http://www.techpreparation.

com/computer-interview-questions/c-sharp-interview-questions-
answers2.htm

What's C# ?
C# (pronounced C-sharp) is a new object oriented language from Microsoft and is derived
from C and C++. It also borrows a lot of concepts from Java too including garbage
collection.

Is it possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code?

- No.

Is it possible to have different access modifiers on the get/set methods of a

property?
- No. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set accessors. What you
need to do if you want them to be different is make the property read-only (by only
providing a get accessor) and create a private/internal set method that is separate from
the property.

Is it possible to have a static indexer in C#? allowed in C#.

- No. Static indexers are not

If I return out of a try/finally in C#, does the code in the finally-clause run?
-Yes. The code in the finally always runs. If you return out of the try block, or even if you
do a goto out of the try, the finally block always runs:
using System;
class main
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine(\"In Try block\");
return;
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine(\"In Finally block\");
}
}
}

Both In Try block and In Finally block will be displayed. Whether the return is in the try
block or after the try-finally block, performance is not affected either way. The compiler
treats it as if the return were outside the try block anyway. If it’s a return without an
expression (as it is above), the IL emitted is identical whether the return is inside or
outside of the try. If the return has an expression, there’s an extra store/load of the value
of the expression (since it has to be computed within the try block).  

I was trying to use an out int parameter in one of my functions. How should I
declare the variable that I am passing to it?
You should declare the variable as an int, but when you pass it in you must specify it as
‘out’, like the following: int i; foo(out i); where foo is declared as follows:
[return-type] foo(out int o) { }

How does one compare strings in C#?

In the past, you had to call .ToString() on the strings when using the == or != operators to
compare the strings’ values. That will still work, but the C# compiler now automatically
compares the values instead of the references when the == or != operators are used on
string types. If you actually do want to compare references, it can be done as follows: if
((object) str1 == (object) str2) { } Here’s an example showing how string compares work:
using System;
public class StringTest
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Object nullObj = null; Object realObj = new StringTest();
int i = 10;
Console.WriteLine(\"Null Object is [\" + nullObj + \"]\n\"
+ \"Real Object is [\" + realObj + \"]\n\"
+ \"i is [\" + i + \"]\n\");
// Show string equality operators
string str1 = \"foo\";
string str2 = \"bar\";
string str3 = \"bar\";
Console.WriteLine(\"{0} == {1} ? {2}\", str1, str2, str1 == str2 );
Console.WriteLine(\"{0} == {1} ? {2}\", str2, str3, str2 == str3 );
}
}

Output:

Null Object is []
Real Object is [StringTest]
i is [10]
foo == bar ? False
bar == bar ? True

How do you specify a custom attribute for the entire assembly (rather than for a
class)?
Global attributes must appear after any top-level using clauses and before the first type or
namespace declarations. An example of this is as follows:
using System;
[assembly : MyAttributeClass] class X {}
Note that in an IDE-created project, by convention, these attributes are placed in
AssemblyInfo.cs.

How do you mark a method obsolete?

[Obsolete] public int Foo() {...}
or
[Obsolete(\"This is a message describing why this method is obsolete\")] public int Foo()
{...}
Note: The O in Obsolete is always capitalized.

How do you implement thread synchronization (Object.Wait, Notify,and

CriticalSection) in C#?
You want the lock statement, which is the same as Monitor Enter/Exit:
lock(obj) { // code }

translates to

try {
CriticalSection.Enter(obj);
// code
}
finally
{
CriticalSection.Exit(obj);
}

How do you directly call a native function exported from a DLL?

Here’s a quick example of the DllImport attribute in action:

using System.Runtime.InteropServices; \
class C
{
[DllImport(\"user32.dll\")]
public static extern int MessageBoxA(int h, string m, string c, int type);
public static int Main()
{
return MessageBoxA(0, \"Hello World!\", \"Caption\", 0);
}
}

This example shows the minimum requirements for declaring a C# method that is
implemented in a native DLL. The method C.MessageBoxA() is declared with the static and
external modifiers, and has the DllImport attribute, which tells the compiler that the
implementation comes from the user32.dll, using the default name of MessageBoxA. For
more information, look at the Platform Invoke tutorial in the documentation.

How do I simulate optional parameters to COM calls?

You must use the Missing class and pass Missing.Value (in System.Reflection) for any
values that have optional parameters. 

What do you know about .NET assemblies?

Assemblies are the smallest units of versioning and deployment in the .NET application.
Assemblies are also the building blocks for programs such as Web services, Windows
services, serviced components, and .NET remoting applications.
What’s the difference between private and shared assembly?
Private assembly is used inside an application only and does not have to be identified by a
strong name. Shared assembly can be used by multiple applications and has to have a
strong name. 

What’s a strong name?

A strong name includes the name of the assembly, version number, culture identity, and a
public key token.

How can you tell the application to look for assemblies at the locations other than
its own install?
Use the directive in the XML .config file for a given application.
< probing privatePath=c:\mylibs; bin\debug />
should do the trick. Or you can add additional search paths in the Properties box of the
deployed application.

How can you debug failed assembly binds?

Use the Assembly Binding Log Viewer (fuslogvw.exe) to find out the paths searched.

Where are shared assemblies stored?

Global assembly cache.

How can you create a strong name for a .NET assembly?

With the help of Strong Name tool (sn.exe). 

Where’s global assembly cache located on the system?

Usually C:\winnt\assembly or C:\windows\assembly.

Can you have two files with the same file name in GAC?
Yes, remember that GAC is a very special folder, and while normally you would not be able
to place two files with the same name into a Windows folder, GAC differentiates by version
number as well, so it’s possible for MyApp.dll and MyApp.dll to co-exist in GAC if the first
one is version 1.0.0.0 and the second one is 1.1.0.0.

So let’s say I have an application that uses MyApp.dll assembly, version 1.0.0.0.
There is a security bug in that assembly, and I publish the patch, issuing it under
name MyApp.dll 1.1.0.0. How do I tell the client applications that are already installed
to start using this new MyApp.dll?
Use publisher policy. To configure a publisher policy, use the publisher policy
configuration file, which uses a format similar app .config file. But unlike the app .config
file, a publisher policy file needs to be compiled into an assembly and placed in the GAC.

What is delay signing?

Delay signing allows you to place a shared assembly in the GAC by signing the assembly
with just the public key. This allows the assembly to be signed with the private key at a
later stage, when the development process is complete and the component or assembly is
ready to be deployed. This process enables developers to work with shared assemblies as if
they were strongly named, and it secures the private key of the signature from being
accessed at different stages of development.
Is there an equivalent of exit() for quitting a C# .NET application?
Yes, you can use System.Environment.Exit(int exitCode) to exit the application or
Application.Exit() if it's a Windows Forms app. 

