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C interview questions and answers

1. What does static variable mean?
Ans: Static variables are the variables which retain their values between the function calls. They are
initialized only once their scope is within the function in which they are defined.

2. What is a pointer?
Ans: Pointers are variables which stores the address of another variable. That variable may be a
scalar (including another pointer), or an aggregate (array or structure). The pointed-to object may be
part of a larger object, such as a field of a structure or an element in an array.

3. What are the uses of a pointer?

Ans: Pointer is used in the following cases
i) It is used to access array elements
ii) It is used for dynamic memory allocation.
iii) It is used in Call by reference
iv) It is used in data structures like trees, graph, linked list etc.

4. What is a structure?
Ans: Structure constitutes a super data type which represents several different data types in a single
unit. A structure can be initialized if it is static or global.

5. What is a union?
Ans: Union is a collection of heterogeneous data type but it uses efficient memory utilization
technique by allocating enough memory to hold the largest member. Here a single area of memory
contains values of different types at different time. A union can never be initialized.

6. What are the differences between structures and union?

Ans: A structure variable contains each of the named members, and its size is large enough to hold
all the members. Structure elements are of same size.
A union contains one of the named members at a given time and is large enough to hold the largest
member. Union element can be of different sizes.

7. What are the differences between structures and arrays?

Ans: Structure is a collection of heterogeneous data type but array is a collection of homogeneous
data types.
Array
1-It is a collection of data items of same data type.
2-It has declaration only
3-There is no keyword.
4-Array name represent the address of the starting element.
Structure
1-It is a collection of data items of different data type.
2- It has declaration and definition
3- keyword struct is used
4-Structure name is known as tag it is the short hand notation of the declaration.

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8. In header files whether functions are declared or defined?

Ans: Functions are declared within header file. That is function prototypes exist in a header file,not
function bodies. They are defined in library (lib).

9. What are the differences between malloc () and calloc ()?

Ans: Malloc Calloc 1-Malloc takes one argument Malloc(a);where a number of bytes 2-memory
allocated contains garbage values
1-Calloc takes two arguments Calloc(b,c) where b no of object and c size of object
2-It initializes the contains of block of memory to zeros Malloc takes one argument, memory
allocated contains garbage values.
It allocates contiguous memory locations. Calloc takes two arguments, memory allocated contains all
zeros, and the memory allocated is not contiguous.

10. What are macros? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
Ans: Macros are abbreviations for lengthy and frequently used statements. When a macro is called
the entire code is substituted by a single line though the macro definition is of several lines.
The advantage of macro is that it reduces the time taken for control transfer as in case of
function.
The disadvantage of it is here the entire code is substituted so the program becomes
lengthy if a macro is called several times.

11. Difference between pass by reference and pass by value?

Ans: Pass by reference passes a pointer to the value. This allows the callee to modify the variable
directly.Pass by value gives a copy of the value to the callee. This allows the callee to modify the
value without modifying the variable. (In other words, the callee simply cannot modify the variable,
since it lacks a reference to it.)

12. What is static identifier?

Ans: A file-scope variable that is declared static is visible only to functions within that file. A
function-scope or block-scope variable that is declared as static is visible only within that scope.
Furthermore, static variables only have a single instance. In the case of function- or block-scope
variables, this means that the variable is not ―automatic‖ and thus retains its value across function
invocations.

13. Where is the auto variables stored?

Ans: Auto variables can be stored anywhere, so long as recursion works. Practically, they‘re stored
on the stack. It is not necessary that always a stack exist. You could theoretically allocate function
invocation records from the heap.

14. Where does global, static, and local, register variables, free memory and C Program
instructions get stored?
Ans: Global: Wherever the linker puts them. Typically the ―BSS segment‖ on many platforms.
Static: Again, wherever the linker puts them. Often, they‘re intermixed with the globals. The only
difference between globals and statics is whether the linker will resolve the symbols across
compilation units.Local: Typically on the stack, unless the variable gets register allocated and never
spills.Register: Nowadays, these are equivalent to ―Local‖ variables. They live on the stack unless
they get register-allocated.

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15. Difference between arrays and linked list?

