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CTS, CLS, CLR PDF

The document discusses the Common Type System (CTS) which defines how types must be defined to be hosted by the Common Language Runtime (CLR). It describes the different CTS types including classes, interfaces, structures, enumerations, and delegates. It provides examples of how each type is defined and their key characteristics. It also discusses CTS type members, intrinsic CTS data types, and the Common Language Specification (CLS) which defines a set of rules that compilers must conform to.

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269 views

CTS, CLS, CLR PDF

The document discusses the Common Type System (CTS) which defines how types must be defined to be hosted by the Common Language Runtime (CLR). It describes the different CTS types including classes, interfaces, structures, enumerations, and delegates. It provides examples of how each type is defined and their key characteristics. It also discusses CTS type members, intrinsic CTS data types, and the Common Language Specification (CLS) which defines a set of rules that compilers must conform to.

Uploaded by

Loges Waran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CTS

 In .NET “Type” refers to class, interface, structure, enumeration, delegate.


 CTS is a formal specification that documents how types must be defined in order to
be hosted by the CLR
 CTS Class Types
 CTS Interface Types
 CTS Structure Types
 CTS Enumeration Types
 CTS Delegate Types
 CTS Type Members
 Intrinsic CTS Data Types
CTS Class Types
 composed of any number of members (such as constructors, properties, methods, and
events) and data points (fields).
 Syntax:
Class class_name
{
----
----
}
 Eg,
class Calc
{
public int Add(int x, int y)
{
return x + y;
}
}
 Class Characteristic
 Is the class sealed or not?
 Does the class implement any interfaces?
 Is the class abstract or concrete?
 What is the visibility of this class?
CTS Interface Types
 collection of abstract member definitions
 Those abstract member should be implemented by class
 Syntax:
access_mdifier interface interface_name
{
---
---
}
 Eg

public interface IDraw


{
void Draw();
}
CTS Structure Types
 structure can be thought of as a lightweight class
 Eg.,
struct Point
{
// Structures can contain fields.
public int xPos, yPos;
// Structures can contain parameterized constructors.
public Point(int x, int y)
{
xPos = x; yPos = y;
}
// Structures may define methods.
public void PrintPosition()
{
Console.WriteLine("({0}, {1})", xPos, yPos);
}
}
CTS Enumeration Types
 allow you to group name/value pairs
 hold each item in a 32-bit integer
 derive from a common base class, System.Enum
 Syntax:
enum enum_name
{
----
----
}
 Eg.,
enum CharacterType
{
Wizard = 100,
Fighter = 200,
Thief = 300
}
CTS Delegate Types
 Delegate is similar to function pointer in c- langauge
 The key difference is that a .NET delegate is a class that derives from
System.MulticastDelegate
 delegate int BinaryOp(int x, int y);
 provide a way for one object to forward a call to another object
 provide the foundation for the .NET event architecture
 Syntax:
delegate return_type delegate_name(arguments);
 Eg.,
delegate int BinaryOp(int x, int y);
CTS Type Members
 Type Members refer to constructor, finalizer, static constructor, nested type,
operator, method, property, indexer, field, read-only field, constant, event
Intrinsic CTS Data Types
 fundamental data types
 CTS type defined in an assembly named mscorlib.dll
Intrinsic CTS Data Types
CLS
 Different programming language express the same programmatic idioms using different
syntax
Eg.,
C# Language VB Language
// C# method returning ' VB method returning nothing.
nothing. Public Sub MyMethod()
public void MyMethod() ' Some interesting code...
{ End Sub
// Some interesting code...
}

 However the respective compiler should emit similar set of CIL instruction

 The CLS is ultimately a set of rules that compiler builders must conform it
 The only aspects of a type that must conform to the CLS are the member definitions
themselves (i.e., naming conventions, parameters, and return types)

Not conform to CLS Conform to CLS


class Calc class Calc
{ {
// Exposed unsigned data is not CLS public int Add(int x, int y)
compliant! {
public ulong Add(ulong x, ulong y) // As this ulong variable is only used
{ internally,
return x + y; // we are still CLS compliant.
} ulong temp = 0;
} ...
return x + y;
}
}
Ensuring CLS Compliance
 We can ensure the compliance of CLS using .NET attributes
 Eg.,
// Tell the C# compiler to check for CLS compliance.
[assembly: CLSCompliant(true)]
Understanding the Common
Language Runtime
 Runtime environment shared by all languages and platform that are .NET aware.
 CLR is physically represented by mscoree.dll (Common Object Runtime Execution Engine)
 At first CLR resolves the location of assembly and referenced external assembly using
Metadata
 Working process of CLR is shown in below diagram

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