Can you prevent your class from being inherited and becoming a base class for
some other classes?
Yes, that is what keyword sealed in the class definition is for. The developer trying to
derive from your class will get a message: cannot inherit from Sealed class
WhateverBaseClassName. It is the same concept as final class in Java.

Is XML case-sensitive?
Yes, so and are different elements.

If a base class has a bunch of overloaded constructors, and an inherited class has
another bunch of overloaded constructors, can you enforce a call from an inherited
constructor to an arbitrary base constructor?
Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate
constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class.

I was trying to use an "out int" parameter in one of my functions. How should I
declare the variable that I am passing to it?
You should declare the variable as an int, but when you pass it in you must specify it as
'out', like the following:
int i;
foo(out i);
where foo is declared as follows:
[return-type] foo(out int o) { }

How do I make a DLL in C#?

You need to use the /target:library compiler option.  

How do I simulate optional parameters to COM calls?

You must use the Missing class and pass Missing.Value (in System.Reflection) for any
values that have optional parameters.

Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred?
Yes.

What is the C# equivalent of C++ catch (…), which was a catch-all statement for
any possible exception? Does C# support try-catch-finally blocks?
Yes. Try-catch-finally blocks are supported by the C# compiler. Here's an example of a try-
catch-finally block: using System;
public class TryTest
{
static void Main()
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine("In Try block");
throw new ArgumentException();
}
catch(ArgumentException n1)
{
Console.WriteLine("Catch Block");
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine("Finally Block");
}
}
}
Output: In Try Block
Catch Block
Finally Block

If I return out of a try/finally in C#, does the code in the finally-clause run? Yes. The code
in the finally always runs. If you return out of the try block, or even if you do a "goto" out
of the try, the finally block always runs, as shown in the following
example: using System;
class main
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine("In Try block");
return;
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine("In Finally block");
}
}
}

Both "In Try block" and "In Finally block" will be displayed. Whether the return is in the
try block or after the try-finally block, performance is not affected either way. The compiler
treats it as if the return were outside the try block anyway. If it's a return without an
expression (as it is above), the IL emitted is identical whether the return is inside or
outside of the try. If the return has an expression, there's an extra store/load of the value
of the expression (since it has to be computed within the try block).

Is there regular expression (regex) support available to C# developers?

Yes. The .NET class libraries provide support for regular expressions. Look at the
documentation for the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace.

Is there a way to force garbage collection?

Yes. Set all references to null and then call System.GC.Collect(). If you need to have some
objects destructed, and System.GC.Collect() doesn't seem to be doing it for you, you can
force finalizers to be run by setting all the references to the object to null and then calling
System.GC.RunFinalizers().

Does C# support properties of array types?

Yes. Here's a simple example: using System;
class Class1
{
private string[] MyField;
public string[] MyProperty
{
get { return MyField; }
set { MyField = value; }
}
}
class MainClass
{
public static int Main(string[] args)
{
Class1 c = new Class1();
string[] arr = new string[] {"apple", "banana"};
c.MyProperty = arr;
Console.WriteLine(c.MyProperty[0]); // "apple"
return 0;
}
}

What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support?

Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via
Microsoft SQL Server username and passwords) 

What is a satellite assembly?

When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to
distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized
assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies.

How is method overriding different from overloading?

When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply
involves having a method with the same name within the class.

When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract (as opposed to free-
willed educated choice or decision based on UML diagram)?
When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract. When the class itself is inherited
from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been over-ridden.

Why would you use untrusted verification?

Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications.
What is the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class set
method?
Value, and its datatype depends on whatever variable we are changing.

How do I register my code for use by classic COM clients?

Use the regasm.exe utility to generate a type library (if needed) and the necessary entries
in the Windows Registry to make a class available to classic COM clients. Once a class is
registered in the Windows Registry with regasm.exe, a COM client can use the class as
though it were a COM class. 

How do I do implement a trace and assert?

Use a conditional attribute on the method, as shown below:
class Debug
{
[conditional("TRACE")]
public void Trace(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
}
class MyClass
{
public static void Main()
{
Debug.Trace("hello");
}
}

In this example, the call to Debug.Trace() is made only if the preprocessor symbol TRACE
is defined at the call site. You can define preprocessor symbols on the command line by
using the /D switch. The restriction on conditional methods is that they must have void
return type.

How do I create a multi language, multi file assembly?

Unfortunately, this is currently not supported in the IDE. To do this from the command
line, you must compile your projects into netmodules (/target:module on the C# compiler),
and then use the command line tool al.exe (alink) to link these netmodules together.

C# provides a default constructor for me. I write a constructor that takes a string
as a parameter, but want to keep the no parameter one. How many constructors
should I write?
Two. Once you write at least one constructor, C# cancels the freebie constructor, and now
you have to write one yourself, even if there is no implementation in

What is the equivalent to regsvr32 and regsvr32 /u a file in .NET development?

Try using RegAsm.exe. The general syntax would be: RegAsm. A good description of
RegAsm and its associated switches is located in the .NET SDK docs. Just search on
"Assembly Registration Tool".Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions.

Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous
and following transactions), Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no in-
between case where something has been updated and something hasnot), Isolated (no
transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values
persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after).

Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?

To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.

How do I create a multilanguage, single-file assembly?

This is currently not supported by Visual Studio .NET.

Why cannot you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?

They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false impression that
you have any freedom of choice, you are not allowed to specify any accessibility, it is
public by default.

Is it possible to restrict the scope of a field/method of a class to the classes in the

same namespace?
There is no way to restrict to a namespace. Namespaces are never units of protection. But
if you're using assemblies, you can use the 'internal' access modifier to restrict access to
only within the assembly. 

Why do I get a syntax error when trying to declare a variable called checked?
The word checked is a keyword in C#.

Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?

The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly
running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there. Five levels
range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities.

What is the syntax for calling an overloaded constructor within a constructor (this()
and constructorname() does not compile)?
The syntax for calling another constructor is as follows:
class B
{
B(int i)
{}
}
class C : B
{
C() : base(5) // call base constructor B(5)
{}
C(int i) : this() // call C()
{}
public static void Main() {}
}

Why do I get a "CS5001: does not have an entry point defined" error when
compiling?
The most common problem is that you used a lowercase 'm' when defining the Main
method. The correct way to implement the entry point is as follows:
class test
{
static void Main(string[] args) {}
} 

What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition?

