19.

Deflection

A. Immediate (Initial) Deflection

Initial or short-term deflection in midspan of continuous beam

2
5 M a Ln
i = K
48 Ec Ie

where Ma = support moment for cantilever or midspan moment for simple or cotinuous
beam

Ln = span length of beam

Ec = concrete modulus of elasticity

Ie = effective moment of inertia of cracked section

K = deflection coefficient for uniform distributed load w

1. Cantilever K = 2.40

2. Simple beam K = 1.0

M0
3. Continuous beam K = 1.2 0.2
Ma
4. Fixed-hinged beam

Midspan deflection K = 0.8

Max. deflection using K = 0.74

max. moment

5. Fixed-fixed beam K = 0.60

2
w Ln
where M0 =
8

Effective moment of inertia of cracked section

3
Mcr
Ie = Icr Ig Icr Ig
Ma

where

Icr = moment of inertia of cracked transformed section

Ig = moment of inertia of gross section

M cr = cracking moment

Page 148
Case of continuous beams

According ACI Code 9.5.2 for continuous span

Ie = 0.50 Im 0.25 Ie1 Ie2
Beams with both ends continuous

Ie = 0.70 Im 0.15 Ie1 Ie2
Beams with one end continuous

Ie = 0.85 Im 0.15 Icont.end

where

Im = midspan section Ie

Ie1 Ie2 = Ie for the respective beam ends

Icont.end = Ie of continuous end

Transformed Section

fc fs
c = = s =
Ec Es

Es
From which fs = f = n fc
Ec c
Es
where n= is a modulus ratio
Ec

Axial force

P = Ac fc As fs = Ac n As fc = At fc

where At = Ac n As = Ag ( n 1 ) As

is a transformed section

Ag = area of gross section

Cracking Moment

Iut fr
M cr = (exact expression)
yt

Page 149
Ig fr
M cr = (simplied expression)
yt

where

Iut = moment of inertia of uncracked transformed section At

Ig = moment of inertia of gross section Ag

fr = modulus of rupture

f'c f'c
fr = 7.5psi = 0.623MPa
psi MPa

yt = distance from neutral axis to the tension face

Moment of inertia of cracked section

Condition of strain compatibity

s dx dx
= s = u
u x x

Equilibrium in forces

C=T

fc x
b = As fs
2
Ec u b x dx
= As Es s = As Es u
2 x
2
b x = 2 n As ( d x )

Page 150
b x
2 2 n As ( d x )
=
2 2
b d b d
2
x = 2 n 1 x

d d
2
x 2 n x 2 n = 0

d d

x 2
= n ( n ) 2 n
d

Moment of inertia of cracked section

3
b x 2
Icr = n As ( d x )
3

B. Long-Term Deflection

Long-term deflection due to combined effect of creep and shrinkage

t = i =
1 50 '
A's
where ' =
b d

= time-dependent coefficient

Sustained load duration Value

________________________________________________

5 year and more 2.0

12 months 1.4

6 months 1.2

3 months 1.0

Page 151
C. Minimum Depth-Span Ratio

D. Permisible Deflection

Page 152
Example
Span length Ln 9.8m 60cm 9.2 m

Beam section b 300mm h 750mm

Bending moments M D.neg 419.34kN m M D.pos 319.33kN m

M L.neg 223.09kN m M L.pos 176.58kN m

2
( 25mm) 2
Steel re-bars As.sup 6 29.452 cm
4
2
( 25mm) 2
A's.sup 3 14.726 cm
4
2
( 25mm) 2
As.mid 5 24.544 cm
4
2
( 25mm) 2
A's.mid 3 14.726 cm
4

Materials f'c 25MPa

fy 390MPa

Solution

Modulus of rupture

f'c
fr 0.623MPa 3.115 MPa
MPa

Modulus ratio
5
Es 2 10 MPa
1.5
wc f'c
Ec 44MPa
kN 4
wc 24 2.587 10 MPa
m
3 kN MPa
m3
Es
n 7.732
Ec

Support section

Centroid of uncracked section

h
A1 b h y 1
2

d h 30mm 10mm 20mm 25mm

40mm
As As.sup 645 mm
2

Page 153
A2 n As y 2 d

A1 y 1 A2 y 2
y c 399.815 mm
A1 A2

Moment of inertia of gross section

3
b h
I1
12

2 2 6 4
Ig I1 A1 y 1 y c A2 y 2 y c 1.205 10 cm

Cracking moment

y t h y c 350.185 mm

Ig
M cr fr 107.228 kN m
yt

Location of neutral axis of cracked section

C=T

fc x
b = As fs
2
Ec u x b = 2 As Es s

Es dx
u x b = 2 As u
Eu x
2
b x = 2 As n ( d x )
2 As
x = 2 n 1 x 0.015

d d b d

2
x 2 n x 2 n = 0

d d

x d n
2
( n ) 2 n 246.092 mm

Moment of inertia of cracked section

3
b x 2 5 4
Icr A2 ( d x ) 5.114 10 cm
3

Effective moment of inertia of cracked section

M neg M D.neg M L.neg 642.43 kN m M a M neg

3
Mcr
Ig Icr Ig 5.146 10 cm
5 4
Ie1 min Icr

Ma

Page 154
Ie2 Ie1

Midspan section

Centroid of uncracked section

h
A1 b h y 1
2

d h 30mm 10mm 25mm

40mm
As As.mid 665 mm
2
A2 n As y 2 d
A1 y 1 A2 y 2
y c 397.557 mm
A1 A2

Moment of inertia of gross section

3
b h
I1
12

Ig I1 A1 y 1 y c 2 A2 y2 yc2 1.202 106 cm4
Cracking moment

y t h y c 352.443 mm
Ig
M cr fr 106.225 kN m
yt

Location of neutral axis of cracked section

C=T

fc x
b = As fs
2
Ec u x b = 2 As Es s

Es dx
u x b = 2 As u
Eu x
2
b x = 2 As n ( d x )
2 As
x = 2 n 1 x
0.012
d d b d

2
x 2 n x 2 n = 0

d d

x d n
2
( n ) 2 n 233.616 mm

Page 155
Moment of inertia of cracked section
3
b x 2 5 4
Icr A2 ( d x ) 4.806 10 cm
3

Effective moment of inertia of cracked section

M pos M D.pos M L.pos 495.91 kN m M a M pos

3
Mcr
g cr g 4.877 10 cm
5 4
Im min Icr
I I I
Ma

Calculation of deflection

Effective moment of inertia

5 4
Ie 0.70 Im 0.15 Ie1 Ie2 4.958 10 cm

Initial deflection due to dead and live loads

M a 495.91 kN m

M 0 M neg M pos 1138.34 kN m

M0
K 1.2 0.2 0.741
Ma
2
5 M a Ln
D+L K 25.259 mm
48 Ec Ie

Long-term deflection due to dead load

2
A's
A's A's.mid '
b d

1.461
1 50 '
M D.pos
D D+L 23.761 mm
M pos

Long-term deflection due to sustained live load

0.20 M L.pos
0.20L D+L 1.799 mm
M pos

Short-term deflection due to live load

Page 156
0.80 M L.pos
0.80L D+L 7.195 mm
M pos

Total deflection

D 0.20L 0.80L 32.755 mm

Permisible deflection

Ln Ln
19.167 mm 25.556 mm
480 360

Page 157