Case study of 8086 microprocessor

• 8086 Overview• Introduced in 1978.• Having Total 40 Pins.• Having Address Bus of 20 bit.•
Having Data Bus of 16 bit.• HMOS Microprocessor.• Consumes Low Power (i.e. 360 mA on 5v).•
Clock Frequencies of 5,8 &10 MHz.• Contains About 29000 Transistors.• Can Address up to 1
Mbytes of Memory.• It has more than 20,000 instructions.• Provides fourteen 16-Bit registers. 2
• 3. 8086 Architecture 3
• 4. 8086 Internal Architecture• 8086 internal Architecture contains mainly following two units.• (1).
BIU (Bus Interface Unit).• (2). EU (Execution Unit).• BIU contains Instruction queue, Segment
registers,Instruction pointer,etc.• EU contains Control circuitry, Instruction decoder, ALU,Pointer
and Index register, Flag register,etc. 4
• 5. Bus Interface Unit (BIU)• Following functions are supported by BIU. (1). It provides a full 16 bit
bidirectional data bus and 20 bit address bus. (2). It sends address of memory or I/O. (3). It
fetches instruction from memory. (4). It reads data from port/memory. (5). It writes data into
port/memory. (6). It supports instruction queuing . (7). It makes 8086’s interface to the outside
world. (8). The BIU uses a mechanism known as an instruction stream queue to implement a
pipeline architecture. (9). If the BIU is already in the process of fetching an instruction when the
EU request it to read or write operands from memory or I/O, the BIU first completes the
instruction fetch bus cycle before initiating the operand read / write cycle. (10). The BIU also
contains a dedicated adder which is used to generate the 20bit physical address. 5
• 6. Execution Unit (EU)• Following functions are supported by BIU. (1). The Execution unit is
responsible for decoding and executing all instructions. (2). The EU extracts instructions from the
top of the queue in the BIU. (3). During the execution of the instruction, the EU tests the status
and control flags and updates them based on the results of executing the instruction. (4). If the
queue is empty, the EU waits for the next instruction byte to be fetched and shifted to top of the
queue. (5). The EU accesses the queue from the output end. It reads one instruction byte after
the other from the output of the queue. (6). It tells BIU from where to fetch instructions or
data,decodes instructions & execute instructions. 6
• 7. 8086’s Fourteen 16-Bit Registers ES Extra SegmentBIU registers(20 bit adder) CS Code
Segment SS Stack Segment DS Data Segment IP Instruction Pointer AX AH AL Accumulator BX
BH BL Base Register CX CH CL Count Register DX DH DL Data Register SP Stack Pointer BP
Base PointerEU registers SI Source Index Register16 bit arithmetic DI Destination Index Register
FLAGS 7
• 8. Instruction Queue• It is of 6 Bytes.• To increase the execution speed, BIU fetches as many as
six instruction bytes ahead to time from memory.• It operates on the principle first in first out
(FIFO).• Then all bytes are given to EU one by one.• This pre-fetching operation of BIU may be in
parallel with execution operation of EU.• It improves the execution speed of the instruction. 8
• 9. Registers of 8086• Intel 8086 contains following registers:• General Purpose Registers• Pointer
and Index Registers• Segment Registers• Instruction Pointer• Status Flags 9
• 10. General Purpose Registers• There are four 16-bit general purpose registers:• AX• BX• CX•
DX 10
• 11. General Purpose Registers• Each of these 16-bit registers are further subdivided into two 8-
bit registers. AX AH AL BX BH BL CX CH CL DX DH DL 11
• 12. General Purpose Registers• AX Register: AX register is also known as accumulator register
that stores operands for arithmetic operation like divided, rotate.• BX Register: This register is
mainly used as a base register. It holds the starting base location of a memory region within a
data segment.• CX Register: It is defined as a counter. It is primarily used in loop instruction to
store loop counter.• DX Register: DX register is used to contain I/O port address for I/O
instruction. 12
• 13. Pointer & Index Register• Following four registers are under this category:• (1). Stack Pointer
(SP),• (2). Base Pointer (BP),• (3). Source Index (SI),• (4). Destination Index (DI). 13
• 14. Pointer & Index Register• Following Registers can also be used as a general Purpose
Registers.(1). Stack Pointer (SP) is a 16-bit register pointing to program Stack, also contains 16-
Bit offset address.(2). Base Pointer (BP) is a 16-bit register pointing to data in stack segment. BP