The method can be over-ridden.

What optimizations does the C# compiler perform when you use the /optimize+
compiler option?
The following is a response from a developer on the C# compiler team:
We get rid of unused locals (i.e., locals that are never read, even if assigned).
We get rid of unreachable code.
We get rid of try-catch w/ an empty try.
We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty try (convert to normal code...).
We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty finally (convert to normal code...).
We optimize branches over branches:
gotoif A, lab1
goto lab2:
lab1:
turns into: gotoif !A, lab2
lab1:
We optimize branches to ret, branches to next instruction, and branches to branches.

How can I create a process that is running a supplied native executable (e.g.,
cmd.exe)?
The following code should run the executable and wait for it to exit before
continuing: using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
public class ProcessTest {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
Process p = Process.Start(args[0]);
p.WaitForExit();
Console.WriteLine(args[0] + " exited.");
}
}
Remember to add a reference to System.Diagnostics.dll when you compile.

What is the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and

System.Array.Clone()?
The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow.

How do I declare inout arguments in C#?

The equivalent of inout in C# is ref. , as shown in the following
example: public void MyMethod (ref String str1, out String str2)
{
...
}
When calling the method, it would be called like this: String s1;
String s2;
s1 = "Hello";
MyMethod(ref s1, out s2);
Console.WriteLine(s1);
Console.WriteLine(s2);
Notice that you need to specify ref when declaring the function and calling it.  

Is there a way of specifying which block or loop to break out of when working with
nested loops?
The easiest way is to use goto: using System;
class BreakExample
{
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("Pass {0}: ", i);
for( int j=0 ; j<100 ; j++ )
{
if ( j == 10) goto done;
Console.WriteLine("{0} ", j);
}
Console.WriteLine("This will not print");
}
done:
Console.WriteLine("Loops complete.");
}
}

What is the difference between const and static read-only?

The difference is that static read-only can be modified by the containing class, but const
can never be modified and must be initialized to a compile time constant. To expand on
the static read-only case a bit, the containing class can only modify it: -- in the variable
declaration (through a variable initializer).
-- in the static constructor (instance constructors if it's not static).  

What does the parameter Initial Catalog define inside Connection String?
The database name to connect to.

What is the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes?

System.String is immutable; System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of
having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.

What is the top .NET class that everything is derived from?

System.Object. 

Can you allow class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-
ridden?
Yes, just leave the class public and make the method sealed
Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application?
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.

Are private class-level variables inherited?

Yes, but they are not accessible, so looking at it you can honestly say that they are not
inherited. But they are.

Can you inherit multiple interfaces?

Yes. .NET does support multiple interfaces.

From a versioning perspective, what are the drawbacks of extending an interface as

opposed to extending a class?
With regard to versioning, interfaces are less flexible than classes. With a class, you can
ship version 1 and then, in version 2, decide to add another method. As long as the
method is not abstract (i.e., as long as you provide a default implementation of the
method), any existing derived classes continue to function with no changes. Because
interfaces do not support implementation inheritance, this same pattern does not hold for
interfaces. Adding a method to an interface is like adding an abstract method to a base
class--any class that implements the interface will break, because the class doesn't
implement the new interface method. 

Which one is trusted and which one is untrusted?

Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with
the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the
only verifier participating in the transaction

What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?

System.Globalization, System.Resources.

Does Console.WriteLine() stop printing when it reaches a NULL character within a

string?
Strings are not null terminated in the runtime, so embedded nulls are allowed.
Console.WriteLine() and all similar methods continue until the end of the string.

What is the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String?

StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text.
Strings are immutable, so each time it is being operated on, a new instance is created.

What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider

classes in ADO.NET?
SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license
purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like
Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix, but it is a .NET layer on top of OLE layer, so
not the fastest thing in the world. ODBC.NET is a deprecated layer provided for backward
compatibility to ODBC engines.

Why do I get a security exception when I try to run my C# app?

Some security exceptions are thrown if you are working on a network share. There are
some parts of the frameworks that will not run if being run off a share (roaming profile,
mapped drives, etc.). To see if this is what's happening, just move the executable over to
your local drive and see if it runs without the exceptions. One of the common exceptions
thrown under these conditions is
System.Security.SecurityException.
To get around this, you can change your security policy for the intranet zone, code group
1.2, (the zone that running off shared folders falls into) by using the caspol.exe tool.

Is there any sample C# code for simple threading?

Some sample code follows: using System;
using System.Threading;
class ThreadTest
{
public void runme()
{
Console.WriteLine("Runme Called");
}
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
ThreadTest b = new ThreadTest();
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(b.runme));
t.Start();
}
}

What is the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and ///

comments?
Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments.

What is the difference between and XML documentation tag?

Single line code example and multiple-line code example.

Explain the three services model (three-tier application). Presentation (UI), business (logic
and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources).

What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive test cases
(correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper
handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).

How do you inherit from a class in C#?

Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it is double colon in C++.

How do I port "synchronized" functions from Visual J++ to C#?

Original Visual J++ code: public synchronized void Run()
{
// function body
}
Ported C# code: class C
{
public void Run()
{
lock(this)
{
// function body
}
}
public static void Main() {}
}

Can I define a type that is an alias of another type (like typedef in C++)?
Not exactly. You can create an alias within a single file with the "using" directive: using
System; using Integer = System.Int32; // alias
But you can't create a true alias, one that extends beyond the file in which it is declared.
Refer to the C# spec for more info on the 'using' statement's scope.  

Is it possible to have different access modifiers on the get/set methods of a

property?
No. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set accessors. What you
need to do if you want them to be different is make the property read-only (by only
providing a get accessor) and create a private/internal set method that is separate from
the property.

Is it possible to have a static indexer in C#?

No. Static indexers are not allowed in C#.

Does C# support #define for defining global constants?

No. If you want to get something that works like the following C code:
#define A 1
use the following C# code: class MyConstants
{
public const int A = 1;
}
Then you use MyConstants.A where you would otherwise use the A macro.
Using MyConstants.A has the same generated code as using the literal 1.

Does C# support templates?

No. However, there are plans for C# to support a type of template known as a generic.
These generic types have similar syntax but are instantiated at run time as opposed to
compile time. You can read more about them here.

Does C# support parameterized properties?

