CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Theoritical Framework

The theoretical framework contain some theories from the experts and

concepts applied in this research. These concepts made to a better analysis of

the given theories because they help the researcher to limit the scope of the

problem. In this part the researcher present some theories related to this study

in order to strengthen this study. So that, the reader sure, understand and

encourage them to read.

1. Description of Listening

1.1. Listening

Listening is one of important skill in learning English. Listening

becomes important because listening is the basic skill that should be mastered

by the students. In language learning, students listen firstly, and then they will

speak, then read and write something. Listening skill means the ability to

understand what the speaker said.

Listening is an active, purposeful of making sense of what we hear

(Nunan, 2013). Language skills are often categorize as receptive and

productive. Speaking and writing are productive skill, that requires a person

to receive and understanding incoming information (input). Listening is

receptive, we can listen to and understand things at higher level then we can

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produce. For this reason, people sometimes think of it as passive skill.

Nothing could be further from the truth listening is very active. Effective

listening skill are the ability to actively understand information provided by

the speaker, and display interest in the topic discussed. It can also include

providing the speaker with feedback, such as the asking of pertinent

questions; so the speaker knows the message is being understood.

In addition, according to Zancanaro (2010), listening is fundamental

skill must that the students has. When he still young, he can not speak early

although reading and writing. In the first time, he just hear someone when he

speaks English and step by step we will try to say what he/she hear. So,

listening is perceived as crucial for communication.

2.1. The Types of Listening

According to Dr. Shailesh Thaker, there are fourteen types of listening,

starting with basic discrimination of sounds and ending in deep

communication.

2.1.1. Discriminative Listening

Discriminative listening is the most basic type of listening, where by

the difference sounds is identified. If you cannot hear differences, then you

cannot make sense of the meaning that is expressed by such differences. We

learn to discriminate between sounds within our own language early, and later

are un able to discriminate between the phonemes of other languages. This is

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one reason why a person from one country finds it difficult to speak another

language perfectly, as they re un able distuingish the subtitle sounds that are

required in that language

Like wise, a person who cannot hear the subtitles of emotional variation

in another person’s voice will be less likely to be able to discern the emotions

the other person is experiencing. Listening is a visual as well as auditory act,

as we communicate much through body language. We thus also need to be

able to discriminate between must clean skeletal movements that signify

different meanings.

2.1.2. Biased Listening

Biased listening happens when the person hears only what they want to

hear, typically misinterpreting what the other person says based on the stereo

types and other biases that they have. Such biased listening is often very

evaluative in nature.

2.1.3. Evaluative listening

In evaluative listening, or critical listening, we make judgements about

what the other person is saying. We seek to assess the truth of what is being

said. We also judge what they say against our values, assessing themas good

or bad, worthy or unworthy.

Evaluative listening is particularly pertinent when the other person is

trying to persuades, perhaps to change our behavior and maybe even to

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change our beliefs. Within this, we also discriminate between subtitles of

language and comprehend the inner meaning of what is said. Typically also

weigh up the pros and consifan argument, determining whether it makes

sense logically as well as whether it is helpful to us. Evaluative listening is

also called critical, judgmental or interpretive listening.

2.1.4. Appreciative Listening

In appreciative listening, we seek certain information which will

appreciate, for example that which helps meet our needs and goals. We use

appreciative listening when we are listening to good music, poetry or maybe

even the stirring words of a great leader.

2.1.5. Sympathetic Listening

In sympathetic listening we care about the other person and show this

concern in the way we pay close attention and express our sorrow for the

irillsand happiness at their joys.

2.1.6. Emphatic Listening

When we listen empathetically, we go beyond sympathy to seek a truer

understand how others are feeling. This requires excellent discrimination and

close attention to the nuances of emotional signals. Ehen we are being truly

empathetic, we actually feel what they are feeling. In order to get others to

expose these deep parts of themselves to us, we also need to demonstrate our
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empathy in our demean or towards towards them, asking sensitively and in a

way that encourages self disclosure.

