete sentences.

1 READ the Web page on a photography site. Read the comments. Then write your own
comment below.

Myphotospace

1. Where was the photo taken?

2. What is this area known for?

share likepost

3. What weather recently affected this region?

4. How did it affect the region?

3 DISCOVER. Complete the exercises to learn about the grammar in this lesson.
A Write the missing words from the Web page. Then draw arrows to the words they describe.
1. In this photo, the farmers had recently experienced a devastating storm,

that flooded

the fields and destroyed crops.

2. Maybe thats because the boy,

, seems untouched by the flood.

3. I like the way it captures the child,

4. This photo,

Photo by Dipanjan Mitra

This photo was taken in the Sundarbans in West Bengal, India. The Sundarbans is an area
that is famous for its mangrove forest and royal Bengal tigers. In this photo, the farmers
had recently experienced a devastating storm that flooded the fields and destroyed crops.
You can see the water from the flood. However, the scene is not sad. Maybe thats because the
boy, whose feet dangle over the water, seems untouched by the flood. We feel his calm.

.
, sends a powerful message.

B The words you wrote in exercise A, which, who, whose, and that, are relative pronouns.
Write the correct pronouns to make true statements.
1.

and

describe people.

2.

and

describe things.

3.

describe possession.

Comments:
Greta M. Beautiful picture. I like the way it captures the child, who seems to be living in the
moment.
Raul O. This photo, which shows the highs and lows of life in the Sundarbans, sends a
powerful message. It shows how people, especially children, can survive even in the most
difficult circumstances.
Post a comment

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Clauses

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LEARN

5 Complete the exercises.

A Complete the advice for photographers. Write who or which and the correct form of the verb
in parentheses.

11.1 Subject Relative Clauses

After the Main Clause

1. When youre just starting out, dont buy equipment

This is the website. The website sells photos by Russian photographers.

2. People

This is the website that sells photos by Russian photographers.

3. Places

Inside the Main Clause

The tourists were from Hawaii. The tourists took photos of the ski slopes.

(keep) their camera with them at all times

(at first not seem) unusual might still make

great photos.

Subject
Subject Relative Clause

(cost) a lot.

will get better photos.

Subject Relative Clause

The tourists who took photos of the ski slopes were from Hawaii.

which costs

unbold (x4)

4. Look at photography magazines and websites

(can offer) you a range of information on technique.

1. A relative clause describes a noun or

pronoun (someone, anyone, something)
in a sentence. The relative clause* comes
after the noun or pronoun it describes.
2. A subject relative clause starts with the
pronoun that, which, or who. The relative
pronoun is the subject of the relative
clause.

The people left. The people were here an hour ago.

The people that were here an hour ago left.

5. Look closely at a photo

(demonstrate) strong

composition and lighting.

6. Take a workshop from a photographer

The people that took pictures are friends of mine.

Someone who was at the party brought his
photos from the safari.

(do)

interesting work.
7. Copy the style of someone

(take) pictures that you

admire.

3. In a subject relative clause, use:

a. that or who as a subject for people
b. that or which as a subject for places,
things, or animals.

a. Thats the student who got the scholarship.

b. Phones that have computing ability are
called smartphones.

4. The verb in a subject relative clause

agrees with the noun it describes.

There is an app that shows the weather forecast.

There are apps that show the weather forecast.

5. The verb in the main clause must agree

with the subject in the main clause.

The photographer who is going to the Serengeti

is looking for his camera.

8. Avoid subjects

(might be) extremely difficult to

photograph.
B Work with a partner. Replace the words who or which from the sentences in exercise A with
that. Take turns reading them aloud. Which sentences do you think give the best advice?

Dont buy equipment that costs a lot. I think this is good advice. I take nice
photos with a pretty inexpensive camera.

*Relative clauses are also called adjective clauses.

6 Read the sentences about photos from this book. Circle the correct words.
4 Underline five more relative clauses in the paragraph. Then draw an arrow from the relative
pronoun to the noun or pronoun it describes.
Today anyone who has a digital camera can produce a clear photo. However, that is not
enough to make it great photo. Photographers who want to take powerful shots have to make sure
that the photo has a good composition. In photography, composition is the way that things or
people in a picture are placed, or positioned. Look at a couple of photos of your friends or family,
and youll see what I mean. Where are the people in the photo? Are they standing in the center
with a lot of empty space in the background? If so, the picture probably isnt very interesting.
Photographs are more striking when they show someone or something that is on the right or left,
or off-center. In addition, a picture that does not have too many details will not have a clearer

1. The Leopard Seal that was playing / were playing with Paul Nicklen was / were gentle.
(pages 3334).
2. The photo which shows / show mountains of Kauai are / is especially beautiful. (page 39)
3. The woman who are sitting / is sitting at the floor of the ice cave has been taking / have
been taking pictures of ice formations with a special camera. (page 91)
4. The old woman and girl who appear / appears in this picture was born / were born into the
Navajo tribe. (page 115)
5. The girls that are facing / is facing away from us lives / live in Kabul, Afghanistan. (page 143)
6. The sea turtle that are drifting / is drifting by the scuba diver has never injured / have never
injured anyone. (page 179)

focus. So think carefully about how you take your photos. Photos that have a good composition
will be the most successful.

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11.2 Non-Identifying Subject Relative Clauses

1. A non-identifying relative clause gives extra
information about a noun in the sentence. You
dont need this information to understand who
or what the noun refers to.

Last year my sister went to Peru, which Ive

always wanted to visit.

2. The relative pronoun that cannot be used in a

non-identifying subject relative clause. Use who
or which.

Daves father, who lived in Peru, always liked

meeting people.

Daves father, that lived in Peru, always liked

Facebook, which was started in 2004, has
over a billion users.

Facebook which was started in 2004 has over

a billion users.

4. Identifying and non-identifying clauses can

change the meaning of the same sentence.

My uncle who lives in New York owns a

restaurant.
(I also have an uncle in Los Angeles. He works in IT).
My uncle, who lives in New York, owns a restaurant.
(I have only one uncle. He is a restaurant owner.)

* Non-identifying relative clauses are also called non-restrictive relative clauses.

7. The volunteers who work / works for WOOF have been collecting / has been collecting
heather from a flower garden. (page 192)
8. The flowers that has bloomed/ have bloomed on the cereus cactus comes out / come out
only at night. (page 246247)
make slash BF

7 Write the correct relative pronoun and add commas to each relative clause.
1. Photo sharing,

which

is now so popular, has changed over time.