No. C# does, however, support the concept of an indexer from language spec. An indexer is
a member that enables an object to be indexed in the same way as an array. Whereas
properties enable field-like access, indexers enable array-like access. As an example,
consider the Stack class presented earlier. The designer of this class may want to expose
array-like access so that it is possible to inspect or alter the items on the stack without
performing unnecessary Push and Pop operations. That is, Stack is implemented as a
linked list, but it also provides the convenience of array access.
Indexer declarations are similar to property declarations, with the main differences being
that indexers are nameless (the name used in the declaration is this, since this is being
indexed) and that indexers include indexing parameters. The indexing parameters are
provided between square brackets. 
Does C# support C type macros?
No. C# does not have macros. Keep in mind that what some of the predefined C macros
(for example, __LINE__ and __FILE__) give you can also be found in .NET classes like
System.Diagnostics (for example, StackTrace and StackFrame), but they'll only work on
debug builds.

Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?

No.

Is it possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code?

No.

Can you declare the override method static while the original method is non-
static?
No, you cannot, the signature of the virtual method must remain the same, only the
keyword virtual is changed to keyword override

Does C# support multiple inheritance?

No, use interfaces instead.

Can multiple catch blocks be executed?

No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if
there are any), and then whatever follows the finally block.  

Can you override private virtual methods?

No, moreover, you cannot access private methods in inherited classes, have to be protected
in the base class to allow any sort of access.

What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling?

Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every
parameter is the same,

What is the data provider name to connect to Access database?

Microsoft.Access.

Why does my Windows application pop up a console window every time I run it?
Make sure that the target type set in the project properties setting is set to Windows
Application, and not Console Application. If you're using the command line, compile
with /target:winexe & not target:exe.

What is the wildcard character in SQL?

Let us say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with
La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve La%.

What is the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections?

It returns a read-only dataset from the data source when the command is executed.  

What does the This window show in the debugger?

It points to the object that is pointed to by this reference. Object’s instance data is shown.
Describe the accessibility modifier protected internal?
It is available to derived classes and classes within the same Assembly (and naturally from
the base class it is declared in).

What is an interface class?

It is an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be implemented in
the inherited classes.

What is a multicast delegate?

It is a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods.

How does one compare strings in C#?

In the past, you had to call .ToString() on the strings when using the == or != operators to
compare the strings' values. That will still work, but the C# compiler now automatically
compares the values instead of the references when the == or != operators are used on
string types. If you actually do want to compare references, it can be done as follows: if
((object) str1 == (object) str2) { ... } Here's an example showing how string compares work:
using System;
public class StringTest
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Object nullObj = null;
Object realObj = new StringTest();
int i = 10;
Console.WriteLine("Null Object is [" + nullObj + "]n" +
"Real Object is [" + realObj + "]n" +
"i is [" + i + "]n");
// Show string equality operators
string str1 = "foo";
string str2 = "bar";
string str3 = "bar";
Console.WriteLine("{0} == {1} ? {2}", str1, str2, str1 == str2 );
Console.WriteLine("{0} == {1} ? {2}", str2, str3, str2 == str3 );
}
}
Output: Null Object is []
Real Object is [StringTest]
i is [10]
foo == bar ? False
bar == bar ? True 

What does assert() do?

In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the
error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the
condition is true.

How do I get deterministic finalization in C#?

In a garbage collected environment, it's impossible to get true determinism. However, a
design pattern that we recommend is implementing IDisposable on any class that contains
a critical resource. Whenever this class is consumed, it may be placed in a using
statement, as shown in the following example:
using(FileStream myFile = File.Open(@"c:temptest.txt",
FileMode.Open))
{
int fileOffset = 0;
while(fileOffset < myFile.Length)
{
Console.Write((char)myFile.ReadByte());
fileOffset++;
}
}
When myFile leaves the lexical scope of the using, its dispose method will be called.

How can I get around scope problems in a try/catch?

If you try to instantiate the class inside the try, it'll be out of scope when you try to access
it from the catch block. A way to get around this is to do the following: Connection conn =
null;
try
{
conn = new Connection();
conn.Open();
}
finally
{
if (conn != null) conn.Close();
}
By setting it to null before the try block, you avoid getting the CS0165 error (Use of
possibly unassigned local variable 'conn').

Why do I get an error (CS1006) when trying to declare a method without

specifying a return type?
If you leave off the return type on a method declaration, the compiler thinks you are trying
to declare a constructor. So if you are trying to declare a method that returns nothing, use
void. The following is an example: // This results in a CS1006 error public static
staticMethod (mainStatic obj) // This will work as wanted public static void staticMethod
(mainStatic obj)

How do I convert a string to an int in C#?

Here's an example: using System;
class StringToInt
{
public static void Main()
{
String s = "105";
int x = Convert.ToInt32(s);
Console.WriteLine(x);
}
} 
How do you directly call a native function exported from a DLL?
Here's a quick example of the DllImport attribute in action: using
System.Runtime.InteropServices;
class C
{
[DllImport("user32.dll")]
public static extern int MessageBoxA(int h, string m, string c, int type);
public static int Main()
{
return MessageBoxA(0, "Hello World!", "Caption", 0);
}
}
This example shows the minimum requirements for declaring a C# method that is
implemented in a native DLL. The method C.MessageBoxA() is declared with the static and
external modifiers, and has the DllImport attribute, which tells the compiler that the
implementation comes from the user32.dll, using the default name of MessageBoxA. For
more information, look at the Platform Invoke tutorial in the documentation.

What is the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key?
HashTable.

How do you specify a custom attribute for the entire assembly (rather than for a
class)?
Global attributes must appear after any top-level using clauses and before the first type or
namespace declarations. An example of this is as follows:
using System;
[assembly : MyAttributeClass]
class X {}
Note that in an IDE-created project, by convention, these attributes are placed in
AssemblyInfo.cs.

What is the difference between a struct and a class in C#?

From language spec:
The list of similarities between classes and structs is as follows. Longstructs can
implement interfaces and can have the same kinds of members as classes. Structs differ
from classes in several important ways; however, structs are value types rather than
reference types, and inheritance is not supported for structs. Struct values are stored on
the stack or in-line. Careful programmers can sometimes enhance performance through
judicious use of structs. For example, the use of a struct rather than a class for a Point
can make a large difference in the number of memory allocations performed at runtime.
The program below creates and initializes an array of 100 points. With Point implemented
as a class, 101 separate objects are instantiated-one for the array and one each for the
100 elements. 

What is the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both
debug and release builds.

How can you overload a method?

Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of
parameters.
What debugging tools come with the .NET SDK?
CorDBG - command-line debugger, and DbgCLR - graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET
uses the DbgCLR. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the /debug
switch.

What does Dispose method do with the connection object?

