MA1151 MATHEMATICS II

UNIT I MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 10+3

Double integration – Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates – Change of order of integration –
Area as a double integral – Change of variables between Cartesian and Polar Co-
ordinates – Triple integration – Volume as a triple integral.

UNIT II VECTOR CALCULUS 9+2

Gradient, Divergence and Curl – Directional derivative – Irrotational and Solenoidal
vector fields – Vector integration – Problem solving using Green’s theorem, Gauss
divergence theorem and Stoke’s theorem – Simple applications and verifications.

UNIT III ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 9+2

Necessary and Sufficient conditions (without proof) – Cauchy-Riemann equations –
Properties of analytic functions – Harmonic conjugate – Construction of Analytic
functions – Conformal mapping: w = z+a, az, 1/z, Z2
and bilinear transformation.

UNIT IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION 10+2

Problems solving using Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula – Taylor’s and
Laurent’s expansions – Residues – Cauchy’s residue theorem – Contour integration over
unit circle – Semicircular contours with no pole on real axis.

UNIT V LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 10+3

Transforms of elementary functions – Basic properties – Transforms of derivatives and
integrals – Initial and final value theorems – Inverse Laplace transforms – Convolution
theorem – Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations with constant coefficients using
Laplace transforms – Transform of periodic functions – Solution of integral equations.
L: 48 T: 12 Total: 60

TEXT BOOK
1. Grewal, B.S., “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Thirty eighth Edition, Khanna
Publishers, New Delhi, 2005.

REFERENCES
1. Glyn James., “Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics”, Third Edition,Pearson Education Ltd, New
Delhi, 2004.
2. Venkataraman. M. K., “Engineering Mathematics”, Volume I and II Revised enlarged Fourth Edition,
The National Publishing Company, Chennai, 2004.
3. Veerarajan. T., “Engineering Mathematics (for first year)”, Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw – Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2005.
4. V. Sundaram, R. Balasubramanian, K.A. Lakshminarayanan, “Engineering Mathematics”, Fifth Edition,
Vikas Publishing house Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.

MA1201 MATHEMATICS III 3 1 0 100

UNIT I PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9 + 3

Formation of partial differential equations by elimination of arbitrary constants and arbitrary functions
– Solution of standard types of first order partial differential equations – Lagrange’s linear equation – Linear
partial differential equations of second and higher order with constant coefficients.
UNIT II FOURIER SERIES 9 + 3
Dirichlet’s conditions – General Fourier series – Odd and even functions – Half range sine series – Half range
cosine series – Complex form of Fourier Series – Parseval’s identify – Harmonic Analysis.

UNIT III BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS 9 + 3

Classification of second order quasi linear partial differential equations – Solutions of one dimensional wave
equation – One dimensional heat equation – Steady state solution of two-dimensional heat equation (Insulated
edges excluded) – Fourier series solutions in Cartesian coordinates.

UNIT IV FOURIER TRANSFORM 9 + 3

Fourier integral theorem (without proof) – Fourier transform pair – Sine and Cosine transforms – Properties –
Transforms of simple functions – Convolution theorem – Parseval’s identity.

UNIT V Z -TRANSFORM AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 9 + 3

Z-transform - Elementary properties – Inverse Z – transform – Convolution theorem -Formation of difference
equations – Solution of difference equations using Z - transform.

TUTORIAL 15
TOTAL : 60

Text Books:
1. Grewal, B.S., “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Thirty Sixth Edition, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2001.
2. Kandasamy, P., Thilagavathy, K., and Gunavathy, K., “Engineering Mathematics Volume III”, S. Chand &
Company ltd., New Delhi, 1996.
3. Wylie C. Ray and Barrett Louis, C., “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill,
Inc., New York, 1995.

References:
1. Andrews, L.A., and Shivamoggi B.K., “Integral Transforms for Engineers and Applied Mathematicians”,
Macmillen, New York, 1988.
2. Narayanan, S., Manicavachagom Pillay, T.K. and Ramaniah, G., “Advanced Mathematics for Engineering
Students”, Volumes II and III, S. Viswanathan (Printers and Publishers) Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, 2002.
3. Churchill, R.V. and Brown, J.W., “Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems”, Fourth Edition, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., Singapore, 1987.

