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Relay Curve Protection

There are two main types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time overcurrent. Instantaneous relays operate very quickly for high fault currents close to the source, while time overcurrent relays have an adjustable time delay that depends on the current level. Protection of radial systems uses time overcurrent relays with coordinated time settings so that relays closest to a fault operate first and relays further away have a time delay to allow clearing before operating. Ground current relays can also be used to detect ground faults by monitoring current in the neutral or ground line.

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49 views5 pages

Relay Curve Protection

There are two main types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time overcurrent. Instantaneous relays operate very quickly for high fault currents close to the source, while time overcurrent relays have an adjustable time delay that depends on the current level. Protection of radial systems uses time overcurrent relays with coordinated time settings so that relays closest to a fault operate first and relays further away have a time delay to allow clearing before operating. Ground current relays can also be used to detect ground faults by monitoring current in the neutral or ground line.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Sadda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ProtectiveRelays

ELEE606 ProtectiveDevices ProtectiveRelays HydroCircuitProtection


DirectionalOCRelaysVoltageRelaysDifferentialRelaysImpedanceRelaysPilotProtection

OvercurrentRelays
NEMAnumbers5150
Overcurrentrelaysareusedforprotectionoflines,transformer,generators,andmotors.
PrincipleofOvercurrentProtection

Therearetwotypesofovercurrentrelays
instantaneousNEMA#50
timeovercurrentNEMA#51

InstantaneousRelaysoperatewithoutintentionaltimedelay.Theyareusedforfaultsclosetothesourcewhenthefaultcurrentisveryhigh.Theoperatingtimeis
approximately10ms.Theconstructionoftheinstantaneousrelaysisusuallymovingarmature,plunger,orinductiondisk.

Animportantcharacteristicofaninstantaneousrelayisadropoutratio.

Dropoutratioisusuallylessthan1.

TimeOvercurrentRelaysoperatewithatimedelay.Thetimedelayisadjustable.Foragivensetting,theactualtimedelaydependsonthecurrentthroughtherelaycoil.
Ingeneral,highercurrentwillcauseafasteroperationoftherelay.Theminimumcurrentatwhichtherelayoperates(pickupcurrent)isalsoadjustable.

TypicalCharacteristicsofanOvercurrentRelay
Timeovercurrentrelayscomeinfivedifferentversionsthataredefinedbythesteepnessofthetimeovercurrentcharacteristic:
definitetime

Dropoutratioisusuallylessthan1.

TimeOvercurrentRelaysoperatewithatimedelay.Thetimedelayisadjustable.Foragivensetting,theactualtimedelaydependsonthecurrentthroughtherelaycoil.
Ingeneral,highercurrentwillcauseafasteroperationoftherelay.Theminimumcurrentatwhichtherelayoperates(pickupcurrent)isalsoadjustable.

TypicalCharacteristicsofanOvercurrentRelay
Timeovercurrentrelayscomeinfivedifferentversionsthataredefinedbythesteepnessofthetimeovercurrentcharacteristic:
definitetime
moderatelyinverse
inverse
veryinverse
extremelyinverse

Themostcommonlyusedovercurrentrelayincorporatesboth,theinstantaneousunitandthetimeovercurrentunit.Theinstantaneousresponseisprovidedbyamoving
armatureunit.Itspurposeistooperateonverylargecurrents.Theinversetimeresponseisprovidedbyaninductiondiskunitandissettooperateforlowerfaultcurrents.