Ans: An array is a repeated pattern of variables in contiguous storage. A linked list is a set of
structures scattered through memory, held together by pointers in each element that point to the next
element. With an array, we can (on most architectures) move from one element to the next by adding
a fixed constant to the integer value of the pointer. With a linked list, there is a ―next‖ pointer in each
structure which says what element comes next.

16. What are enumerations?

Ans: They are a list of named integer-valued constants. Example:enum color { black , orange=4,
yellow, green, blue, violet };This declaration defines the symbols ―black‖, ―orange‖, ―yellow‖, etc. to
have the values ―1,‖ ―4,‖ ―5,‖ … etc. The difference between an enumeration and a macro is that the
enum actually declares a type, and therefore can be type checked.

17. Describe about storage allocation and scope of global, extern, static, local and register
variables?
Ans:
Globals have application-scope. They‘re available in any compilation unit that includes an
appropriate declaration (usually brought from a header file). They‘re stored wherever the linker puts
them, usually a place called the ―BSS segment.‖
Extern? This is essentially ―global.‖
Static: Stored the same place as globals, typically, but only available to the compilation unit that
contains them. If they are block-scope global, only available within that block and its subblocks.
Local: Stored on the stack, typically. Only available in that block and its subblocks.
(Although pointers to locals can be passed to functions invoked from within a scope where that local is valid.)
Register: See tirade above on ―local‖ vs. ―register.‖ The only difference is that
the C compiler will not let you take the address of something you‘ve declared as ―register.‖

18. What are register variables? What are the advantages of using register variables?
Ans: If a variable is declared with a register storage class, it is known as register variable. The
register variable is stored in the cpu register instead of main memory. Frequently used variables
are declared as register variable as it‘s access time is faster.

19. What is the use of typedef?

Ans: The typedef help in easier modification when the programs are ported to another machine.
A descriptive new name given to the existing data type may be easier to understand the code.

20. Can we specify variable field width in a scanf() format string? If possible how?
Ans: All field widths are variable with scanf(). You can specify a maximum field width for a given
field by placing an integer value between the ‗%‘ and the field type specifier. (e.g. %64s). Such a
specifier will still accept a narrower field width.
The one exception is %#c (where # is an integer). This reads EXACTLY # characters, and it is the
only way to specify a fixed field width with scanf().

21. Out of fgets() and gets() which function is safe to use and why?
Ans: fgets() is safer than gets(), because we can specify a maximum input length. Neither one is
completely safe, because the compiler can‘t prove that programmer won‘t overflow the buffer he
pass to fgets ().

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22. Difference between strdup and strcpy?

Ans: Both copy a string. strcpy wants a buffer to copy into. strdup allocates a buffer using malloc().
Unlike strcpy(), strdup() is not specified by ANSI .

23. What is recursion?

Ans: A recursion function is one which calls itself either directly or indirectly it must halt at a
definite point to avoid infinite recursion.

24. Differentiate between for loop and a while loop? What are it uses?
Ans: For executing a set of statements fixed number of times we use for loop while when the number
of iterations to be performed is not known in advance we use while loop.

25. What is storage class? What are the different storage classes in C?
Ans: Storage class is an attribute that changes the behavior of a variable. It controls the lifetime,
scope and linkage. The storage classes in c are auto, register, and extern, static, typedef.

26. What the advantages of using Unions?

Ans: When the C compiler is allocating memory for unions it will always reserve enough room for
the largest member.

27. What is the difference between Strings and Arrays?

Ans: String is a sequence of characters ending with NULL .it can be treated as a one dimensional
array of characters terminated by a NULL character.

28. What is a far pointer? Where we use it?

Ans: In large data model (compact, large, huge) the address B0008000 is acceptable because in these
model all pointers to data are 32bits long. If we use small data model(tiny, small, medium) the above
address won‘t work since in these model each pointer is 16bits long. If we are working in a small
data model and want to access the address B0008000 then we use far pointer. Far pointer is always
treated as a 32bit pointer and contains a segment address and offset address both of 16bits each. Thus
the address is represented using segment : offset format B000h:8000h. For any
given memory address there are many possible far address segment : offset pair. The segment
register contains the address where the segment begins and offset register contains the offset of
data/code from where segment begins.