MA1254 RANDOM PROCESSES 3 1 0 100

AIM
This course aims at providing the necessary basic concepts in random processes. A knowledge of fundamentals
and applications of phenomena will greatly help in the understanding of topics such a estimation and detection,
pattern recognition, voice and image processing networking and queuing.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students would
• Have a fundamental knowledge of the basic probability concepts.
• Have a well – founded knowledge of standard distributions which can describe real life phenomena.
• Acquire skills in handling situations involving more than one random variable and functions of random
variables.
• Understand and characterize phenomena which evolve with
respect to time in probabilistic manner.
• Be able to analyze the response of random inputs to linear time invariant systems.

UNIT I PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLE 9 +3

Axioms of probability - Conditional probability - Total probability – Baye’s theorem - Random variable -
Probability mass function - Probability density functions- Properties –Moments - Moment generating functions
and their properties.

UNIT II STANDARD DISTRIBUTIONS 9 +3

Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Negative Binomial, Uniform, Exponential, Gamma, Weibull and Normal
distributions and their properties - Functions of a random variable.
UNIT III TWO DIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIABLES 9+3
Joint distributions - Marginal and conditional distributions – Covariance - Correlation and regression -
Transformation of random variables - Central limit theorem.
UNIT IV CLASSIFICATION OF RANDOM PROCESSES 9+3
Definition and examples - first order, second order, strictly stationary, wide – sense stationary and Ergodic
processes - Markov process - Binomial, Poisson and Normal processes - Sine wave process.
UNIT V CORRELATION AND SPECTRAL DENSITIES 9+3
Auto correlation - Cross correlation - Properties – Power spectral density – Cross spectral density - Properties
– Wiener-Khintchine relation – Relationship between cross power spectrum and cross correlation function -
Linear time invariant system - System transfer function –Linear systems with random inputs –
Auto correlation and cross correlationfunctions of input and output.

TUTORIAL 15

TOTAL : 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. Ross, S., “A First Course in Probability”, Fifth edition, Pearson Education, Delhi, 2002.
2. Peebles Jr. P.Z., “Probability Random Variables and Random Signal Principles”, Tata McGraw-Hill
Pubishers, Fourth Edition, New Delhi, 2002. (Chapters 6, 7 and 8).

REFERENCES
1. Henry Stark and John W. Woods “Probability and Random Processes with Applications to Signal
Processing”, Pearson Education, Third edition, Delhi, 2002.
2. Veerarajan. T., “Probabilitiy, Statistics and Random process”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publications, Second
Edition, New Delhi, 2002.
3. Ochi, M.K. , “Applied Probability and Stochastic Process”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
EC1251 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II 3 1 0 100

AIM
The aim of this course is to familiarize the student with the analysis and design of feed back amplifiers,
oscillators, tuned amplifiers, wave shaping circuits, multivibrators and blocking oscillators.

OBJECTIVES
On completion of this course the student will understand
• The advantages and method of analysis of feed back amplifiers
• Analysis and design of RC and LC oscillators, tuned amplifiers, wave shaping circuits, multivibrators,
blocking oscillators and time based generators.

UNIT 1 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 9

Block diagram. Loop gain. Gain with feedback. Desensitivity of
gain. Distortion and cut off frequencies with feedback. The four basic feedback topologies and the type of gain
stabilized by each type of feedback. Input and Output resistances with feedback. Method of identifying
feedback topology, feedback factor and basic amplifier configuration with loading effect of feedback network
taken into account. Analysis of feedback amplifiers. Nyquist criterion for stability of feedback amplifiers.

UNIT II OSCILLATORS 9
Barkhausen Criterion. Mechanism for start of oscillation and stabilization of amplitude. Analysis of Oscillator
using Cascade connection of one RC and one CR filters. RC phase shift Oscillator. Wienbridge Oscillator and
twin-T Oscillators. Analysis of LC Oscillators, Colpitts, Hartley, Clapp, Miller and Pierce oscillators.
Frequency range of RC and LC Oscillators. Quartz Crystal Construction. Electrical equivalent circuit of
Crystal. Crystal Oscillator circuits.

UNIT III TUNED AMPLIFIERS 9

Coil losses, unloaded and loaded Q of tank circuits. Analysis of single tuned and synchronously tuned
amplifiers. Instability of tuned amplifiers. Stabilization techniques. Narrow band neutralization using coil.
Broad banding using Hazeltine neutralization. Class C tuned amplifiers and their applications. Efficiency of
Class C tuned Amplifier.