2.1.7. Therapaeutic Listening

In therapeutic listening, the listener has a purpose of not only

empathizing with the speaker but also to use this deep connection in order to

help the speaker understand, change or develop in some way. This not only

happens when you go to see a therapist but also in many social situations,

where friends and family seek to both diagnose problems from listening and

also to help the speaker cure themselves, perhaps by some cathartic process.

This also happens in work situations, where managers, HR people, trainers

and coaches seek to help employees learn and develop.

2.1.8. Relationship Listening

Sometimes the most important factor in listening is in order to develop

or sustain a relationship. This is why lovers talk for hours and attend closely

to what each other has to say when the same words from someone else would

seem to be rather boring. Relationship listening is also important in areas such

as negotiation and sales, where it is helpful if the other person likes you and

trusts you.
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2.1.9. False Listening

False listening occurs where a person is pretending to listen but is not

hearing anything that is being said. They may nod, smile and grunt in all the

right places, but do not actually take in anything that is said. This is a skill

that maybe finely honed by people who do a lot of in consequential listening,

such as politicians and royalty. Their goal with their audience is to make a

good impression in very short space of time before they move on, never to

talk to that person again. It is also something practiced by couples,

particularly where one side does most of the talking. However , the need for

relationship here can lead to this being spotted (‘You’re not listening again!’)

and consequent conflict.

2.1.10. Initial Listening

Sometimes when we listen we hear the first few words and then start to

think about what we want to say in return. We then look for a point at which

we can interrupt. We are also not listening then answer responding more time

rehearsing what we are going to say about their initial point.

2.1.11. Selective Listening

Selective listening involves listening for particular things and ignoring

others. We thus hear what we want to hear and pay little attention to

‘extraneous’ detail.
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2.1.12. Partial Listening

Partial listening what most of us do most of the time. We listen to the

other person with the best of intents and then become distracted, either by

stray thoughts or by something that the other person has said. We

consequently dip inside our own heads for a short while as we figure out what

they really mean or formulate a question for them, before coming back into

the room and starting to listen again. This can be problematic when the other

person has move on and we are unable to pick up the threads of what is being

said. We thus easily can fall into false listening, at least for a short while. This

can be embarrassing, of course, if they suddenly ask your opinion. A tip here:

own up, admitting that you had lost the thread of the conversation and asking

them to repeat what was said.

2.1.13. Full Listening

Full listening happens where the listener pays close and careful

attention to what is being said, seeking carefully to understand the full content

that the speaker is seeking to put across. This may be very active form of

listening, with pauses for summaries and testing that understanding is

complete. By the end of the conversation, the listener and the speaker still

probably agree that the listener has fully understood what was said.

Full listening takes much more effort than partial listening, as it

requires close concentration, possibly for aprotracted period. It also requires

skills of understanding and summary

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2.1.14. Deep Listening

Beyond the intensity of full listening, you can also reach into a for more

listening that not only hears what is said but also seeks to understand the

whole person behind the words. In deep listening, you listen between the lines

of what is said, hearing the emotion, watching the body language, detecting

needs and goals, identifying preferences and biases, perceiving beliefs and

values, and soon.

3.1. Listening Difficulties

In order to help students get improved with their listening skill. It is

needed finding out their listening problems which cause difficulties to them.

According to Yagang (1994) the problem in listening were accompanied with

the four following factors: the message, the speaker, the listener, and the

physical setting, assumed that the problem of the students were for the speed

of delivery, new terminology and concept, difficulty in focusing and the

physical environment. Besides all factors above, second language (L2)

listening comprehension strongly supports the importance of a number of

factor. Students feel confuse of English because of they do not know the

meaning of word. So that they are not interested to study English even to

listen it. That is why they have difficulties in listen the explanation of their

teacher and finally, they can not do the exercises which their teacher asked to.

Effective listening skills is one of the talents that a leader or manager

must develop to be successful. Listening skills are also extremely importants

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to an effective exchange between two individuals. Distractions can lead to the

ineffective communication of information. Typical distractions include:

1. Daydreaming

2. Thinking about another topic

3. Lack of interest in the topic

Listed below are skills a leader can learn, and practice, to make them a

move effective listener.

