Work and Energy
Work and Energy
Work, Energy and Power
(Lecture in Quarter 1 of General Physics 1)
Reynold V. Luna
Physics Instructor, College of Science
Motivation
• What causes object to
change its state?
• What affects motion?
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Overview of Dynamical Quantities
Conservation
Quantity Symbol Classification SI Unit Dimension
Law
No Conservation newton (N):
Force 𝐹⃗ Vector [ML]/[T2]
Law 1N = 1 kg∙m/s2
Law of
Momentum 𝑝⃗ Vector Conservation of kg∙m/s or N∙s [ML]/[T]
Momentum
Law of joule (J):
Energy 𝐸 Scalar Conservation of 1 J = 1 N∙m [ML2]/[T2]
Energy 1 J = 1 kg∙m2/s2
where: M = mass; L = length; T = time
Dot (Scalar or Inner) Product
Product of the projection of a vector and the other vector.
Geometric definition:
𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐴|| 𝐵
𝐵|| 𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝐵 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
𝑦
𝐵 · 𝐴⃗ 𝐵|| 𝐴
𝐴⃗ 𝐵 𝐵 · 𝐴⃗ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
𝜃
𝐴|| Thus,
𝑥 𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐵 · 𝐴⃗ (commutative property)
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Dot Product of Cartesian Vectors
Dot product of two Dot product of two
identical unit vectors: different unit vectors:
𝚤̂ · 𝚤̂ 1 𝚤̂ · 𝚥̂ 𝚥̂ · 𝚤̂ 0
𝚥̂ · 𝚥̂ 1 𝚥̂ · 𝑘 𝑘 · 𝚥̂ 0
𝑘·𝑘 1 𝑘 · 𝚤̂ 𝚤̂ · 𝑘 0
Given: Dot Product Algebraic Definition:
𝐴⃗ 𝐴 𝚤̂ 𝐴 𝚥̂ 𝐴 𝑘 𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐴 𝚤̂ 𝐴 𝚥̂ 𝐴 𝑘 · 𝐵 𝚤̂ 𝐵 𝚥̂ 𝐵𝑘
𝐵 𝐵 𝚤̂ 𝐵 𝚥̂ 𝐵𝑘
𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
Example: Dot Product
Given the following vectors:
𝐴⃑ 4𝚤̂ 3𝚥̂ 5𝑘
𝐵 4𝚤̂ 2𝚥̂ 3𝑘
Determine the following:
(a) 𝐴⃑ · 𝐵
(b) 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵
(c) The angle between 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵.
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Work, W
It is a scalar quantity done by force parallel to the displacement
covered by the object.
Work done by constant force:
𝑊 𝐹⃗ · 𝑑⃗ 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃
where: 𝐹 = constant force in newton (N)
𝑑 = displacement in meter (m)
𝑑⃗
𝜃 = angle between 𝐹 and 𝑑
SI unit is joule (J): 1 J = 1 N∙m
Work in Concept
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Example
A man pushes on a car with a force of 300 N and moves it 10m(in
the direction of the force). This is shown in the figure below.
How much work is done by the man on the car?
Work as Area Under the Curve of a
Force‐Position Graph
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Activity
The figure below shows different forces acting on different objects. Calculate the
work done in each case.
Energy
Energy is a scalar quantity, a conserved extensive property of a
physical system, which cannot be observed directly but can be
calculated from its state. It is the capacity to change the state of
a system.
Other units of Energy
calorie (cal): 1 cal = 4.186 J (Mechanical equivalent of heat)
1 cal = the heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 g of water by 1°C
Kinetic Energy, KE
It is the energy in moving matter and wave.
Some forms of kinetic energy:
Potential Energy, PE
Energy in matter due to arrangements of its parts, its composition,
location and structure. It is commonly considered as a stored
energy having the potential to do mechanical work.
Some forms of potential energy:
gravitational: elastic:
PE 𝑚𝑔𝑦 chemical 1 electrical nuclear
PE 𝑘𝑥
2
Work‐Energy Theorem
A constant net force changes the velocity of an object and does
work on that object.
v1 v2
F F
m m
d
𝑣 𝑣
𝑎
𝑊 𝐹𝑑 𝑚𝑎 𝑑 2𝑑
1 1
𝑊 𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝑣 KE KE ∆KE
2 2
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Sample Problems
1. A 260‐g beach volleyball is spiked so that it acquires a speed
of 25 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy? (b) What was the
net work done on the ball to make it reach its speed, if it
started from rest?
2. How much net work is required to accelerate a 1000‐kg car
from 15 m/s to 60 m/s?
Two types of forces
CONSERVATIVE FORCES DISSIPATIVE FORCES
• Forces that do both positive • Forces that only do negative
and negative work work
• Negative Work done → ∆PE • Negative Work done → heat
• Examples: • Examples:
– Gravity – Friction
– Elastic force (e.g. spring) – Viscosity
– Electrical force – Air drag
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Work done by gravity (a constant force)
y2
d h = vertical
𝛼) displacement
y1
𝑊 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃 𝑚𝑔 𝑑 cos 90° 𝛼
W=mg 𝑊 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑚𝑔 𝑦 𝑦
𝑊 𝑚𝑔𝑦 𝑚𝑔𝑦
𝑊 PE PE ∆PE
Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
In this case, no dissipative (non‐conservative) forces are present.
Thus, the work done by the net force is the same as the work
done by conservative force (e.g. gravity)
KE KE PE PE
KE PE KE PE
Mechanical Energy, E KE PE
E E
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Work done on spring (a varying force)
Sample Problems
1. Jane looking for Tarzan, is running at top speed (5.3 m/s) and
grabs a vine hanging vertically from a tall tree in the jungle.
How high can she swing upward?
2. A projectile is fired at an upward angle of 45.0° from the top
of a 265‐m cliff with a speed of 185 m/s. What will be its
speed when it strikes the ground below?
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Work‐energy theorem (all forces)
𝑊 ∆PE ∆KE
Work done by Kinetic
potential energy
dissipative forces energy
from all
(always negative) conservative forces
Law of Conservation of Energy
Bounded and Unbounded Motion
Bounded motion: 𝐼𝐼𝐼
Free (unbounded) motion: 𝐼 and 𝑉
Forbidden region: 𝐼𝐼 and 𝐼𝑉 24
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Conservation of Energy
Power
Power is the rate of using energy.
SI unit: 1 watt = 1 J/s
Other unit: 1 horsepower = 746 watt
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