UNIT IV WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS 9

RL & RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits. Diode clippers, clampers and slicers. Collector coupled and
Emitter coupled Astable multivibrator. Monostable multivibrator. Bistable multivibrators. Triggering methods.
Storage delay and calculation of switching times. Speed up capacitors. Schmitt trigger circuit.

UNIT V BLOCKING OSCILLATORS AND TIMEBASE GENERATORS 9

Monostable and Astable Blocking Oscillators using Emitter and base timing. Frequency control using core
saturation. Pushpull operation of Astable blocking oscillator i.e., inverters. Pulse transformers. UJT sawtooth
generators. Linearization using constant current circuit. Bootstrap and Miller saw-tooth generators. Current
time base generators.

TUTORIAL 15

TOTAL : 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. Millman and Halkias. C., “Integrated Electronics”, Tata McGraw-Hill 1991,(I,II).
2. Schilling and Belove, "Electronic Circuits", TMH, Third Edition, 2002 (Unit - III)
3. Millman J. and Taub H., "Pulse Digital and Switching waveform", McGraw-Hill International (UNIT – IV
& V)
4. Robert L. Boylestead and Louis Nasheresky, 8th edn., PHI, 2002.

REFERENCES
1. Sedra / Smith, “Micro Electronic Circuits” Oxford university Press, 2004.
2. David A. Bell, " Solid State Pulse Circuits ", Prentice Hall of India, 1992.

EC1252 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 3 1 0 100

AIM
To study and analyse characteristics of continuous, discrete signals and systems.

OBJECTIVES
• To study the properties and representation of discrete and continuous signals.
• To study the sampling process and analysis of discrete systems using z-transforms.
• To study the analysis and synthesis of discrete time systems.

UNIT I REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS 9

Continuous and discrete time signals: Classification of Signals – Periodic aperiodic even – odd – energy and
power signals – Deterministic and random signals – complex exponential and sinusoidal signals – periodicity –
properties of discrete time complex exponential unit impulse –
unit step impulse functions – Transformation in independent variable of signals: time scaling, time shifting.
Determination of Fourier series representation of continuous time and discrete time periodic signals –
Explanation of properties of continuous time and discrete time Fourier series.

UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 9

Continuous time Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform analysis with examples – properties of the
Continuous time Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform basic properties, Parseval’s relation, and
convolution in time and frequency domains.
Basic properties of continuous time systems: Linearity, Causality, time invariance, stability, magnitude and
Phase representations of frequency response of LTI systems -Analysis and characterization of LTI systems
using Laplace transform:
Computation of impulse response and transfer function using Laplace transform.

UNIT III SAMPLING THEOREM AND z-TRANSFORMS 9

Representation of continuous time signals by its sample - Sampling theorem – Reconstruction of a Signal from
its samples, aliasing – discrete time processing of continuous time signals, sampling of band pass signals
Basic principles of z-transform - z-transform definition – region of convergence – properties of ROC –
Properties of z-transform – Poles and Zeros – inverse z-transform using Contour integration - Residue
Theorem, Power Series expansion and Partial fraction expansion, Relationship between z-transform and
Fourier transform.

UNIT IV DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS 9

Computation of Impulse & response & Transfer function using Z Transform. DTFT Properties and examples –
LTI-DT systems -Characterization using difference equation – Block diagram representation – Properties of
convolution and the interconnection of LTI Systems – Causality and stability of LTI Systems.
UNIT V SYSTEMS WITH FINITE AND INFINITE DURATION
IMPULSE RESPONSE 9
Systems with finite duration and infinite duration impulse response – recursive and non-recursive discrete time
system – realization structures – direct form – I, direct form – II, Transpose, cascade and parallel forms.

TUTORIAL 15

TOTAL : 60
TEXT BOOK
1. AlanV.Oppenheim, Alan S.Willsky with S.Hamid Nawab, Signals & Systems, 2nd edn., Pearson
Education, 1997.