29. What is a huge pointer?

Ans: Huge pointer is 32bit long containing segment address and offset address. Huge pointers are
normalized pointers so for any given memory address there is only one possible huge address
segment: offset pair. Huge pointer arithmetic is doe with calls to special subroutines so its arithmetic
slower than any other pointers.

30. What is a normalized pointer, how do we normalize a pointer?

Ans: It is a 32bit pointer, which has as much of its value in the segment register as possible. Since
a segment can start every 16bytes so the offset will have a value from 0 to F. for normalization
convert the address into 20bit address then use the 16bit for segment address and 4bit for the offset
address. Given a pointer 500D: 9407,we convert it to a 20bitabsolute address 549D7,Which then
normalized to 549D:0007.

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31. What is near pointer?

Ans: A near pointer is 16 bits long. It uses the current content of the CS (code segment) register (if
the pointer is pointing to code) or current contents of DS (data segment) register (if the pointer is
pointing to data) for the segment part, the offset part is stored in a 16 bit near pointer. Using near
pointer limits the data/code to 64kb segment.

32. In C, why is the void pointer useful? When would you use it?
Ans: The void pointer is useful because it is a generic pointer that any pointer can be cast into and
back again without loss of information.

33. What is a NULL Pointer? Whether it is same as an uninitialized pointer?

Ans: Null pointer is a pointer which points to nothing but uninitialized pointer may point to
anywhere.

34. Are pointers integer?

Ans: No, pointers are not integers. A pointer is an address. It is a positive number.

35. What does the error ‘Null Pointer Assignment’ means and what causes this error?
Ans: As null pointer points to nothing so accessing a uninitialized pointer or invalid location may
cause an error.

36. What is generic pointer in C?

Ans: In C void* acts as a generic pointer. When other pointer types are assigned to generic pointer,
conversions are applied automatically (implicit conversion).

37. Are the expressions arr and &arr same for an array of integers?
Ans: Yes for array of integers they are same.

38. IMP>How pointer variables are initialized?

Ans: Pointer variables are initialized by one of the following ways.
I. Static memory allocation
II. Dynamic memory allocation

39. What is static memory allocation?

Ans: Compiler allocates memory space for a declared variable. By using the address of operator, the
reserved address is obtained and this address is assigned to a pointer variable. This way of assigning
pointer value to a pointer variable at compilation time is known as static memory allocation.

40. What is dynamic memory allocation?

Ans: A dynamic memory allocation uses functions such as malloc() or calloc() to get memory
dynamically. If these functions are used to get memory dynamically and the values returned by these
function are assigned to pointer variables, such a way of allocating memory at run time is known as
dynamic memory allocation.

41. What is the purpose of realloc?

Ans: It increases or decreases the size of dynamically allocated array. The function realloc (ptr,n)
uses two arguments. The first argument ptr is a pointer to a block of memory for which the size is to
be altered. The second argument specifies the new size. The size may be increased or decreased. If
sufficient space is not available to the old region the function may create a new region.

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42. What is pointer to a pointer?

Ans: If a pointer variable points another pointer value. Such a situation is known as a pointer to a
pointer.
Example:
int *p1,**p2,v=10;
P1=&v; p2=&p1;
Here p2 is a pointer to a pointer.

43. What is an array of pointers?

Ans: if the elements of an array are addresses, such an array is called an array of pointers.

44. Difference between linker and linkage?

Ans: Linker converts an object code into an executable code by linking together the necessary built
in functions. The form and place of declaration where the variable is declared in a program
determine the linkage of variable.

45. Is it possible to have negative index in an array?

Ans: Yes it is possible to index with negative value provided there are data stored in this location.
Even if it is illegal to refer to the elements that are out of array bounds, the compiler will not produce
error because C has no check on the bounds of an array.

46. Why is it necessary to give the size of an array in an array declaration?

Ans: When an array is declared, the compiler allocates a base address and reserves enough space in
memory for all the elements of the array. The size is required to allocate the required space and
hence size must be mentioned.

47. What modular programming?

Ans: If a program is large, it is subdivided into a number of smaller programs that are called
modules or subprograms. If a complex problem is solved using more modules, this approach is
known as modular programming.

48. What is a function?

Ans: A large program is subdivided into a number of smaller programs or subprograms. Each
subprogram specifies one or more actions to be performed for the larger program. Such sub programs
are called functions.

