NATIONAL

TRIBOLOGY
CONFERENCE
24-26 September 2003

THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY

DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, TRIBOLOGY
2003 ISSN 1221-4590

221

TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE BASED

UNIVERSAL TRACTOR TRANSMISSION OIL
Joe Viintin, Boris Kran
University of Ljubljana, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering,
Center for Tribology and Technical Diagnostics, Bogisiceva 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
Universal Tractor Transmission Oil (UTTO) is multipurpose tractor oil
formulated for use in transmissions, final drives, wet brakes and hydraulic systems
of tractors employing a common oil reservoir. In the present work the development
of biodegradable vegetable based UTTO oil has been described. The properties of
formulated rapeseed and high oleic sunflower based oils were investigated in the
standard test procedures and compared with the commercially available mineral
UTTO oil. Tribological performances of the fluids were demonstrated by using SRV
high frequency test device, Four Ball test rig and FZG spur gear test. For final tests a
laboratory hydraulic system and a spur gear test rig were used.
KEY WORDS: biodegradable oils, vegetable oils, hydraulic oils, gear oils, oxidative stability.

1. INTRODUCTION
Increasing attention to the environmental issues
and more restrictive environmental regulations drives
the lubricant industry to increase the ecological
friendliness of its products. For the last three decades,
the industry has been trying to formulate
biodegradable lubricants with technical characteristics
superior to those based on mineral oils. Vegetable oils
are a candidate for replacement of mineral oils due to
their inherent biodegradability, and excellent
lubricity. Additionally, vegetable oils are renewable
resource, and their cost is reasonable compared with
that of other alternative biodegradable fluids.
The agricultural equipment is ideally suited to
use vegetable based lubricants, because it operates
close to the environment where lubricant can easily
come into contact with the soil, ground water and
crops. The opportunity exists to create a continuous
cycle in which the agricultural equipment is
lubricated by the oil from a plant growing in the field
being cultivated by that same equipment [5].
Universal Tractor Transmission Oil (UTTO) is
multipurpose oil widely used in agricultural and
working machines such as tractors, harvesters, etc. In
these vehicles, the multifunctional oil meet complex
requirements including cold starts, dirty environment,
water ingress, massive loads, etc.
The main functions of UTTO are [4, 6]:
Lubrication of transmission, differentials, and
final drive gears,
Transmitting power for steering and braking,

Implementing hydraulic drives,

Providing proper cooling and frictional properties
for wet brakes and power take-off clutches.
For all these demands, robust lubricant
performance is key to efficient operation free of
unexpected downtimes.

2. SAMPLE PREPARATION
2.1. Oil samples
Two different vegetable based UTTO oils were
formulated for the investigation, Fig 1.
The first formulation was based on the rapeseed
oil, while the second base stock was high oleic
sunflower oil (HOSO). The same additive system was
used for both formulations. The properties of these
two fully formulated vegetable based UTTO oils were
compared to the commercially available synthetic
ester UTTO and conventional mineral based UTTO.
Most tractor lubricants have a kinematic viscosity at
100C between 9 and 11mm2/s. This viscosity is
found to offer sufficient thickness to promote good
transmission protection and antisquawk performance,
yet still be of a suitable viscosity for the hydraulic
system. As shown by Table 1, the viscosity characteristics of all three ester based UTTO reveal them to be
thicker at 100C and have significantly higher viscosity index compared with the mineral based UTTO
labeled M.

NATIONAL
TRIBOLOGY
CONFERENCE
24-26 September 2003

222

THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY

DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, TRIBOLOGY
2003 ISSN 1221-4590

Table 1. Test oils.