REFERENCES
1. John G.Proakis and Dimitris G.Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms and
Applications, 3rd edn., PHI, 2000.
2. M.J.Roberts, Signals and Systems Analysis using Transform method and MATLAB, TMH 2003.
3. Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, Signals and Systems, John Wiley, 1999
4. K.Lindner, “Signals and Systems”, McGraw Hill International, 1999.
5. Moman .H. Hays,” Digital Signal Processing “, Schaum’s outlines, Tata McGraw-Hill Co Ltd., 2004.
6. Ashok Amhardar, “Analog and Digital Signal Processing”, 2 nd Edition Thomson 2002.

EC1253 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 3 1 0 100

AIM
To familiarize the student to the concepts, calculations and pertaining to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic
fields so that an in depth understanding of antennas, electronic devices, Waveguides is possible.

OBJECTIVES
• To analyze fields a potentials due to static changes
• To evaluate static magnetic fields
• To understand how materials affect electric and magnetic fields
• To understand the relation between the fields under time varying situations
• To understand principles of propagation of uniform plane waves.

UNIT I STATIC ELECTRIC FIELDS 9

Introduction to Co-ordinate System – Rectangular –
Cylindrical and Spherical Co-ordinate System – Introduction to line, Surface and Volume Integrals –
Definition of Curl, Divergence and Gradient – Meaning of Strokes theorem and Divergence theorem
Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form – Definition of Electric Field Intensity – Principle of Superposition – Electric
Field due to discrete charges – Electric field due to continuous charge distribution - Electric Field due to
charges distributed uniformly on an infinite and finite line – Electric Field on the axis of a uniformly charged
circular disc – Electric Field due to an infinite uniformly charged sheet.
Electric Scalar Potential – Relationship between potential and electric field - Potential due to infinite uniformly
charged line – Potential due to electrical dipole - Electric Flux Density – Gauss Law – Proof of Gauss Law
– Applications.

UNIT II STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD 9

The Biot-Savart Law in vector form – Magnetic Field intensity due to a finite and infinite wire carrying a
current I – Magnetic field intensity on the axis of a circular and rectangular loop carrying a current I –
Ampere’s circuital law and simple applications.
Magnetic flux density – The Lorentz force equation for a moving charge and applications – Force on a wire
carrying a current I placed in a magnetic field – Torque on a loop carrying a current I – Magnetic moment –
Magnetic Vector Potential.

UNIT III ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS IN MATERIALS 9

Poisson’s and Laplace’s equation – Electric Polarization-Nature of dielectric materials- Definition of
Capacitance – Capacitance of various geometries using Laplace’s equation – Electrostatic energy and energy
density – Boundary conditions for electric fields – Electric current – Current density – point form of ohm’s law
– continuity equation for current.
Definition of Inductance – Inductance of loops and solenoids – Definition of mutual inductance – simple
examples. Energy density in magnetic fields – Nature of magnetic materials – magnetization and permeability
- magnetic boundary conditions.

UNIT IV TIME VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 9

Faraday’s law – Maxwell’s Second Equation in integral form from Faraday’s Law – Equation expressed in
point form.
Displacement current – Ampere’s circuital law in integral form – Modified form of Ampere’s circuital law as
Maxwell’s first equation in integral form – Equation expressed in point form. Maxwell’s four equations in
integral form and differential form.
Poynting Vector and the flow of power – Power flow in a co-axial cable – Instantaneous Average and
Complex Poynting Vector.

UNIT V ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 9

Derivation of Wave Equation – Uniform Plane Waves – Maxwell’s equation in Phasor form – Wave equation
in Phasor form – Plane waves in free space and in a homogenous material.
Wave equation for a conducting medium – Plane waves in lossy dielectrics – Propagation in good conductors –
Skin effect.
Linear, Elliptical and circular polarization – Reflection of Plane Wave from a conductor – normal incidence –
Reflection of Plane Waves by a perfect dielectric – normal and oblique incidence. Dependence on
Polarization. Brewster angle.

TUTORIAL 15

TOTAL : 60
TEXTBOOKS
1. William H.Hayt : “Engineering Electromagnetics” TATA 2003 (Unit I,II,III ).
2. E.C. Jordan & K.G. Balmain “Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems.” Prentice Hall of India
2nd edition 2003. (Unit IV, V). McGraw-Hill, 9th reprint

REFERENCES
1. Ramo, Whinnery and Van Duzer: “Fields and Waves in Communications Electronics” John Wiley & Sons
(3rd edition 2003)
2 .Narayana Rao, N : “Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics” 4th edition, Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi, 1998.
3. M.N.O.Sadiku: “Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics” Oxford University Press, Third edition.
4. David K.Cherp: “Field and Wave Electromagnetics - Second Edition-Pearson Edition.
5. David J.Grithiths: “Introduction to Electrodynamics- III Edition-PHI.