49. What is an argument?

Ans: An argument is an entity used to pass data from the calling to a called function.

50. What are built in functions?

Ans: The functions that are predefined and supplied along with the compiler are known as built-in
functions. They are also known as library functions.

61. What do the ‘c’ and ‘v’ in argc and argv stand for?
Ans: The c in argc(argument count) stands for the number of command line argument the program is
invoked with and v in argv(argument vector) is a pointer to an array of character string that contain
the arguments.

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62. IMP>what are C tokens?

Ans: There are six classes of tokens: identifier, keywords, constants, string literals, operators and
other separators.

63. What are C identifiers?

Ans: These are names given to various programming element such as variables, function, arrays.It is
a combination of letter, digit and underscore.It should begin with letter. Backspace is not allowed.

64. Syntax error vs logical error?

Ans:
Syntax Error
1-These involves validation of syntax of language.
2-compiler prints diagnostic message.

Logical Error
1-logical error are caused by an incorrect algorithm or by a statement mistyped in such a way
that it doesn‘t violet syntax of language.
2-difficult to find.

65. What is preincrement and post increment?

Ans: ++n (pre increment) increments n before its value is used in an assignment operation or any
expression containing it. n++ (post increment) does increment after the value of n is used.

66. Write a program to interchange 2 variables without using the third one.
Ans:
a ^= b; ie a=a^b
b ^= a; ie b=b^a;
a ^= b ie a=a^b;
here the numbers are converted into binary and then xor operation is performed.
You know, you‘re just asking ―have you seen this overly clever trick that‘s not worth applying on
modern architectures and only really applies to integer variables?‖

67. What is the maximum combined length of command line arguments including the space
between adjacent arguments?
Ans: It depends on the operating system.

68. What are bit fields? What is the use of bit fields in a Structure declaration?
Ans: A bit field is a set of adjacent bits within a single implementation based storage unit that we
will call a ―word‖.
The syntax of field definition and access is based on structure.
Struct {
unsigned int k :1;
unsigned int l :1;
unsigned int m :1;
}flags;
the number following the colon represents the field width in bits.Flag is a variable that contains three
bit fields.

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69. What is a preprocessor, what are the advantages of preprocessor?

Ans: A preprocessor processes the source code program before it passes through the compiler.
1- a preprocessor involves the readability of program
2- It facilitates easier modification
3- It helps in writing portable programs
4- It enables easier debugging
5- It enables testing a part of program
6- It helps in developing generalized program

70. What are the facilities provided by preprocessor?

Ans:
1-file inclusion
2-substitution facility
3-conditional compilation

71. What are the two forms of #include directive?

Ans:
1.#include”filename”
2.#include
the first form is used to search the directory that contains the source file. If the search fails in the
home directory it searches the implementation defined locations. In the second form, the
preprocessor searches the file only in the implementation defined locations.

72. How would you use the functions randomize() and random()?
Ans:
Randomize() initiates random number generation with a random value.
Random() generates random number between 0 and n-1;

73. What do the functions atoi(), itoa() and gcvt() do?

Ans:
atoi() is a macro that converts integer to character.
itoa() It converts an integer to string
gcvt() It converts a floating point number to string

74. How would you use the functions fseek(), freed(), fwrite() and ftell()?
Ans:
fseek(f,1,i) Move the pointer for file f a distance 1 byte from location i.
fread(s,i1,i2,f) Enter i2 dataitems,each of size i1 bytes,from file f to string s.
fwrite(s,i1,i2,f) send i2 data items,each of size i1 bytes from string s to file f.
ftell(f) Return the current pointer position within file f.

The data type returned for functions fread,fseek and fwrite is int and ftell is long int.

75. What is the difference between the functions memmove() and memcpy()?
Ans: The arguments of memmove() can overlap in memory. The arguments of memcpy() cannot.

76. What is a file?

Ans: A file is a region of storage in hard disks or in auxiliary storage devices. It contains bytes of
information .It is not a data type.

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77. IMP>what are the types of file?

