© EYRF, 2019

Term ; Definition

Organizational and Management

"NATURE AND CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT" organization’s endeavor to attain their
DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF set goals.
MANAGEMENT • CONTROLLING- involves evaluating
and, if necessary, correcting the
 Management performance of the individuals or work
o the process of coordinating and groups or teams to ensure that they are
overseeing the work performance of all working toward the previously set
individuals working together in goals and plans of the organization
organizations so that they could
efficiently and effectively
accomplish their chosen aims or
goals. Management functions will all go to waste if
o Also defined as the process of coordination (the harmonious, integrated
designing and maintaining an action of various parts and processes of an
environment for efficiently organization), efficiency (the character of
accomplishing selected items. being able to yield the maximum output from
a minimum amount of input), and
effectiveness (being adapted to produce an
 Management functions: effect to be able to do things correctly) are
o PLANNING: determining the not practiced by an organization’s appointed
organization’s goals or performance managers.
objectives,
defining strategic actions that must be In other words, top-level managers, middle-
done to accomplish them and
level managers, and team leaders or
developing supervisors must all be conscious of the said
coordination and integration activities.
practices of successful organizations as they
• ORGANIZING: demands assigning perform their management functions. When
tasks, setting aside funds, and bringing applied to management functions, these
harmonious practices ensure that all individuals, groups, or
relations among the individuals and teams are harmoniously working together and
work groups or teams in the moving toward the accomplishment of the
organization. organization’s vision, mission, goals, and
• STAFFING- indicates filling in the objectives.
different job positions in the
organization’s structure; the
factors that influence this function
include the size of the organization,
types of jobs, the
number of individuals to be recruited,
and some internal or external pressures.
• LEADING entails influencing or
motivating subordinates to do their best
so that they would be able to help the
© EYRF, 2019
Term ; Definition

Earth and Life ScienceAN INTRODUCTION

THE UNIVERSE SUBSYSTEMS -Atmosphere ( blanket of air) ,
- composes of many galaxies, solar systems, etc. Hydrosphere ( ocean - basin of water),
COSMOLOGY - branch of science that studies the Geosphere, Biosphere (life zone)
origin, evolution and fate of the universe. LAYERS OF THE EARTH - crust, mantle, inner and
________________________________________________ outer core.

THE 3 THEORIES (BB, SS, PU)

1. Big Bang Theory ROCKS - any solid mass of minerals.
- energy and matter divided and became - naturally exist
distinct from each other. TYPES OF ROCKS (I.S.M)
- most popular and accepted theory. 1. Igneous - formed by the crystallization of
2. Steady State Theory or Infinite Universe Theory molten magma.
- proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and 2. Sedimentary - formed by weathering.
Herman Bondi. 3. Metamorphic - formed by too much heat and
- it states that the universe has been present ever pressure.
since and therefore no beginning and no end, MINERALS
and has been expanding constantly. - are individual crystals of all the same stuff.
3. Pulsating Universe or Pulsating Theory - cannot be created nor destroyed
- combines both Big Bang and Big Crunch ( end
of the universe) as part of cyclical event.

