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Work and Energy

This document provides an overview of key concepts in work, energy and power: - It defines force, momentum, energy, and power as fundamental physical quantities and lists their SI units. - It explains dot products and how they are used to calculate work done by a force. Work is defined as the dot product of force and displacement. - Kinetic energy and potential energy are introduced as forms of mechanical energy. The work-energy theorem states that work done by net force equals the change in kinetic energy of an object. - Conservative and dissipative forces are distinguished based on whether they can do positive or only negative work. The law of conservation of mechanical energy is described for systems with conservative forces

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
73 views

Work and Energy

This document provides an overview of key concepts in work, energy and power: - It defines force, momentum, energy, and power as fundamental physical quantities and lists their SI units. - It explains dot products and how they are used to calculate work done by a force. Work is defined as the dot product of force and displacement. - Kinetic energy and potential energy are introduced as forms of mechanical energy. The work-energy theorem states that work done by net force equals the change in kinetic energy of an object. - Conservative and dissipative forces are distinguished based on whether they can do positive or only negative work. The law of conservation of mechanical energy is described for systems with conservative forces

Uploaded by

roque porcel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

10/08/2018

Work, Energy and Power
(Lecture in Quarter 1 of General Physics 1)

Reynold V. Luna
Physics Instructor, College of Science

Motivation
• What causes object to 
change its state?
• What affects motion?
10/08/2018

Overview of Dynamical Quantities
Conservation 
Quantity Symbol Classification SI Unit Dimension
Law
No Conservation  newton (N):
Force 𝐹⃗ Vector [ML]/[T2]
Law 1N = 1 kg∙m/s2
Law of 
Momentum 𝑝⃗ Vector Conservation of  kg∙m/s or N∙s [ML]/[T]
Momentum
Law of  joule (J):
Energy 𝐸 Scalar Conservation of  1 J = 1 N∙m [ML2]/[T2]
Energy 1 J = 1 kg∙m2/s2

where: M = mass;   L = length;   T = time

Dot (Scalar or Inner) Product
Product of the projection of a vector and the other vector.

Geometric definition:
𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐴|| 𝐵
𝐵|| 𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝐵 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
𝑦
𝐵 · 𝐴⃗ 𝐵|| 𝐴
𝐴⃗ 𝐵 𝐵 · 𝐴⃗ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
𝜃
𝐴|| Thus,
𝑥 𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐵 · 𝐴⃗ (commutative property)
10/08/2018

Dot Product of Cartesian Vectors
Dot product of two  Dot product of two 
identical unit vectors: different unit vectors:
𝚤̂ · 𝚤̂ 1 𝚤̂ · 𝚥̂ 𝚥̂ · 𝚤̂ 0
𝚥̂ · 𝚥̂ 1 𝚥̂ · 𝑘 𝑘 · 𝚥̂ 0
𝑘·𝑘 1 𝑘 · 𝚤̂ 𝚤̂ · 𝑘 0

Given: Dot Product Algebraic Definition:
𝐴⃗ 𝐴 𝚤̂ 𝐴 𝚥̂ 𝐴 𝑘 𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐴 𝚤̂ 𝐴 𝚥̂ 𝐴 𝑘 · 𝐵 𝚤̂ 𝐵 𝚥̂ 𝐵𝑘
𝐵 𝐵 𝚤̂ 𝐵 𝚥̂ 𝐵𝑘
𝐴⃗ · 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

Example: Dot Product
Given the following vectors:
𝐴⃑ 4𝚤̂ 3𝚥̂ 5𝑘
𝐵 4𝚤̂ 2𝚥̂ 3𝑘
Determine the following:
(a) 𝐴⃑ · 𝐵
(b)  𝐴⃑ and  𝐵
(c) The angle between 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵.
10/08/2018

Work, W
It is a scalar quantity done by force parallel to the displacement 
covered by the object. 
Work done by constant force:

𝑊 𝐹⃗ · 𝑑⃗ 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃
where: 𝐹 = constant force in newton (N)
𝑑 = displacement in meter (m)
𝑑⃗
𝜃 = angle between 𝐹 and 𝑑
SI unit is joule (J): 1 J = 1 N∙m

Work in Concept 
10/08/2018

Example
A man pushes on a car with a force of 300 N and moves it 10m(in 
the direction of the force). This is shown in the figure below. 
How much work is done by the man on the car?