Deletes it from the memory.

How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly with a
command-line compiler?
Compile it with a /doc switch.

When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to?

Classes in the same namespace. 

How can I get the ASCII code for a character in C#?

Casting the char to an int will give you the ASCII value: char c = 'f';
System.Console.WriteLine((int)c); or for a character in a string:
System.Console.WriteLine((int)s[3]); The base class libraries also offer ways to do this with
the Convert class or Encoding classes if you need a particular encoding.  

Is there an equivalent to the instanceof operator in Visual J++?

C# has the is operator:
expr is type

How do I create a Delegate/MulticastDelegate?

C# requires only a single parameter for delegates: the method address. Unlike other
languages, where the programmer must specify an object reference and the method to
invoke, C# can infer both pieces of information by just specifying the method's name. For
example, let's use System.Threading.ThreadStart: Foo MyFoo = new Foo(); ThreadStart del
= new ThreadStart(MyFoo.Baz); This means that delegates can invoke static class methods
and instance methods with the exact same syntax! 

How do destructors and garbage collection work in C#?

C# has finalizers (similar to destructors except that the runtime doesn't guarantee they'll
be called), and they are specified as follows:
class C
{
~C()
{
// your code
}
public static void Main() {}
}
Currently, they override object.Finalize(), which is called during the GC process.

My switch statement works differently! Why?

C# does not support an explicit fall through for case blocks.
The following code is not legal and will not compile in C#: switch(x)
{
case 0:
// do something
case 1:
// do something in common with 0
default:
// do something in common with
//0, 1 and everything else
break;
}
To achieve the same effect in C#, the code must be modified
as shown below (notice how the control flows are explicit): class Test
{
public static void Main()
{
int x = 3;
switch(x)
{
case 0:
// do something
goto case 1;
case 1:
// do something in common with 0
goto default;
default:
// do something in common with 0, 1, and anything else
break;
}
}
}

How can I access the registry from C# code?

By using the Registry and RegistryKey classes in Microsoft.Win32, you can easily access
the registry. The following is a sample that reads a key and displays its value:
using System;using Microsoft.Win32;
class regTest
{
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
RegistryKey regKey;
Object value;
regKey = Registry.LocalMachine;
regKey =
regKey.OpenSubKey("HARDWAREDESCRIPTIONSystemCentralProcessor ");
value = regKey.GetValue("VendorIdentifier");
Console.WriteLine("The central processor of this machine is: {0}.", value);
}
} 

How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application?
Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger.

How do you mark a method obsolete?

Assuming you've done a "using System;": [Obsolete]
public int Foo() {...}
or [Obsolete("This is a message describing why this method is obsolete")]
public int Foo() {...}
Note: The O in Obsolete is capitalized.

How is the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET?

Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run
(which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly

What are the ways to deploy an assembly?

An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.

Why does DllImport not work for me?

All methods marked with the DllImport attribute must be marked as public static extern.

What is a delegate?
A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they were referred to as
function pointers.

What is the difference between an interface and abstract class?

In the interface all methods must be abstract; in the abstract class some methods can be
concrete. In the interface no accessibility modifiers are allowed, which is ok in abstract
classes. 

What is an abstract class?

A class that cannot be instantiated. A concept in C++ known as pure virtual method. A
class that must be inherited and have the methods over-ridden. Essentially, it is a
blueprint for a class without any implementation.
_break

Does C# support multiple-inheritance?

No.

Who is a protected class-level variable available to?

It is available to any sub-class (a class inheriting this class).

Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?

No.

What’s the top .NET class that everything is derived from?

System.Object.

What does the term immutable mean?

The data value may not be changed. Note: The variable value may be changed, but the
original immutable data value was discarded and a new data value was created in
memory.

What’s the difference between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder

classes?
System.String is immutable. System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of
having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.

What’s the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String?

StringBuilder is more efficient in cases where there is a large amount of string
manipulation. Strings are immutable, so each time a string is changed, a new instance in
memory is created. 

What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and

System.Array.Clone()?
The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow. A shallow copy
of an Array copies only the elements of the Array, whether they are reference types or
value types, but it does not copy the objects that the references refer to. The references in
the new Array point to the same objects that the references in the original Array point to.
In contrast, a deep copy of an Array copies the elements and everything directly or
indirectly referenced by the elements.

How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.

What’s the .NET collection class that allows an element to be accessed using a
unique key?
HashTable.

What class is underneath the SortedList class?

A sorted HashTable.

Will the finally block get executed if an exception has not occurred?
Yes.

What’s the C# syntax to catch any possible exception?

A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the
parameter data type in this case and just write catch {}.  

Can multiple catch blocks be executed for a single try statement?

No. Once the proper catch block processed, control is transferred to the finally block (if
there are any).

Explain the three services model commonly know as a three-tier application.

Presentation (UI), Business (logic and underlying code) and Data (from storage or other
sources).

What is the syntax to inherit from a class in C#?

Place a colon and then the name of the base class.
Example: class MyNewClass : MyBaseClass
Can you prevent your class from being inherited by another class?
Yes. The keyword “sealed” will prevent the class from being inherited.

Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-
ridden?
Yes. Just leave the class public and make the method sealed.

What’s an abstract class?

A class that cannot be instantiated. An abstract class is a class that must be inherited and
have the methods overridden. An abstract class is essentially a blueprint for a class
without any implementation.

When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract?

1. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract
methods have been overridden.
2. When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract.

What is an interface class?

Interfaces, like classes, define a set of properties, methods, and events. But unlike classes,
interfaces do not provide implementation. They are implemented by classes, and defined
as separate entities from classes.

Why can’t you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
They all must be public, and are therefore public by default.

What happens if you inherit multiple interfaces and they have conflicting method
names?
It’s up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so implementation is left
entirely up to you. This might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named
methods from different interfaces expect different data, but as far as compiler cares you’re
okay.
To Do: Investigate

What’s the difference between an interface and abstract class?

In an interface class, all methods are abstract - there is no implementation. In an abstract
class some methods can be concrete. In an interface class, no accessibility modifiers are
allowed. An abstract class may have accessibility modifiers.

What is the difference between a Struct and a Class?

Struts are value-type variables and are thus saved on the stack, additional overhead but
faster retrieval. Another difference is that struts cannot inherit.

What’s the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the set
method/property of a class?
Value. The data type of the value parameter is defined by whatever data type the property
is declared as.

What does the keyword “virtual” declare for a method or property?

The method or property can be overridden.
How is method overriding different from method overloading?
When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for the derived class.
Overloading a method simply involves having another method with the same name within
the class.