Origin and Structure of the Earth and Beyond

UNIVERSE - 13.8 billion years old
THE SOLAR SYSTEM Geology - the study of the earth’s rocky parts
- belongs to MILKY WAY GALAXY found on the crust (lithosphere) and its historical
- sun (average star) as its center evolution. It covers lots of different disciplines of
- satellites of planets (moons) sciences such as mineralogy and petrology,
SOLAR SYSTEM - 4.6 billion years old geochemistry, geomorphology, paleontology,
THE PLANETS (M.V.E.M.J.S.U.N) stratigraphy, structural geology, engineering
1. Mercury - nearest to the sun geology and sedimentology.
2. Venus - twin planet of Earth Physical Geography - Also known as geosystems
3. Earth - habitual planet or physiography. Physical Geography deals with
4. Mars - dust red planet the study of the physical features of the Earth’s
5. Jupiter - monster world of swirling gas with 66 surface. It also deals with the different processes
moons (now 69 moons) and patterns in the natural environment, as
6. Saturn - glistening rings of ice opposed to the cultural domain of human
7. Uranus - white or ice planet geography.
8. Neptune - vivid color
Geophysics
THE SOLAR SYSTEM THEORIES:
1.The Planetesimal Theory This field studies the shape of the Earth, its
2. The Dust Cloud Theory reaction to different forces as well as its magnetic
3. The Companion Star or Nemesis Star Theory and gravitational fields. This study is most vital for
4. The Nebular Hypothesis - the accepted one. mineral and petroleum explorations
Soil Sciences
Soil sciences cover the Earth’s outermost layer
THE EARTH SYSTEM - terrarium which is the crust. Major sub-disciplines of soil
○ Earth - complex and dynamic sciences include edaphology and pedology.
SYSTEMS - Air, Water, Land and Life.
© EYRF, 2019
Term ; Definition
Oceanography/Hydrology Core
This field of science studies the marine and The core is the innermost part of the Earth. It is
freshwater domains of the hydrosphere. The divided into two parts - a solid inner core which is
major subdivisions include hydrogeology and about 1,300 km and a liquid outer core about
physical, chemical, and biological 2,250 km thick.
oceanography The outer core is made up of very hot liquid
Glaciology metals. It is composed of melted nickel and iron.
Glaciology studies the ice and icy parts of the The inner core, on the other hand, is in a solid
Earth known as the cryosphere, and its effects to state despite its very hot temperature, because
the environment. of the pressure. The metals are squeezed in and
are so dense that they are not able to move.
Atmospheric Sciences
Formation of Earth
This deals with the study of the gaseous parts of The Creation Theory - is biblical in origin asserting
the Earth, known as the atmosphere. The major that everything in the universe, including humans
sub-disciplines are meteorology, climatology, were created by a supreme being in a span of 7
atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics days
These different fields of Earth Sciences are The Big Bang Theory - speaks of the Earth's
interdisciplinary. They rely on one another for formation in a scientific perspective. It states that
information to further develop their respective the universe is formed sometime between 10 and
areas. 20 billion years ago from a cataclysmic explosion.
Structure of the Earth The two contradicting theories stemmed lots of
Crust arguments from believers of the creationism and
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth those who believe otherwise. One cannot really
comprising about 8-40 km in depth. The presence say exactly how the universe was formed, but
of mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes humans do work on the pieces of evidence that
on the Earth’s crust are explained through are at hand to answer whatever questions
studying of the different energy transformations. people may have.
The crust is separated from the next layer by a
boundary or surface with seismic waves that
change velocity, known as Mohorovičić
Discontinuity. It was named after Andrija
Mohorovičić, a Croatian seismologist who
discovered its existence.
Mantle
The mantle lies beneath the crust and extends to
a depth of 2,900 km making it the thickest layer
of the Earth. It is made up of very hot and dense
rocks which flow due to great differences in
temperature moving from the bottom to the top
of the mantle, called convection currents.
Convection currents from the deepest part of the
mantle is a very hot material that rises and cools,
then sinks and then heats again making a cycle.
The convection current acts like a conveyor belt
in a factory which moves boxes. The mantle is
divided into 2 sections: the upper and lower
mantle, separated by the transition zone (a
discontinuity between the 2 mantles).
© EYRF, 2019
Term ; Definition

