EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT I – INTRODUCTION

PART – A 19. What decides the loading of generating stations?

20. What is the need for voltage regulation in power system? (A.U. MAY/JUNE
1. What is the objective of power system control?
2009)
2. Define load.
21. List out the various needs for frequency regulation in power system. (A.U.
3. What is meant by Load frequency control? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
NOV/DEC 2013)
4. What are the advantages of pool operation with respect to LFC? (A.U.
22. What is the purpose of primary ALFC?
APR/MAY 2008)
23. State the difference between P-f and Q-V controls.
5. What is base load? (A.U. APR/MAY 2008)
24. What is pool level?
6. What is the need for load forecasting? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007) (A.U.
25. What are plant level controls?
APR/MAY 2015)
26. What is system level control?
7. What is load curve & load duration curve? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009) (A.U.
27. Give reasons why the system frequency must not be allowed to deviate
NOV/DEC 2014) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011), (A.U.
from a chosen constant value?
NOV/DEC 2012)
28. What happens to frequency if the load on the generator increases?
8. List out the types of loads.
29. Define load curve. What is monthly load curve?
9. What is Load factor or demand factor? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007),(A.U.
30. What is annual load curve?
APR/MAY 2011) ) (A.U. APR/MAY 2015)
31. What is diversity factor? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013) , (A.U. APR/MAY 2011)
10. What are the advantages of computer control in power system? What are
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
the types of computer control? (A.U. APR/MAY 2015)
32. What is maximum demand? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012) A.U. APR/MAY 2014
11. List out the rules characterizing typical system loads.
33. Define utilization factor. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013)
12. What is plant use factor? A.U. APR/MAY 2014
34. List the advantages of multi area operation? (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009)
13. Define capacity factor. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013)
35. What is system voltage control? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
14. What is connected load? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011)
15. What is spinning reserve? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
16. What is the duty of power system operator?
17. Why that optimal power flow is combines economic dispatch with power
flow?
18. Why the real power is is generated equal to the power transferred to the
infinite bus?

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT I – INTRODUCTION

PART- B 10. Briefly explain plant level and system level controls. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
1. Draw the load curve and load duration curve. Explain the importance of
11. Write short notes on LFC & Economic dispatch control.
these curves in connection with economic operation of power system.
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
A.U. APR/MAY 2014
12. Explain recent trends or role of computers in power system.
2. Define load. Name various categories of load devices. Write the rules
(A.U. APR/MAY 2008) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014) (A.U. APR/MAY 2015)
characterizing typical system loads. What are the effects of variable load
13. Explain the important objectives of power system and various control
on the operation of the power station?
strategies during its operation. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)
3. Explain system load variation & its characteristics.
14. A generating station has the following daily load cycle:
4. (a) Classify and explain cost involved in power system.
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2013) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007) ,
(b) Explain the different types of load.
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)
5. Explain: (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)(A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009) A.U. APR/MAY 14
Time 0-6 6-8 8 -12 12-14 14-18 18-20 20-24
(a) Connected load. (b) Maximum and average demand. (hours) Hrs Hrs Hrs Hrs Hrs Hrs Hrs
(c) Load factor. (d) Diversity factor.
Load(KW) 4500 3500 7500 2000 8000 2500 5000
(e) Coincidence factor. (f) Plant use factor.
6. Explain the terms: Installed reserve, spinning reserve, hot reserve, and
Cold reserve. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007) (A.U. Sketch the load duration curve and determine the load factor and plant

MAY/JUNE 2009) , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009), capacity factor, if the capacity of the plant is 12 MW.