2. Websites like Flickr

please reduce
WOLs in ex. 7 by
30%

3. Facebook

became available in 2010 offered lots of space.

started in 2004 allowed people to share messages and later

the first users of Facebook were later followed by users

of all ages.
5. Then smartphones

2. A degree in photography will not necessarily help you find a job. A degree in photography can
be expensive.

3. Online photography classes can be a great way to learn the basics. Online photography classes
are often free.

Please insert a
second WOL for #s 4. People can upload their photos and sell them online. People take photos of news stories.
2-8 in exercise 8A

5. Disposable cameras are popular with tourists. Disposable cameras are usually good for one
use only.

6. Digital storytelling is popular in classrooms. Digital storytelling tells a story with photos.

7. Displays on cameras give you valuable information. Displays on cameras can be difficult to use.

8. Camera reviews can help you choose a good camera. Camera reviews are easy to find online.

10. Photographers work in a dangerous environments. Photographers cover terrible storms.

became so popular made it easy to take and share

photos.
6. Kevin Systrom and Mike Kreiger

Photography, which can be very creative, is a highly competitive profession.

9. Digital photographs are extremely popular. Digital photographs are inexpensive.

photos.
4. College students

A Combine the sentences. Make the second sentence of each pair a relative clause with
which or who. Use correct punctuation.
1. Photography is a highly competitive profession. Photography can be very creative.

meeting people.
3. Use a comma before and after a
non-identifying relative clause that is within a
main clause.

8 Complete the exercises.

wanted a way to edit photos started

B Compare your answers with a partner. Did you use commas in the same places? Which
sentences are identifying and dont need commas?

Instagram in 2010.

7. Instagram _______________ was originally an application for iPhones is now

available for Android devices.
8. Have you ever met Dr. Jones ___________________ teaches Photography 101?

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Clauses

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11.3 Relative Clauses with Whose

10 Complete the exercises.

A Combine the sentences. Make the second sentence in each pair a relative clause with
whose. Add punctuation if necessary.

The photographer has a great website. His photos feature wildlife in Africa.
The photographer whose photos feature wildlife in Africa has a great website.
(Relative Clause)

1. The woman in the photo is from the Maori tribe. Her name is unknown.

1. Use whose + noun in a relative clause

to show possession. Whose replaces a
possessive adjective (his, her, its, their,
Jims, . . .).

I know the woman. Her son has won the award.

I know the woman whose son has won the award.

2. In relative clauses with whose, the verb

agrees with the noun that follows whose.

Can we speak to the people whose name is

Smith?
Can we speak to the people whose names are
Smith and Jones?

The woman in the photo, whose name is unknown, is from the Maori tribe.

2. The Maori woman has a mysterious expression. The womans eyes are deep brown.

3. Whose is used for people. It is also used for

animals, things, and ideas.

New Zealand is a country whose official

languages include English and Maori.

4. Relative clauses with whose can be

identifying or non-identifying.
Non-identifying clauses must have a
comma before and after.

People whose seats are up front can go in first.

Mr. and Mrs. An, whose seats are up front, can go
in first.

5. Be careful! Do not repeat the possessive

pronoun in a relative clause with whose.

Will the person whose cell phone is ringing

Please insert a
second WOL for #s
2-8 in exercise 10A
(see next page)

3. New Zealand is 14.6 percent Maori. New Zealands population is mostly European.

4. The Maori still live there today. Their ancestors came to New Zealand around 12501300 CE.

5. The Maori mainly speak English. Their native language is close to Polynesian.

6. New Zealand is a beautiful country. Its terrain is mountainous.

please turn it off?

Will the person whose his cell phone is ringing
please turn it off?

9 Underline the relative clause in each sentence. Then draw an arrow from whose to the noun

Please make this

photo smaller.

Maori

it modifies.
1. The statues, whose faces are difficult to see, show a king and gods. (page 196197)
2. Does the frog, whose face peeks out from the mushroom, feel the rain? (pages 234235)
3. Jimbo Bazoobi is an Australian citizen whose goat Gary has become famous. (page 249)
4. An insect whose wings display beautiful colors is a Hawk moth. (page 266267)
5. The sloth, whose eyes are closed, sleeps peacefully. (page 282)
6. The starry night picture was taken in Armenia, whose sky shows a meteor. (page 294295)
7. The photographer, whose image captures star trails, used time exposure. (page 294295)

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Clauses

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7. The Maori have lost some of their traditions. Their culture has changed.

4. Photos of loved ones become important possessions. The loved ones are far away.

8. Out of Time is a beautiful book. The books pictures show the Maori from 18601940.

5. Taking pictures is a passion of many people. Their lives center around their camera.
.

6. With photography, we speak to people. Their language is different from ours.

B Compare your answers. Did you use the same punctuation? How many sentences in this
exercise are non-identifying?

7. Sharing photos allows you to connect to people. People are important to you.

PR ACTICE

11 Complete the exercises.

8. Photos show us life around the world. Photos reveal far away places.

A Complete the paragraph with relative clauses. Use that, who, which, or whose and the
words in parentheses. More than one answer is sometimes possible.

Photography helps us to understand human psychology. The photographer is important

because it is his or her viewpoint (1)

that we see.

(we/see) (2)

13 PRONUNCIATION. Read the information in the box and listen to the examples. Then

40%

complete the exercises.

(The people/appear) in the photo are also relevant. Their emotions change the picture.
(3)

interesting. The way people interact also shows psychology. (4)

please extend
WOLs in exercise
11 by amount
shown each line

Pronunciation

(Faces/expression) shows more than one emotion are the most

40%

40%

(People/influence) others or (5)

center or in front. (6)
a close relationship. (7)

60%

We pause before and after non-identifying clauses when we speak.

40%

(people/powerful) tend to stand in the

CD1-01

(Groups of people/stand together) sometimes show

55%

off to the side or look away. A person (8)

In speaking, commas are used before and after non-identifying clauses to make the
information easier to understand.
Colors, // which affect our feelings, // are important in photography.

(Individuals/are not close) to the group may stand

5%

Pauses with Non-Identifying Relative Clauses

Black and white, // which are not colors but tones, // are important for contrast.

(eyes/meet) the camera shows a

connection the photographer. Colors also affect psychology or mood. Red, orange and yellow,

30%

(9)
(10)

(are warm colors), attract our eyes first. Greens and blue colors,

30%

(are cool colors), move away from us. The photographers choices are

important to create the mood or feeling of the picture.

B Write the numbers of the sentences which are nonrestrictive relative clauses.