register is usually used for based indexed or register indirect addressing.(3). Source Index (SI) is
a 16-bit register. SI is used for indexed, based indexed and register indirect addressing, as well
as a source data address in string manipulation Instructions(4). Destination Index (DI) is a 16-bit
register. DI is used for indexed, based indexed and register indirect addressing, as well as a
destination data address in string manipulation instructions. 14
• 15. Segment Register• There are four segment registers in Intel 8086:(1). Code Segment
Register (CS),(2). Data Segment Register (DS),(3). Stack Segment Register (SS),(4). Extra
Segment Register (ES). 15
• 16. Segment Register• A segment register points to the starting address of a memory segment.•
For e.g.:• The code segment register points to the starting address of the code segment.• The
data segment register points to the starting address of the data segment, and so on.• The
maximum capacity of a segment may be up to 64 KB. 16
• 17. Segment Register• Code segment (CS):-• It is a 16-bit register containing address of 64 KB
segment with processor instructions.• The processor uses CS segment for all accesses to
instructions referenced by instruction pointer (IP) register.• CS register cannot be changed
directly. The CS register is automatically updated during far jump, far call and far return
instructions 17
• 18. Segment Register• Stack segment (SS):-• it is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB
segment with program stack.• By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by the
stack pointer (SP) and base pointer (BP) registers is located in the stack segment.• SS register
can be changed directly using POP instruction. 18
• 19. Segment Register• Data segment (DS):-• It is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB
segment with program data.• By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by
general registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and index register (SI, DI) is located in the data segment.• DS
register can be changed directly using POP and LDS instructions. 19
• 20. Segment Register• Extra segment (ES):-• It is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB
segment, usually with program data.• By default, the processor assumes that the DI register
references the ES segment in string manipulation instructions.• ES register can be changed
directly using POP and LES instructions.• It is possible to change default segments used by
general and index registers by prefixing instructions with a CS, SS,DS or ES prefix. 20
• 21. Concept of Segmented Memory• It allows the memory addressing capacity to be 1 Mbytes.• It
allows instruction code,data stack and portion of program to be more than 64KB long.• It
facilitates use of separate memory areas for program, data and stack.• It permits a program or its
data to be put in different areas of memory• In this program can be relocated which is very useful
in multiprogramming i.e.multitasking becomes easy. 21
• 22. Concept of Segmented Memory FFFFFH Highest Address 7FFFFH Top Of Extra Segment
64KB Extra Segment Base ES=7000H 5FFFFH Top Of Stack Segment 64KB 50000H Stack
Segment Base SS=5000H 4489FH Top Of Code Segment 64KB 348A0H Code Segment Base
CS=348AH 2FFFFH Top Of Data Segment 64KB 20000H Bottom Of Data Segment 22
• 23. Instruction Pointer• The Instruction Pointer (IP) in 8086 acts as a Program Counter.• It points
to the address of the next instruction to be executed.• Its content is automatically incremented
when the execution of a program proceeds further.• The contents of the IP and Code Segment
Register are used to compute the memory address of the instruction code to be fetched.• This is
done during the Fetch Cycle. 23
• 24. Status Flags• Status Flags determines the current state of the accumulator.• They are
modified automatically by CPU after mathematical operations.• This allows to determine the type
of the result.• 8086 has 16-bit status register.• It is also called Flag Register or Program Status
Word (PSW).• There are nine status flags and seven bit positions remain unused. 24
• 25. Flag Register (PSW)15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 OF DF IF TF SF ZF
AF PF CF Carry Flag Undefined Parity Flag Auxiliary Carry Flag Zero Flag Sign Flag Trap Flag
Interrupt Flag Direction Flag Overflow Flag 25
• 26. Flag Register (PSW)• 8086 has 9 flags and they are divided into two categories:• (1).