7. What is load forecasting? Explain its classification and importance. 15. A power supply is having the following loads: A.U. APR/MAY 2014

(A.U. APR/MAY 2011), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007) , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012) MAXIMUM DIVERSITY DEMAND
TYPE OF LOAD
DEMAND (KW) FACTOR FACTOR
(A.U. APR/MAY 2015)
DOMESTIC 10000 1.2 0.8
8. Explain the need for voltage and frequency regulation in power system. COMMERICAL 30000 1.3 0.9
(A.U. APR/MAY 2011) INDUSTRIAL 50000 1.35 0.95
9. Draw and explain the basic P-f (or) Automatic load frequency and If the overall system diversity factor is 1.5. Determine (a) Maximum
Q-v control loops (or) Voltage regulator control. demand (b) Connected load of each type.
(A.U. APR/MAY 2011)

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT I – INTRODUCTION

16. A Power station has to meet the following demand. (A.U. APR/MAY 2008) 19. Why is the load on power station variable? What are the effects of variable
Group A: 200kW between 8 A.M and 6 P.M (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014) load on operation of the power station? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)

Group B: 100kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M 20. A generating station supplies the following loads: (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)

Group C: 50kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M 15000Kw, 12000Kw, 6000kW and 450Kw.

Group D: 100kW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M and 6 P.M and 6 A.M The station has a maximum demand of 22000kW. The annual load factor

Plot the daily load cure and load duration curve and determine of the station is 48%. Calculate

(i) Diversity factor (i) The number of units supplied

(ii) Units generated per day (ii) The demand factor

(iii) The diversity factor\
(iii) Load factor
21. Consider an inductive Load of type Z=R+JX.
17. A generating station has a maximum demand of 20MW, a load factor of
i. By how many percent will the real load drop if the voltage is
60%, of a plant capacity of 48% and a plant use factor of 80%. Find the
reduced by 5 percent?
(i) Daily energy produced
ii. How would a 2 percent drop in frequency affects the real load, if
(ii) Reserve capacity of the plant
the load is assumed to have a power factor of 0.8?
(iii) Maximum energy that could be produced daily. If the plant
were running all the time.
(iv) Maximum energy that could be produced, if the plant when
running were fully loaded. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011)
18. A generating station has a maximum demand of 50,000 kW. Calculate the
cost per unit generated from the following data. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013)
6
Capital cost = Rs. 95 x 10
Annual load factor = 40%
6
Annual cost of fuel and oil = Rs. 9 x 10
6
Taxes, wages and salaries = Rs. 7.5 x 10
Interest and depreciation rate = 12% (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011)

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT II – REAL POWER –FREQUENCY CONTROL

PART-A 19. Briefly explain the movement of point E (i.e., open or close the valve).
20. Define inertia constant.
1. What is the function of load frequency control?
21. Define regulation.
2. How is the real power in a power system controlled? (A.U. APR/ MAY
22. State any two necessities to put alternators in parallel.
2011)
23. Give two conditions for proper synchronizing of alternators. (A.U. NOV/DEC
3. State any two necessities to put alternators in parallel (A.U. APR/MAY
2013), (A.U. NOV/ DEC 2011)
2014)
24. Define per unit drop.
4. State the advantages of state variable model. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
25. Why the frequency and voltage to be regulated in a power system?
5. State the control objective of two area load frequency control. (A.U.
(A.U. APR/MAY 2008)
NOV/DEC 2014)
26. What do you understand by coherent group of generators? (A.U. NOV/DEC
6. What is speed governor?
2008), (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009)
7. What is speed changer?
27. List the advantages of multi-area operation.
8. What is meant by free governor operation? (A.U. APR/ MAY 2011)
28. Write the tie-line power deviation equation in terms of frequency.
9. What is AGC? (A.U. NOV/ DEC 2011)
29. What is meant by control area? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)ec
10. What are the types of automatic load frequency control for interconnected
30. State the basic role of ALFC. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013)
power system? (A.U. NOV/ DEC 2012)
31. Differentiate static and dynamic response of an ALFC loop.
11. What is automatic load dispatching? (A.U. NOV/ DEC 2012)
32. What is meant by AFRC?
12. Find the open loop gain of a automatic voltage regulator loop if the static
33. State whether changes in AVR loop will be reflected in ALFC loop.
error does not exceed 2%.(A.U. APR/MAY 2015)
34. What are the assumptions made in dynamic response of uncontrolled
13. Brief the application of secondary ALFC loop in power system networks.
case? (A.U. APR/MAY 2014)
(A.U. APR/MAY 2015)
35. Explain the principle of tie-line bias control.
14. How can the flow of high pressure steam controlled?
36. What is Area control error? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
15. What is meant by fly ball speed governor?
37. Compare speed Governor and speed changer. (A.U. APR/MAY 2008),
16. What is the purpose of a speed changer?
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)
17. What are the equations governing the movement of point C in “speed
38. Define stiffness of the interconnected system. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
governor mechanism”?
18. What are the equations governing the movement of point D (i.e,, hydraulic
amplifier)?