EC1302 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 3 1 0 100

AIM
To study the signal processing methods and processors.

OBJECTIVES
• To study DFT and its computation
• To study the design techniques for digital filters
• To study the finite word length effects in signal processing
• To study the non-parametric methods of power spectrum estimations
• To study the fundamentals of digital signal processors.

UNIT I FFT 9
Introduction to DFT – Efficient computation of DFT Properties of
DFT – FFT algorithms – Radix-2 FFT algorithms – Decimation in Time – Decimation in Frequencyalgorithms
–Use of FFT algorithms in Linear Filtering and correlation.

UNIT II DIGITAL FILTERS DESIGN 9

Amplitude and phase responses of FIR filters – Linear phase filters – Windowing techniques for design of
Linear phase FIR filters – Rectangular, Hamming, Kaiser windows – frequencysampling techniques – IIR
Filters – Magnitude response – Phase response – group delay - Design of Low Pass Butterworth filters (low
pass) - Bilinear transformation – prewarping, impulse invariant transformation.

UNIT III FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS 9

Quantization noise – derivation for quantization noise power – Fixed point and binary floating point number
representation – comparison – over flow error – truncation error – co-efficient quantization error - limit cycle
oscillation – signal scaling – analytical model of sample and hold operations.

UNIT IV POWER SPECTRUM ESTIMATION 9

Computation of Energy density spectrum – auto correlation and power spectrum of random signals.
Periodogram – use of DFT in power spectrum estimation – Non parametric methods for power spectral
estimation: Bartlett and Welch methods – Blackman and Tukey method.

UNIT V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS 9

Introduction to DSP architecture – Harvard architecture - Dedicated MAC unit - Multiple ALUs, Advanced
addressing modes, Pipelining, Overview of instruction set of TMS320C5X and C54X.

TUTORIAL 15

TOTAL : 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. John G Proakis, Dimtris G Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing Principles, Algorithms and Application,
PHI, 3rd Edition, 2000,
2. B.Venkataramani & M. Bhaskar, Digital Signal Processor Architecture, Programming and Application,
TMH 2002. (UNIT – V)
REFERENCES
1. Alan V Oppenheim, Ronald W Schafer, John R Back, Discrete Time Signal Processing, PHI, 2nd Edition
2000,
2. Avtar singh, S.Srinivasan DSP Implementation using DSP microprocessor with Examples from
TMS32C54XX -Thamson / Brooks cole Publishers, 2003
3. S.Salivahanan, A.Vallavaraj, Gnanapriya, Digital Signal Processing, McGraw-Hill / TMH, 2000
4. Johny R.Johnson :Introduction to Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall, 1984.
5. S.K.Mitra, “Digital Signal Processing- A Computer based approach”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998, New Delhi.

EC1351 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 3 1 0 100

AIM
To introduce the basic concepts of Digital Communication modulation to baseband, passband modulation and
to give an exposure to error control coding and finally to discuss about the spread spectrum modulation
schemes.

OBJECTIVES
• To study pulse modulation and discuss the process of sampling, quantization and coding that are fundamental
to the digital transmission of analog signals.
• To learn baseband pulse transmission, which deals with the transmission of pulse-amplitude, modulated
signals in their baseband form.
• To learn error control coding which encompasses techniques for the encoding and decoding of digital data
streams for their reliable transmission over noisy channels.

UNIT I PULSE MODULATION 9

Sampling process –PAM- other forms of pulse modulation –
Bandwidth –Noise trade off –Quantization –PCM- Noise considerations in PCM Systems-TDM- Digital
multiplexers-Virtues, Limitation and modification of PCM-Delta modulation –Linear prediction –differential
pulse code modulation – Adaptive Delta Modulation.