Ans: Files are of two types
1-high level files (stream oriented files): These files are accessed using library functions
2-low level files (system oriented files) :These files are accessed using system calls

78. IMP>what is a stream?

Ans: A stream is a source of data or destination of data that may be associated with a disk or other
I/O device. The source stream provides data to a program and it is known as input stream. The
destination stream eceives the output from the program and is known as output stream.

79. What is meant by file opening?

Ans: The action of connecting a program to a file is called opening of a file. This requires creating
an I/O stream before reading or writing the data.

80. What is FILE?

Ans: FILE is a predefined data type. It is defined in stdio.h file

81. What is a file pointer?

Ans: The pointer to a FILE data type is called as a stream pointer or a file pointer. A file pointer points to the
block of information of the stream that had just been opened.

82. How is fopen()used ?

Ans: The function fopen() returns a file pointer. Hence a file pointer is declared and it is assigned as
FILE *fp;
fp= fopen(filename,mode);
filename is a string representing the name of the file and the mode represents:
“r” for read operation
“w” for write operation
“a” for append operation
“r+”,”w+”,”a+” for update operation

83. How is a file closed?

Ans: A file is closed using fclose() function
Eg. fclose(fp);
Where fp is a file pointer.

84. What is a random access file?

Ans:
A file can be accessed at random using fseek() function
fseek(fp,position,origin);
fp file pointer
position number of bytes offset from origin
origin 0,1 or 2 denote the beginning ,current position or end of file respectively.

85. What is the purpose of ftell ?

Ans: The function ftell() is used to get the current file represented by the file pointer.
ftell(fp);
returns a long integer value representing the current file position of the file pointed by the
file pointer fp.If an error occurs ,-1 is returned.

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86. What is the purpose of rewind() ?

Ans: The function rewind is used to bring the file pointer to the beginning of the file.
Rewind(fp);
Where fp is a file pointer.Also we can get the same effect by
feek(fp,0,0);

87. Difference between a array name and a pointer variable?

Ans: A pointer variable is a variable where as an array name is a fixed address and is not a
variable. A pointer variable must be initialized but an array name cannot be initialized. An array
name being a constant value , ++ and — operators cannot be applied to it.

88. Represent a two-dimensional array using pointer?

Ans:
Address of a[I][j] Value of a[I][j]
&a[I][j]
or
a[I] + j
or
*(a+I) + j
*&a[I][j] or a[I][j]
or
*(a[I] + j )
or
*( * ( a+I) +j )

89. Difference between an array of pointers and a pointer to an array?

Ans:
Array of pointers
1- Declaration is: data_type *array_name[size];
2-Size represents the row size.
3- The space for columns may be dynamically

Pointers to an array
1-Declaration is data_type ( *array_name)[size];
2-Size represents the column size.

90. Can we use any name in place of argv and argc as command line arguments ?
Ans: yes we can use any user defined name in place of argc and argv;

91. What are the pointer declarations used in C?

Ans:
1- Array of pointers, e.g , int *a[10]; Array of pointers to integer
2-Pointers to an array,e.g , int (*a)[10]; Pointer to an array of into
3-Function returning a pointer,e.g, float *f( ) ; Function returning a pointer to float
4-Pointer to a pointer ,e.g, int **x; Pointer to apointer to int
5-pointer to a data type ,e.g, char *p; pointer to char

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92. Differentiate between a constant pointer and pointer to a constant?

Ans:
const char *p; //pointer to a const character.
char const *p; //pointer to a const character.
char * const p; //const pointer to a char variable.
const char * const p; // const pointer to a const character.

93. Is the allocated space within a function automatically deallocated when the function
returns?
Ans: No pointer is different from what it points to .Local variables including local pointers
variables in a function are deallocated automatically when function returns.,But in case of a
local pointer variable ,deallocation means that the pointer is deallocated and not the block of
memory allocated to it. Memory dynamically allocated always persists until the allocation is freed
or the program terminates.

94. Discuss on pointer arithmetic?

Ans:
1- Assignment of pointers to the same type of pointers.
2- Adding or subtracting a pointer and an integer.
3-subtracting or comparing two pointer.
4-incrementing or decrementing the pointers pointing to the elements of an array. When a pointer
to an integer is incremented by one , the address is incremented by two. It is done automatically
by the compiler.
5-Assigning the value 0 to the pointer variable and comparing 0 with the pointer. The pointer
having address 0 points to nowhere at all.