1. The first step to becoming a more effective listener to act like a good

listener.

2. The second step to effective listening is to look at the speaker.

Watching the speaker closely can often reveal the non-verbal signals

sent out from the speaker.

3. Once eye contact is made with the speaker, nonverbal signals to the

speaker should be sent, which allow him to understand that the listener

is engaged in the conversation.

4. Use receptive language when listening, for example use phrases such

as “yes” and “uh huh” it is impossible to listen when speaking.

5. Finally, concentrate on what the speaker is saying. Listen to their point

of view, and do not mentally argue with the speaker.

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The benefits of listening effectively are far reaching to the manager.

This skill can foster trust, reduce conflict, and increase the level of

commitment among followers.

4.1. Listening Comprehension

Listening comprehension is concerned with decoding of a speech,

which involves continual mental processing, concentrated attention, and

memory. In other word it represents a perceptive and mental mnemonic

activity. Listening comprehension is as a means of instruction of enables the

learners to acquire themselves with a new language and speech material, and

serves to included habits and skills in all types of communication. According

to Jack C. Richards, listening as comprehension is the traditional way of

thinking about the nature of listening. Indeed, in most of methodology

manuals listening and listening comprehension are synonymous. This view of

listening in based on the assumption that the main functions of listening in

second language learning is to facilitate understanding of spoken discourse.

We will examine this view of listening as acquisition. This latter view of

listening consider how listening can provide input that triggers the further

development of second-language proficiency.

Communication happens if there is an interaction between the speaker

and the listener. Therefore, listening comprehension activities have a direct

and important relationship to the amount and quality of speaking skill.

Successful listening for language learners depends on many factors such as

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the knowledge of the language, background of knowledge, etc. To improve

listening skill, students need to listen to various listening texts for different

situations. For example, such as short dialog on the phone, announcement in

the airport, instruction on how to operate a new machine, speeches, poems,

songs, etc. The main objective of listening comprehension practice in high

school level is that the students should learn to function successfully in real

life situations.

In detail, the purpose of listening activity is that the students are able to

do the instruction or to gain information from different kinds of listening texts

or genres. (for example; monolog: speech, reports, instruction, poems, songs,

etc and dialog: debate, discussion, movie, etc). Moreover, they are able to

complete the information and respond to questions. To reach the goals, the

teacher should consider several things, such as students’ motivation, interest

and learning style.

2. Description of Code-Switching Strategies’

Code switching is regarded as a communicative phenomenon of

constantly switching between two languages in a bilingual’s speech

repertoire. Code-switching perform various functions in its naturally

occurring context. Speakers code switch to manipulate or influence or define

situation as they wish, and to convey nuances of meaning and personal

intention (Sert 2005).

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Teachers employ code switching strategy as a means of providing

students with opportunities to communicate and enhance students

understanding. It further helps to facilitate the flow of classroom instruction

since the teachers do not have to spend so much time trying to explain to the

learners or search for the simplest words to clarify any confusion that may

arise. The teacher use code switching by starting the lesson in the English

Language and may move into the second language and back. This ensures

that the lesson is as communicative as possible. This approach allows

teachers to balance the use of language within a given contact.

Sert (2005) further puts the phenomenon of code switching in context

by introducing functions of code switching in various aspects. Firstly, its

function in bilingual community setting will briefly be explained by giving a

sample authentic conversation which will help the reader deduce ideas about

its possible applications in educational contexts. Secondly, the functionality

of code switching in teachers` classroom discourse will be introduced with its

aspects as: topic switch, affective functions and repetitive functions. Thirdly,

the learners` code switching with introduction of some basic functional

perspective such as equivalence, floor holding, reiteration and conflict

control. In considering functions of code switching from teachers’ and

learners’ perspective, Sert suggests that code switching can be used for self-

expression and is a way of modifying language for the sake of personal

intentions; furthermore, code switching may be used in order to build intimate

interpersonal relationships among members of a bilingual community. This is

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a conversation between two strangers who have a language in common, the

Sepedi words are in italics with the English sentences in brackets:

a. Thuto: My sister le yena ke Lebo, o tsene Wits.