Base stock

Oil type

Kinematic viscosity [mm /s]

visc. at 40C visc. at 100C

IV

Oil
code
R

Rapeseed oil

Biodegradable UTTO

48.8

10.4

209

High oleic sunflower oil

Biodegradable UTTO

51.4

10.6

203

Synthetic ester

Biodegradable UTTO

51.3

10.9

211

Mineral oil

Mineral UTTO

55.1

9.2

150

The vegetable oils are composed of triglicerydes

of various fatty acids.
Table 2 shows the fatty acid composition of the
base stocks for test formulations. High oleic sunflower
oil (HOSO) possesses the 72.2% of oleic acid and less
than 20 % of polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic
and linolenic acid. Considering that the susceptibility
to oxidation is correlated with the number of double
bonds in the fatty acid chain then the high oleic
sunflower oil has the potential for better oxidative
stability than rapeseed oil with 49.1 % of oleic acid
and more than 40% of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Fatty acid content

[%]

Table 2. Fatty acid composition of test vegetable base

stocks.
Rapeseed
HOSO
oil
Palmitic,
C 16:0
6.1
4.7
Stearic,
C 18:0
2.5
3.7
Oleic,
C18:1
49.1
72.2
Linoleic, C 18:2
32.2
17.0
Linolenic, C 18:3
6.9
/
Other
3.2
2.0
C X:Y fatty acid chain of length X and containing Y
double bonds; e.g. C 18:3 is an 18-carbon chain
fatty acid with three double bonds

2.3. Additives
The ED-XRF spectrometry has been used to obtain
the elemental composition of additives for test oils. It
can be seen from figure 1 that the elemental composition of additives is quite similar for the fully formulated vegetable based oils R and S, and reference synthetic ester E. The reference mineral based oil M contains significantly higher level of phosphorous, calcium
and sulphur than ester based oils. Zinc and phosphorous are parts of AW/EP additive package, while
calcium is a typical element in a detergent additive.
Ester based oils are generally lower additivated
than mineral oils because they posses good lubricating
properties due to their polar nature. This provides
good metal wetting attraction and also makes them
good solvents for sludge and dirt, which would
otherwise deposit on the metal surfaces. Because of
these properties, it may be possible to reduce the
amount of friction modifiers, antiwear agents, and

dispersants required, by formulating natural or

synthetic ester based lubricants.
Elemental composition [%m/m]

2.2. Base fluids

0.66

0.35
0.3

Ca

Zn

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
R

Oil

Fig. 1. Elemental analysis of test oils.

3. TEST EQUIPMENT AND

PROCEDURES
3.1. Oxidation stability
The oxidation performance of test oils is
demonstrated by a modified Baader test according to
DIN 51 554, Part 2. Test oils are aged for three days
in a glass vessel at temperature of 95C while dry air
is introduced and a copper wire is immersed
periodically. At the end of the test the viscosity
increase by oxidation must not exceed 20 %.

3.2. Friction and wear measurements

Initial testing was conducted on the SRV high
frequency test device and on the four-ball wear tester
under boundary lubrication conditions.
SRV is a high frequency, linear-oscillation test
device. The upper test specimen is rubbed against a
lower specimen, on which a few milligrams of test oil
is placed. The upper specimen is a ball made of the
steel AISI 52100 (100Cr6), while the lower specimen
is a 100Cr6 disc. The friction and wear test similar to
DIN 51 834 was run at 50Hz frequency and 1mm
stroke. After a 30 second break-in at 10N, the normal
load is raised to 27N and run at that load for two
hours. The coefficient of friction is continuously
recorded on a chart. The main, highest and lowest
values on the chart are reported. After test, the
average wear scar diameter on the ball specimen is
measured with the aid of a microscope.

NATIONAL
TRIBOLOGY
CONFERENCE
24-26 September 2003

Four-ball is a simple test rig for testing the antiwear properties of lubricating oils. Three stationary
12.7mm diameter chrome alloy bearing steel balls are
clamped together and pressed with a force against the
upper one, which is held in the ball chuck and rotates
at a defined speed. The balls are immersed in the test
oil. The load of 392N is applied to the balls by
weights on a load lever. The test run was carried out
at 1500 rpm with test duration of 60min. The test oil
temperature of 65C was the requirement of the OEM
specification Massey Ferguson M1139. For test 10-12
ml of test oil is used in each run. The wear scar
diameter that the rotating makes on the fixed balls was
measured at the end of the test using an optical
microscope. The test measures only sliding wear.