Theinductiondiskunitoperatesonthesameprincipleasinductionmotor.Themetaldiskismountedonashaftthatcanfreelyrotate.Thecurrentcoilsarefixed.They
createmagneticfieldthatinduceseddycurrentsinthemetaldisk.Themagneticfieldoftheeddycurrentsinteractswiththemagneticfieldofthestationarycoilsand
producetorqueonthedisk.Thediskanditsshaftrotateandbringthemovingcontacttowardsthefixedcontactintoaclosedposition.Themotionoftheshaftisopposed
byaspringthatreturnsthediskandthemovingcontactintotheopenpositionwhenthecurrentdropsbelowapresetvalue.Thetimetoclosethecontactdependsonthe
contacttraveldistancewhichissetbyatimedial.Thepickupcurrentisadjustablebyselectingcurrenttapsonthecurrentcoil.Therelaysarenormallyavailablewith
threerangesofcurrenttaps:0.5to2.0A,1.5to6.0A,and4to16A.Thetimedialhasusuallypositionsmarkedfrom0to10,wherefor0settingthecontactis
permanentlyclosed.
ConnectionofOvercurrentRelaystothePowerSystem

contacttraveldistancewhichissetbyatimedial.Thepickupcurrentisadjustablebyselectingcurrenttapsonthecurrentcoil.Therelaysarenormallyavailablewith
threerangesofcurrenttaps:0.5to2.0A,1.5to6.0A,and4to16A.Thetimedialhasusuallypositionsmarkedfrom0to10,wherefor0settingthecontactis
permanentlyclosed.
ConnectionofOvercurrentRelaystothePowerSystem

ProtectionofRadialSystemsbyOvercurrentRelays
Consideracaseofaradiallinesupplyingthreestationsasshown:

Theprotectionmustsatisfytheserequirements:
a)undernormalconditionsthebreakersarenottripped
b)underfaultconditionsonlythebreakersclosesttothefaultonthesourcesideare
tripped
c)iftheclosestbreakerfailstooperate,thenextbreakerclosertothesourceshouldtrip.
Forexample:forafaultatF3,breakerB2shouldtrip,andB1andB0shouldremainclosedsothatpowercanbestilldeliveredtoloadsonbuses0,1,and2.Onlyif
breakerB2failstotrip,B1shouldtripafteratimedelay.B0shouldstillremainclosed.
Inaradialsystem,thefaultcurrentdecreasesasthedistancefromthesourceincreases.Thusthefaultcurrentwillbethehighestforafaultclosetobus0,andthelowest
forafaultpastbus2.
LetsassumeafaultatF3.TherelaysatbreakerB2mustoperateforthisfault.TherelaysatB1willalsodetectthefault,buttheremustbeadelayintheiroperationto
allowthebreakerB2tripfirst.

LetsassumeafaultatF3.TherelaysatbreakerB2mustoperateforthisfault.TherelaysatB1willalsodetectthefault,buttheremustbeadelayintheiroperationto
allowthebreakerB2tripfirst.

T2=pickuptimeofrelaysatB2forafaultatF2
T2=pickuptimeofrelaysatB1forafaultatF2
T3=pickuptimeofrelaysatB2forafaultatF3
T3=pickuptimeofrelaysatB1forafaultatF3
(T3T3)and(T2T2)mustbelargeenoughtoallowtherelaysatB2operateandthebreakerB2tripandclearthefaultbeforerelaysatB1canoperate.Itmustalso
allowforovertraveloftherelaysatB1.

GroundCurrentRelays
Duringbalancedconditions,currentthroughtheneutralis0.Ifthereisanunbalancedfault(onephaseortwophasetogroundfault)thecurrentthroughneutralisnolonger
zero.Presenceofcurrentintheneutralindicatesthatthereisafaultpresent.Groundcurrentrelayscanbesettoquitelowvaluestodetectthiscurrentandoperate.
Example:
Undernormalconditions,thethreephasecurrentsarebalancedandthecurrentintheneutral(orground,iftheneutralisgrounded)addstozero:

IfthereisafaultonphaseA,thecurrentinphaseAwillincrease,whiletheothertwophasecurrentswillremainthesame.Thecurrentintheneutralnownolongeraddsto
zero:

Exampleofatypicaltimeovercurrentcharacteristicofatimeovercurrentrelay:

Exampleofatypicaltimeovercurrentcharacteristicofatimeovercurrentrelay:

ProtectiveRelays HydroCircuitProtection
DirectionalOCRelaysVoltageRelaysDifferentialRelaysImpedanceRelaysPilotProtection

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