12 Combine the sentences with relative clauses. Use that, which, who, or whose. Sometimes
more than one relative pronoun is possible.
1. Photography can capture moments. The moments will be remembered forever.

please insert a 2nd

WOL for #s 2-6 in
exercise 12

Photography can capture moments that (OR which) will be remembered forever.

Clauses

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1. The contest which is held once a year has a $5000 cash prize.
2. Many people who have won the prize have gone on to be successful photographers.

4. The judges who do not always agree have a difficult task.

5. The contestant whose photo gets the highest score is the winner.
6. The photo which won last years prize was taken by a 15-year-old.

B Work with a partner. Take turns reading the sentences from exercise A.

2. Photography is an activity. The activity will always hold your interest.

3. A photograph can communicate ideas. The ideas are hard to express in words.

304Relative

Listen to the sentences about a photo contest on the Internet. Write in the commas where
you hear pauses.

3. The judges who are professional photographers consider the creativity and quality of each
photo.

A
CD1-01

UNIT 11LESSON 1 304

Please move 13B

to top of page 306
if necessary for
space.
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14 LISTEN. Complete the exercises.

CD1-01

B Listen again to the first part of the conversation. Circle the correct answers.

CD1-01

1. Where was the photo with the buildings and the sea taken?

A Look at the two images from a photo contest on pages 305306 and listen to judges discuss
them. Which photo is the winner, the photo above or below?

a. In Mal, in the Republic of Maldives

b. In a Mexican town.

2. What is bothering the judge about the photo of Mal?

a.

a. Its not realistic.

b. The composition.

3. What part photo of Male does the judge want to look at?

a. The buildings in the back.

b. He is not sure what to look at.

4. What should the photographer have shown more of to provide a better perspective?

a. The buildings.

b. The sea.

5. Which makes the photo of Male powerful?

a. Its warmth and liveliness.

b. The way he uses space.

6. Why is the photographer of the Mexican buildings the winner?

a. The color in his photo is intense.

b. His technical abilities and composition

are excellent.

D Complete the sentences. Include a relative clause in each one. Add commas where
necessary. Then listen again and check your answers. Listen for pauses where you put
commas.

CD1-01

The photo that

1.

shows the buildings and the sea

was taken in

Mal.
b.

Please reduce
WOLs by amount
shown on each
line.

2. Male,

5%

of the Republic of Maldives, is located in

the Indian Ocean.

3. Lets talk about the photo

30%

in a small Mexican

town.

20%
4. We see a hand. We dont know
5. The way
6. The photographer has excellent technical abilities and a

.
makes it interesting.

20%

the viewers attention.

15 APPLY. Work in groups. Look through this book and choose three or four photos to discuss.
Use relative clauses where appropriate. Then write the sentences in your notebook.

I really like the photo that shows the star trails. In this picture, which was
taken in Armenia, the photographer used time exposure to show the meteor
moving in the sky.

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Clauses

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LESSON 2

Object
Relative
Clauses Clauses
[[bold/white]]
Object
Relative

EXPLORE
CD1-01

1 READ the article about photojournalist Michael Nick Nichols, whose work takes him deep
into the wilderness. What is his goal?

A Look Inside
Shooting the Real Story

Michael Nick Nichols started taking pictures in his

Photography 101 class over thirty years ago, and he
hasnt stopped since. His passion has
always been to photograph the things
that he cares about. Today, Nichols is
an award-winning photojournalist, whose
powerful images in National Geographic
magazine tell real stories about endangered
lands and wildlife.
For Nichols, telling the real story is key. He
takes pictures of animals and places whose future is threatened.
He wants the photos to motivate people and governments to protect these endangered animals
and lands. Thanks to Nicholss extraordinary skill and determination, he has been successful.
His work with conservationist Michael Fay in Central Africa is a good example. Their work
resulted in 13 national parks in Central Africa which protect forestland. These were forests that
the government of Gabon had planned to log.1 Over the years, Nichols pictures have told the
stories of several species which are rapidly disappearing in the wild. His images of lions, tigers,
elephants, and gorillas in their natural habitats are unforgettable.

2 CHECK. Correct the error in each sentence to make it true according to the article.
1. Michael Nick Nichols is concerned about the future of zoo animals.
2. One of his projects resulted in the protection of African elephants in Gabon.
3. Nichols thinks it is most important for his photos to look cool.
4. The subjects of his photographs are usually easy to manage.
5. Nichols works in some of the most populated parts of the world.

3 DISCOVER. Complete the exercises to learn about the grammar in this lesson.
A Draw an arrow from the relative clause to the noun that it describes.
1. His passion has always been to photograph the things that he cares about.
2. Their work resulted in 13 national parks which protect forestland.
3. These were forests that the government of Gabon had planned to log.
4. I cant stand a photograph that Ive made, no matter how cool it is, if I set it up.
5. However, Nichols has a special ability to work in rough environments which others find
too difficult.
B Write T for true or F for false for the statements about the relative clauses in exercise A.
Look at the nouns in exercise A that you drew an arrow pointing to. Are they subjects or
objects in the sentences?

Nichols knows his photos need to be realistic. If they arent, people wont believe the stories
that the images tell. I cant stand a photograph that Ive made, no matter how cool it is, if I set
it up,2 he says. The wild and unpredictable nature of the animals is a great challenge. However,
Nichols has a special ability to work in rough environments which others find too difficult.
Time and time again, he shows the way life truly is in some of the most remote parts of the world.
1
2

log: to cut down trees

set it up: to arrange or create something

A pride of African lions

walk through tall savanna
grass. Masai Mara National
Reserve, Kenya.

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LEARN
11.4 Object Relative Clauses
After the Main Clause
We liked many works in the photo contest. He won the contest.
Object

We liked many works in the photo contest that he won.

Object relative clause

Inside the Main Clause

Northern Spotted Owl

in Redwood Forest by
Mike Nichols

The photo tells a story. He posted the photo on the Internet.

Object

The photo that he posted on the Internet tells a story.

Object relative clause

1. In an object relative clause, the relative

pronoun is the object. The relative pronoun
may be that, who, whom, which, or whose.

The wallet belongs to her. You found the wallet.

2. The verb in an object relative clause agrees

with the subject of the relative clause.

The trip that Joe is taking will be fun.

The trip that Joe and Ann are taking will be fun.

4. He photographed elephants, many of

Elephant Nursery.

3. Like subject relative clauses, object relative

clauses are identifying or non-identifying.
In identifying object relative clauses, the
pronoun can be omitted.
In non-identifying object relative clauses,
use commas, but do not use that or delete
the relative pronoun.