95. What is the invalid pointer arithmetic?

Ans:
i) adding ,multiplying and dividing two pointers.
ii) Shifting or masking pointer.
iii) Addition of float or double to pointer.
iv) Assignment of a pointer of one type to a pointer of another type ?

96. What are the advantages of using array of pointers to string instead of an array of strings?
Ans:
i) Efficient use of memory.
ii) Easier to exchange the strings by moving their pointers while sorting.

97. Are the expressions *ptr ++ and ++ *ptr same?

Ans: No,*ptr ++ increments pointer and not the value pointed by it. Whereas ++ *ptr
increments the value being pointed to by ptr.

98. What would be the equivalent pointer expression foe referring the same element as
a[p][q][r][s] ?
Ans : *( * ( * ( * (a+p) + q ) + r ) + s)

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99. Are the variables argc and argv are always local to main?
Ans: Yes they are local to main.

100. Can main () be called recursively?

Ans: Yes any function including main () can be called recursively.

C++ interview questions and answers

1. What is a class?
Ans: The objects with the same data structure (attributes) and behavior (operations) are called class.

2. What is an object?
Ans: It is an entity which may correspond to real-world entities such as students, employees, bank
account. It may be concrete such as file system or conceptual such as scheduling policies in
multiprocessor operating system. Every object will have data structures called attributes and
behavior called operations.

3. What is the difference between an object and a class?

Ans: All objects possessing similar properties are grouped into class.
Example:–person is a class, ram, hari are objects of person class. All have similar attributes like
name, age, sex and similar operations like speak, walk.

Class person
{
private:
char name[20];
int age;
char sex;
public: speak();
walk();
};

4. What is the difference between class and structure?

Ans: In class the data members by default are private but in structure they are by default public

5. Define object based programming language?

Ans: Object based programming language support encapsulation and object identity without
supporting some important features of OOPs language.
Object based language=Encapsulation + object Identity

6. Define object oriented language?

Ans: Object-oriented language incorporates all the features of object based programming languages
along with inheritance and polymorphism.
Example: – c++, java.

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7. Define OOPs?
Ans: OOP is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as co-operative
collection of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class and whose classes are all
member of a hierarchy of classes united through the property of inheritance.

8. What is public, protected, and private?

Ans: These are access specifier or a visibility lebels .The class member that has been declared as
private can be accessed only from within the class. Public members can be accessed from outside the
class also. Within the class or from the object of a class protected access limit is same as that of
private but it plays a prominent role in case of inheritance

9. What is a scope resolution operator?

Ans: The scope resolution operator permits a program to reference an identifier in the global scope
that has been hidden by another identifier with the same name in the local scope.

10. What do you mean by inheritance?

Ans: The mechanism of deriving a new class (derived) from an old class (base class) is called
inheritance. It allows the extension and reuse of existing code without having to rewrite the code
from scratch.

11. What is abstraction?

Ans: The technique of creating user-defined data types, having the properties of built-in data types
and a set of permitted operators that are well suited to the application to be programmed is known as
data abstraction. Class is a construct for abstract data types (ADT).

12. What is encapsulation?

Ans: It is the mechanism that wraps the data and function it manipulates into single unit and keeps it
safe from external interference.

13. How variable declaration in c++ differs that in c?

Ans: C requires all the variables to be declared at the beginning of a scope but in c++ we can declare
variables anywhere in the scope. This makes the programmer easier to understand because the
variables are declared in the context of their use.

14. What are the c++ tokens?

Ans: c++ has the following tokens
I. keywords II. Identifiers III. Constants IV. Strings V. operators

15. What do you mean by reference variable in c++?

Ans: A reference variable provides an alias to a previously defined variable.
Data type & reference-name = variable name

16. What do you mean by implicit conversion?

Ans: Whenever data types are mixed in an expression then c++ performs the conversion
automatically.
Here smaller type is converted to wider type.
Example- in case of integer and float integer is converted into float type.

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17. What is the difference between method overloading and method overriding?
Ans: Overloading a method (or function) in C++ is the ability for functions of the same name to be
defined as long as these methods have different signatures (different set of parameters). Method
overriding is the ability of the inherited class rewriting the virtual method of the base class.

