CSWIP-3.

1 API 1104
1.1 – Scope
This standard covers gas and arc welding of welds in carbon and low alloy steel
piping used n the compression, pumping, and transmission of crude petroleum,
petroleum products, fuel gases, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen and where applicable,
covers welding on distribution system. It applies both new construction and in-service
welding.
The welding may be done by SMAW, SAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW, PAW,
Oxyacetylene or flash butt welding process or by a combination of these processes
using a manual, semi-automatic, or automatic welding technique or a combination of
these techniques.
This standard also covers the procedures for RT, MT, PT, and UT as well as the
acceptance standards.

5 – Qualification of Welding Procedure

5.3.2 – specific information
1. Welding process
2. Base metal
3. Diameter and wall thickness
4. Joint design
5. Filler metal and number of beads
6. Electrical characteristics
7. Flame characteristics
8. Welding position
9. Welding direction
10. Time between passes
11. Type and removal of line-up clamp
12. Cleaning and grinding tools
13. Pre-heat and post heat treatment
14. Shielding gas and flow rate
15. Shielding flux
16. Speed of travel
5.4 - Essential variables
1. Welding process
2. Base metal
a.  42000psi (290mpa)
b. > 42000psi ~ < 65000psi
c.  65000psi (448mpa)
3. Joint design (V to U)
4. Welding position (rolled to fix or vice versa)
5. Wall thickness
a. < 4.8mm
b. 4.8 ~ 19.1 mm
c. > 19.1 mm
6. Filler metal
a. Change from one group to another group (Table-1)
b. AWS classification for base material which SMYS grater than or equal
to 65000psi

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7. Electrical characteristics
a. Dc +ve to dc –ve
b. Dc to ac
8.
9. Time between passes (time between the completion of root bead and start of
hot pass)
10. Welding direction; Vertical-up to Vertical-down or vice versa
11. Shielding gas and flow rate
12. Speed of travel
13. Pre-heat (if decrease)
14. Shielding flux
15. Post weld heat treatment

5.6 - Destructive testing

5.6.2 - Tensile strength test

Length 9” (230mm), width 1” (25mm)

5.6.3 - Nick-break test

Length 9” (230mm), width 1” (25mm). Shall be notched with hacksaw on side at the
center of the weld. Each notch shall be not more than 1.6mm deep. The exposed area
of fracture shall be at least 19mm wide.

5.6.4 - Root and face bend test

Length 9” (230mm), width 1” (25mm). Reinforcement and root bead shall be
removed and flush with the surface of the specimen. Surfaces should be smooth and
any scratches that exist shall be light and transverse to the weld.

5.6.5 - Side bend test

Length 9” (230mm), width 1/2” (12.7mm). Specimen shall be machined from each
side.

Table 2 - Type and number of specimen

Diameter No of specimen detail of test

( 12.7mm)

4 4 2 NB + 2 R
> 4 ~ 12 8 2 t + 2 NB + 2 R + 2 F
> 12 16 4 t + 4 NB + 4 R + 4 F

(> 12.7mm)

4 4 2 NB + 2 R
> 4 ~ 12 8 2 t + 2 NB + 4 S
> 12 16 4 t + 4 NB + 8 S

6 – qualification of Welder

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6.2 - Single qualification:
A welder who has successfully completed butt weld at any position e.g. PA, PG, PF,
H-L045, J-L045.His qualification range shall be determined according to following
essential variables.
1. Welding process
2. Welding direction
3. Filler metal
a. Change from group 1 or 2 to group 3 or group 3 to group 1 or 2
4. Diameter
a. < 2”
b. 2” ~ 12”
c. > 12”
5. Wall thickness
a. < 4.8mm
b. 4.8 ~ 19.1mm
c. > 19.1mm
6. Welding position
7. Joint design

6.3 - Multiple qualifications:

A welder has to perform two tests for multiple qualifications

1. A welder who has successfully completed butt weld at any position e.g. PA,
PG, PF, H-L045, and J-L045.
2. A welder who has successfully completed welds a full size branch, which lay
out cut and preparation by welder.
Note: test coupon piece diameter should not less than 6” and thickness 6.4mm.

Scope:
1. If welder is qualified on diameter  12”
He is qualified on all type of joints, all thickness, all fittings, all position, all joint
design and all diameters.
2. If welder is qualified on diameter  6” < 12”
He is qualified on all type of joints, all thickness, all fittings, all position, all joint
design and on all diameters less than or equal to the diameter used by the welder in
the qualification tests.
Essential variables:
a. Welding process
b. Welding direction
c. Filler metal
i. Change from group 1 or 2 to group 3 or group 3 to group 1 or 2

Table 3 - Type and number of specimen

Diameter No of specimen detail of test

( 12.7mm)

4 4 2 NB + 2 R
> 4 ~ 12 6 2 t + 2 NB + 2 R

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CSWIP-3.1 API 1104
> 12 12 4 t + 4 NB + 2 R + 2 F

(>12.7mm)

4 4 2 NB + 2 R
> 4 ~ 12 6 2 t + 2 NB + 2 S
> 12 12 4 t + 4 NB + 4 S

Non-essential variables
1. Number of passes
2. Line-up clamp type
3. Cleaning & grinding tools
4. Pre-heat (if increase)
5. Diameter (for procedure)
6. Joint design (if minor changes)
7. AWS classification for < 65000psi SMYS of base material