UNIT II BASEBAND PULSE TRANSMISSION 9

Matched Filter- Error Rate due to noise –Intersymbol Interference- Nyquist’s criterion for Distortionless Base
band Binary Transmission- Correlative level coding –Baseb and M-ary PAM transmission –Adaptive
Equalization –Eye patterns

UNIT III PASSBAND DATA TRANSMISSION 9

Introduction – Pass band Transmission model- Generation, Detection, Signal space diagram, bit error
probability and Power spectra of BPSK, QPSK, FSK and MSK schemes –Differential phase shift keying –
Comparison of Digital modulation systems using a single carrier – Carrier and symbol synchronization.

UNIT IV ERROR CONTROL CODING 9

Discrete memoryless channels – Linear block codes - Cyclic codes - Convolutional codes – Maximum
likelihood decoding of convolutional codes-Viterbi Algorithm, Trellis coded Modulation, Turbo codes.

UNIT V SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION 9

Pseudo- noise sequences –a notion of spread spectrum – Direct sequence spread spectrum with coherent binary
phase shift keying – Signal space Dimensionality and processing gain –Probability of error – Frequency –hop
spread spectrum –Maximum length and Gold codes.

TUTORIAL 15

TOTAL : 60

TEXT BOOKS
1. Simon Haykins, “Communication Systems” John Wiley, 4th Edition, 2001

REFERENCES
1. Sam K.Shanmugam “Analog & Digital Communication” John Wiley.
2. John G.Proakis, “Digital Communication” McGraw Hill 3rd Edition, 1995
3. Taub & Schilling , “Principles of Digital Communication “ Tata McGraw-Hill” 28th reprint, 2003
4. Bernard's

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 3 0 0 100

AIMS
• To introduce the various optical fiber modes, configurations and various signal degradation factors
associated with optical fiber.
• To study about various optical sources and optical detectors and their use in the optical communication
system. Finally to discuss about digital transmission and its associated parameters on system performance.

OBJECTIVES
• To learn the basic elements of optical fiber transmission link, fiber modes configurations and structures.
• To understand the different kind of losses, signal distortion in optical wave guides and other signal
degradation factors. Design optimization of SM fibers, RI profile and cut-off wave length.
• To learn the various optical source materials, LED structures, quantum efficiency, Laser diodes and
different fiber amplifiers.
• To learn the fiber optical receivers such as PIN APD diodes, noise performance in photo detector, receiver
operation and configuration.
• To learn fiber slicing and connectors, noise effects on system performance, operational principles WDM
and solutions.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS 9

Evolution of fiber optic system- Element of an Optical Fiber Transmission link- Ray Optics-Optical Fiber
Modes and Configurations –Mode theory of Circular Wave guides-
Overview of Modes-Key Modal concepts- Linearly Polarized Modes –Single Mode Fibers-Graded Index fiber
structure.

UNIT II SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS 9

Attenuation – Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses, Signal
Distortion in Optical Wave guides-Information Capacity determination –Group Delay-Material Dispersion,
Wave guide Dispersion, Signal distortion in SM fibers-Polarization Mode dispersion, Intermodal dispersion,
Pulse Broadening in GI fibers-Mode Coupling –Design Optimization of SM fibers-RI profile and cut-off
wavelength.
UNIT III FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING 9
Direct and indirect Band gap materials-LED structures –Light source materials –Quantum efficiency and LED
power, Modulation of a LED, lasers Diodes-Modes and Threshold condition –Rate equations –External
Quantum efficiency –Resonant frequencies –Laser Diodes, Temperature effects, Introduction to Quantum
laser, Fiber amplifiers- Power Launching and coupling, Lencing schemes, Fibre –to- Fibre joints, Fibre
splicing.

UNIT IV FIBER OPTICAL RECEIVERS 9

PIN and APD diodes –Photo detector noise, SNR, Detector Response time, Avalanche Multiplication Noise –
Comparison of Photo detectors –Fundamental Receiver Operation – preamplifiers, Error Sources –Receiver
Configuration –Probability of Error – Quantum Limit.

UNIT V DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 9

Point-to-Point links System considerations –Link Power budget –Rise - time budget –Noise Effects on System
Performance-Operational Principles of WDM, Solitons-Erbium-doped Amplifiers. Basic on concepts of
SONET/SDH Network. .

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOK
1. Gerd Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communication” McGraw–Hill International, Singapore, 3rd ed., 2000

REFERENCES
1. J.Senior, “Optical Communication, Principles and Practice”, Prentice Hall of India, 1994.
2. J.Gower, “Optical Communication System”, Prentice Hall of India, 2001.

