Best SQL Server Interview Questions and Answers

Let's start.

Q#1. Which TCP/IP port does SQL Server run on?

Ans. By default SQL Server runs on port 1433.
Q#2. What is the difference between clustered and a non-clustered index?
Ans. A clustered index is an index that rearranges the table in the order of index itself. Its
leaf nodes contain data pages. A table can have only one clustered index.
A non-clustered index is an index that does not re-arranges the table in the order of index
itself. Its leaf nodes contain index rows instead of data pages. A table can have many non-
clustered indexes.
Q#3. List the different index configurations possible for a table?
Ans. A table can have one of the following index configurations:
 No indexes
 A clustered index
 A clustered index and many non-clustered indexes
 A non-clustered index
 Many non-clustered indexes
Q#4. What is the recovery model? List the types of recovery model available in SQL
Server?
Ans. Recovery model basically tells SQL Server what data should be kept in the transaction
log file and for how long. A database can have only one recovery model.
It also tells SQL server that which backup is possible in a particular recovery model
selected. There are three types of recovery model:

 Full
 Simple
 Bulk-Logged
Q#5. What are different backups available in SQL Server?
Ans. Different possible backups are:
 Full backup
 Differential Backup
 Transactional Log Backup
 Copy Only Backup
 File and Filegroup backup
Q#6. What is a FULL Backup?
Ans. A full backup is the most common type of backup in SQL Server. This is the complete
backup of the database. It also contains part of transaction log so it can be recovered.
Q#7. What is OLTP?
Ans. OLTP means Online transaction processing which follows rules of data normalization
to ensure data integrity. Using these rules complex information is broken down into a most
simple structure.
Q#8. What is RDBMS?
Ans. RDBMS or Relational Data Base Management Systems are database management
systems that maintain data in the form of tables. We can create relationships between the
tables. An RDBMS has the capability to recombine the data items from different files,
providing powerful tools for data usage.
Q#9. What are the properties of the Relational tables?
Ans. Relational tables have six properties:
 Values are atomic.
 Column values are of the same kind.
 Each row is unique.
 The sequence of columns is insignificant.
 The sequence of rows is insignificant.
 Each column must have a unique name.
Q#10. What's the difference between a primary key and a unique key?
Ans. The differences between the primary key and a unique key are:
 The primary key is a column whose values uniquely identify every row in a table.
Primary key values can never be reused. They create a clustered index on the
column and cannot be null.
 A Unique key is a column whose values also uniquely identify every row in a table
but they create a non-clustered index by default and it allows one NULL only.
Q#11. When is UPDATE_STATISTICS command used?
Ans. As the name implies UPDATE_STATISTICS command updated the statistics used by
the index to make the search easier.
Q#12. What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE?
Ans. The differences between HAVING CLAUSE and WHERE CLAUSE are:
 Both specify a search condition but Having clause is used only with the SELECT
statement and typically used with GROUP BY clause.
 If GROUP BY clause is not used then Having behaved like WHERE clause only.
Q#13. What is Mirroring?
Ans. Mirroring is a high availability solution. It is designed to maintain a hot standby server
which is consistent with the primary server in terms of a transaction. Transaction Log
records are sent directly from principal server to a secondary server which keeps a
secondary server up to date with the principal server.
Q#14. What are the advantages of the Mirroring?
Ans. Advantages of Mirroring are:
 It is more robust and efficient that Log shipping.
 It has an automatic failover mechanism.
 The secondary server is synced with the primary in near real time.
Q#15. What is Log Shipping?
Ans. Log shipping is nothing but the automation of backup and restores of a database from
one server to another standalone standby server. This is one of the disaster recovery
solutions. If one server fails for some reason we will have the same data available on the
standby server.

Q#17. Can we take the full database backup in Log shipping?

Ans. Yes, we can take the full database backup. It won’t affect the log shipping.
Q#18. What is an execution plan?
Ans. An execution plan is a graphical or textual way of showing how the SQL server breaks
down a query to get the required result. It helps a user to determine why queries are taking
more time to execute and based on the investigation user can update their queries for the
maximum result.
In Query Analyzer is an option called “Show Execution Plan” (located on the Query drop-
down menu). If this option is turned on it will display a query execution plan in a separate
window when a query is run again.

Q#19. What is the Stored Procedure?