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT II – REAL POWER –FREQUENCY CONTROL

PART-B 10. Consider the power-frequency control of a single system, assume that
= = 0.compute the time error caused by a step disturbance of
1. What are the components of speed governor system of an alternator?
magnitude∆ , prove that the error is reduced by increasing gain .
Derive its transfer function .(A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012),
Express the error in seconds and cycles (of 50 HZ).
(A.U. NOV/ DEC 2011) (A.U. APR/MAY 2014) (A.U. APR/MAY 2015)
11. Draw the block diagram for a two area system provided with governors.
2. Define control area. Derive the transfer function of an uncontrolled &
(i) For a step load change of ∆ in one area, derive the
controlled load frequency control of a single area system and derive the
expression for frequency and tie-line error.
expression for static error following a step load change.
(ii) Discuss the secondary controller requirements to correct the
3. Draw the transfer function block diagram of a LFC for single area power
errors and the selection of bias parameters.
system. Provided with integral controller and explain the dynamic response
12. Explain in detail about state variable model. (A.U. APR/MAY 2014)
of controlled & uncontrolled case for various values of gain of the integral
13. Derive the transfer function model of a integration of economic dispatch
controller. (A.U. APR/MAY 2008)
control with LFC. (A.U. NOV/ DEC 2012)
4. Explain the LFC control of single area system. (or)
14. Two synchronous generators operating in parallel. Their capacities are 300
Derive the transfer function model of a Single area system LFC and draw its
MW and 400 MW. The droop characteristics of their governor are 4% and
block diagram. (A.U. APR/ MAY 2011), (A.U. NOV/ DEC 2012)
5% from no load to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at
5. Derive the transfer function of a single area system of static analysis with
50Hz at no load, how would be al load of 600 MW shared between them.
uncontrolled case. (A.U. NOV/ DEC 2011)
What will be the system frequency at this load? Assume free governor
6. Obtain a block diagram for the representation of single control area without
action. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007) (A.U. NOV/DEC
integral control. (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009)
2014)
7. Discuss in detail the dynamic response of a single area system, without
integral control following a step load disturbance. (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009)
8. Draw the transfer function block diagram for a two area system provided
with governor control and obtain the steady state frequency error following a
step load change in both the areas. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007), (A.U. NOV/DEC
2009), (A.U. APR/ MAY 2011)
9. Explain the speed load characteristics of two synchronous machines
connected in parallel and also mention its conditions. (A.U. NOV/DEC
2014)
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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT II – REAL POWER –FREQUENCY CONTROL

15. Two synchronous machines with the following data are operating in parallel (i) Assume there is no frequency – dependent load. Find the steady
to feed a common load of 300MW. (A.U. APR/MAY 2008) state frequency deviation and the new generation on each unit.
MACHINES 1: Governor Speed drop: 4% (ii) The load varies 0.84% for every 1% change in frequency. Find the
Speed changer set to give 75% rated load at rated speed. steady state frequency deviation and the new generation on each
MACHINES 2: Governor Speed drop: 3% unit. (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009)
Speed changer set to give 50% rated load at rated speed. 17. Explain the importance of flat tie-line and flat frequency control.
The nominal frequency of operation of the set is 50 Hz. 18. Explain the tie-line bias control of two area system.
(i) Determine the load taken by each machine and the frequency of 19. Two 50 Hz power stations are connected by means of an interconnected
operation. cable of negligible impedance, so that the stations work in parallel. Station A
(ii) What adjustment should be made for the machines to share the has a full load capacity of 15 MW and uniform speed regulation of 3%.
loads as in (i) but with a frequency of 50 Hz? Station B has a capacity of 4 MW and uniform speed regulation of 4%. The
load on the bus bars of station of station B is 4 MW and of station A is 10
MW. Calculate the generated output of each station ,power transmitted by
interconnected cable and operating frequency assuming free governor
action and that the speed changer of generators were set to have a 50 Hz
at no-load. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)