EC1403 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 3 0 0 100

Aim
To enable the student to become familiar with active & passive microwave devices & components used in
Microwave communication systems.

Objectives
• To study passive microwave components and their S- Parameters.
• To study Microwave semiconductor devices & applications.
• To study Microwave sources and amplifiers.

UNIT I 9
Microwave Frequencies, Microwave Devices, Microwave Systems, Microwave Units of Measure, Microwave
Hybrid Circuits, Waveguide Tees, Magic Tees (Hybrid Trees), Hybrid Rings (Rat-Race Circuits), Waveguide
Corners, Bends and Twists, Directional Couplers, Two-
Hole Directional Couplers, Z & ABCD Parameters- Introduction to S parameters, S Matrix of a Directional
Coupler, Hybrid Couplers, Circulators and Isolators, Microwave Circulators, Microwave Isolators.

UNIT II 9
Transit time limitations in transistors, Microwave bipolar transistors, power frequencylimitations microwave
field effect transistors, HEMT, Gunn effect – RWH theory, high – field domain and modes of operation
microwave amplification – Avalance transit time devices – IMPATT and TRAPATT diodes and comparison
parametric amplifiers.
UNIT III TRANSFERRED ELECTRON DEVICES (TEDs) and AVALANCHE TRANSIT-TIME DEVICES
9
Introduction, Gunn-Effect Diodes – GaAs Diode, Background, Gunn Effect, Ridely-Watkins-Hilsun (RWH)
Theory, Differential Negative Resistance, Two-Valley Model Theory, High-Field Domain, Modes of
Operation, LSA Diodes, InP Diodes, CdTe Diodes, Microwave Generation and Amplification, Microwave
Generation, Microwave Amplification, AVALANCHE TRANSIT-TIME DEVICES, Introduction, Read
Diode, Physical Description, Avalanche Multiplication, Carrier Current Io(t) and External Current I¬e¬(t),
Output Power and Quality Factor, IMPATT Diodes, Physical Structures, Negative Resistance, Power Output
and Efficiency, TRAPATT Diodes, Physical Structures, Principles of Operation, Power Output and Efficiency,
BARITT Diodes, Physical Description, Principles of Operation, Microwave Performance, Parametric Devices,
Physical Structures, Nonlinear Reactance and Manley – Rowe Power Relations, Parametric
Amplifiers, Applications.

UNIT III MICROWAVE LINEAR-BEAM TUBES (O TYPE) and MICROWAVE CROSSED-FIELD

TUBES (M TYPE) 9
Klystrons, Reentrant Cavities, Velocity-Modulation Process, Bunching Process, Output Power and Beam
Loading, State of the Art, Multicavity Klystron Amplifiers, Beam-Current Density, Output Current Output
Power of Two-Cavity Klystron, Output Power of Four-Cavity Klystron, Reflex Klystrons, Velocity
Modulation, Power Output and Efficiency, Electronic Admittance, Helix Traveling-Wave Tubes (TWTs),
Slow-Wave structures, Amplification Process, Convection Current, Axial Electric Field, Wave Modes, Gain
Consideration, MICROWAVE CROSSED-FIELD TUBES , Magnetron Oscillators, Cylindrical Magnetron,
Coaxial Magnetron, Tunable Magnetron, Ricke diagram.

UNIT IV STRIP LINES and MONOLITHIC MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

9
Introduction, Microstrip Lines, Characteristic Impedance of Microstrip Lines, Losses in Microstrip Lines,
Quality Factor Q of Microstrip Lines, Parallel Strip Lines, Distributed Lines, Characteristic Impedance,
Attenuation Losses, Coplanar Strip Lines, Shielded Strip Lines, References, Problems, MONOLITHIC
MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, Introduction, Materials, Substrate Materials, Conductor
Materials, Dielectric Materials, Resistive Materials, Monolithic Microwave Integrated-Circuit Growth, MMIC
Fabrication Techniques, Fabrication Example.