Can you declare an override method to be static if the original method is not
static?
No. The signature of the virtual method must remain the same. (Note: Only the keyword
virtual is changed to keyword override) 

What are the different ways a method can be overloaded?

Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of
parameters.

If a base class has a number of overloaded constructors, and an inheriting class

has a number of overloaded constructors; can you enforce a call from an inherited
constructor to a specific base constructor?
Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate
constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class.

What’s a delegate?
A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method.  

What’s a multicast delegate?

A delegate that has multiple handlers assigned to it. Each assigned handler (method) is
called.

Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?

The tracing dumps can be quite verbose. For applications that are constantly running you
run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive. Five levels range from None to
Verbose, allowing you to fine-tune the tracing activities.

Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?

To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.

How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application?

Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger.

What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing?
1. Positive test cases (correct data, correct output).
2. Negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling).
3. Exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).

Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application?

Yes. If you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.

What is the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections?

It returns a read-only, forward-only rowset from the data source. A DataReader provides
fast access when a forward-only sequential read is needed.What are advantages and
disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider classes in ADO.NET?
SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license
purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like
Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix. OLE-DB.NET is a .NET layer on top of the
OLE layer, so it’s not as fastest and efficient as SqlServer.NET.

What is the wildcard character in SQL?

Let’s say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with
La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve ‘La%’.

Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions.

A transaction must be:
1. Atomic - it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following
transactions.
2. Consistent - data is either committed or roll back, no “in-between” case where
something has been updated and something hasn’t.
3. Isolated - no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction).
4. Durable - the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes
right after.

What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support?

Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via
Microsoft SQL Server username and password).

Between Windows Authentication and SQL Server Authentication, which one is

trusted and which one is untrusted?
Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with
the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the
only verifier participating in the transaction.

What does the Initial Catalog parameter define in the connection string?
The database name to connect to.

What does the Dispose method do with the connection object?

Deletes it from the memory.

What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling?

Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every
parameter is the same, including the security settings. The connection string must be
identical. 

How is the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET?

Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run
(which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly.

What are the ways to deploy an assembly?

An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.

What is a satellite assembly?

When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to
distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized
assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies.

What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?

 System.Globalization and System.Resources.

What is the smallest unit of execution in .NET?

an Assembly.

When should you call the garbage collector in .NET?

As a good rule, you should not call the garbage collector. However, you could call the
garbage collector when you are done using a large object (or set of objects) to force the
garbage collector to dispose of those very large objects from memory. However, this is
usually not a good practice.

How do you convert a value-type to a reference-type?

Use Boxing.

What happens in memory when you Box and Unbox a value-type?

Boxing converts a value-type to a reference-type, thus storing the object on the heap.
Unboxing converts a reference-type to a value-type, thus storing the value on the
stack.Difference between directcast and ctype.

Answer1
DirectCast requires the run-time type of an object variable to bethe same as the specified
type.The run-time performance ofDirectCast is better than that of CType, if the specified
type and the run-time typeof the expression are the same. Ctype works fine if there is a
valid conversion defined between the expression and the type.

Answer2
The difference between the two keywords is that CType succeeds as long as there is a valid
conversion defined between the expression and the type, whereas DirectCast requires the
run-time type of an object variable to be the same as the specified type. If the specified
type and the run-time type of the expression are the same, however, the run-time
performance of DirectCast is better than that of CType.

An example of a ctype and directcast.

In the preceding example, the run-time type of Q is Double. CType succeeds because
Double can be converted to Integer, but DirectCast fails because the run-time type of Q is
not already Integer

ctype(123.34,integer) - should it throw an error? Why or why not?

Answer1
It would work fine. As the runtime type of 123.34 would be double, and Double can be
converted to Integer.

Answer2
the ctype(123.34,integer) will work fine no errors
directcast(123.34,integer) - should it throw an error? Why or why not?
It would throw an InvalidCast exception as the runtime type of 123.34 (double) doesnt
match with Integer.

Difference between a sub and a function.

Answer1
A Sub does not return anything whereas a Function returns something.

Answer2
-A Sub Procedure is a method will not return a value
-A sub procedure will be defined with a “Sub” keyword

Sub ShowName(ByVal myName As String)

Console.WriteLine(”My name is: ” & myName)
End Sub

-A function is a method that will return value(s).

-A function will be defined with a “Function” keyword

Function FindSum(ByVal num1 As Integer, ByVal num2 As Integer) As Integer

Dim sum As Integer = num1 + num2
Return sum
End Function

Explain manifest & metadata.

Answer1
Manifest is metadata about assemblies. Metadata is machine-readable information about a
resource, or “”data about data.” In .NET, metadata includes type definitions, version
information, external assembly references, and other standardized information.

Answer2
Manifest: Manifest describes assembly itself. Assembly Name, version number, culture,
strong name, list of all files, Type references, and referenced assemblies.
Metadata: Metadata describes contents in an assembly classes, interfaces, enums, structs,
etc., and their containing namespaces, the name of each type, its visibility/scope, its base
class, the nterfaces it implemented, its methods and their scope, and each method’s
parameters, type’s properties, and so on.

Difference between imperative and interrogative code.

There are imperative and interrogative functions. Imperative functions are the one which
return a value while the interrogative functions do not return a value.

Difference between value and reference type. what are value types and reference
types?
Value type - bool, byte, chat, decimal, double, enum , float, int, long, sbyte, short, strut,
uint, ulong, ushort
Value types are stored in the Stack
Reference type - class, delegate, interface, object, string
Reference types are stored in the Heap 
What are the two kinds of properties.
Two types of properties in .Net: Get and Set

Explain constructor.
Constructor is a method in the class which has the same name as the class (in VB.Net its
New()). It initializes the member attributes whenever an instance of the class is created.

Describe ways of cleaning up objects.

Answer1
There is a perfect tool provide by .net frameworks calls Garbage collector, where by mean
of GC we can clean up the object and reclaim the memory. The namespace used is
System.GC

Answer2
the run time will maintain a service called as garbage collector. This service will take care
of deallocating memory corresponding to objects. it works as a thread with least priority.
when application demands for memory the runtime will take care of setting the high
priority for the garbage collector, so that it will be called for execution and memory will be
released. the programmer can make a call to garbage collector by using GC class in system
name space.

How can you clean up objects holding resources from within the code?
Call the dispose method from code for clean up of objects

Which controls do not have events?

Timer control.

What is the maximum size of the textbox?

65536.

Which property of the textbox cannot be changed at runtime?

