1.

The World Trough our Senses

I. Sensory Organs and its Stimuli
a) Eyes
- Light
b) Ears
- Sound
c) Skin
- Pressure, Heat, Cold, Pain
d) Nose
- Chemicals
e) Tongue
- Chemicals

II. Sense of touch (skin) and

pain,pressure,hot,cold.

III. Sense of smell (nose) and chemical vapour

- The sensory receptors are sensitive to chemicals in

the air and they
are located in the upper nasal cavity and covered with
mucus.

IV. Sense of Hearing (ear) and Sound

- The path taken by the sound waves from the ears to

the brains
(mechanism of hearing) is as the following :

- The eustachian tube and the semicircular canals are

not involved in
the hearing mechanism.

V. Sense of Sight (eyes) and Light

- The eye is made up of three layers :
a) sclera (outer layer)
b) choroid (middle layer)
c) retina (innermost layer)

- The parts of eye that help the focus the light onto the
retina are :
a) the cornea
b) the aqueous humour
c) the lense
d) the vitreous
- The light path in human eyes :

- Functions of the different parts of the eye :

VI. Stimuli and Responses in Plants

- Plants respond to stimuli in two ways :
a) Tropisms
b) Nastic movements

- Nastic movements are responses to stimuli which

come from any
direction and these responses do not depend on the
direction of
stimuli.

2. Nutrition
I. Classes of Food and Balance Diet

a) Carbohydrates
- Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
- There are three main types of carbohydrates :
1) starch
2) sugar
3) cellulose
- Types of food : rice, potato, sugar, bread and more.
b) Protein

- Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and

nitrogen.It also
contain phosphorus and sulphur.
- Types of food : fish, milk, meat, egg white and
nuts.
- Protein is required to build new cells or tissues.
a) For growth
b) To replaced damaged tissues.
c) Fats
- Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but the
ratios are
different from that of a carbohydrate.
- Types of food : palm oil, coconut oil, fish oil, butter
and more.
- Fat produce twice the amount of energy compared
to
carbohydrates of the same weight.
- Function of fat :
a) supplying energy and warmth
b) as an insulator of heat to reduce heat loss from
the body
c) protecting the internal organs such as the
kidneys and heart
d) dissolving certain vitamins in the body like
vitamin A, D, E and K
d) Vitamin
- Required in small amounts only for our health and
growth.
- Vitamin are classified into two groups :
a) Vitamins soluble in water
b) Vitamins
soluble in fat

Meaning of a balanced diet

- A balanced diet is made up of food that has all the
nutrients in the
right quantities.
- A balanced diet is necessary for :
a) supplying the right amount of energy
b) balanced body growth
c) maintaining the health of the body
d) preventing deficiency diseases such as scurvy and
rickets

Example of balanced diet

II. Human Digestive System - digestion and

absorption of

Food

End products of digestion

- Digestion of food is complete in the small intestine.
- The end products of digestion must be in the simplest
form that can
be readily absorbed into the small intestine through
the villi.

Absorption of the Products of Digestion

1. Absorption is a process when the end products of
digestion enter the bloodstream through the small
intestinal walls.
2. The inner surface of the small intestine is covered
with millions of

small projections (about 1mm long). These

projections are called
villi (plural for villus).
3. Food that has been digested into its simplest form is
absorbed by
the villi on the small intestinal walls into the
bloodstream.
4. The efficiency of absorption of digested food in the
small intestine
can be increased by :
a) more villi to increase surface area
b) villus with very thin walls, i.e. one-cell thick
c) has a network of blood capillaries

III. Reabsorption of Water and Defecation

Reabsorption of water
1. The main function of the large intestine is to
reabsorb water.
2. The substances that enter the large intestine consist
of water and
undigested food substances like cellulose from the
fibre of
vegetables and fruit (roughage).
3. Water is reabsorbed from these undigested food
substances.
Defaecation
1. Undigested food in the large intestine is expelled as
faeces
through the process of the defaecation
(defecation).
2. The faeces that reach the rectum are made up of
undigested food
substances. The faeces accumulate in the rectum.

3. When the rectum is full of faeces, it undergoes

peristalsis and
assisted byabdominal contraction, will push the
faeces through the
anus to be expelled.
4. If an individual has problem to empty the bowel,
he/she is said to
be constipated.
5. Constipation takes place because of the lack of
water and
roughage in the diet.

IV. Healthy eating habits

1. Healthy eating habits will help in maintaining a
healthy body.
2. Unhealthy eating habits cause various health
problems.
Table 9.8
Excessive or lack of
nutrients causes various
health problems.

Food pyramid :

Healthy living practices

1. We live in a caring society. Therefore, we should be
generous.
2. We should donate excess food to the poor and needy.
3. We should respect each others culture as Malaysia is
a multiracial
and multireligious country.