The man that she was interviewing is famous.

The man she was interviewing is famous.
Vietnam, which my family left over 30 years
ago, has changed a lot.
Vietnam my family left over 30 years ago
has changed a lot.

5. Daphne Sheldrick created a home for the orphan elephants,

saved by the Nairobi Elephant Nursery.

4. Do not use that as the object relative

pronoun in a non-identifying relative clause.

Dr. Tam, who we have met, is a surgeon.

Dr. Tam, that we have met, is a surgeon.

5. In formal English, whom is sometimes used

instead of who in object relative clauses.

The employees whom the director fired had all

worked at the bank for over 15 years.

6. Do not repeat the object at the end of an

object relative clause. The relative pronoun is
the object.

Wheres the man you were helping?

Wheres the man that you were helping him?

Object

The wallet that you found belongs to her.

relative clause

were orphans in the Nairobi

have been

6. Nichols showed the elephant crisis in forests, savannahs or other places

humans destroyed.
7. Mike Nichols used special technology to photograph a 300-foot, 1,500-year-old Sequoia
scientists climbed.
8. Mike also walked 2,000 miles across Africa,
with Mike Fay.

he studied the wilderness

B ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR. Cross out the relative pronouns in exercise A where possible.
Compare answers with your classmates.

5 Combine the sentences to make object relative clauses. Add commas to non-identifying
clauses.

4 Complete the exercises.

A Complete each sentence with a relative clause. Use that, who, whom, or which. Sometimes
more than one answer is possible.

Please fix leading

in exercise 4A (see
page 300 for
reference). Also,
please shorten
WOLs for items
#1-8 by 25%.
310Relative

1. Michael Nick Nichols is a photographer,

photography.

whom

I admire for his wildlife

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 310-311

1. Forests have low light. People have a difficult time photographing low light.

Forests have low light, which people have a dif

ficult time photographing.
2. Forests have changing light. You can capture light at the right time of day.

3. In cold temperatures, you find Taiga forests. Some nations are trying to protect Taiga forests.

2. Nichols has photographed 27 stories for National Geographic Magazine, work

he has enjoyed.
3. Nichols did projects in different parts of the world,
animals.

Please add a
second WOL to
item #s 2-6 in
exercise 5.

he has helped to save

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4. The tallest trees in the world are Redwoods. People have mostly cut down the redwoods.

6 Complete the sentences. Use which or whom or a preposition (about, for, in, with).

Please add a
second WOL to
items 4-6 in
exercise 5.

1. The profession

5. In 1998 scientists found the largest Redwood tree. They called it Lost Monarch.

6. Forest plants change energy from the sun into food. Animals need the food.

please shorten
WOLs in exercise
6 by 25%

that [[blue HW font]]

Im going to tell you about is quite challenging.

2. Portrait photography, which most people dont know much

3. The people for

I work are called clients.

4. Clients describe the kind of portraits theyre looking

5. I enjoy the children whom I work

11.5 Object Relative Clauses with Prepositions

After the Main Clause

I like the professor thatIspoketo.

Relative Clause

Inside the Main Clause

preposition object

The student left the program. I met withhim.

Arrow should point

from "him" to "who"
in first chart and
from "him" to "that"
in second chart.

.
we agree gets finalized.

7. I go to the home

which the photo shoot will take place early in the day.
I take pictures of to relax.

7 Combine the sentences to make object relative clauses with prepositions. Use that, which, or
whom. End each sentence with a preposition.
1. To be a good conservation photographer, take photos of areas. Endangered animals are found
in the areas.

Take photos of areas in which endangered animals are found.

The student that I met with left the program.

when I meet them.

6. The contract on

8. I have to get the people

preposition object

I like the professor. I spoke tohim.

, is my job.

2. Look up information on the animals. You take pictures of the animals.

Relative Clause

Look up information on the animals which you take pictures of.

1. A relative pronoun (that, which, who, or
whom) can be the object of a preposition.
The preposition usually comes after a verb in
the object relative clause.

The plan that we were thinking of was hard.

3. Volunteer for a citizen science project. You care about the project.

The photographs that we were looking

at were amazing.

2. Remember: We often omit object relative

pronouns in conversation and informal writing.

The meeting I forgot about was important.

We cant find the article hes talking about.

3. In very formal English, the preposition can

come at the beginning of the object relative
clause, before whom (for people) or which
(for things).

My father, after whom I was named, died

before I was born.
The article to which you are referring is no
longer available.

5. Take photos of environmental projects. Volunteer for environmental projects.

4. Be careful! Do not use a preposition + who or

that.

The person to who the message was sent isnt

6. Write information about the scientists and citizens. You work with the scientists and citizens.

here.
The club of that she is a member is private.

5. Verbs and prepositions can be separated in

relative clauses, but the parts of phrasal verbs
cannot be separated.

She took a picture which came out well.

She took a picture out which came well.

4. Take photographs for environmental groups. You want to contribute to the groups.

7. Take pictures of unusual flowers on a dark backdrop. Set up the backdrop.

8. Collect stories of the subjects. Take pictures of the subjects.

312Relative

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 312-313

UNIT 11LESSON 2 313

9/3/14 12:01 PM

PR ACTICE

6. Zambian natives

8 Complete the sentences. Circle all the correct answers.

1. Photographers,

include Annie Griffiths.

a. who National Geographic works with

c. that National Geographic works with

b. that Griffiths which National Geographic

works with

d. National Geographic works with

a. whom she went swimming with

c. who she went swimming with

b. which she went swimming with

d. she went swimming with

c. National Geographic gave an assignment to

b. National Geographic gave an

assignment to her

d. that National Geographic gave an assignment to

a. she has taken photos of

c. of whom she has taken photos

b. whom she has taken photos of

d. of which she has taken photos

8. Griffiths and an organization

a. to whom National Geographic gave

an assignment

help women and girls in developing countries.

a. that she started

c. which she started

b. whom she started

d. she started

9 Complete the nature photographers website. Use relative clauses. Sometimes more than

3. Some of the countries

include Australia, New Zealand, and Jordan.

a. that Annie Griffiths has worked in

c. in which Annie Griffiths has worked

b. Annie Griffiths has worked in

d. which Annie Griffiths has worked

a. Griffiths has met with

c. which Griffiths has met with

b. that Griffiths has met with

d. to which Griffiths has met with

one answer is possible.

Frequently Asked Questions

Ive heard that wildlife photography is hard work. What parts of your job are the hardest?

have been friendly.