18. What are the defining traits of an object-oriented language?

The defining traits of an object-oriented language are:
encapsulation
inheritance
polymorphism
Ans:
Polymorphism: is a feature of OOPL that at run time depending upon the type of object the
appropriate method is called.
Inheritance: is a feature of OOPL that represents the ―is a‖ relationship between different objects
(classes). Say in real life a manager is a employee. So in OOPL manger class is inherited from the
employee class.
Encapsulation: is a feature of OOPL that is used to hide the information.

19. What is polymorphism?

Ans: Polymorphism is the idea that a base class can be inherited by several classes. A base class
pointer can point to its child class and a base class array can store different child class objects.

20. What do you mean by inline function?

Ans: An inline function is a function that is expanded inline when invoked.ie. the compiler replaces
the function call with the corresponding function code. An inline function is a function that is
expanded in line when it is invoked. That is the compiler replaces the function call with the
corresponding function code (similar to macro).

21 What is the difference between a NULL pointer and a void pointer?

Ans: A NULL pointer is a pointer of any type whose value is zero. A void pointer is a pointer to an
object of an unknown type, and is guaranteed to have enough bits to hold a pointer to any object. A
void pointer is not guaranteed to have enough bits to point to a function (though in general
practice it does).

22. What is difference between C++ and Java?

Ans: C++ has pointers Java does not.
Java is platform independent C++ is not.
Java has garbage collection C++ does not.

23. What do you mean by multiple inheritance in C++ ?

Ans: Multiple inheritance is a feature in C++ by which one class can be of different types. Say class
teaching Assistant is inherited from two classes say teacher and Student.

24. What do you mean by virtual methods?

Ans: virtual methods are used to use the polymorphism feature in C++. Say class A is inherited from
class B. If we declare say function f() as virtual in class B and override the same function in class A
then at runtime appropriate method of the class will be called depending upon the type of the object.

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25. What do you mean by static methods?

Ans: By using the static method there is no need creating an object of that class to use that method.
We can directly call that method on that class. For example, say class A has static function f(), then
we can call f() function as A.f(). There is no need of creating an object of class A.

26. How many ways are there to initialize an int with a constant?
Ans: Two.
There are two formats for initializers in C++ as shown in the example that follows. The first format
uses the traditional C notation. The second format uses constructor notation.
int foo = 123;
int bar (123);

27. What is a constructor?

Ans: Constructor is a special member function of a class, which is invoked automatically whenever
an instance of the class is created. It has the same name as its class.

28. What is destructor?

Ans: Destructor is a special member function of a class, which is invoked automatically whenever an
object goes out of the scope. It has the same name as its class with a tilde character prefixed.

29. What is an explicit constructor?

Ans: A conversion constructor declared with the explicit keyword. The compiler does not use an
explicit constructor to implement an implied conversion of types. It‘s purpose is reserved explicitly
for construction.

30 What is the Standard Template Library?

Ans: A library of container templates approved by the ANSI committee for inclusion in the standard
C++ specification. A programmer who then launches into a discussion of the generic programming
model, iterators, allocators, algorithms, and such, has a higher than average understanding of the new
technology that STL brings to C++ programming.

31. What problem does the namespace feature solve?

Ans: Multiple providers of libraries might use common global identifiers causing a name collision
when an application tries to link with two or more such libraries. The namespace feature surrounds a
library‘s external declarations with a unique namespace that eliminates the potential for those
collisions. This solution assumes that two library vendors don‘t use the same namespace identifier, of
course.

32. What is the use of ‘using’ declaration?

Ans: A using declaration makes it possible to use a name from a namespace

33. What is a template?

Ans: Templates allow us to create generic functions that admit any data type as parameters and
return a value without having to overload the function with all the possible data types. Until certain
point they fulfill the functionality of a macro. Its prototype is any of the two following ones:
template function_declaration;
template function_declaration;

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34. Differentiate between a template class and class template?

Ans:
Template class:
A generic definition or a parameterized class not instantiated until the client provides the needed
information. It‘s jargon for plain templates.
Class template:
A class template specifies how individual classes can be constructed much like the way a class
specifies how individual objects can be constructed. It‘s jargon for plain classes.