Komunikasyon at Pananaliksik sa Wika

at Kulturang Pilipino
Ano ang WIKA? masasabing ang wika ay natatangi lamang sa
- ito ay mahalagang instrumento ng tao at hindi sa iba pang nilalang.
komunilasyon May mga eksperimentong isinagawa upang
-tunog, simbolo, at tuntunin malaman kung ang komunikasyon ba ng mga
Mother Tongue- (inang wika) hayop ay katulad ng sa wika ng tao pero
-> unang wika hanggang ngayon ay hindi pa ito
napapatunayan. Bagama't may mga hayop na
Iba pang kahulugan ng Wika natuturuang magsalita dahil nakabibigkas sila ng
Ayon kay: ilang salita o maiikling pangungusap subalit hindi
HENRY ALLAN GLEASON, JR., ito likas at madalas na nasasabi lamang nila ang
(Isang linggwista at propesor emeritus sa mga salita o pangungusap na natutuhan nila
University of Toronto) kapag nauudyukan o nabibigyan sila ng
-"Ang wika ay masistemang balangkas ng mga insentibo ng taong nagsanay sa kanila. Hindi
tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa pamamaraang masasabing malikhain ang pangungusap na
arbitraryo upang magamit ng mga taong nabubuo nila dahil ito'y karaniwang bunga lang
nabibilang sa isang kultura." ng pag-uudyok sa kanila. Sa kabilang banda,
ang tao aygumagamit ng wikang naaangkop sa
DIKSYONARIYONG CAMBRIDGE sitwasyon o pangangailangan.
-"Ang Wika ay isang sistema ng komunikasyong Kung gayo'y maituturing na isang mahalagang
nagtataglay ng mga tunog, salita at gramatika handog sa tao ang kakayahang
na ginagamit sa iba't-ibang makipagtalastasan gamit ang wika. Nararapat
pakikipagtalastasan." lamang nating pagyamanin ang kakayahang ito
CHARLES DARWIN at gamitin sa pamamaraang makabubuti hindi
lamang sa sarili kundi sa higit na nakararami.
-"Ang wika ay isang sining"
*credits
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ANO ANG WIKANG PAMBANSA? --
Kumbensyong Konstitusyunal ng 1934 |MGA BARAYTI NG WIKA|
"Ang batang Pambansa ay dapat 1. Dayalek- wiking nililikha ng dimensyong
magsasagawa ng mga hakbang na heograpiko.
magpapaunlad at pormal na magpapatibay sa Ito ang wikang ginagamit sa isang partikular na
isang panlahat na wikang pambansang rehiyon, lalawigan o pook, malaki man o maliit.
kikilalaning Filipino." -Lope K. Santos Halimbawa: Wika ng mga Batangueño
2. Sosyolek- nabubuo batay sa dimensyong
Ang paggamit ng wika sa pakikipagtalastasan o sosyal. Ito ay nakabatay sa pangkat panlipunam
pakikipag-usap sa kapwa ay isang katangiang at maaaring may okupasyonal na rehistro na
unique o natatangi lamang sa tao. Ayon kay tinatawag na jargon
Chomsky (1965), ang pagkamalikhain ng wika ay Halimbawa: Bekiwords, Jejemon etc
makikita sa kakayahan ng tao lamang at wala JARGON- Ang katagang jargon ay isang Ingles
sa ibang nilalang tulad ng mga hayop. na salita na tumutukoy sa mga espesyal na salita
Nagagamit ng tao ang wika upang o ekspresyon na ginagamit ng isang partikular ng
makapagpahayag ng kanyang mga karanasan, grupo ng mga taong propesyunal at mga
kaisipan, damdamin, hangarin, at iba pang espesyalista.
batay sa pangangailangan at sa angkop na
sitwasyon o pagkakataon kaya naman 3. Idyolek- ang bawat indibidwal ay may sariling
istilo ng pamamahayag at pananalita na naiiba
© EYRF, 2019
Term ; Definition
sa bawat isa. pagsusulit; at mga gabay sa paggawa ng
Halimbawa: "Kapuso mo, Jessica Soho" - Jessica anumang bagay
Soho 3. Interaksiyonal - nakikita sa paraang
4. Etnolek- wika na nagdedebelop mula sa salita pakikipagtalastasan ng tao sa kanyang kapwa;
ng mga etnolonggwistamg grupo. Taglat nito pakikipagbiruan; pakikipagpalitan ng kuro-kuro
ang mga wikang naging bahagi nang tungkol sa partikular na isyu; pagkukuwento ng
pagkakakilanlan ng bawat pangkat etniko. malulungkot o masasayang pangyayari sa isang
Halimbawa: *Palangga- iniirog, sinisinta kaibigan o kapalagayang loob; paggawa ng
5. Pidgin- wika na walang pormal na estraktura. liham pangkaibigan; at iba pa
Ito ay binansagang "nobody's native language" 4. Personal - pagpapahayag ng opinyon o kuro-
ng mga dayuhan. kuro sa paksang pinag-uusapan katulad sa
-Ginagamit ng dalawang indibidwal na nag- pagsulat ng talaaarawan o journal, at ang
uusap na may dalawa ring magkaibang wika. pagpapahayag ng pagpapahalaga sa
Halimbawa: *Ako kita ganda babae anumang anyo ng panitikan
* Kayo bili damit akin 5. Heuristiko - ginagamit sa pagkuha o
6. Creole- wika na nagdedebelop dahil sa mga paghahanap ng impormasyon na may
pinaghalo-halong salita ng indibidwal, mula sa kinalaman sa paksang pinag-aaralan katulad sa
magkaibang lugar hanggang sa ito ay naging pag-iinterbyu sa mga taong makasasagot sa
pangunahing wika ng partikular na lugar. mga tanong tungkol sa paksang pinag-aralan;
pakikinig sa radyo; panonood sa telebisyon; at
---> Pinaghalong salita ng Tagalog at Espanyol pagbabasa sa pahayagan, magasin, blog, at
Halimbawa: *Buenas Dias- "Magandang Umaga" mga aklat kung saan makakukuha tayo ng mga
impormasyon
Ayon sa Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, "Ang 6. Impormatibo - may kinalaman sa pagbibigay
Wikang Filipino ay ang katutubong wika na ng impormasyon sa paraang pasulat o pasalita
ginagamit sa Metro Manila, Pambansang katulad ng pagbibigay ulat, paggawa ng
Punong Rehiyon, at senrong urban sa arkipelago, pamanahong papel, tesis, panayam, at
na ginagamit bilang wika ng komunikasyon ng pagtuturo.
mga etnikong grupo. Katulad ng iba pang
wikang buhay, ang Filipino ay dumaraan sa
proseso ng paglinang sa pamamagitan ng mga
panghihram sa mga wika ng Pilipinas at mga di
katutubong wika para sa iba't ibang sitwasyon,
sa mga nagsasalita nito na may iba't ibang
saligang sosyal, at par sa mga paksa ng
talakayan at iskolarling pagpapahayag.
Inilahad ni M.A.K. Halliday ang pitong (7)
tungkulin ng wika ayon sa gampanin nito sa
ating buhay.
1. Instrumental - tumutugon sa mga
pangangailangan ng tao gaya ng pakikipag-
ugnayan sa iba tulad ng pagsulat ng liham
pangangalakal, at pagpapakita ng mga
patalastas tungkol sa isang produkto
2. Regulatoryo - tumutukoy sa pagkontrol sa ugali
o asal ng ibang tao tulad ng pagbibigay ng
direksiyon gaya ng pagtuturong lokasyon ng
isang partikular na lugar; mga hakbang sa
pagluluto ng ulam; panuto sa pagsagot sa
© EYRF, 2019
Term ; Definition