UNIT V MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS: 9

Slotted line VSWR measurement, VSWR through return loss measurements, power measurement, impedance
measurement insertion loss and attenuation measurements- measurement of scattering parameters –
Measurement of 1 dB, dielectric constant measurement of a solid using waveguide

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Samuel Y.LIAO : Microwave Devices and Circuits – Prentice Hall of India – 3rd Edition (2003)
2. Annapurna Das and Sisir K.Das: Microwave Engineering – Tata McGraw-Hill (2000) (UNIT V)

REFERENCES
1. R.E. Collin : Foundations for Microwave Engg. – IEEE Press Second Edition (2002)
2. David M.POZAR : Microwave Engg. – John Wiley & Sons – 2nd Edition (2003)
3. P.A.RIZZI – Microwave Engg. (Passive ckts) – PH1
EC1011 TELEVISION AND VIDEO ENGINEERING 3 0 0 100

AIM
Television Technology has now become a vital tool to the information revolution that is sweeping across the
countries of the world. The syllabus aims at a comprehensive coverage of Television Systems with all the new
developments in Television Engineering

OBJECTIVES
• To study the analysis and synthesis of TV Pictures, Composite Video Signal, Receiver Picture Tubes and
Television Camera Tubes
• To study the principles of Monochrome Television Transmitter and Receiver systems.
• To study the various Color Television systems with a greater emphasis on PAL system.
• To study the advanced topics in Television systems and Video Engineering

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF TELEVISION 8

Geometry form and Aspect Ratio - Image Continuity - Number of scanning lines -
Interlaced scanning - Picture resolution - Camera tubes- Image orthicon - vidicon-plumbicon-silicon diode
array vidicon-solid state image scanners- monochrome picture tubes- composite video signal-video signal
dimension- horizontal sync. Composition- vertical sync. Details – functions of vertical pulse train – scanning
sequence details. Picture signal transmission – positive and negative modulation – VSB transmission sound
signal transmission – standard channel bandwidth.

UNIT II MONOCHROME TELEVISION TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER 9

TV transmitter – TV signal propagation – Interference – TV transmission Antennas – Monochrome TV
receiver – RF tuner – UHF, VHF tuner- Digital tuning techniques- AFT-IF subsystems - AGC –
Noise cancellation- Video and sound inter carrier detection- vision IF subsystem- video amplifiers
requirements and configurations - DC re-insertion - Video amplifier circuits- Sync separation – typical sync
processing circuits- Deflection current waveform – Deflection Oscillators – Frame deflection circuits –
requirements- Line Deflection circuits – EHT generation – Receiver Antennas.

UNIT III ESSENTIALS OF COLOUR TELEVISION 8

Compatibility – colour perception- Three colour theory- luminance, hue and saturation-colour television
cameras- values of luminance and colour difference signals- colour television display tubes- delta – gun-
precision – in-line and Trinitron colour picture tubes- purity and convergence- purity and static and dynamic
convergence adjustments- pincushion correction techniques- automatic degaussing circuit- grey scale tracking
– colour signal transmission- bandwidth- modulation of colour difference signals – weighting factors-
Formation of chrominance signal.

UNIT IV COLOUR TELEVISION SYSTEMS: 10

NTSC colour TV system- NTSC colour receiver- limitations of NTSC system – PAL colour TV system
– cancellation of phase errors- PAL –D colour system- PAL coder – Pal-Decolour receiver- chromo signal
amplifier- separation of U and V signals- colour burst separation – Burst phase Discriminator – ACC
amplifier- Reference Oscillator- Ident and colour killer circuits- U and V demodulators- Colour signal
matrixing – merits and demerits of the PAL system – SECAM system – merits and demerits of SECAM
system.

UNIT V ADVANCED TELEVISION SYSTEMS 10

Satellite TV technology- Cable TV – VCR- Video Disc recording and playback- Tele Text broadcast receiver
– digital television – Transmission and reception- projection Television – Flat panel display TV receiver –
Sterio sound in TV – 3D TV – EDTV – Digital equipments for TV studios.

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. R.R.Gulati, “ Monochrome Television Practice, Principles, Technology and servcing , Second edition, New
age International Publishes, 2004 (Unit I,II,IV and V)
2. R.R.Gulati “Monochrome and colour television “, New age Internationl Publisher, 2003 (Unit I,III and IV)

REFERENCES
1. A.M Dhake, “Television and Video Engineerign”, Second edition, TMH, 2003.
2. S.P.Bali, “ Colour Television, Theory and Practice”, TMH, 1994