20. Two 100 KW alternators operate in parallel. The speed regulation of fist
alternator is 100% to 103% from full load to no load and that of other 100%
to 105%. How will the tow alternators share a load of 1200kw and at what
load will one machine cease to supply any portion of the load?
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
16. A single area consists of two generating units, rated at 400MW and 21. A sub grid has total rated capacity 2500MW. It encounters a load increase

800MW, with speed regulation of 4% and 5% on their ratings. The units are of 50MW. If the normal operating load is 1000 MW. Assume inertia constant
(H) to be 5 Sec and regulation of the generators in the system as 2 HZ/P.u.
operating in parallel, sharing 700 MW. Unit 1 supplied 200MW and unit 2
Find the (i) ALFC loop parameters (ii) Static frequency drop (iii) Transient
supplies 500MW at 1 p.u (50Hz) frequency. The load is increased by 130
response of ALFC loop. (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
MW.

22. An isolated power system has the following parameters:

VI Semester EEE/ Page 3
EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT II – REAL POWER –FREQUENCY CONTROL

Turbine rated output= 300MW, Nominal frequency= 50HZ,

Governor speed regulation = 0.05 p.u, Inertia constant=5,
Turbine time constant = 0.5 sec. Governor time constant= 0.2 sec,
Load change= 60MW.The load varies by 0.8% for a 1% change in
frequency. Determine the steady state frequency deviation. (A.U.
APR/MAY 2014)
23. A single area controlled system has the following data
Area capacity =2000MW
Operating Load=1000MW
R=2.4Hz/p.u.MW find KI and find the nature of roots for KI=1.
24. Determine the primary ALFC loop parameter for a control area having the
following data : Total rated area capacity, Pr =2000MW
Normal Operating Load, Pd=1000MW
Inertia constant, H= 5 sec
R=2.4Hz/p.u. MW (all area generators)
We shall assume that the load frequency dependency as linear meaning
that the old load would increase 1% for 1% frequency increases.

25. A single area controlled system has the following data

Area capacity =3000MW
Operating Load=1500MW
R=3%, H=5 sec and frequency=50 Hz
Compute steady state drop in frequency in Hz for a step load changing
of 25MW.

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT III– REACTIVE POWER – VOLTAGE CONTROL

PART-A 21. What are the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous

compensators? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011)
1. What are the various functions of excitation system?
22. What are the properties of static compensators?
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. APR/MAY 2008), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008),
23. Distinguish between rotor angle stability and short term voltage stability.
(A.U. May/june 2009), (MAY/JUNE 2011)
(A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
2. List the various components in AVR loop.
24. What is meant by regulating transformer or Booster transformer?
3. What are the types of excitation system?
25. What are the parts of a regulating transformer?
4. What is the condition to determine K value of AVAR loop?
26. How is voltage control obtained by using tap changing transformer?
5. State the relation between voltage, power and reactive power at a node.
27. Explain the effect of tap changing transformer on line current and voltage
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
drop.
6. State the advantage of switched capacitors in voltage control. (A.U.
28. Show that the shunt compensation improves critical voltage as well as
NOV/DEC 2014)
power factor. (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
7. What are the effects of AVR loop?
29. What is Booster transformer? Where is it used? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)
8. Draw the block diagram of AVR. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
30. What is SVC? Why is it used?
9. What is the significance of stability compensation in AVR loop? (or)
31. What are the different types of static VAR compensators? (MAY/JUNE
10. What is meant by stability compensation? (May/Jun 2009)
2014)
11. What are the methods of increasing response in AVR?
32. Discuss the effect of compensation on the maximum power transfer in a
12. State whether changes in AVR lop will be reflected in ALFC loop.
transmission line.
13. Distinguish between on-load and off-load tap changing.
33. Describe the role of synchronous condenser and static VAR system in
14. What are static shunt compensators?
voltage control.
15. What is a synchronous condenser? (MAY/JUNE 2011) (MAY/JUNE 2014)
16. What are the methods of voltage control or reactive power compensation?
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2011), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)
17. What is static VAR compensator? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
18. What is synchronous condenser?
19. Compare shunt and series capacitors. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
20. Where are synchronous condensers installed?