4. Many of the strangers

5. People in Pakistan

7. Annie Griffiths wants people to understand the women

2. Annie Griffiths was one of the first women

allowed her to take the pictures.

The parts of my job (1) that OR which are the hardest are carrying heavy gear around
and waiting hours in all kinds of weather to get the right shot.
What do you eat when you are on assignment?

a. which she stayed with

c. she stayed with

The food (2)

absolutely awful.

b. that she stayed with

d. whom she stayed with

Do you usually take your family with you?

isnt very good. In fact, sometimes its

No, my trips are not fun for them. The only people (3)
are assistants to help with the lighting on complex assignments.
Do you work with local guides and translators, or do you use assistants for that kind
of work?
The guides and translators (4)

are always local people.

Is your work dangerous? Have you ever been approached by any wild animals?
One time there was a gorilla (5)
and looked at me. I didnt know what it was going to do.

. It came very close

What do you most enjoy taking pictures of?

The subjects (6)

are endangered species.

Are your subjects common animals? Has the average person heard of them?
Probably not. I like to photograph tiny creatures, the ones (7)
Photographs of uncommon animals can increase peoples awareness of them and help to save
them.

Do you ever observe other photographers?

A child peers
between her sisters
robes in southern
Pakistan.

314Relative
314
UNIT 11 Clauses
LESSON 2

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 314-315

Yes. I learn something from every photographer (8)

from wildlife photographers to celebrity photographers.

UNIT 11LESSON 2 315

9/3/14 12:02 PM

10 LISTEN.

11 EDIT. Read the text. Find and correct five more errors with relative clauses.

A Complete the paragraph about Joel Sartore, a longtime photographer for National
Geographic and other publications. Use the information in the box to write relative clauses.
Add commas where necessary.

whose
JR is a French street artist

They may never see certain animals.

He has great passion for his projects.
He has photographed many subjects.
He is deeply committed to the Photo Ark project.
He has traveled all over the world for his magazine assignments.

public photography exhibits who

have appeared in over 100 countries.
His project, which JR calls it Inside
Out, requires the general public
to interact with his pictures. The

Joel Sartore is known for his ability to tell compelling stories about a wide range of topics.
The subjects (1)

idea is for people to share photos

he has photographed OR that/which he has photographed

of themselves in public spaces to

range from beekeepers to soccer fans. He is also deeply concerned about animals that

support ideas about that they care.

are in danger of extinction. Therefore, in addition to his magazine assignments he

please extend
WOLs as marked.

(2)

Here is how it works: Special photo

, he has initiated a few projects of his own. One is called

the Photo Ark. The goal of the Photo Ark project (3)
people eye to eye with certain animals (4)

is to bring
and to make them

care about these creatures. Take a look at some of Sartores photos online. You will begin to
appreciate the great passion (5)
CD1-01

for his projects.

B Listen to the professor and the students discuss Joel Sartore. Check your answers.

Artist JR with exhibit

booths, which people can take their

own pictures, are set up. The self-portraits are then printed and made into huge posters, are
displayed on the street. These photos attract attention to the causes, such as human rights.
JR, for who Inside Out is a way to make the world a better place, believes in the power of
ordinary people. He is convinced that they can create positive change in the world. In JRs
words, Together, well turn the world inside out.

12 APPLY.
A Match the photojournalists with the issues that are most important to them.
1. Annie Griffiths

a. endangered species

2. Michael Nichols

b. life in the wild

3. Joel Sartore

c. women and children

B Write sentences in your notebook to describe the work of each photojournalist in exercise A.
Include information that you learned in this lesson. Use relative clauses as appropriate.

Annie Griffiths, who tries to help women and children in developing countries,
has met many people in her travels.
C Imagine that you are a photojournalist who is concerned about a global issue, such as world
hunger. What do you want to photograph and why? Write sentences using relative clauses in
your notebook.

I want to take pictures of natural disasters, which can change peoples lives In
a minute.

316Relative

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 316-317

UNIT 11LESSON 2 317

9/3/14 12:02 PM

Relative Clauses; Reduced; with When and Where

LESSON 3

2 CHECK. Read each statement about the article. Write T for true or F for false.
1. Bollywood has made a total of 1,000 films.

EXPLORE
CD1-05

2. The capital Delhi is the center of the Indian movie industry.

3. Masala films usually end sadly.

1 READ the website about films in India. How was it powerful for Indians living outside their
country?

Bollyblog

4. It is not unusual to see scenes outside of India in todays Bollywood films.

5. Indian films help Indians abroad stay connected to India.

like share post

news

3 DISCOVER. Complete the exercises to learn about the grammar in this lesson.
A Complete the sentences to match the sentences from the website. Change the underlined
words.
1. The center of the industry, which is nicknamed Bollywood, is located in Mumbai.

The center of the industry,

nicknamed Bollywood, is located in Mumbai.

2. This type of film, which mixed all of these elements together was called masala.

This type of film,

all of these elements together was called

masala.
3. The main characters were often Indians who live outside their country.

The Changing Face of Bollywood

The Indian film industry has been an important part of Indian cultural life for many
years. The center of the industry, nicknamed Bollywood, is located in Mumbai
(formerly Bombay). Bollywood, where mostly Hindi language films are made, makes
over 1,000 films a year. These days, the films are enjoyed by people around the world.

indent

The main characters were often Indians

outside their country.

B Underline the relative clauses that begin with when or where in the article. Circle the nouns
that when and where refer to.

In the past, the movies were set in India and included singing and dancing, acting,
romance, and always a happy ending. This type of film mixing all of these elements
together was called masala. In Hindi this means a mixture of spices.

Modern times brought changes. Large numbers of Indians were living in other
places: Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Australia, Europe, and North America. In the late
1990s, when new technology was developing, Bollywood filmmakers realized they
could make films for this diaspora1 with satellite television, DVDs, and the Internet. The
films were made with modern life in mind. The main characters were often Indians
living outside their country. The films were shot where these Indians lived and in
India. The new films were a bit different from masalas, but still about Indian values and
traditions.

