Cable specification

•What speeds for data transmission can be

achieved using a particular type of cable?

•What kind of transmission is being

considered?

•How far can a signal travel through a

particular type of cable before attenuation of
that signal becomes a concern?

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Cable specification

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Coaxial Cable

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Coaxial Types
•Ticknet largest diameter used as Ethernet
backbone cable, because it has a greater
transmission length and noise rejection
characteristics.
•Thinnet coaxial cable with an outside
diameter of only 0.35 cm was used in
Ethernet networks. Cheapernet.

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Coaxial Types
•The outer copper or metallic braid in coaxial
cable comprises half the electric circuit and
special care must be taken to ensure a solid
electrical connection at both ends resulting in
proper grounding.

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

STP

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

STP

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

STP
•Combines the techniques of shielding,
cancellation, and twisting of wires.
•150 Ohm impedance.
•Reduces electronic noise from outside the
cable, for example electromagnetic
interference (EMI) and radio frequency
interference (RFI).

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

ScTP

•100 – 120 ohms

•FTP

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

UTP
•TIA/EIA-568-A contains specifications
governing cable performance. It calls for
running two cables, one for voice and one for
data, to each outlet. Of the two cables, the
one for voice must be four-pair UTP. CAT 5 is
the one most frequently recommended and
implemented in installations today.
•UTP cable is installed using an RJ-45
connector, potential sources of network noise
are greatly reduced and a good solid
connection is practically guaranteed
Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor
UTP

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

UTP
•TIA/EIA-568-A contains specifications
governing cable performance. It calls for
running two cables, one for voice and one for
data, to each outlet. Of the two cables, the
one for voice must be four-pair UTP. CAT 5 is
the one most frequently recommended and
implemented in installations today.

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

UTP

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Straight-through Cable

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Crossover Cable

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Rollover Cable

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Rollover Cable

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Optical Media

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
•The light used in optical fiber networks
is one type of electromagnetic energy.
•The energy in the form of waves can
travel through a vacuum, the air, and
through some materials like glass.

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Wavelenght

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Electromagnetic Spectrum
•All electromagnetic waves travel at a
rate of 300,000 kilometers per second
(186,283 miles per second) through a
vacuum.
•Human eyes were designed to only
sense electromagnetic energy with
wavelengths between 700 nanometers
and 400 nanometers (nm).

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Wavelenght in optical transmision
Wavelengths that are not visible to the
human eye are used to transmit data
over optical fiber.
These wavelengths are slightly longer
than red light and are called infrared
light.

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Wavelenght in optical transmision

The wavelength of the light in optical

fiber is either 850 nm, 1310 nm, or
1550 nm.
These wavelengths were selected
because they travel through optical
fiber better than other wavelengths.

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Visible Spectrum

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Ray model of de light
When electromagnetic waves travel out from a
source, they travel in straight lines. These
straight lines pointing out from the source are
called rays

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Ray model of de light
•In the vacuum of empty space, light travels
continuously in a straight line at 300,000
kilometers per second.
•Light travels at different, slower speeds
through other materials like air, water, and
glass
•When a light ray called the incident ray,
crosses the boundary from one material to
another, some of the light energy in the ray will
be reflected back
Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor
Ray model of de light
•The light energy in the incident ray that is not
reflected will enter the glass.
•The entering ray will be bent at an angle from
its original path.
•This ray is called the refracted ray.
•How much the incident light ray is bent
depends on the angle at which the incident ray
strikes the surface of the glass and the different
rates of speed at which light travels through the
two substances.
Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor
Ray model of de light
•The light energy in the incident ray that is not
reflected will enter the glass.
•The entering ray will be bent at an angle from
its original path.
•This ray is called the refracted ray.
•How much the incident light ray is bent
depends on the angle at which the incident ray
strikes the surface of the glass and the different
rates of speed at which light travels through the
two substances.
Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor
Reflection

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Reflection

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Refraction

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Refraction
•If the incident ray is not at an exact 90-degree
angle to the surface, then the transmitted ray
that enters the glass is bent. The bending of
the entering ray is called refraction.
•How much the ray is refracted depends on the
index of refraction of the two transparent
materials

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Refraction
•If the light ray travels from a substance whose
index of refraction is smaller, into a substance
where the index of refraction is larger, the
refracted ray is bent towards the normal.

• If the light ray travels from a substance where

the index of refraction is larger into a substance
where the index of refraction is smaller, the
refracted ray is bent away from the normal.

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Refraction

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Total internal reflection
•The following two conditions must be met for
the light rays in a fiber to be reflected back into
the fiber without any loss due to refraction:
•The core of the optical fiber has to have a
larger index of refraction (n) than the material
that surrounds it. The material that surrounds
the core of the fiber is called the cladding.
•The angle of incidence of the light ray is
greater than the critical angle for the core and
its cladding.
Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor
Total internal reflection

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Total internal reflection

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Total internal reflection

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Angle of incidence
•Restricting the following two factors controls
the angle of incidence:
•The numerical aperture of the fiber – The
numerical aperture of a core is the range of
angles of incident light rays entering the fiber
that will be completely reflected.
•Modes – The paths which a light ray can
follow when traveling down a fiber

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Total internal reflection

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Total internal reflection

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor

Multimode and Single Mode Fiber

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Multimode and Single Mode Fiber

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Transmision Devices

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Connectors

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Patch Panel

Ing. Pablo Toapanta Silverio, Instructor