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT III– REACTIVE POWER – VOLTAGE CONTROL

PART-B 13. Explain how the tap setting of OLTC transformer & MVAR injection of
switched capacitors can be used for voltage control. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007),
1. Draw the circuit diagram for a typical excitation system and derive the
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2008)
transfer function model and draw the block diagram. Discuss the stability
14. Explain the operation of tap changing transformer & booster transformer.
aspects of the AVR. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008), (MAY/JUNE 2009),
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2011) , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012) (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
(MAY/JUNE 2011) , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
15. Explain the operation of on-load tap changing transformer & tap setting.
2. List the classification of Excitation system.
16. Explain in detail about stability compensation & feedback stability
3. Discuss generation & absorption of reactive power by voltage control &
compensation.
derive it. (MAY/JUNE 2011)
17. Discuss the effect of compensation on the maximum power transfer in a
4. Derive the relations between voltage, power and reactive power at a node
transmission line.
for applications in power system control. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007) , (A.U.
18. Explain stability compensation and effects of generator loading.
NOV/DEC 2012) (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
19. A Three –phase overhead line has resistance and reactance of 5and 20
5. Draw the line diagram of a typical voltage regulator and develop a
ohms, respectively, the load at the receiving end is 30 MW, 0.85 power
mathematical model of an exciter system and brief on its control action.
factor lagging at 33KV. Find the voltage at the sending end. What will be the
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
K VAR rating of the compensating equipment inserted at the receiving end
6. Explain the static performance of AVR loop. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
so as to maintain a voltage of 33 kV at each end? Find also the maximum
7. Explain the dynamic performance of AVR loop. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
load that can be transmitted. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
8. Explain typical brushless automatic voltage regulator. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013)
9. Explain any 3 methods of voltage control in a transmission system. (or)
Explain the methods of reactive power control. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009),
(MAY/JUNE 2011) , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014) (A.U.
NOV/DEC 2013), (May/june 2009)
10. Explain the operation of Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR).
11. (i) Draw the composite SVS power system characteristics.
(ii)What are the applications of SVS.
12. Explain different types of static VAR compensators with a phasor diagram.
MVAR injection (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011) (MAY/JUNE 2014)

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT III– REACTIVE POWER – VOLTAGE CONTROL

20. A 132 kV line is fed through an 11/132 kV transformer from a constant 11

kV supply. At the load end of the line the voltage is reduced by another
transformer of nominal ration 132/11 kV. The total impedance of the line
and transformer at 132 kV is 25 + j66 ohms. Both transformers are
equipped with tap changing facilities which are arranged so that the product
of the two off-nominal settings is unity. If load on the system is 100 Mw at
0.9 pf lagging. Calculate the settings of the tap changes required to
maintain the voltage of the load bus bar at 11kV. Use base MVA of
100MVA. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008)
21. The load at receiving end of a 3Φ overhead line is 25 MW, 0.8 pf lag at the
line voltage of 33kV. A synchronous compensator is situated at receiving
end and the voltage at both ends of the line is maintained at 33kV.
Calculate the MVAR of compensator. The line has a resistance and
reactance of 5Ω/ph, 20 Ω/ph, respectively. (MAY/JUNE 2014)

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EE6603- POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT IV – UNIT COMMITMENT & ECONOMIC DISPATCH

PART-A 17. What is the purpose of economic dispatch?