3.3. Gear tests

Universal tractor transmission oil has to provide
satisfactory AW/EP performance to protect gearbox,
differential, and final drive gears in the tractor
transmission system. Scuffing load capacity, pitting
resistance, and slow-speed wear performance of test
oils were demonstrated by using the FZG back-toback gear test rig. Tests are based on a failure of a
standard gear set, lubricated with the test oil under
specific test conditions.
The scuffing performance is determined in a standard FZG test procedure A/8.3/90 according to DIN
51354. Test gears type A are used at pitch line velocity of 8.3m/s and 90C oil inlet temperature. The load
is increased in stages (3534Nm) with a running time
of 15min until scuffing occurs. Twenty millimetres of
pinion tooth scuffing indicate test failure. Results are
reported in terms of the number of passed stages.
The pitting performance is evaluated in a pitting
test C/8.3/90, running C type test gears at 8.3 m/s
pitch line velocity and 90C oil inlet temperature. A
run-in of 2 h in load stage 6 (135 Nm) is followed by
the test run in load stage 9 (302 Nm) until the failure
criterion is reached. The number of pinion load cycles
causing damage of tooth flanks is recorded.
The contact stress of the planetary gears used in
tractor is simulated in the FZG test rig. The conditions
for slow-speed wear test are chosen on the basis of
appropriate calculations based on film thickness and
lubrication regime in which equipment operates [8].
Practically designed C type test gears are run at low
speed of 0.35 and 0.2m/s, causing thin lubricating
film, at 120C and FZG load stage 10 (373Nm). The
weight loss of pinion and gear is determined after 20
hours and after a total running time of 50 hours. The
test gear weight loss associated with wear indicates
the lubricant antiwear performance.

THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY

DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, TRIBOLOGY
2003 ISSN 1221-4590

223

load of the mineral and rapeseed based oils applied in

the eight agricultural machines. The thermal load was
monitored with a temperature recording system as
share of operating hours in three four-temperature
classes (below 60C, 60 to 80C, 80 to 100C and
over 100C). At the end of the investigation period the
machines had in all more than 45 000 operating hours.
They found out that in all monitored tractors and
wheel loaders the rate of hydraulic oil temperatures
over 80C was lower than 10 %. In this study selected
oils were tested in a laboratory hydraulic system at
constant oil temperature of 70C and in a spur gear
test rig where oil temperature was maintained at 80C.

3.4.1. Laboratory hydraulic system test

UTTO is of vital importance for the performance
of tractor hydraulic system. It has to guarantee the
power and signal transmission, and the protection of
components against wear and corrosion. Behavior of
the high oleic sunflower oil formulation S and
commercial mineral UTTO M was comparatively
evaluated in the application-related laboratory
hydraulic system (Fig. 2)[12].

3.4. Subsystem tests

1 gear pump, 2 l/min; 2 directional valve;

3 pressure relief valve; 4 cylinder; 5 water
cooler; 6 filter, 10 m.
Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the laboratory hydraulic
system.

Vegetable based lubricants tend to oxidation,

especially if oil temperatures raise above 80C.
Remmele and Widmann [10] investigated the thermal

The tests were run simultaneously on the two

equal laboratory hydraulic systems for 2000 hours at
15MPa. The system oil volume was 15 liters and oil

224

NATIONAL
TRIBOLOGY
CONFERENCE
24-26 September 2003

tank temperature 70C. In regular time intervals oil

samples were taken and investigated for their change
in viscosity and total acid number (TAN).

3.4.2. Spur gear test system test

Gearings and the bearings are machine elements
that suffer high tribological stresses. A lubricant in
gear application is used to control friction and wear
between mating surfaces, and to transfer heat away
from the contact area. The gear protection
performance of high oleic sunflower oil formulation S
and mineral UTTO M were demonstrated in the
laboratory spur gear test system.

THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY

DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, TRIBOLOGY
2003 ISSN 1221-4590

gearbox. If we separate the debris from the oil, we can

identify and trend an abnormal wear condition without
tearing down the equipment. The method used for
quantitative evaluation of the wear particle
concentration in the test gearbox was Direct Reading
(DR) ferrography [3].

4. TEST RESULTS
4.1. Oxidation stability
The ester based oils R, S, and E gave higher
viscosity increase than the mineral based UTTO
labeled M, but all test oils were within the upper pass
limit of 10 % viscosity increase (Fig. 4).

1 electromotor; 2 test gearbox; 3 generator;

4 electric break
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the spur gear test system.