35. What is the difference between a copy constructor and an overloaded assignment operator?
Ans: A copy constructor constructs a new object by using the content of the argument object. An
overloaded assignment operator assigns the contents of an existing object to another existing object
of the same class.

36. What is a virtual destructor?

Ans: The simple answer is that a virtual destructor is one that is declared with the virtual attribute.

37. What is an incomplete type?

Ans: Incomplete type refers to pointers in which there is non availability of the implementation of
the referenced location or it points to some location whose value is not available for modification.
Example:
int *i=0×400 // i points to address 400
*i=0; //set the value of memory location pointed by i.
Incomplete types are otherwise called uninitialized pointers.

38. What do you mean by Stack unwinding?

Ans: It is a process during exception handling when the destructor is called for all local objects
between the place where the exception was thrown and where it is caught.

39. What is a container class? What are the types of container classes?
Ans: A container class is a class that is used to hold objects in memory or external storage. A
container class acts as a generic holder. A container class has a predefined behavior and a well-
known interface. A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the topology used
for maintaining the list of objects in memory. When a container class contains a group of mixed
objects, the container is called a heterogeneous container; when the container is holding a group of
objects that are all the same, the container is called a homogeneous container

40. Name some pure object oriented languages?

Ans: Smalltalk, Java, Eiffel, Sather.

41. Name the operators that cannot be overloaded?

Ans: sizeof, ., .*, .->, ::, ?:

42. What is an adaptor class or Wrapper class?

Ans: A class that has no functionality of its own. Its member functions hide the use of a third party
software component or an object with the non-compatible interface or a non-object-oriented
implementation.

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43. What is a Null object?

Ans: It is an object of some class whose purpose is to indicate that a real object of that class does not
exist. One common use for a null object is a return value from a member function that is supposed to
return an object with some specified properties but cannot find such an object.

44. What is class invariant?

Ans: A class invariant is a condition that defines all valid states for an object. It is a logical condition
to ensure the correct working of a class. Class invariants must hold when an object is created, and
they must be preserved under all operations of the class. In particular all class invariants are both
preconditions and post-conditions for all operations or member functions of the class.

45. What is a dangling pointer?

Ans: A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after its lifetime is over. This
may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using
the address of the memory block after it is freed. Example: The following code snippet shows this:
class Sample
{
public:
int *ptr;
Sample(int i)
{
ptr = new int(i);
}
~Sample()
{
delete ptr;
}
void PrintVal()
{
cout << ―The value is ‖ << *ptr;
}
};
void SomeFunc(Sample x)
{
cout << ―Say i am in someFunc ‖ << endl;
}
int main()
{
Sample s1= 10;
SomeFunc(s1);
s1.PrintVal();
}
In the above example when PrintVal() function is called it is called by the pointer that has been freed
by the destructor in SomeFunc.

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46. Differentiate between the message and method?

Ans:
Message:
Objects communicate by sending messages to each other.
A message is sent to invoke a method.
Method
Provides response to a message and it is an implementation of an operation

47. How can we access protected and private members of a class?

Ans: In the case of members protected and private, these could not be accessed from outside the
same class at which they are declared. This rule can be transgressed with the use of the friend
keyword in a class, so we can allow an external function to gain access to the protected and private
members of a class.

48. Can you handle exception in C++?

Ans: Yes we can handle exception in C++ using keyword: try, catch and throw. Program statements
that we want to monitor for exceptions are contained in a try block. If an exception occurs within the
try block, it is thrown (using throw).The exception is caught, using catch, and processed.

49. What is virtual function?

Ans: A virtual function is a member function that is declared within a base class and
redefined by a derived class .To create a virtual function, the function declaration in the base class is
preceded by the keyword virtual.

50. What do you mean by early binding?

Ans: Early binding refers to the events that occur at compile time. Early binding occurs when
all information needed to call a function is known at compile time. Examples of early binding
include normal function calls, overloaded function calls, and overloaded operators. The advantage of
early binding is efficiency.

51. What do you mean by late binding?

Ans: Late binding refers to function calls that are not resolved until run time. Virtual functions are
used to achieve late binding. When access is via a base pointer or reference, the virtual function
actually called is determined by the type of object pointed to by the pointer.

Best Luck..!!
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