18. What is meant by unit commitment?
1. What is the need for unit commitment?
19. Name the methods of finding economic dispatch.
2. What are the difficulties to find unit commitment solution?
20. What do you mean by base load method?
3. Mention the assumptions made kin the formation of loss formula matrix B.
21. What is done in best point loading method?
4. State the unit commitment problem.
22. Distinguish between economic dispatch and unit commitment. (MAY/JUNE
5. List the constraints that are accounted in unit commitment problem. (OR)
2014)
What is the constraint for brute force technique? Is it possible to get an
23. What is meant by total generator operating cost?
optimum solution with this technique and explain how? (A.U. NOV/DEC
24. What are the factors affecting the cost of generation? (or) list the various
2007) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
constraints in the modern power systems.
6. What is minimum up time and down time in unit commitment problem?
25. When do discontinuities occur in the fuel cost curve and the incremental
7. (A.U. MAY/ JUNE 2011)
cost curve?
8. Write the condition for the optimal power dispatch in al lossless system.
26. What are the advantages of using participation factor?
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2013) , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008)
27. What is the difference between load frequency controller and economic
9. What are base-point and participation factors with respect to economic load
dispatch controller?
dispatch? (A.U. MAY/ JUNE 2009)
28. What is merit order scheduling?
10. What is meant by priority list method? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
29. What is Lagrangian multiplier?
11. What is spinning reserve? (A.U. MAY/ JUNE 2011), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
30. What is all the point to be noted for a economic load dispatch including
(MAY/JUNE 2014) (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
transmission losses?
12. Find the incremental transmission losses for a two area power system,
31. What are the assumptions for deriving loss coefficients?
where the bus voltages are kept fixed and the line power flow is a function
32. Explain the term incremental operating cost of a power system.
of line angle. Power loss is a function of generation of area B only. (A.U.
33. How is incremental operating cost related to economic dispatch?
APR/ MAY 2015)
34. What is the criteria that should be satisfied for economic loading of
13. What are the assumptions for priority list method using full load average
generating station?
production cost?
35. Write the relationship between fuel energy input and input fuel cost.
14. What are the merits and demerits of priority list method?
36. Write the quadratic expression for fuel cost.
15. What are the advantages of using forward dynamic programming method?
37. What is system incremental cost?
16. What are the assumptions involved in dynamic programming method?

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EE6603- POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT IV – UNIT COMMITMENT & ECONOMIC DISPATCH

38. Define incremental efficiency? PART-B

39. Write the coordination equation neglecting losses.
1. What is unit commitment? Explain briefly the constraints on unit
40. Write the relationship between λ and power demand when the cost curve is
commitment problem. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008), (A.U. MAY/ JUNE 2009),
given.
(A.U. MAY/ JUNE 2011)
41. What is exact coordination equation?
2. State the unit commitment problem. With the help of a flow chart explain
42. Draw incremental fuel cost curve for a thermal plant. (A.U. MAY/ JUNE
forward dynamic programming solution method of unit commitment
2009) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
problem. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007), (A.U. MAY/ JUNE
43. What is meant by incremental cost curve? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
2009) , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009),
44. Explain the penalty factor.
3. Explain priority list method of solving unit commitment problem. State merits
45. What is base-point?
& demerits. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009) (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
46. What is participation factor with respect to economic load dispatch?
4. Develop an iterative algorithm for solving the optimum dispatch equation of
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2008), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
an ‘n’ bus power system taking into account the effects of system losses.
47. What is base load?
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2007)
48. What are loss coefficients?
5. Describe the flow chart for obtaining the optimum dispatch strategy of N-bus
49. How can the economic controller be added as the tertiary loop of LFC
system neglecting the system transmission loss.
control?
6. Explain the λ-iteration method for finding the solution of economic dispatch
50. Compare with unit commitment and economic load dispatch.
including transmission losses with a neat flow chart.
7. Explain the direct method for finding the solution of economic dispatch with
& without loss including transmission losses with a neat flow chart. (A.U.
MAY/ JUNE 2011) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
8. Explain the term ‘Incremental operating cost’ of power system related with
economic dispatch. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)
9. Write short notes on cost of generation and derive it.
10. Define (i) Minimum up time (ii) Minimum down time (ii) Spinning reserve
11. What is spinning reserve and does this reserve help in operating a power
system operating efficiency?
12. Explain in detail about unit commitment & economic dispatch control.