Work as Area Under the Curve of a 
Force‐Position Graph 
10/08/2018

Activity
The figure below shows different forces acting on different objects. Calculate the 
work done in each case. 

Energy
Energy is a scalar quantity, a conserved extensive property of a 
physical system, which cannot be observed directly but can be 
calculated from its state. It is the capacity to change the state of 
a system.

SI unit:      joule (J):  1 J = 1 N∙m


Gaussian unit: erg: 1 erg = 1 dyne∙cm
Other unit: electron∙volt (ev): 1 eV = 1.6 x 10‐19 J
10/08/2018

Other units of Energy
calorie (cal):    1 cal = 4.186 J (Mechanical equivalent of heat)
1 cal = the heat required to raise the temperature 
of 1 g of water by 1°C

Food calorie (Cal): 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4186 J


1 Cal = the heat required to raise the 
temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C

Kinetic Energy, KE
It is the energy in moving matter and wave. 

Some forms of kinetic energy: 

motion: radiant sound thermal wave


1
KE 𝑚𝑣
2
10/08/2018

Potential Energy, PE
Energy in matter due to arrangements of its parts, its composition, 
location and structure. It is commonly considered as a stored 
energy having the potential to do mechanical work. 
Some forms of potential energy: 

gravitational: elastic:
PE 𝑚𝑔𝑦 chemical 1 electrical nuclear
PE 𝑘𝑥
2

Work‐Energy Theorem
A constant net force changes the velocity of an object and does
work on that object.
v1 v2

F F
m m
d

𝑣 𝑣
𝑎
𝑊 𝐹𝑑 𝑚𝑎 𝑑 2𝑑
1 1
𝑊 𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝑣 KE KE ∆KE
2 2
10/08/2018

Sample Problems
1. A 260‐g beach volleyball is spiked so that it acquires a speed 
of 25 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy? (b) What was the 
net work done on the ball to make it reach its speed, if it 
started from rest?

2. How much net work is required to accelerate a 1000‐kg car 
from 15 m/s to 60 m/s?

Two types of forces
CONSERVATIVE FORCES DISSIPATIVE FORCES
• Forces that do both positive  • Forces that only do negative 
and negative work work
• Negative Work done → ∆PE • Negative Work done → heat 
• Examples: • Examples:
– Gravity – Friction
– Elastic force (e.g. spring) – Viscosity
– Electrical force – Air drag
10/08/2018

Work done by gravity (a constant force)
y2

d h = vertical   
𝛼) displacement
y1
𝑊 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃 𝑚𝑔 𝑑 cos 90° 𝛼
W=mg 𝑊 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑚𝑔 𝑦 𝑦
𝑊 𝑚𝑔𝑦 𝑚𝑔𝑦
𝑊 PE PE ∆PE

Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
In this case, no dissipative (non‐conservative) forces are present.
Thus, the work done by the net force is the same as the work 
done by conservative force (e.g. gravity)
KE KE PE PE
KE PE KE PE

Mechanical Energy, E KE PE
E E
10/08/2018

Work done on spring (a varying force)

Sample Problems
1. Jane looking for Tarzan, is running at top speed (5.3 m/s) and 
grabs a vine hanging vertically from a tall tree in the jungle. 
How high can she swing upward?

2. A projectile is fired at an upward angle of 45.0° from the top 
of a 265‐m cliff with a speed of 185 m/s. What will be its 
speed when it strikes the ground below?
10/08/2018

Work‐energy theorem (all forces)

𝑊 ∆PE ∆KE
Work done by  Kinetic 
potential energy
dissipative forces energy
from all 
(always negative) conservative forces

Law of Conservation of Energy

Bounded and Unbounded Motion

Bounded motion: 𝐼𝐼𝐼
Free (unbounded) motion: 𝐼 and 𝑉
Forbidden region: 𝐼𝐼 and 𝐼𝑉 24
10/08/2018

Conservation of Energy

Power
Power is the rate of using energy.

SI unit:           1 watt = 1 J/s
Other unit:    1 horsepower = 746 watt
10/08/2018

Thank you for


listening!

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