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Pattern Recognition

Pattern recognition is the process of identifying patterns in data using machine learning algorithms. It involves classifying patterns into categories through supervised or unsupervised learning. A pattern is represented as a vector of features. Pattern recognition systems are trained on labeled data to learn how to accurately classify new patterns. It has applications in areas like computer vision, speech recognition, and biometric identification.

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218 views3 pages

Pattern Recognition

Pattern recognition is the process of identifying patterns in data using machine learning algorithms. It involves classifying patterns into categories through supervised or unsupervised learning. A pattern is represented as a vector of features. Pattern recognition systems are trained on labeled data to learn how to accurately classify new patterns. It has applications in areas like computer vision, speech recognition, and biometric identification.

Uploaded by

Saptadwipa Rakshit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pattern Recognition

Pattern is everything around in this digital world. A pattern can either be seen physically or it can be
observed mathematically by applying algorithms.

Example: The colors on the clothes, speech pattern etc. In computer science, a pattern is represented
using vector features values.

What is Pattern Recognition?

Pattern recognition is the process of recognizing patterns by using machine learning algorithm. Pattern
recognition can be defined as the classification of data based on knowledge already gained or on
statistical information extracted from patterns and/or their representation. One of the important aspects
of the pattern recognition is its application potential.

Examples: Speech recognition, speaker identification, multimedia document recognition (MDR),


automatic medical diagnosis.

In a typical pattern recognition application, the raw data is processed and converted into a form that is
amenable for a machine to use. Pattern recognition involves classification and cluster of patterns.

 In classification, an appropriate class label is assigned to a pattern based on an abstraction that


is generated using a set of training patterns or domain knowledge. Classification is used in
supervised learning.
 Clustering generated a partition of the data which helps decision making, the specific decision
making activity of interest to us. Clustering is used in an unsupervised learning.

Features may be represented as continuous, discrete or discrete binary variables. A feature is a


function of one or more measurements, computed so that it quantifies some significant characteristics
of the object.

Example: consider our face then eyes, ears, nose etc. are features of the face.

A set of features that are taken together, forms the features vector.

Example: In the above example of face, if all the features (eyes, ears, nose etc.) taken together then the
sequence is feature vector ([eyes, ears, nose]). Feature vector is the sequence of a features represented
as a d-dimensional column vector. In case of speech, MFCC (Melfrequency Cepstral Coefficent) is the
spectral features of the speech. Sequence of first 13 features forms a feature vector.

Pattern recognition possesses the following features:


 Pattern recognition system should recognize familiar pattern quickly and accurate
 Recognize and classify unfamiliar objects
 Accurately recognize shapes and objects from different angles
 Identify patterns and objects even when partly hidden
 Recognize patterns quickly with ease, and with automaticity.
Training and Learning in Pattern Recognition
Learning is a phenomenon through which a system gets trained and becomes adaptable to give result
in an accurate manner. Learning is the most important phase as how well the system performs on the
data provided to the system depends on which algorithms used on the data. Entire dataset is divided
into two categories, one which is used in training the model i.e. Training set and the other that is used
in testing the model after training, i.e. testing set.
 Training set:
Training set is used to build a model. It consists of the set of images which are used to train the
system. Training rules and algorithms used give relevant information on how to associate input
data with output decision. The system is trained by applying these algorithms on the dataset, all the
relevant information is extracted from the data and results are obtained. Generally, 80% of the data
of the dataset is taken for training data.
 Testing set:
Testing data is used to test the system. It is the set of data which is used to verify whether the
system is producing the correct output after being trained or not. Generally, 20% of the data of the
dataset is used for testing. Testing data is used to measure the accuracy of the system. Example: a
system which identifies which category a particular flower belongs to is able to identify seven
categories of flowers correctly out of ten and rest others wrong, then the accuracy is 70%.

Real-time Examples and Explanations:

A pattern is a physical object or an abstract notion. While talking about the classes of animals, a
description of an animal would be a pattern. While talking about various types of balls, then a
description of a ball is a pattern. In the case balls considered as pattern, the classes could be football,
cricket ball, table tennis ball etc. Given a new pattern, the class of the pattern is to be determined. The
choice of attributes and representation of patterns is a very important step in pattern classification. A
good representation is one which makes use of discriminating attributes and also reduces the
computational burden in pattern classification.
An obvious representation of a pattern will be a vector. Each element of the vector can represent one
attribute of the pattern. The first element of the vector will contain the value of the first attribute for
the pattern being considered.

Example: While representing spherical objects, (25, 1) may be represented as an spherical object with
25 units of weight and 1 unit diameter. The class label can form a part of the vector. If spherical
objects belong to class 1, the vector would be (25, 1, 1), where the first element represents the weight
of the object, the second element, the diameter of the object and the third element represents the class
of the object.

Advantages:
 Pattern recognition solves classification problems
 Pattern recognition solves the problem of fake bio metric detection.
 It is useful for cloth pattern recognition for visually impaired blind people.
 It helps in speaker diarization.
 We can recognise particular object from different angle.
Disadvantages:
 Syntactic Pattern recognition approach is complex to implement and it is very slow process.
 Sometime to get better accuracy, larger dataset is required.
 It cannot explain why a particular object is recognized.
Example: my face vs my friend’s face.
Applications:
 Image processing, segmentation and analysis
Pattern recognition is used to give human recognition intelligence to machine which is required in
image processing.
 Computer vision
Pattern recognition is used to extract meaningful features from given image/video samples and is
used in computer vision for various applications like biological and biomedical imaging.
 Seismic analysis
Pattern recognition approach is used for the discovery, imaging and interpretation of temporal
patterns in seismic array recordings. Statistical pattern recognition is implemented and used in
different types of seismic analysis models.
 Radar signal classification/analysis
Pattern recognition and Signal processing methods are used in various applications of radar signal
classifications like AP mine detection and identification.
 Speech recognition
The greatest success in speech recognition has been obtained using pattern recognition paradigms.
It is used in various algorithms of speech recognition which tries to avoid the problems of using a
phoneme level of description and treats larger units such as words as pattern.
 Finger print identification
The fingerprint recognition technique is a dominant technology in the biometric market. A number
of recognition methods have been used to perform fingerprint matching out of which pattern
recognition approaches is widely used.

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