Principles of Marketing
THE BUSINESS VISION AND MISSION plans and strategies are implemented exactly
the way it was planned. Variances must be
Business Objectives and Goals investigated in the planning of the next
A. Goals of Marketing objectives or plans.
• Monetary goals – Monetary objectives can be
stated in terms of performance, such as • Develop distribution strategies – After analyzing
having the highest profitability (ROI, net profit) the past marketing campaign, it is
and growth (market share growth). important that marketing channels and
• Marketing related goals – These goals are promotional programs be revised to provide a
phrased in terms of direction, such as market new twist in the marketing campaign. Social
leadership, increased advertising and media can also be used as additional campaign
promotions, and excellent customer service. strategies.
• Social related goals – Examples of social goals • Create a workable financial budget –
are adhering to business ethics, being eco- Budgeting financial resources for the business
friendly, or being the best place to work. plans requires time and careful analysis. The
B. Strategy Levels success of marketing efforts depends on the
• Corporate level strategy – This is concerned proper allocation of funds. The expected return
with the selection of markets that the firm on investment must be more than the expenses
should compete in, and the development and of
coordination of the business portfolio. The the execution of strategies.
business portfolio is the collection of products
and services that make up the company.
• Business unit level strategy – The strategic
business unit may be a product line,
geographical area, or other profit center that
can have planning activities separately from
the other business units of the firm. At this level,
the strategic issues are less about the
coordination of the operating units and more
about developing and sustaining a competitive
advantage for the goods and services that are
produced. It covers positioning the business
against rivals, anticipating changes in demand,
and influencing the nature of competition.
• Functional level strategy – This level focuses on
the operating divisions and departments.
The strategies in the finance, marketing,
operations, human resources, and research and
development departments of the company will
involve the development and coordination.
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|Guidelines in Strategic Planning|
• Analyze the previous year’s performance – The
previous year’s performance must be
analyzed in terms of variances in the allocation
of resources and the success or failure in
the implementation of program objectives. The
management must bear in mind that not all