Bollywood films have had a powerful effect on the Indian diaspora. Even for Indians
living far away, the films connect them to their homeland. Thanks to Bollywood, there is
now a stronger sense of identity and community among Indians all over the world.
1

318Relative

diaspora: people who come from a particular nation, but who now live in many different parts of the world

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 318-319

319

9/3/14 12:02 PM

1. My favorite Indian movies are films that have a lot of singing and dancing.
My favorite Indian movies are films having a lot of singing and dancing.
2. The African film festival has movies that feature beautiful scenery.
The African film festival has movies _______________________.
LEARN
3. That Nigerian director only produces films that tell real-life stories.
That Nigerian director only produces films ___________________.
11.6 Reduced Relative Clauses
4. I enjoy movies that have happy endings.
I enjoy
_______________.
The woman who is starring in the movie
has amovies
beautiful
voice.
5.
We
want
to
see
the
thriller that is showing at midnight.
The woman starring in the movie has a beautiful voice.
We want to see the thriller _______________.
6. The critic loved the new film that shows life in Mumbai.
loved
the new
film ________________.
1. A subject relative clause can beThe critic The
girl who
was riding
the horse fell off.
reduced or shortened to a relative
phrase.
2. In a relative phrase, the relative
pronoun (who, that, which) and any
form of be is omitted.

The girl riding the horse fell off.

People who are driving hybrid cars like them.
People driving hybrid cars like them.
The film that was shown last night was exciting.
The film shown last night was exciting.
He is the person who is most interested in the job.
He is the person most interested in the job.

3. With a verb other than be, omit the

relative pronoun and adding -ing after
the base form of the verb.

Anyone who wants to learn about film history

should read this book.
Anyone wanting to learn about film history
should read this book.

4. Use commas when a non-identifying

relative clause is reduced.

The film festival, which was held in Brazil, attracted

people from all over the world.
The film festival, held in Brazil, attracted people
from all over the world.

5. Be careful! Object relative clauses

cannot be reduced.

1. Nollywood films, which sell all over Africa and overseas, are made in Nigeria.

The degree which he is getting will help him.

The degree getting will help him.

Nollywood films, selling all over Africa and overseas, are made in Nigeria.

2. Nollywood films, which cover many themes, are about romance, family, and religion.

Nollywood films,

, are about romance, family, and religion.

3. Nollywood films, which deal with problems of Africans, connect people to their homeland.

Please replace #1-6 in

exercise B with new text
above. Use blue HW font for
sample answer in #1. please
double length of WOLs
currently in exercise.

Nollywood films,

, connect people to their homeland.

4. Somali films, which show everyday life in Somali, are not about war.

Somali films,

, are not about war.

5. Somalia films, which have limited funds, use volunteers.

Somalia films,

, use volunteers.

5 Complete the exercises.

A Underline the relative clause in each sentence. Then check () the relative clauses that can
be reduced If it cant be reduced, write .
1. Bollywood, which was named after Hollywood, makes different kinds of films.
2. Hollywood films, which try to seem real, are rarely musicals.
3. Bollywood films, which are almost always musicals, do not pretend to show reality.
4. Bollywood, which has inspired many cinema movements, was followed by Nollywood in
Nigeria.

4 Complete the exercises.

A Complete the sentences with reduced forms. Omit the relative pronoun and any form of be.
1. Nollywood, which was named after Bollywood, is the Nigerian film industry.
Nollywood,

B Complete the sentences with reduced forms. Omit the relative pronoun and add ing

named after Bollywood , is the Nigerian film industry.

5. Bollywoods production studio, which was built by the government, is called Film City.
6. The actors who appear in Bollywood movies come from all over India.
B In your notebook, write reduced relative clauses for the sentences in exercise A that you
checked.

2. Nollywood films, which are mostly made in English, are shown around Africa and overseas.

Nollywood films, are shown around Africa and overseas.

3. Somali films, which are made in Eastleigh, Nairobi, are called Eastleighwood.

Please extend
WOLs as indicated
with arrows.

Somali films,

, are called Eastleighwood.

4. Eastleighwood, which is a very new film industry for Africa, is growing.

Eastleighwood,

Please insert photo #150853082

from shutterstock.com (Nairobi
central business district/skyline) or
a more scenic photo that fits.

, is growing.

4. Last night we saw a film that was set in Mumbai.

Last night we saw a film _____________________.
5. The movie, which was directed by a young Indian filmmaker, was fascinating.
, are also popular outside the country.
The movie, _____________________, was fascinating.
6. Anyone who is interested in world politics would enjoy the movie.
Anyone ______________ would enjoy the movie.

5. Somali films which are watched by Somalis, are also popular outside the country.

320Relative

Somali films,

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 320-321

UNIT 11LESSON 3 321

9/3/14 12:02 PM

11.7 Relative Clauses with Where and When

6. The Artist (2011) takes place during the last years of silent films. People were losing interest
then.

Relative Clauses with When and Where

I remember the day when I first saw a lion in the wild.

We visited the region where the film was made.

7. The main character in The Artist is shocked one day. Actors are talking on the set that day.

1. Use where in a relative clause to describe a

place (for example, home, neighborhood,
city, country, place).

Istanbul is a city. Europe and Asia meet there.

Istanbul is a city where Europe and Asia meet.

2. Use when in a clause to describe a time (for

example, day, weekend, year, time).

Ill never forget last summer. Our team won the

championship then.
Ill never forget last summer when our team won
the championship.

3. Where and when can be used in identifying

and non-identifying relative clauses. They
can be omitted only in identifying relative
clauses.

Do you remember the first time when we met?

Do you remember the first time we met?

4. Be careful! Do not use a preposition in a

relative clause with where or when.

The late 1920s was the time when talking films

8. Today, there are a few silent film festivals. People show modern silent movies there.

PR ACTICE
7 Complete the blog with the words in the box. Some words can be used more than once.

You should visit Bollywood, where you can watch

movies being made.

meaningshowingwhenwhichwhere

replaced silent films.

The late 1920s was the time during when

Are you a new independent filmmaker starting out? Here are some tips to help you set up your

talking films replaced silent films.

5. Instead of where, you can use a preposition:
a. before which.
b. following the verb in the relative clause.

a. The apartment building in which I was born

no longer exists.
b. The apartment building which / that I was
born in no longer exists.

6. Instead of when, you can use a preposition

before which.

Last year was the year in which they got married.

movie and find a good location (1)

where

you can make your film.

First, think about what scenes you need to film. You should probably make a storyboard,
(2)

a series of drawings in (3)

you visualize your scenes.

You can draw sketches of scenes or use computer software to make it. The storyboard will help
you plan your film. Now you are ready to decide on your location and schedule.
To save money, think about places (4)

free. For example, perhaps you can use a warehouse, a field, a back alley, or a quiet restaurant.