Ans. A stored procedure is a set of SQL queries which can take input and send back
output. And when the procedure is modified, all clients automatically get the new version.
Stored procedures reduce network traffic and improve performance. Stored procedures can
be used to help ensure the integrity of the database.
Q#20. List the advantages of using Stored Procedures?
Ans. Advantages of using Stored procedures are:
 Stored procedure boosts application performance.
 Stored procedure execution plans can be reused as they cached in SQL Server's
memory which reduces server overhead.
 Stored procedures can be reused.
 Stored procedures can encapsulate logic. You can change the stored procedure
code without affecting clients.
 Stored procedures provide better security for your data.
Q#21. What is identity in SQL?
Ans. An identity column in the SQL automatically generates numeric values. We can be
defined as a start and increment value of the identity column. Identity columns do not need
to be indexed.
Q#22. What are the common performance issues in SQL Server?
Ans. Following are the common performance issues:
 Deadlocks
 Blocking
 Missing and unused indexes.
 I/O bottlenecks
 Poor Query plans
 Fragmentation
Q#23. List the various tools available for performance tuning?
Ans. There are various tools available for performance tuning:
 Dynamic Management Views
 SQL Server Profiler
 Server Side Traces
 Windows Performance monitor.
 Query Plans
 Tuning advisor
Q#24. What is a performance monitor?
Ans. Windows performance monitor is a tool to capture metrics for the entire server. We
can use this tool for capturing events of SQL server also.
Some useful counters are – Disks, Memory, Processors, Network etc.
Q#25. What are 3 ways to get a count of the number of records in a table?
Ans. SELECT * FROM table_Name
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_Name
SELECT rows FROM indexes WHERE id = OBJECT_ID(tableName) AND indid< 2
Q#26. Can we rename a column in the output of SQL query?
Ans. Yes by using the following syntax we can do this.
SELECT column_name AS new_name FROM table_name;

Q#27. What is the difference between a Local and a Global temporary table?
Ans. If defined in inside a compound statement a local temporary table exists only for the
duration of that statement but a global temporary table exists permanently in the database
but its rows disappear when the connection is closed.
Q#28. What is the SQL Profiler?
Ans. SQL Profiler provides a graphical representation of events in an instance of SQL
Server for the monitoring and investment purpose. We can capture and save the data for
further analysis. We can put filters as well to captures the specific data we want.
Q#29. What do you mean by authentication modes in SQL Server?
Ans. There are two authentication modes in SQL Server.
 Windows mode
 Mixed Mode – SQL and Windows.
Q#30. How can we check the SQL Server version?
Ans. By running the following command:
SELECT @@Version

Q#31. Is it possible to call a stored procedure within a stored procedure?

Ans. Yes, we call a stored procedure within a stored procedure It is called recursion
property of SQL server and these type of stored procedures are called nested stored
procedures.
Q#32. What is SQL Server Agent?
Ans. SQL Server agent allows us to schedule the jobs and scripts. It helps is implementing
the day to day DBA tasks by automatically executing them on a scheduled basis.
Q#33. What is the PRIMARY KEY?
Ans. The primary key is a column whose values uniquely identify every row in a table.
Primary key values can never be reused.
Q#34. What is a UNIQUE KEY constraint?
Ans. A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns, so no
duplicate values are entered. The unique key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity
as the primary key constraints.
Q#35. What is FOREIGN KEY
Ans. When a one table’s primary key field is added to related tables in order to create the
common field which relates the two tables, it called a foreign key in other tables.
Foreign Key constraints enforce referential integrity.

Q#36. What is a CHECK Constraint?

Ans. A CHECK constraint is used to limit the values or type of data that can be stored in a
column. They are used to enforce domain integrity.
Q#37. What are a Scheduled Jobs?
Ans. The scheduled job allows a user to run the scripts or SQL commands automatically on
the scheduled basis. The user can determine the order in which commands need to execute
and the best time to run the job to avoid the load on the system.
Q#38. What is a heap?
Ans. A heap is a table that does not contain any clustered index or non-clustered index.
Q#39. What is BCP?
Ans. BCP or Bulk Copy is a tool by which we can copy a large amount of data to tables and
views. BCP does not copy the structures same as source to destination. BULK INSERT
command helps to import a data file into a database table or view in a user-specified format.
Q#40. What is Normalization?
Ans. The process of table design to minimize the data redundancy is called normalization.
We need to divide a database into two or more table and define relationships between
them. Normalization usually involves dividing a database into two or more tables and
defining relationships between the tables.

Q#41. List the different normalization forms?