The laboratory spur gear test system is shown

on figure. 3. The AC drive motor runs a test gear-unit,
which is lubricated with the test oil. For load
simulation the DC generator and the electric brake are
used. The DIN CK60 pinion and DIN CK45 gear,
casehardened to 60-62HRC and non-undercut, are
used as test gears. These spur gears had a face width
of 30 mm, a normal module of 2.5mm, and 39 teeth
drive pinion meshing in a 1:1.1 ratio. The test rig was
running continuously at a constant load of
approximately 60Nm torque. Operating conditions are
chosen in a way that oil temperature be maintained in
the range of 78-82C. A pair of test spur gears was
run until the signs of lubricant degradation were
observed.
During the tests in the laboratory systems oil
samples were continuously investigated for their
change in viscosity and total acid number (TAN). It is
generally agreed that viscosity is the single most
important physical property of any lubricating oil.
Normally a 10 % increase over the viscosity of unused
oil is a warning that the oil is reaching the end of its
useful life. Another strong indicator of oil degradation
is monitoring TAN increase. As lubricants break
down they generally form acid by products which can
be corrosive to metal components. A change of more
than 2.0 mg KOH/g in acidity over the original value
is a warning of lubricant deterioration.
Kinematic viscosities were determined at 100C
according to the ASTM D 445 using a Cannon-Fenske
capillary viscometer. Total acid numbers were
determined following the ASTM D 664 using the
titrimetric analyser Mettler DL25.
The condition of the mechanical elements in
the gearbox was determined with wear particle
analysis. Wear particles contained in the lubricating
oil carry detailed and important information about the
condition of the oil-wetted components in the

2.9
2.5

E
0.8

Kinematic viscosity change [%]

Fig. 4 Oxidation performance.

Due to the lower unsaturation, the high oleic
sunflower formulation S results in a better oxidation
stability with respect to the rapeseed oil formulation
R, Table 2.

4.2. Friction and wear measurements

Figure 5 shows SRV friction test results.

Coefficient of friction

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
R

Oil

Fig. 5 Coefficient of friction measurements.

The highest, the lowest and the mean values of
coefficient of friction recorded in a computer database
during two hours test are reported. From the figure 5,
it can be seen that ester based oils R, S, and E exhibit
less friction than mineral based oil M. The coefficient
of friction for oil M is of the highest value, but small

NATIONAL
TRIBOLOGY
CONFERENCE
24-26 September 2003

difference between maximum and minimum value

points out a very constant friction with time.
In figure 6 the wear results from the SRV are
plotted against the wear from the four ball tester.
E
0.4

0.3

M
0.2
0.1
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
R

0.5

Figure 10 represents kinematic viscosity and

neutralization number for high oleic sunflower oil
formulation S and mineral based oil M.

Weight reduction [mg]

25

The results of scuffing investigations are shown

on Fig. 7. High oleic sunflower formulation S is rated
at higher scoring load capacity and gave the 11th stage
pass. Other test oils R, E, and M gave the 10th stage
pass and also meet the requirements for UTTO oils
which generally exhibit a scuffing load stage between
9 11 [7].
Next, the pitting performance was investigated.
As shown in figure 8, all ester based oils show better
pitting resistance than mineral based oil M. High oleic
sunflower formulation S demonstrates very good
pitting performance with 27 106 cycles.
stage pass
10

10

400
300
200
100

15
10
5

20

40

60

Working hours

Fig. 9 Low speed FZG wear evaluation.

S, viscosity
S, TAN

M, viscosity
M, TAN

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

11

20

Viscosity @ 100C [mm /s]

TAN [mgKOH/g]

10

4.4. Laboratory hydraulic system test

4.3. Gear tests

500

Fig. 8 Pitting test results.

Fig. 6 SRV and four ball wear results.

High oleic sunflower oil formulation S exhibits
almost the same wear scar diameter on the SRV as
rapeseed oil formulation R, but less wear on four ball.
Synthetic ester E shows the higher wear rate than
vegetable based oils, especially on SRV. The mineral
oil M exhibits improved wear properties over the ester
type oils.

