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StudyGuide Lecture1 4 Chapter2 5

The document provides an overview of key concepts from chapters 1-5 of a study guide for a biology course, covering topics like the chemical and structural properties of matter, atoms, and molecules; chemical bonds; the unique properties of water that support life; the role of carbon in forming complex organic molecules; macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; and DNA/RNA structure and function. Students are asked to define terms, describe relationships between concepts, explain structural properties, and recognize molecular structures relevant to understanding the biological context of chemistry and macromolecules.

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Eunice Kellin Quin
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53 views

StudyGuide Lecture1 4 Chapter2 5

The document provides an overview of key concepts from chapters 1-5 of a study guide for a biology course, covering topics like the chemical and structural properties of matter, atoms, and molecules; chemical bonds; the unique properties of water that support life; the role of carbon in forming complex organic molecules; macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; and DNA/RNA structure and function. Students are asked to define terms, describe relationships between concepts, explain structural properties, and recognize molecular structures relevant to understanding the biological context of chemistry and macromolecules.

Uploaded by

Eunice Kellin Quin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Study Guide Chapters 1-5 (Lectures 1-4)

Chapter 2: Chemical context of Life

(Not covered: Isotopes)

Can you explain what the following terms are, and how they are related to eachother?

matter, atom, elements, compound, molecules

 Can you describe how an element’s structure determines its reactivity?


o Atom
o Atomic mass
o Atomic number
o Protons
o Neutrons
o Electrons
o Valence
o Valence shell
o Valence electrons

 Chemical bonds- describe them. What are the differences between them?
o Covalent bonds
o Ionic bonds
 Ion
 Cation
 Anion
 Ionic compound- are the properties of the compound similar to the individual
elements that it is composed of?
o Hydrogen bonds
o What is electronegativity? Why is it important?
 Which elements make up 96% of life and what are their properties? What are essential
elements?

Chapter 3. Water and Life

(Not covered: Section 3.3)

 Describe the four properties of water that make it amenable to life.


 How does the structure of water lead to hydrogen bonding?
 How does the structure of water molecule determine the way they interacts with:
o Other water molecules - cohesion
o Ions: Hydration shells
o Polar molecules
o Non polar molecules
 How can you predict whether something will be hydrophobic vs hydrophilic?
o Amphipathic- molecules can contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Can you
provide and example of an amphipathic molecule?
 Why is water the solvent of life?
o Aqueous solution
o Solution
o Solute
o Solvent
o Specific heat

Chapter 4: Carbon and Life

(Not covered: Isomers)

 Describe the properties of carbon which allow it to make large, complex molecules.
o Hydrocarbons- what are they made of? What do they look like?
 Be able to recognize the structure of the seven functional groups (I won’t ask you to draw them,
but if you see them on a molecule, you should be able to recognize them)
o Which ones are hydrophilic? Polar? NonPolar?
 What is ATP? What is it used for?

Chapter 5: Large Biological Molecules

 Describe the following terms and in a couple sentences, describe their relationships to each
other
o Macromolecules
o Polymer
o Monomer
o Dehydration Reaction
o Hydrolysis
o Enzymes

Carbohydrates

o Polysaccharide
o Where are these found? What are they used for? What are the similarities/differences?:
 Starch
 Glycogen
 Cellulose
o Disaccharide
o Monosaccharide
o What defines a sugar?
 Carbonyl and Hydroxyl groups
 (Figure 5.3) Why are all the sugars in the table defined as sugars?
o Glycosidic linkage
Lipids

 Fats (Triglycerides)
 Glycerol + 3 Fatty acid tails
 can you recognize the structure of a fat? (Figure 5.9)
 Difference between saturated and unsaturated
 Trans fats
 Phospholipids
 Amphipathic- what does that mean?
 How does the structure determine the behavior of phospholipids in water?
 Steroids
 What do they look like?
Proteins
 Don’t memorize all the details in figure 5.13, but just be aware that proteins can perform a
diverse array of functions
 What are catalysts?
 Use the terms in a sentence: Polypeptide, Peptide Bonds, Amino Acid
 Describe the basic structure of an amino acid.
o Which components form the polypeptide backbone?
o Where is the R group or side chain?
 I won’t ask you to draw out the structure of specific amino acids in Figure 5.14:The 20 aa of
proteins, but if I show you the structure, you should be able to predict their reactivity
o Are they nonpolar or polar?
o Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
o Electrically charged?
 How are polypeptides formed?
o Peptide bond
o What is the reaction for making polypeptides? What about breaking polypeptides?
o What are the four levels of protein structure and what factors contribute to the
structure at each level?
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary
 Quaternary
 Do all proteins have quaternary structure?
 How does a single amino acid change in sickle cell anemia lead to sickle cell disease>
 What is denaturation? What environmental factors can denature a protein?

Nucleic Acids

 What is a gene? Gene expression? Central dogma of molecular biology?


 Use the following in a sentence: Nucleic acids, nucleotides, monomer, polymer, polynucleotide
 Nucleotides
o Describe the structure of a nucleotide.
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogenous base
 What are the differences between a DNA and RNA nucleotide?
 Deoxyribose vs Ribose
 Polynucleotides
o How are the nucleotides joined together? Can you locate the following in figure 5.23?
 Sugar-phosphate backbone
 Phosphodiester bond
 5’ end (phosphate group end)
 3’ end (Hydroxyl group end)
o DNA double helix
 Basepairing:
 Complementary
 What bonds are responsible for base pairing?
 Why does only A basepair with T and not G?
 Antiparallel
o RNA
 Basepairing
o Given a following sequence of DNA, can you provide the sequence of the
complementary DNA strand? The complementary mRNA strand?

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