Ans. Different normalization forms are:
1NF (Eliminate Repeating Groups): Make a separate table for each set of related
attributes, and give each table a primary key. Each field contains at most one value from its
attribute domain.
2NF (Eliminate Redundant Data): If an attribute depends on only part of a multi-valued
key, remove it to a separate table.
3NF (Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key): If attributes do not contribute to a
description of the key, remove them to a separate table. All attributes must be directly
dependent on the primary key.
BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form): If there are non-trivial dependencies between
candidate key attributes, separate them out into distinct tables.
4NF (Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships): No table may contain two or more 1:n
or n:m relationships that are not directly related.
5NF (Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships): There may be practical
constraints on information that justifies separating logically related many-to-many
relationships.
ONF (Optimal Normal Form): A model limited to only simple (elemental) facts, as
expressed in Object Role Model notation.
DKNF (Domain-Key Normal Form): A model free from all modification is said to be in
DKNF.

Q#42. What is De-normalization?

Ans. De-normalization is the process of adding redundant data to a database to enhance
the performance of it. It is a technique to move from higher to lower normal forms of
database modeling in order to speed up database access.

Q#43. What is a Trigger and types of a trigger?

Ans. The trigger allows us to execute a batch of SQL code when a table event occurs
(Insert, update or delete command executed against a specific table). Triggers are stored in
and managed by DBMS. It can also execute a stored procedure.
2 types of triggers that are available in the SQL Server are as follows:
 DML Triggers: DML or Data Manipulation Language triggers are invoked whenever
any of the DML commands like INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE happens on the table
or on the view.
 DDL Triggers: DDL or Data Definition Language triggers are invoked whenever any
changes occur in the definition of any of the database objects instead of actual data.
These are very helpful to control the production and development of database
environments.
 Logon Triggers: These are very special triggers which fire in case of the logon
event of the SQL Server. This is fired before setup of a user session in the SQL
Server.
Q#44. What is the Subquery?
Ans. A Subquery is a subset of select statements whose return values are used in filtering
conditions of the main query. It can occur in a SELECT clause, FROM clause and WHERE
clause. It nested inside a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement or inside
another subquery.
Types of Sub-query:
 Single-row sub-query: where the sub-query returns only one row
 Multiple-row sub-query: where the subquery returns multiple rows, and
 Multiple column sub-query: where the sub-query returns multiple columns
Q#45. What is a Linked Server?
Ans. Linked Servers is a concept by which we can connect another SQL server to a Group
and query both the SQL Servers database using T-SQL Statements
sp_addlinkedsrvloginisssed to add link server.

Q#46. What is Collation?

Ans. Collation refers to a set of rules that determine how data is sorted and compared.
Character data is sorted using rules that define the correct character sequence, with options
for specifying case sensitivity, accent marks, kana character types and character width.
Q#47. What is View?
Ans. A view is a virtual table which contains data from one or more tables. Views restrict
data access of the table by selecting only required values and make complex queries easy.
Rows updated or deleted in the view are updated or deleted in the table the view was
created with. It should also be noted that as data in the original table changes, so does data
in the view, as views are the way to look at part of the original table. The results of using a
view are not permanently stored in the database

Q#48. Where SQL server usernames and passwords are stored in a SQL server?
Ans. They get stored in System Catalog Views sys.server_principals and sys.sql_logins.
Q#49. What are the properties of a transaction?
Ans. Generally, these properties are referred to as ACID properties. They are:
 Atomicity
 Consistency
 Isolation
 Durability
Q#50. Define UNION, UNION ALL, MINUS, INTERSECT?
Ans. UNION – returns all distinct rows selected by either query.
UNION ALL – returns all rows selected by either query, including all duplicates.
MINUS – returns all distinct rows selected by the first query but not by the second.
INTERSECT – returns all distinct rows selected by both queries.
Q#51. What is SQL Server used for?
Ans. SQL Server is one of the very popular Relational Database Management Systems.
This is a product from Microsoft to store and manage the information in the database.
Q#52. Which language is supported by SQL Server?
Ans. SQL Server is based upon the implementation of the SQL also known as Structured
Query Language to work with the data inside the database.
Q#53. Which is the latest version of SQL Server and when it is released?
Ans. SQL Server 2017 is the latest version of SQL Server that is available in the market
and Microsoft launched this on 2 October 2017 with the support of the Linux O/S.
Q#54. What are the various editions of SQL Server 2017 that are available in the
market?
Ans. SQL Server 2017 is available in 4 editions. These are as follows:
 Enterprise: This supports in leading the high performance for the Tier 1 database
along with the capability of supporting business intelligence and workloads of
advanced analytics.
 Standard: This supports mid-tier applications to achieve fast performance. This can
be easily upgraded to an enterprise edition also without having any changes in the
coding part.
 Express: This is available for free and supports the building
of web and mobile applications up to 10 GB in the size.
 Developer: This supports building, testing and demonstrating applications in a non-
production.
Q#55. What are functions in the SQL Server?
Ans. Functions are the sequence of the statements which accepts inputs, process the
inputs to perform some specific task and then provides the outputs. Functions should have
some meaningful name but these should not start with a special character such as %,#,@,
etc.
Q#56. What is a User-Defined function in the SQL Server and what is its advantage?
Ans. User-Defined Function is a function which can be written as per the needs of the user
by implementing your own logic. The biggest advantage of this function is that the user is
not limited to pre-defined functions and can simplify the complex code of pre-defined
function by writing a simple code as per the needs.
This returns Scalar value or a table.