6 Combine the sentences about silent movies. Use when, where, or a preposition with which.

Dont forget that you cant film in a location without permission. Be sure to

Add commas where necessary.

contact the owner first. You will need to be flexible about the hours

1. The history of film starts in the late nineteenth century. Movies had no sound then.

please add a
second WOL to
item #s 2-6 in
exercise 6.

(5)

The history of film starts in the late nineteenth century when

movies had no sound.

2. People wanted to go to a relaxing place. They could escape from their troubles there.

you might be able to film for

you will be at the location. A restaurant might let

you film for free in the middle of the night, but not at 6 p.m.
For more information (6)

you how to make a basic

film, visit www.GrExfilms.com.

3. Moviegoers saw silent movies in theaters. There were usually pianos or organs in the theaters.

www.grexfilms.com

4. In Brazilian theaters, singers stood behind the movie screens. They sang there.

5. The age of silent movies ended in the late 1920s. Talking movies became popular then.

322Relative

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 322-323

UNIT 11LESSON 3 323

9/3/14 12:02 PM

8 Look at the information and the notes in the filming schedule. Then complete the

9 Movies need extraspeople in the movie who do not speak. Complete the sentences

conversation between two production assistants on page 323.

about movie extras. Use the information in the box to write reduced relative clauses.

Preliminary Filming Schedule for The Talented Mr. Ripley

Day

Scene

Description

Location

Characters

Requirements

SHOOT DAY 1
9:0010:00

10

Tom Ripley gets off bus

Ischia Ponte, Italy

Tom, crowd

Bus

10:302:00

10

Tom introduces himself

to Richard and Marge

Bagno Antonio
(Antonio Beach)

Tom, Richard,
Marge, crowd

Bathing suits,
towels, shoes

Marges house

Tom, Richard,
Marge

Bottles, glasses

Marges house

Tom, Marge

Letter, perfume

BREAK FOR LUNCH

3:004:15

13

Tom, Marge and

Richard have drinks

4:156:00

30

Tom gives Marge a letter

6:007:15

31

Marge reads letter

1. A: Do you know

Marges house

when filming begins

please fix leading.

see page 300 for
an example of
correct leading.

letter

(film/begin) on the first day?

please fix leading.

see page 300 for
an example of
correct leading.

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 324-325

4. Be honest when you send the information

about your age.

.
.

bathing suits? (we/need)

10 EDIT. Read the text. Find and correct five more errors with relative clauses.
for lunch? (we/stop)

when

I will never forget how I felt the night where I saw the movie The Birds. I was watching
(Marges house/be).

B: I dont know. Ill check the location.

Clauses

7. Dont talk during filming. Extras

will have to leave and wont get paid.

B: Yes, well have lunch at 2:00.

7. A:
B:
8. A:
B:
9. A:
B:
10. A:
B:

3. You can sometimes find jobs

6. Being an extra is a job

You might be on set for up to 14 hours.

B: At 10:30. Theyre required in Scene 10.

6. A: Im not sure

Do you know?

(the bus scene/ happen)?

B: Bagno Antonio.

5. A: Do you have any idea

should get a professional photo made.

5. Extras usually use their own clothing. Make sure you have the particular clothes

3. A: Can you tell me

(Tom, Richard, and Marge/ meet?)

wanting to be an extra in a movie

2. Call photographers to find out how much they charge. Dont rely on the fees

B: Yes, at Ischia Ponte.

4. A: Do you remember

324Relative

1. Anyone

B: Yes, it starts at 9:00.

2. A: Do you know

Marge

Sometimes particular clothes are required for the scenes.

Information about your age and appearance is requested.
Photographers fees are posted on websites.
Extras should not talk on during filming.
Some people want to be an extra in a movie.
Some jobs are listed on movie studio websites.
The job requires long hours.

Can you remind me of the crowd scenes ______________ (the director / want) extras?
Yes, we need extra people for the scenes at Ischia Ponte and Bagno Ischia.
Do you know the hours ________________ (Tom / be) on camera today?
Most of the day. He's in scenes 10, 13, and 31.
The moment ___________________ (Tom / give) Marge the letter is always such a bad scene.
I know! It's a really serious part of the movie.
Are the actors and film crew staying on the island __________ (the film / take) place?
The actors are, but it's so expensive there that everyone else is staying somewhere else.

it on TV with my family in the house where grew up. The movie, is directed by Alfred
Hitchcock, was made many years ago; but to this day just thinking about it scares me to
death. Ill never forget the scariest moment in when the woman was locked in a room with
all the birds attacking her. My oldest brother, who wanting to be funny, started making
loud bird noises and moving his arms like wings. The shadows created by his moving arms
frightened me even more. Since then I have never been able to look at a lot of birds are sitting
on a telephone wire or on tree branches without getting scared. I will never forgive Alfred
Hitchcock, or my brother, for that.

UNIT 11LESSON 3 325

9/3/14 12:02 PM

11 APPLY. Complete the exercises.

Unit 11 Review the Grammar

A Think about a movie you remember well. Complete each sentence with a reduced relative
clause or a relative clause starting with where or when.
1. The movie,

, takes place

1 Read the paragraph. Then complete the statements with the correct relative pronoun: that,
who, when, where, which, or whose.

2. The main characters

seemed very real to me.

3. The place where

Shirin Neshat is a visual artist from Iran. She came from a wealthy family. She left Iran in
1974 at age 17 to study art in Los Angeles. Neshat now lives in New York and makes visual art,
photographs, and films. Her works look at the role of women in the Islamic world. In 2010 she
was named the Artist of the Decade by the Huffington Post. Her work explores womens identity,
religion, and human rights. Her works have been shown in many museums across the world,
including New York, Greece, and Istanbul. Neshat says that artists are there to bring hope and
become the voice of the people.

was
.

4. The scene when

5. The story
6. The music

is the most memorable.

made a big impression on me.
was

.
1. Shirin Neshat,

B Work in groups. Read your sentences aloud. Can the others in the group guess the movie?

is from a wealthy family, is a visual artist from Iran.

2. She left Iran

she was 17 years old, in order to study art.

3. Neshat,

work explores women in Islamic society, has made her famous.

4. Neshat makes different kinds of art,

5. Places

include photographs and films.

Neshats works have appeared include museums in the west and east.

6. Neshat,

many people find a source of hope, wants to speak for people

cant speak for themselves.

Charts
11.111.5,

2 Read about the use of images in class presentations. Add relative pronouns (that, which,

11.7

who, whose), when, or where to the clauses.

where

1. In classrooms, presentations are done by both instructors and students, images can be a
powerful teaching tool.
2. There was once a time presenters showed very few images.
3. Most people remember things they see better than things they listen to.