S
Oil

Four Ball wear scar diameter [mm]

Scuffing torque [Nm]

225

The plots of figure 9 show the weight loss of

pinion and gear after 20 and 50 working hours.
During the test the wear rate decreased for all
lubricants. The results of slow-speed wear
investigations indicate no significant difference in
wear rate among the test oils.

Load cycles of pinion x E6

SRV wear scar diameter [mm]

0.5

THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY

DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, TRIBOLOGY
2003 ISSN 1221-4590

500

1000

1500

2000

Working hours

Oil

Fig. 7 Scuffing load capacity.

Fig. 10. Change of physical and chemical

oil parameters in a laboratory hydraulic system at oil
sump temperature of 70C.

NATIONAL
TRIBOLOGY
CONFERENCE
24-26 September 2003

226

After initial shear-down, the viscosity is stable for

both oils, showing no evidence of oxidatively induced
thickening. The acid number for mineral oil M is quite
stable, while TAN for high oleic sunflower oil S was
slightly increased during the 2000 hours steady-state
test. Since an increase in acid number by a factor of
two is allowed before the oil is to be replaced, both
test oils pass in this respect.

4.5. Spur gear test system test

The top lines on the graph in figure 11 represent
kinematic viscosity of the high oleic sunflower oil S
and mineral based oil M, measured at 100C. After
initial shear-down the kinematic viscosity for high
oleic oil S is stable until 700 working hours when first
slight and than strong increase was observed. The
bottom TAN line for oil S shows three distinct
sections: initial rise is followed by the stable value
until rapid increase starting at approximately 750
operating hours indicates the oil deterioration. The
results for mineral oil M appear normal. The
kinematic viscosity and acid number have all
remained stable during the whole running time.

M, viscosity
M, TAN

18

over the
critical value

Viscosity @100C [mm /s]

TAN [mg KOH/g]

S, viscosity
S, TAN

15
12
9
6
3
0
0

150

300

450

600

750

900

Working hours

Fig. 11. Change of physical and chemical oil

parameters in a spur gear test system at oil sump
temperature of 80 C.

1000

WPC

S
M

100

10
0

150

300

450

600

750

Working hours

Figure 7. Trend values for WPC.

900

THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY

DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, TRIBOLOGY
2003 ISSN 1221-4590

Figure 12 shows the wear particle concentration

(WPC) which is trended over time. The WPC value
shows an initial rise through a running-in process,
during which the quantity of wear particles quickly
increases and then settles to a lower value when a
normal wear period begins. The WPC values for both
test oils were relatively constant, because the gearbox
wear reached a state of equilibrium in which the
particle loss rate equals the particle production rate.
No excessive wear was observed, which indicates that
the effective lubrication in the gearbox is maintained
during the operation.

5. DISSCUSION
Vegetable oils are by their chemical nature long
chain fatty acid triesters of glycerol. The alcohol
component (glycerin) is the same in all vegetable oils.
The fatty acid components are plant-specific and
therefore variable. The fatty acids differ in chain
length and number of double bonds. Main fatty acids
with double bonds are linolenic, linoleic and oleic.
The oxygen absorption rate is 800:100:1 respectively,
therefore less double bonds in a carbon chain result in
better oxidation stability [9]. Oxidation performance
results presented in Fig. 4 are in good agreement with
these data.
Vegetable based oils have excellent viscosity
properties. Their viscosity indexes (VI) exceed 200,
while VI for mineral UTTO equals 150, Table 1. The
higher VI allows the formation of the thicker
lubrication film and better separation of the contact
surfaces at working temperatures [1]. The UTTO oils
are of the same ISO grade viscosity, however pitting
resistance test shows a great differentiation in the
results. Beside the lubricant viscosity, great influence
on the pitting resistance has lubricant base stock,
while the additive type and concentration have only a
minor influence. The pitting test results also follow
the SRV investigations. The FZG pitting test conditions correspond to a Hertzian point contact pressure
of 1.65GPa, while contact pressure at start on the
SRV test was 1.5GPa. The higher number of cycles
until failure for the high oleic sunflower oil
formulation S in FZG pitting test is thus a function of
the lower sliding friction at the point of contact, lower
temperature, and consequently, lower tangential
stresses on the surface, which can efficiently prevent
fatigue failure associated with surface-initiated cracks
[2].
Wear particle concentration of mineral based oil
on spur gear test system was found to be lower
compared to the high oleic sunflower oil formulation,
(Fig. 12). Mineral oil also resulted in the lowest wear
on the SRV wear test (Fig. 5). These data quite follow
the results of the published wear studies under
boundary lubrication conditions [11]. This
phenomenon is explained by competition between
polar base oil ester molecules and polar AW/EP
additives for the same space on the metal surface.