Q#57. Explain the creation and execution of a user-defined function in the SQL
Server?
Ans. A User-Defined function can be created in the following way:

Create Function fun1(@num int)

returns table
as
return select * from employee where empid=@num
This function can be executed as follows:
select * from fun1(12)
So, in the above case, a function with the name of ‘fun1’ is created to fetch employee
details of an employee having empid=12.

Q#58. What are the Pre-Defined functions in the SQL Server?

Ans. These are Built-In functions of the SQL Server like String functions which are provided
by SQL Server like ASCII, CHAR, LEFT, etc. string functions.
Q#59. Why are Views required in the SQL Server or in any other database?
Ans. Views are very beneficial because of the following reasons:
 Views are required to hide the complexity that is involved in the database schema
and also to customize the data for a particular set of users.
 Views provide a mechanism to control access to particular rows and columns.
 These help in aggregating the data to improve the performance of the database.
Q#60. What is TCL in SQL Server?
Ans. TCL is Transaction Control Language Commands which are used to manage the
transactions in the SQL Server.
Q#61. Which TCL Commands are available on the SQL Server?
Ans. There are 3 TCL Commands in the SQL Server. These are as follows:
 Commit: This command is used to save the transaction permanently in the
database.
 Rollback: This is used to roll back the changes that are done i.e. to restore the
database in the last committed state.
 Save Tran: This is used for saving the transaction so as to provide the convenience
that the transaction can be rolled back to the point wherever required.
Q#62. What are the 2 types of classifications of constraints in the SQL Server?
Ans. Constraints are classified into the following 2 types in the SQL Server:
 Column Types Constraints: These constraints are applied to the columns of a
table in the SQL Server. Definition of these can be given at the time of the creation
of a table in the database.
 Table Types Constraints: These constraints are applied on a table and these are
defines after the creation of a table is completed. Alter command is used to apply
the table type constraint.
Q#63. How is table type constraint applied to a table?
Ans. The Table Type Constraint is applied in the following way:
Alter Table Name of the Constraint
Alter Table Constraint_1

Q#64. What are the different types of Columns Types Constraints in the SQL Server?
Ans. SQL Server provides 6 types of Constraints. These are as follows:
 Not Null Constraint: This puts a constraint that the value of a column cannot be
null.
 Default Constraint: This constraint provides some default value that can be
inserted in the column if no value is specified for that column.
 Check Constraint
 Unique Constraint
 Primary Key Constraint
 Foreign Key Constraint
Q#64. What command is used to delete a table from the database in the SQL Server
and how?
Ans. Delete Command is used to delete any table from the database in the SQL Server.
Following is the way to use this command:
Delete Name of the table
Ex: If the name of a table is “employee” then delete command to delete this table can be
written as Delete employee.
Q#65. Why is replication required on the SQL Server?
Ans. Replication is the mechanism which is used to synchronize the data among the
multiple servers with the help of a replica set.
This is mainly used to increase the capacity of the reading and to provide an option to its
users to select among various different servers to perform the read/write operations.
Q#66. What command is used to create a database in the SQL Server and how?
Ans. CREATEDATABASE Command is used to create any database in the SQL Server.
Following is the way to use this command:
CREATEDATABASE Name of the Database
Ex: If the name of a database is “employee” then create command to create this database
can be written as CREATEDATABASE employee.
Q#67. What function does a database engine serve in the SQL Server?
Ans. Database Engine is a type of service in the SQL Server which starts as soon as the
Operating System starts. This may run by default depending upon the settings in the O/S.
Q#68. What are the advantages of having an index on the SQL Server?
Ans. The index has the following advantages:
 Index supports the mechanism of having faster data retrieval from the database.
 This forms a data structure in a way which helps in minimizing the data
comparisons.
 This improves the performance of the retrieval of the data from the database.