3. Biodiversity
Organism and Their Classification
Variety of Living Organisms and Their Classification
1. Biodiversity is the variety of different types of
organisms found on
the Earth.
2. The living things found on Earth are humans, animals
abd plants.
3. A living thing is known as an organism.
4. Animals and plants have various shapes, sizes and
habitats.
5. The differences that exist between the same species
of living
things are called variations.
Habitat of Living Things
1. A habitat is the natural place where a living lives.
2. Different animals and plants live in different habitats.

Classification of Animals based on Common

Characteristics
1. Animals can be classified based on common
characteristics.
2. Examples of classification of animals based on their
habitats and
their habitats and their breathing organs are shown
in Figure 10.2

Classification on Plants based on Common

Characteristics
1. Plants are also classified based on their common
characteristics.
2. Examples of the classification of plants based on
habitat, type of

stem, and method of reproduction are shown in

Figure 10.3 .

Constructing a system of Classification

1. A dichotomous key of identification is used to classify
organisms.
2. Pairs of opposite characteristics are used in the
identification key.
3. At each instance, a pair of opposite characteristics
are used.
4. The identification key is constructed following two
ways to identify
the following animals.

Cat
Bee

Eagle
Bat

a) Using Chart
b) Using Statements
System of Classification of Animals
- Animals can be classified into two groups :
a) Invertebrates (animals without backbones)
b) Vertebrates (animals with backbones)

Invertebrates
1. Invertebrates make up the most number of animals
in the world.
2. Most invertebrates live in water.
3. Some invertebrates have a hard external skeleton
protection; like the crab and the beetle.

Vertebrates
1. Warm-blooded vertebrates (homoio-thermic) have
fixed body
temperatures. Cold-blooded vertebrates (poikilothermic) have
body temperaturethat change according to the
temperature of
their surroundings.
2. Vertebrates can be classified into five main groups :
a) Fish

b) Mammals
c) Reptiles
d) Amphibians
e) Birds

4. Interdependence Among Living

Organisms
and the Environment
I. Interaction between Living Organisms
1. The organisms in a community interact with one
another to obtain food, shelter, transport, support and
many other necessities.
2. This interaction helps to ensure that a balanced
ecosystem is maintained.
3. There are different kinds of interaction in nature,
examples :
a) prey-predator
b) symbiosis

- Commensalism
- Parasitism
- Mutualism
c) Competition
d) Biological control

II. Photosynthesis, food chain and food web

Photosynthesis
- is a process that occurs in green plants, in which food
is made from
water and carbon dioxide in the presence of
chlorophyll and
sunlight.

2. The equation below shows the process of

photosynthesis.
Carbon
dioxide

Wate

chlorophyll
sunlight

glucose
Oxyg
(food)

3. The glucose produced is brought to other parts of the

plant to be
a) oxidised through the process of respiration to
provide energy.
b) stored as starch, if in excess.
4. Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll are
needed for
photosynthesis.
Food Chain

1. A food chain is an energy link showing how energy in

food is passed from plants (producers)
to animals
3
(consumers).
2. A food chain shows the interaction of several
organisms with each other is shown in Figure 11.12 .

Food Web
1. A food web consists of several food chains that are
interlinked.
2. The organisms in a food web interact with each
other.
3. Just as in a food chain, dead organisms in the food
webs are
decomposed by decompossers such as fungi and
bacteria.

III. Balance Ecosystem

1. An ecosystem consists of several communities that
interact with one another and with the physical
environment (non-living things such as water, air, soil,
light and mineral salts) .
2. For example :
a) a pond ecosystem
b) a tropical rainforest ecosystem

- Human beings are a part of the ecosystem that

depend on living
and non-living things for survival.
- Human beings interact with the ecosystem to obtain
needs and to
lead comfortable lives. Human activities bring about
an imbalance
and decline in the ecosystem. Human activities that
destroy the
balance of nature are :
a) Forestry/Logging
b) Industry
c) Housing
d) Fishing
e) Agriculture
f) Construction
g) Mining
h) Illegal hunting
- The large scale exploration of forests for agriculture,
industry,
settlement and infrastructure construction have
resulted in the loss
of wide forest tracts.

Environment Issues
- Human activities cause pollution and have raised the
following
environmental issues :
(a) the greenhouse effect
(b) the depletion (thinning) of the ozone layer
(c) acid rain

IV. Conservation and Preservation of Living

Organisms
1. Conserving and preserving living things is one way to
ensure that
our natural resources will last forever. In this way, we
can lead
comfortable lives because our resources are not
threatened.
2. The conservationand preservation of green plants in
a forest.
Step to conserve and preserve living things include :
a) establishing forest reserves and protected areas
b) replanting
c) establishing breeding centres and man-made
habitats for animal
facing extinction.
d) practise selective logging, that is cutting down only
old trees.
e) implementing laws to prevent illegal trade in plants
and animals.
f) implementing the National Forestry and Wildlife
Protection Acts.
Link of Refferal Websites
https://explorable.com/skin-senses-touch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system
http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/skin-touch
https://books.google.com.my/books?
id=lgqYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3IA1&dq=scie
nce+form+2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_vZWR8_XQAhUKRY
8KHWQoDsoQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=science%20form
%202&f=false