Locked Property.

Which control cannot be placed in MDI?

The controls that do not have events.

What is the difference between proc. sent BY VAL and BY SUB?

BY VAL: changes will not be reflected back to the variable.
By REF: changes will be reflected back to that variable.( same as & symbol in c, c++)

General C# Interview Questions :

Does C# support multiple-inheritance?

No.

Who is a protected class-level variable available to?

It is available to any sub-class (a class inheriting this class).
Are private class-level variables inherited?
Yes, but they are not accessible. Although they are not visible or accessible via the class
interface, they are inherited.

Describe the accessibility modifier “protected internal”.

It is available to classes that are within the same assembly and derived from the specified
base class.

What’s the top .NET class that everything is derived from?

System.Object.

What does the term immutable mean?

The data value may not be changed. Note: The variable value may be changed, but the
original immutable data value was discarded and a new data value was created in
memory.

What’s the difference between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder

classes?
System.String is immutable. System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of
having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.

What’s the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String?

StringBuilder is more efficient in cases where there is a large amount of string
manipulation. Strings are immutable, so each time a string is changed, a new instance in
memory is created.

Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?

No.

What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and

System.Array.Clone()?
The Clone() method returns a new array (a shallow copy) object containing all the elements
in the original array. The CopyTo() method copies the elements into another existing array.
Both perform a shallow copy. A shallow copy means the contents (each array element)
contains references to the same object as the elements in the original array. A deep copy
(which neither of these methods performs) would create a new instance of each element's
object, resulting in a different, yet identical object.

How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.

Object Oriented Interview Questions and Answers

Does a class inherit the constructors of its superclass?
A class does not inherit constructors from any of its super classes.

If a class is declared without any access modifiers, where may the class be
accessed?
A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package access. This
means that the class can only be accessed by other classes and interfaces that are defined
within the same package.

What is Python and what is scope of Python?

Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language. It is often
compared to Tcl, P e r l, Scheme or Java.

Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules, classes,
exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic typing. There are interfaces
to many system calls and libraries, as well as to various windowing systems (X11, Motif,
Tk, Mac, MFC, wxWidgets). New built-in modules are easily written in C or C++. Python is
also usable as an extension language for applications that need a programmable interface.

The Python implementation is portable: it runs on many brands of UNIX, on Windows,

OS/2, Mac, Amiga, and many other platforms.

The Python implementation is copyrighted but freely usable and distributable, even for
commercial use.

Scope of Python :

A scope is a textual region of a Python program where a name space is directly accessible.
“Directly accessible'’ here means that an unqualified reference to a name attempts to find
the name in the name space.

Although scopes are determined statically, they are used dynamically. At any time during
execution, exactly three nested scopes are in use (i.e., exactly three name spaces are
directly accessible): the innermost scope, which is searched first, contains the local names,
the middle scope, searched next, contains the current module’s global names, and the
outermost scope (searched last) is the name space containing built-in names.

Usually, the local scope references the local names of the (textually) current function.
Outside of functions, the local scope references the same name space as the global scope:
the module’s name space. Class definitions place yet another name space in the local
scope.

It is important to realize that scopes are determined textually: the global scope of a
function defined in a module is that module’s name space, no matter from where or by
what alias the function is called. On the other hand, the actual search for names is done
dynamically, at run time — however, the language definition is evolving towards static
name resolution, at “compile'’ time, so don’t rely on dynamic name resolution! (In fact,
local variables are already determined statically.)

A special quirk of Python is that assignments always go into the innermost scope.
Assignments do not copy data — they just bind names to objects. The same is true for
deletions: the statement “del x” removes the binding of x from the name space referenced
by the local scope. In fact, all operations that introduce new names use the local scope: in
particular, import statements and function definitions bind the module or function name
in the local scope. (The global statement can be used to indicate that particular variables
live in the global scope.)
What is the difference between shadow and override?
Overriding is used to redefines only the methods, but shadowing redefines the entire
element.

What is multithreading?
Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each
other within the process.

What are inner class and anonymous class?

Inner class : classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called
inner classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private. Anonymous
class : Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is
instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.

What is the difference between superclass and subclass?

A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the
inheriting.

What is difference between overloading and overriding?

a) In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the same class
whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass method and subclass
method.

b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks
inheritance from the superclass.

c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in overriding, subclass
method replaces the superclass.

d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must have same
signature.

How many ways can an argument be passed to a subroutine?

An argument can be passed in two ways. They are Pass by Value and Passing by
Reference.

Passing by value: This method copies the value of an argument into the formal parameter
of the subroutine.

Passing by reference: In this method, a reference to an argument (not the value of the
argument) is passed to the parameter.

What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programs?

1. In procedural program, programming logic follows certain procedures and the
instructions are executed one after another. In OOP program, unit of program is object,
which is nothing but combination of data and code.
2. In procedural program, data is exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs
program, it is accessible with in the object and which in turn assures the security of the
code.
What are the advantages of OOPL?
Object oriented programming languages directly represent the real life objects. The
features of OOPL as inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation makes it powerful.

Can a method be overloaded based on different return type but same argument
type ?
No, because the methods can be called without using their return type in which case there
is ambiguity for the compiler.

What is Downcasting ?
Downcasting is the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the
hierarchy.

Who were the three famous amigos and what was their contribution to the object
community?
The Three amigos namely,
James Rumbaugh (OMT): A veteran in analysis who came up with an idea about the
objects and their Relationships (in particular Associations).
Grady Booch: A veteran in design who came up with an idea about partitioning of systems
into subsystems.
Ivar Jacobson (Objectory): The father of USECASES, who described about the user and
system interaction.

What is meant by “method-wars”?

Before 1994 there were different methodologies like Rumbaugh, Booch, Jacobson, Meyer
etc who followed their own notations to model the systems. The developers were in a
dilemma to choose the method which best accomplishes their needs. This particular span
was called as “method-wars”

Differentiate Aggregation and containment?

Aggregation is the relationship between the whole and a part. We can add/subtract some
properties in the part (slave) side. It won’t affect the whole part.
Best example is Car, which contains the wheels and some extra parts. Even though the
parts are not there we can call it as car.
But, in the case of containment the whole part is affected when the part within that got
affected. The human body is an apt example for this relationship. When the whole body
dies the parts (heart etc) are died.

Differentiate persistent & non-persistent objects?

Persistent refers to an object’s ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object
stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information
represented by the object.
A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are
considered as non-persistent.

List out some of the object-oriented methodologies.

Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994).
Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991).
Object Modeling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991).
Object Oriented Software Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992).
Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) (Shlaer and Mellor 1992).
The Fusion Method (Coleman 1991).

When does a name clash occur?

A name clash occurs when a name is defined in more than one place. For example., two
different class libraries could give two different classes the same name. If you try to use
many class libraries at the same time, there is a fair chance that you will be unable to
compile or link the program because of name clashes.

Object Oriented : Essentials and History

An object-oriented programming language (also called an OO language) is one that allows
or encourages, to some degree, object-oriented programming methods.

Simula (1967) is generally accepted as the first language to have the primary features of
an object-oriented language. It was created for making simulation programs, in which
what came to be called objects were the most important information representation.
Smalltalk (1972 to 1980) is arguably the canonical example, and the one with which much
of the theory of object-oriented programming was developed.

OO languages can be grouped into several broad classes, determined by the extent to
which they support all features and functionality of object-orientation and objects: classes,
methods, polymorphism, inheritance, and reusability.

* Languages called “pure” OO languages, because everything in them is treated

consistently as an object, from primitives such as characters and punctuation, all the way
up to whole classes, prototypes, blocks, modules, etc. They were designed specifically to
facilitate, even enforce, OO methods. Examples: Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ruby.
* Languages designed mainly for OO programming, but with some procedural elements.
Examples: Java, Python.
* Languages that are historically procedural languages, but have been extended with some
OO features. Examples: C++, Fortran 2003, Perl.
* Languages with most of the features of objects (classes, methods, inheritance,
reusability), but in a distinctly original, even elegant, form. Examples: Oberon, and
successor Oberon-2.
* Languages with abstract data type support, but not all features of object-orientation,
sometimes called object-based languages. Examples: Modula-2 (with excellent
encapsulation and information hiding), Pliant.

Inheritance and polymorphism are usually used to reduce code bloat. Abstraction and
encapsulation are used to increase code clarity, quite independent of the other two traits.

Differentiate between the message and method.

Message
* Objects communicate by sending messages to each other.
* A message is sent to invoke a method.

Method
* Provides response to a message.
* It is an implementation of an operation.

What is a dangling pointer?

A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after
its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning
addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the
address of the memory block after it is freed. The following
code snippet shows this:

class Sample
{
public:
int *ptr;
Sample(int i)
{
ptr = new int(i);
}

~Sample()
{
delete ptr;
}
void PrintVal()
{
cout << "The value is " << *ptr;
}
};

void SomeFunc(Sample x)
{
cout << "Say i am in someFunc " << endl;
}

int main()
{
Sample s1 = 10;
SomeFunc(s1);
s1.PrintVal();
}In the above example when PrintVal() function is
called it is called by the pointer that has been freed by the
destructor in SomeFunc.

Differentiate between a template class and class template.

Template class: A generic definition or a parameterized class not
instantiated until the client provides the needed information. It’s
jargon for plain templates.

Class template: A class template specifies

how individual classes can be constructed much like the way a class
specifies how individual objects can be constructed. It’s jargon for
plain classes.

What is a modifier?
A modifier, also called a modifying function is a member function that changes the value of
at least one data member. In other words, an operation that modifies the state of an
object. Modifiers are also known as ‘mutators’. Example: The function mod is a modifier in
the following code snippet:

class test
{
int x,y;
public:
test()
{
x=0; y=0;
}
void mod()
{
x=10;
y=15;
}
};

What do u meant by “SBI” of an object?

SBI stands for State, Behavior and Identity. Since every object has the above three.

State: It is just a value to the attribute of an object at a particular time.

Behaviour:It describes the actions and their reactions of that object.Identity:
An object has an identity that characterizes its own existence. The identity makes it
possible to distinguish any object in an unambiguous way, and independently from its
state.

Differentiate the class representation of Booch, Rumbaugh and UML?

If you look at the class representation of Rumbaugh and UML, It is some what similar and
both are very easy to draw.

Whether unified method and unified modeling language are same or different?
Unified method is convergence of the Rumbaugh and Booch. Unified modeling lang. is the
fusion of Rumbaugh, Booch and Jacobson as well as Betrand Meyer (whose contribution is
“sequence diagram”). Its’ the superset of all the methodologies.

What is meant by “method-wars”?

Before 1994 there were different methodologies like Rumbaugh, Booch, Jacobson, Meyer
etc who followed their own notations to model the systems. The developers were in a
dilemma to choose the method which best accomplishes their needs. This particular span
was called as “method-wars”

Differentiate Aggregation and containment?

Aggregation is the relationship between the whole and a part. We can add/subtract some
properties in the part (slave) side. It won’t affect the whole part. Best example is Car,
which contains the wheels and some extra parts. Even though the parts are not there we
can call it as car. But, in the case of containment the whole part is affected when the part
within that got affected. The human body is an apt example for this relationship. When the
whole body dies the parts (heart etc) are died.

Why generalization is very strong?

Even though Generalization satisfies Structural, Interface, Behaviour properties. It is
mathematically very strong, as it is Antisymmetric and Transitive. Antisymmetric:
employee is a person, but not all persons are employees. Mathematically all As’ are B, but
all Bs’ not A.

What do you meant by static and dynamic modeling?

Static modeling is used to specify structure of the objects that exist in the problem
domain. These are expressed using class, object and USECASE diagrams. But Dynamic
modeling refers representing the object interactions during runtime. It is represented by
sequence, activity, collaboration and statechart diagrams

What is meant by software development method?

Software development method describes how to model and build software systems in a
reliable and reproducible way. To put it simple, methods that are used to represent ones’
thinking using graphical notations.

What do you meant by active and passive objects?

Active objects are one which instigate an interaction which owns a thread and they are
responsible for handling control to other objects. In simple words it can be referred as
client.
Passive objects are one, which passively waits for the message to be processed. It waits for
another object that requires its services. In simple words it can be referred as server.

Differentiate persistent & non-persistent objects?

Persistent refers to an object’s ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object
stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information
represented by the object.
A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are
considered as non-persistent.

What are the steps involved in designing?

Before getting into the design the designer should go through the SRS prepared by the
System Analyst. The main tasks of design are Architectural Design and Detailed Design. In
Architectural Design we find what are the main modules in the problem domains Detailed
Design we find what should be done within each module.

What do you mean by analysis and design?

Analysis: It is the process of determining what needs to be done before how it should be
done. In order to accomplish this, the developer refers the existing systems and
documents. So, simply it is an art of discovery.

Design:It is the process of adopting/choosing the one among the many, which best
accomplishes the users needs. So, simply, it is compromising mechanism.