NATIONAL
TRIBOLOGY
CONFERENCE
24-26 September 2003

Insufficient quantity of AW/EP additives on the

surface resulted in thermally decomposition of ester
molecules attached in the contact surface. The organic
acids are created which directly attack the uncovered
metal surfaces and create an easily sheared and very
soft oxide layer that reduces friction and prevents
seizure, but also accelerates the rate of wear [12].

6. SUMMARY
The following conclusions can be derived from
this study:
Ester based oils show lower friction coefficient
than higher additivated mineral based oils, but
promote higher wear.
FZG gear test rig results show that gear
protection properties of the vegetable based oils are
better or equivalent than of the mineral based UTTO.
FZG pitting resistance investigations show
significantly better results for the ester based oils,
especially for the high oleic sunflower oil
formulation. Better FZG test results for vegetable
based oils are in the relation with the relatively short
test times, where oil ageing hardly occurs.
Laboratory hydraulic system test results show
that the high oleic sunflower oil formulation could
match mineral based UTTO for applications where
operating temperatures are reasonable (70 C in
steady state).Investigations in a spur gear test rig
show better thermal oxidative stability for mineral
UTTO compared to the high oleic sunflower oil
formulation. High oleic sunflower UTTO provides
sufficient gearbox lubrication for 700 operating hours
at the maintained oil temperature in the range of 78 to
82C.

THE ANNALS OF UNIVERSITY

DUNREA DE JOS OF GALAI
FASCICLE VIII, TRIBOLOGY
2003 ISSN 1221-4590

227

REFERENCES
1.
Arnsek A., Vizintin J., 2000, Lubrication properties of
rapeseed-based oils, Lubr. Sc., Vol.16(4), pp. 281-296.
2.
Arnsek A., Vizintin J., 2000, Pitting Resistance of
rapeseed-based oils, Proc. of the 12th Int. Coll. Tribology, TAE,
pp. 143-148.
3.
Basic Analytical Ferrography, 1999, Concepts of
Ferrography. Predict DLI.
4.
Boschert T., McCombs T., 2002, Outstanding in their
field, LubesnGreases,Vol.8(5), pp. 44-49.
5.
Gapinski R. E., Joseph I.E., Layzell B. D., 1994, A
vegetable oil based tractor lubricant, Int. off-highway & power
plant congress & exposition, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
6.
Gapinski R. E., Kernizan C. F., Joseph I. E., 2000,
Improved gear performance through new tractor hydraulic fluid
technology, Proc. 12th Int. Coll. Tribology, TAE, pp. 2269-2276.
7.
Hubmann A., 1994, Chemie pflanzlicher le, Proc. of the
9th Int. Coll. Ecological and Economic Aspects of Tribology, TAE.
8.
OConnor B. M., Winter H., 1992, Use of low speed FZG
test methods to evaluate tractor hydraulic fluids, Engine Oils and
Automotive Lubrication, Expert Verlag, pp. 661-686.
9.
Ravasio N., Zaccheria F., Gargano M., Recchia S., Fusi,
A., Poli N., Psaro R., 2001, Environmental friendly lubricants
through selective hydrogenation of rapeseed oil over supported
copper catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General 233:1-6.
10. Remmele E., Widmann B., 1998, Hydraulic Fluids based
on rapeseed oil in agricultural machinery suitability and
environmental impact during use, Proc. 11th Int. Coll. Industrial
and Automotive Lubrication, TAE, pp. 179-187.
11. Rieglert J., 1997, Lubricating performance of environmentally adapted hydraulic fluids, PhD thesis, Lulea University of
Tech., Sweden.
12. Sraj R., Vizintin, J., Svoljsak M., Feldin M., 2000,
Rapidly biodegradable hydraulic fluids on the basis of rapeseed
oil, Lubr. Eng. Vol. 56(4), pp.34-39.