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CFD Analysis of Rocket Engine PDF

This document summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses of rocket engine combustion chambers performed by J. Steelant of ESA-ESTEC. It discusses multi-physical phenomena during start-up such as waterhammer effects and injection processes in near-vacuum conditions. The CFD models thermodynamic flashing behavior, atomization, and transport of atomized liquid jets. Results are presented on vapor fraction evolution, spectral analysis of pressure oscillations, and droplet wall impact processes. The goal is to better understand priming and injection in liquid rocket engines.

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Evelin Koch
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285 views

CFD Analysis of Rocket Engine PDF

This document summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses of rocket engine combustion chambers performed by J. Steelant of ESA-ESTEC. It discusses multi-physical phenomena during start-up such as waterhammer effects and injection processes in near-vacuum conditions. The CFD models thermodynamic flashing behavior, atomization, and transport of atomized liquid jets. Results are presented on vapor fraction evolution, spectral analysis of pressure oscillations, and droplet wall impact processes. The goal is to better understand priming and injection in liquid rocket engines.

Uploaded by

Evelin Koch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ESTEC

Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

CFD Analysis of Rocket Engine


Combustion Chambers

J. Steelant
TOS-MPA
ESA - ESTEC

Acknowledgement: R. Schmehl

Noordwijk
The Netherlands
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Application: Start-Up of Upper Stage Engines

Oxidizer dome

Injectors

Combustion chamber

Cooling channels

Fuel feed line


Avum (Vega)

Aestus (Ariane 5)
ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 2
October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Multi-physical phenomena during start-up of LRE


1. Priming of feed lines and domes during start-up:

a. Waterhammer: pressure and expansion waves


b. Phase change i.c.w. cavitation
c. Absorption/desorption of pressurant (Helium)

2. Injection of liquid fuel and oxidizer into the combustion chamber:

a. Atomization evolution in near vacuum conditions


b. Vaporization modes in near vacuum conditions
c. Droplet wall impact and break-up processes

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 3


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Study: priming effects


in vacuum
1. Waterhammer with phase change
2. Unsteady injection process
3. Checking coupling with CC-
instabilities modes

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 4


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

CFD-Analysis (1/3)
1. Geometrical aspects
- axisymmetric fuel dome with annular injector slits
- spatial : 20K nodes; temporal: 1 µsec

P_cent

P9D1

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 5


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

CFD-Analysis (2/3)
2. Numerical aspects
- Spatial: 3rd order Smart-scheme
- Time: backward Euler (1st order)
- Solver: Pressure-Correction method

3. Physical modelling:
- Transient laminar and isothermal Navier-Stokes equations
- Vapor transport equations:
MMH vaporization/condensation & presence of
non-condensable gas.

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 6


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

CFD-Analysis (3/3)
Vapor transport equation: f = vapour mass fraction

∂ρf r
+ ∇ • ( ρ uf ) = ∇ • (Γ∇f ) + Re − R f
∂t
è expressions for Re and Rc derived from Rayleigh-Plesset
equation with:
V 2 p sat − p V 2 p − p sat
Re = C e ch ρ v ρ l (1 − f ) Rc = C c ch ρ v ρ l f
σ 3 ρl σ 3 ρl
where Ce, Cs = phase change rate coefficients
σ = surface tension
psat = saturation pressure
Vch = characteristic velocity
ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 7
October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Evolution of void fraction

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 8


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Spectral analysis: CFD result for 50mg N2/kg MMH

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 9


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Study: injection processes in near vacuum

1. Thermodynamic behaviour of a liquid jet into near vacuum


2. Atomization behaviour of a liquid jet in near vacuum
3. Transport and deformation of atomized jets (spray)

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 10


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Thermodynamic behaviour in near vacuum: flashing

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 11


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Flash vaporization model

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 12


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Flash vaporization in near vacuum

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 13


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 14


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 15


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Transport and deformation of atomized jets

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 16


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 17


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 18


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 19


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Wall impact, deposition and rebounce

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 20


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Wall deposition rate

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 21


October 2003 J. Steelant
ESTEC
Division of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics

Conclusion

1. Multiphysical processes in LRE


a. Phase change icw waterhammer, cavitation, absorption,…
during priming
b. Processes during injection
• Flashing atomization & vaporization
• Primary and secondary break-up of jets
• Wall deposition/interaction of droplets
2. Modelling and numerical simulation allows qualitative and/or
quantitative analysis of processes difficult to analyse
experimentally

ESTEC, 9-10th of Multi-Physics in Rocket Engines 22


October 2003 J. Steelant

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