Please fix leading

for exercise 2. See
page 300 for an
example of correct
leading.

4. The images hold an audiences attention are the most successful.

5. During class presentations, are done in all kinds of classes, presenters use images in
different ways.
6. There are many presentations use still or moving images to illustrate a difficult concept.
7. Others use images encourage discussion and debate.
8. Sometimes a presenters goal is to surprise students with an image gets them to look at an
issue in a new way.

326Relative

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 326-327

Unit 11 Review the Grammar 327

9/3/14 12:02 PM

Review the Grammar

Charts
11.111.7

Unit 11

3 EDIT. Read an excerpt from a class lecture about the role of images in advertising. Find and
correct six more errors with relative clauses.
a

that
Images communicate meanings cant always be expressed as quickly in words. Thats why

images are so important in advertising. We see ads everywhere, and they affect us in ways in
we dont realize. For example, we might see an ad for a candy bar in a movie is shown at the
local theater. Maybe a few days later, were in the supermarket and we buy that candy bar,

Charts
11.111.6

5 LISTEN.
A Listen to the radio ad. What product is it advertising?

CD1-01

B Listen again. Then use the prompts in parentheses to

complete each sentence with a relative clause.

CD1-01

that we didnt plan to buy. When we put it into the shopping cart, we probably arent thinking

1. The coconut is a fruit

about the candy we saw it in the movie.

(What can coconuts provide you with?)

2. This tropical fruit,

Some people they think theyre not influenced by advertising because they dont buy products

of iron and other minerals.

from ads whom they see. They dont realize that ads dont usually lead us to act immediately.
This is the way ads work thoughthey put ideas in our heads which we act on later.

, is a great source
(How long have humans been using coconuts?)

3. Its the perfect drink for

on a hot
(Who is coconut milk the perfect drink for)?

summer day.

Consider this photo of someone selling flowers and other products in Thailand, floating

markets are common. What kinds of thoughts do you associate with the image? Do you think

4. Youll see coconut palm trees

this is a better advertising image for a travel company or for a company that sells products

.
(Where will you see coconut palms on a tropical island?)

made in Thailand?

5. The Hoolehua Post Office,

Hawaii.

, is in
(How many coconut postcards does the post office ship each year?)

6. Send some coconuts to your friends,

with such a tasty gift.

Charts
11.111.7

(How will your friends feel about the gift of coconuts?)

5 WRITE & SPEAK.

A Work in groups. Choose a product and create an ad for it. Include at least three relative
clauses.

a carperfumehiking bootsa smart phoneyour idea:

Try on a pair of our XXG6 boots, and youll love them. These boots, which are lightweight and waterproof, will be comfortable from the moment you put them on . . .

B Discuss one or two images that might be effective in your ad and explain why.
Wed like to illustrate our ad with a photo showing a hiker who is on a trail that goes through a
beautiful forest. The focus should be on the hikers boots . . .

328Relative

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 328-329

Unit 11 Review the Grammar 329

9/3/14 12:02 PM

Connect the Grammar to Writing

1 READ & NOTICE THE GRAMMAR. Complete the exercises.
A Have you recently seen a movie that had a big impact on you? Exchange ideas with a
partner. Then read the review.

Movie Review:

The Deep

The Deep is a 2012 Icelandic film directed by Baltasar Kormkur. It is based on the true story of a
fisherman whose boat sank at sea in 1984.
Gulli, played by lafur Darri lafsson, is stranded in freezing cold waters after he survives
an accident which sinks his fishing boat. In an instant, he changes from an ordinary person to a
man who must make a heroic effort to survive. The movie is a beautiful and moving reflection on
human endurance.
The whole movie does not take place only in the icy waters where Gulli floats and tries to swim
(although these are certainly the most dramatic parts). We also see many scenes of the town where
he lives, both before and after the accident. The gray colors and tough, weather beaten look of
everything really give viewers a taste of a different world; it is one in which people must work hard
and take great risks living. Scenes from
the real life event, shown at the end of
the film, add to the emotional impact.
The Deep reminds us of the
simple, and at times dangerous, lives
that many people must live and the
incredible choices that they sometimes
have to face. It will leave you with a
deep respect for Icelandic fishermen.
Unsurprisingly, Kormkur dedicated
the film to them.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Write a Movie Review

C Complete the chart with information from the review in exercise A. Discuss your answers with
a partner.
Title of movie:

The Deep

Year:

Director:
Main characters (and actors):

Plot/Story: An Icelandic fisherman must try to survive after his fishing boat capsizes.
Setting (place) or visual effects:
This is a powerful/effective movie because

2 BEFORE YOU WRITE. Complete the exercises.

A Work with a partner. Create a list of the three best movies that you have seen in the past
year. Help each other remember the director and main actors in each one.
B Choose one movie from your list and prepare to write a review of it. Make a chart such as the
one in exercise 1C and fill in as much information as you can.

3 WRITE two or three paragraphs about the movie that you chose. Tell the basic plot and
setting. What made the movie powerful or interesting? Use your chart from exercise 2B and the
review in exercise 1A to guide you.
Writing Focus

Discussing Plot in the Simple Present

When we discuss the plot (the basic storyline) of a movie or a novel, we usually use the
simple present. Even though we saw or read it in the past, the events in the story continue to
exist. Every time we watch the movie or read the novel, the same events will occur. Notice the
simple present in the first sentence of the plot summary:
Gulli, played by lafur Darri lafsson, is stranded in freezing cold waters after he survives
an accident which capsizes his fishing boat.

In this text, the writer uses the following relative clauses.

Subject relative clauses
to describe a noun
. . . an accident which capsizes his fishing boat.

to give extra information about a noun

Gulli, played by lafur Darri lafsson, is stranded in
freezing cold waters . . .
Object relative clauses
describe a noun
. . . the incredible choices that they sometimes
have to face.

4 SELF ASSESS. Underline the relative clauses in your review. Then use the checklist to
assess your work.

I used identifying and non-identifying subject relative clauses correctly. [11.1, 11.2]

I used relative clauses with whose, when, and where correctly. [11.3, 11.7]

I used object relative clauses correctly. [11.4, 11.5]

I used the simple present when describing the plot of the movie. [WRITING FOCUS]
B Read the movie review in exercise A again. Find and underline three more relative clauses
(including one reduced relative clause) and label what type each one is. Circle the noun
that the relative clause describes or gives extra information about.

330Relative

Clauses

51113_GE3_U11_294-331_rev03.indd 330-331

UNIT 11 CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO WRITING331

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