Condition Flags,• (2). Control Flags. 26
• 27. Flag Register (PSW)• Following are the nine flags: Condition Flags Control Flags 1. Carry
Flag 1. Trap Flag 2. Auxiliary Carry Flag 2. Interrupt Flag 3. Zero Flag 3. Directional Flag 4. Sign
Flag 5. Parity Flag 6. Overflow Flag 27
• 28. Flag Register (PSW)• Overflow Flag (OF): It occurs when signed numbers are added or
subtracted. An OF indicates that the result has exceeded the capacity of machine.• Trap Flag
(TP): It is used for single step control.• It allows user to execute one instruction of a program at a
time for debugging.• When trap flag is set, program can be run in single step mode.• Interrupt
Flag (IF): It is an interrupt enable / disable flag.• If it is set, the INTR interrupt of 8086 is enabled
and if it is reset then INTR is disabled.• It can be set by executing instruction STI and can be
cleared by executing CLI instruction.• Direction Flag (DF): It is used in string operation.• If it is set,
string bytes are accessed from higher memory address to lower memory address.• When it is
reset, the string bytes are accessed from lower memory address to higher memory address.• It is
set with STD instruction and cleared with CLDinstruction. 28
• 29. Pin Diagram of 8086 8086Pin Diagram 29
• 30. Function Of Pins of 8086• AD15-AD0: These are the time multiplexed memory I/O address
and data lines.• A19/S6,A18/S5,A17/S4,A16/S3: These are the time multiplexed address and
status lines.• During T1 these are the most significant address lines for memory operations.•
During I/O operations, these lines are low.• The S4 and S3 combination indicates which segment
register is presently being used for memory accesses. 30
• 31. Function Of Pins of 8086 S4 Pin S3 Pin Indication 0 0 Alternate data 0 1 Stack 1 0 Code or
None 1 1 DataBHE (Bus High Enable) /S7: The bus high enable is used to indicate the transfer of
dataover the higher order ( D15-D8 ) data bus as shown in table. BHE Pin A0 Pin Indication 0 0
Whole Word 0 1 Upper Byte from/to odd address 1 0 Lower Byte from/to even address 1 1 None
31
• 32. Function Of Pins of 8086• RD: This signal on low indicates the peripheral that the processor is
performing memory or I/O read operation.• READY: This is the acknowledgement from the slow
device or memory that they have completed the data transfer.• INTR-Interrupt Request: This is a
triggered input. If any interrupt request is pending, the processor enters the interrupt acknowledge
cycle. This can be internally masked by resulting the interrupt enable flag. This signal is active
high and internally synchronized. 32
• 33. Function Of Pins of 8086• TEST: This input is examined by a ‘WAIT’ instruction. If the TEST
pin goes low, execution will continue, else the processor remains in an idle state• CLK- Clock
Input: The clock input provides the basic timing for processor operation and bus control activity.•
MN/MX: The logic level at this pin decides whether the processor is to operate in either minimum
or maximum mode. 33
• 34. Operating Modes Of 8086• 8086 microprocessors can be configured to work in either of the
two modes:• (1). Minimum Mode,• (2). Maximum Mode.• Minimum mode:– Pull MN/MX to logic 1–
Typically smaller systems and contains a single microprocessor• Maximum mode:– Pull MN/MX
logic 0– Larger systems with more than one microprocessor. 34
• 35. Common Signals In Both Mode 35
• 36. Signals In Minimum Mode- Address Latch Enable (ALE) is a pulse to logic 1 that signals
external circuitry when a valid address is on the bus.– IO/M line: Memory or I/O transfer is
selected (complement for 8086).– DT/R line: direction of data is selected.– BHE (Bank High
Enable) line : =0 for most significant byte of data for 8086 and also carries S7– RD line: =0 when
a read cycle is in progress.– WR line: =0 when a write cycle is in progress.– DEN line: (Data
enable) Enables the external devices to supply data to the processor.– Ready line: can be used
to insert wait states into the bus cycle so that it is extended by a number of clock periods. 36
• 37. Signals In Minimum Mode- INTR (Interrupt request) :=1 shows there is a service request,
sampled at the final clock cycle of each instruction acquisition cycle.– INTA : Processor responds
with two pulses going to 0 when it services the interrupt and waits for the interrupt service number
after the second pulse.– TEST: Processor suspends operation when =1. Resumes operation
when=0. Used to synchronize the processor to external events.– NMI (Non Maskable interrupt) :
A leading edge transition causes the processor go to the interrupt routine after the current
instruction is executed.– RESET : =0 Starts the reset sequence. 37
• 38. Signals In Maximum Mode• LOCK: when=0, prevents other processors from using the bus•
QS0 and QS1 (queue status signals) : informs about the status of the queue• RQ/GT0 and
RQ/GT1 are used instead of HOLD and HLDA lines in a multiprocessor environment as
request/grant lines. QS 1 QS0 Indication 0 0 No operation 0 1 First byte of the opcode from the
queue 1 0 Empty queue 1 1 Subsequent byte from the queue 38
• 39. Signals In Maximum Mode• S2, S1, S0 – Status Lines: These are the status lineswhich reflect
the type of operation, being carried out bythe processor S0 S1 S2 Indication 0 0 0 Interrupt
Acknowledge 0 0 1 Read I/O port 0 1 0 Write I/O port 0 1 1 Halt 1 0 0 Code Access 1 0 1 Read
memory 1 1 0 Write memory 1 1 1 Passive 39
• 40. END OF 8086ARCHITECTURESESSION 40