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EE6603- POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT IV – UNIT COMMITMENT & ECONOMIC DISPATCH

13. A power plant consists of two 200 MW units, whose input cost data is given 16. Construct the priority list for the units given below:
by, (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014) (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
2
F1 = 0.004 P1 + 2.0 P1 + 80 Rs/hr
Heat rate Pmin Pmax Fuel cost
2
F2 = 0.006 P2 + 1.5 P2 + 100 Rs/hr Unit
(MBtu/hr) (MW) (MW) (Rs/MBtu)
For the total load of 250 MW, what should be the division of load between
1 510 + 7.20 + 0.00142 150 600 1.1
two units for most economic operation?
2 310 + 7.85 + 0.00194 100 400 1.0

3 78 + 7.97 + 0.00482 50 200 1.2

14. The fuel-cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
= 0.004 + 5.3 +500 (A.U. MAY/ JUNE 2009) 17. The cost characteristics of three plants of a plant are:
2
= 0.006 + 5.5 + 400 C1 = 0.05 P1 + 17.0 P1 + 160 Rs/hr
2
C2 = 0.06 P2 + 14.4 P2 + 200 Rs/hr
= 0.009 + 5.8 + 200
2
C3 = 0.08 P3 + 90.0 P3 + 240 Rs/hr
Where , are in MW.
Where P1, P2 & P3 are in MW.
Find the optimal dispatch and the total cost when the total load is 925 MW
The incremental transmission losses for the network with respect to plants
with the following generator limits:
1,2and 3 are 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15MW per MW of generation. Find the
100 MW ≤ ≤ 450 MW
optimal dispatch for a total load of 100MW and also its incremental cost of
100 MW ≤ ≤ 350 MW
received power.
100 MW ≤ ≤ 225 MW 18. The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as,
15. (a) In a power system having two units, the loss coefficient are: 2
F1 = 0.2 P1 + 40 P1 + 120 Rs/hr
-1 -1
= 0.0015 MW , = − 0.0006 MW , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008) 2
F2 = 0.25 P2 + 30 P2 + 150 Rs/hr
-1 -1
= −0.0006 MW , = − 0.0024 MW , Determine the economic operating schedule and the corresponding cost of
The incremental production costs of the units are: generation of maximum and minimum loading on each unit is 100 MW and
= 0.08 + 20 Rs/MWhr 25 MW. Assume the transmission losses are ignored and the total demand

= 0.09 + 16 Rs/MWhr is 180 MW. Also determine the saving obtained if the load is equally shared

Find the generation schedule for = 20 and 25. Find also the change in by both the units. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2009)(A.U. NOV/DEC 2013)

transmission losses between the two schedules.

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EE6603- POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT IV – UNIT COMMITMENT & ECONOMIC DISPATCH

19. A heat rate of 100MW fuel fired generator is (MAY/JUNE 2014)

10 Mcal/ MWhr at 25% rating
9 Mcal/ MWhr at 40% rating
8 Mcal/ MWhr at 100% rating
Find (i) Fuel cost at 25, 40,100% loading
(ii) Incremental cost
(iii) Fuel input rate using quadratic approximation to deliver 101MW.
20. Determine the priority list using full load average production cost for the
data given below:
Loading Units Fuel cost parameter
Unit No Min Max ai bi Ci Fuelcost
1 100 400 0.006 7 600 1.1
2 50 300 0.01 8 400 1.2
3 150 500 0.008 6 500 1.0
Determine the optimum unit commitment solution for power demand of
800MW. (MAY/JUNE 2014)

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT-V COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