9 - Acceptance standards
Discontinuities shall be considered a defect when any of the following conditions will
be exist:
1. Inadequate penetration (IP)
i. Individual indication > 1” (25mm)
ii. Aggregate indication > 1” (25mm) in any continuous 12” weld
length
iii. Aggregate indication > 8% of the weld length in 12” in length
2. Inadequate penetration due to hi-lo (IPD)
i. Individual indication > 2” (50mm)
ii. Aggregate indication > 3” (75mm)
3. Inadequate cross penetration (ICP)
i. Individual indication > 2”
ii. Aggregate length > 2” in any continuous 12” weld length
4. Incomplete fusion (IF)
i. Individual indication > 1” (25mm)
ii. Aggregate indication > 1” (25mm) in any continuous 12” weld
length
iii. Aggregate indication > 8% of the weld length in 12” in length
5. Incomplete fusion due to hi-lo (IFD)
i. Individual indication > 2” (50mm)
ii. Aggregate indication > 2” (50mm) in any continuous 12” weld
length
iii. Aggregate indication > 8% of the weld length
6. Internal cavity (IC)
i. Any length of internal concavity is acceptable density of
thinnest adjacent parent metal should not exceed.
7. Burn through (BT)
i. Maximum dimension > 6mm and the density of the BT >
thinnest adjacent parent metal.

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ii. Maximum dimension > thinner wall thickness and the density
of the BT > thinnest adjacent patent metal.
iii. The sum of the maximum dimension of the separate BTs >
13mm in any continuous in any 12” weld length or the total
weld length, whichever is smaller.
8. Slag inclusion (ISI & ESI)
a.  2” pipe diameter
i. Length of ESI > 50mm (wagon tracks shall be considered a
single unless the with of either of them > 0.8mm)
ii. Aggregate length of ESI > 50mm in any continuous 12” weld
length
iii. The width of ESI > 1.6mm
iv. The aggregate length of ISI > 13mm in any continuous 12”
weld length
v. The width of ISI > 3mm
vi. More than four ISI indication with the maximum with of 3mm
are present in any continuous 12” weld length
vii. The aggregate length of ISI & ESI > 8% of the weld length

b. < 2” pipe diameter

i. Length of ESI > 3times of thinner wall thickness
ii. Width of ESI > 1.6mm
iii. Aggregate length of ISI > 2times of thinner wall thickness and
width > half of thinner wall thickness
iv. The aggregate length of ISI & ESI > 8% of the weld length
9. Porosity
a. Porosity (P)
i. Individual pore > 3mm
ii. Individual pore > 25% of thinner wall thickness
iii. According to figure 19 & 20
b. Cluster porosity (CP)
i. Diameter of cluster > 13mm
ii. Aggregate length >13mm in any continuous 12” weld length
iii. Individual pore with in a cluster > 2mm
c. Hollow bead porosity (HB)
i. Individual length > 13mm
ii. Aggregate length > 50mm in any continuous 12” weld length
iii. Aggregate length of all indications > 8% of the weld length

10. Cracks (C)

a. The crack of any size or location in the weld, in not a shallow crater
crack or star crack.
11. Under cutting (EU & IU)
a. Depth > 0.8mm or 12.7% of thinner wall thickness is not acceptable
b. Depth > 0.4 or 6%-12.7% of thinner wall thickness
i. Aggregate length of EU and IU combination > 50mm in 12”
weld length
ii. Aggregate length of EU and IU combination > one-sixth of
weld length

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CSWIP-3.1 API 1104
c. Depth of  0.4mm or 6% of thinner wall thickness, acceptable
regardless of length
12. Accumulation of imperfections (AI)
Excluding IPD and under cutting, any accumulation of imperfection
shall be considered a defect, if:
a. The aggregate length > 50mm in any continuous 12” weld length
b. The aggregate length > 8% of the weld length

10 - Repair and removal of defects

10.1 - Authorization for repair
Cracks may be repaired provided the length of crack is less than 8% of the weld
length and a qualified repair welding procedure is used.
A qualified repair welding procedure is required to be used whenever a repair is made
to a weld using a process different from that used to make the original weld or when
repairs are made in a previously repaired area.

10.2 - Repair procedure

The procedure shall be established and qualified to demonstrate that a weld with
suitable mechanical properties and soundness can be produced. This shall be
determined by destructive testing.
The repair procedure, as a minimum, shall include the following:
Method of exploration of defect
Method of defect removal
The repair groove shall be examined to confirm complete removal of defect
Requirement of pre-heat and interpass temperature
Welding processes and other specific information
Requirmetns for inter pass destructive testing

10.3 - Acceptance criteria

Repaired areas shall be inspected by the same means previously used

10.4 - Supervision
The repair shall be made under the supervision on technician experienced in repair
welding techniques

10.5 - Welder
A qualified worker shall make the weld

7.2 – Alignment
The off set should not exceed 3mm

7.3 – Line-up clamp

If the weld will be unduly stressed, the root bead shall be completed before clamp
tension is released.
With external clamps shall have an aggregate length of at least of 50% of the pipe
circumference before the clamp is removed

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7.6 – clearance
Working clearance around the pipe at the weld should not be less than 16”(400mm)

7.8.2 –
Crown surface shall not fall below the outside surface of the pipe
It should not be raised above the parent metal, more than 1.6 mm (1/16”)
Two beads shall not be started at the same location
The completed weld face should 3mm wider than the original groove width

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