PART-A 21. Write importance of state estimation in power system. (A.U. NOV/DEC
2008)
1. What is EMS? What are the major functions of it? (NOV/DEC 2009), (A.U.
22. List out the conditions for normal operations of a power system.
NOV/DEC 2011)
(A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009)
2. Define Energy Control Centre.
23. What is the function of load dispatch centre? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011)
3. What is meant by power system security? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
24. What are the functions of SCADA? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. NOV/DEC
4. What is Automatic generation control? Mention its objectives. (MAY/JUNE
2007), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008)
2014)
25. What are the general functions of the archiving unit?
5. What role SCADA plays in electrical power systems? (A.U. APR/ MAY
26. Mention four types of SCADA systems and its application area. (A.U.
2015)
NOV/DEC 2014)
6. What are responsibilities of regional load dispatch centers? (A.U. APR/
27. What are the different operating states a power system can operate in?
MAY 2015)
(or) what are the system security levels?
7. What is the fundamental design feature of Energy Centre?
28. What is normal state?
8. What are the information that can be received and transmitted by the
29. What is alert state?
control centre?
30. What is emergency state? (NOV/DEC 2009)
9. Denote the hierarchical levels used in EMS.
31. Write the characteristics of a power system of emergency state.
10. How must the analog measurements of the generator output be used?
32. What is extremis?
11. What are the objectives of Automatic Generation Control?
33. Define restorative state.
12. What is network topology? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)
34. What is security monitoring and control?
13. What are the components which cause a change in network topology and
35. What are the requirements of security monitoring?
what are the steps to rectify it?
36. What is power system considered to be secured?
14. What does the output of the state estimator consists of?
37. List the various controls to ensure secured operation of a power system.
15. What is contingency analysis program?
38. Why is excess generation capability needed?
16. What are the typical sensors used in power system applications?
39. Why is load frequency control used?
17. What is the use of A/D converter?
40. What is load forecasting?
18. Define restorative state. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
41. How is load forecasting classified depending upon the time period?
19. What is SCADA? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)
42. What are the important types of relays used for protection?
20. What do you understand by security constraints?

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EE6603 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL UNIT-V COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

43. What is unit protection? 7. Explain the need of computer control of power system. (A.U. NOV/DEC
44. What is the use of digital computer in short circuit computations? 2011)
45. Distinguish between reliability and security of a power system. 8. Explain data acquisition & control.
46. List the factors that affect the power system security. 9. Write short notes on (i) network topology (ii) state estimation(A.U.
47. What are the tasks of energy operational control centre? NOV/DEC 2013) (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
48. Define state estimation. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009), 10. Explain the following in detail. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012)
(A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009) (i) Normal state of a power system.
(ii) Alert state of a power system.
PART-B
(iii) Secure state of a power system.

1. Explain the hardware components and functional aspects of SCADA system (iv) Emergency state of a power system.

using a fundamental block diagram. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. (v) Restorative state of a power system.

MAY/JUNE 2009), (NOV/DEC 2009), (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2011), (A.U. 11. Explain the various controls for secure operation.

NOV/DEC 2011), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012) (MAY/JUNE 2014) 12. Explain briefly how the system states are continuously monitored and

2. What are the functions of energy control centre or load dispatch centre and controlled. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2013) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)

explain its operation. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007), (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008),

(NOV/DEC 2009) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014)
3. Explain the security monitoring or control using state estimation with
necessary transition diagram. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2008), (NOV/DEC 2009),
(A.U. MAY/JUNE 2011) , (A.U. NOV/DEC 2011)
4. What is EMS? What its major function in power system operation & control?
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2013), (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009)
5. Draw a state transition diagram & explain the various operating state of a
power system and the associated control actions. (A.U. NOV/DEC 2007),
(A.U. NOV/DEC 2008), (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2009), (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2011)
(MAY/JUNE 2014) (A.U. NOV/DEC 2014) (A.U. APR/ MAY 2015)
6. What are the functions of a modern power system control centre? (A.U.
MAY/JUNE 2009)

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