(My sister`s name is also Lebo, she studied at Wits).

b. Lebo: Oh, ke a bona, lenna I studied ko Wits.

(Oh, I see, I also studied at Wits).

As teachers switch between codes students attention are gradually

drawn to the objective of the teaching. Situation of code switching in the

classroom include topic switch, affective switch and repetitive switch (Sert

2005). Here a teacher can exploit students’ previous L1 learning experience

to increase their understanding of L2. In repetitive function, code switching is

used to clarify the meaning of a word, and stress importance in the English

language content for better comprehension. It also help student to become

more competent in the language they are trying to learn. Here an instruction is

given in English language and the teacher repeats same in the mother-tongue

for the students. Teachers of science, technology and other allied disciplines

will find Code switching very useful in explaining complex scientific terms,

thus making the teaching and learning easy and interesting.

Code switching also help learners to enjoy their learning due to their

ability to comprehend the teachers input. The comprehensible input also

allows them to feel less stressful and to become more comfortable to learn.
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Once they are comfortable with the environment, without any unnecessary

anxiety the learners are able to focus and participate in classroom practice and

activities more successfully. This psychological support makes learners feel

more relaxed and comfortable to learn English language.

The marked code choices as explained by Rose (2006) are:

1. Code switching for Clarification

Rose (2006) found that learners practise code switching in order to

translate a single word and this was often found to function for meaning

clarification. This type of code switching therefore was found to constitute a

way in which learners are able to clarify any misunderstanding.

2. Code switching for Expansion

Code switching for expansion is often used in a longer explanation

where many code switches occur. This involves longer phrases whereby the

teacher or learners further explain meaning, or when they translate certain

concepts being taught in the lesson.

3. Code switching to Reprimand

The use of the marked code choice is seen as functional when wanting

to display some form of emotion like anger or affection, therefore using the

unmarked code choice to reprimand the learners, the teacher seems to

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reinforce the fact that she wants to be taken seriously and that she is feeling

tense.

4. Humour

The teachers and the students use code switching as a way to get a

positive and humorous response during formal context of teaching not in an

informal conversation, whereby neither the teacher nor the student is

intending to be social.

5. Social and Identity Functions

Code switching is often seen as functional when participants of a

conversation are being social. A teacher will often code switch while having a

social conversation with her students. It can be considered as a marked switch

because the relationship and the socialising are relaxed, the teacher and the

learners are still not in the same so-called “in group”, due to differences in

age, first language (L1) and culture.

6. Code switching for Confirmation

This type of code switching is often used by teachers to confirm

whether the learners understand the lesson.

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Kieswetter (1995:114) states that the unmarked code choice occurs

when the overall speech pattern carries the social meaning, rather than the

individual switches.

1. Code switching to Reprimand

This occurs by changing from one code choice to another as the

situation changes, for example:

Teacher: Good morning, ke kgopela dibuka tsa mošomo wa gae wa maabane.

(I am asking for yesterday`s homework books).

Learners: How about we submit after class?

Teacher: Re swanela ke go dira diphošollo gona bjale.

(We must do corrections now).

2. Social

This is when the conversation changes from work related matters to the

learner asking the teacher a random question, then the teacher decides on

returning to work related matters and changes the code.

3. Confirmation

Code switching for confirmation in this manner can function as a way

of confirming with the learner what has just been said, usually by asking a

question
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4. Exploratory

Rose (2006:27- 28) states that a speaker can use the exploratory code

switching when an unmarked code choice is not clear and it usually occurs

when the speakers themselves are unsure of the expected or optimal

communicative intention.

This research will attempt to explore the existence of code switching

functions at different levels within a classroom learning environment as

pointed out by Sert (2005) and Rose (2006), and furthermore seek to evaluate

feelings of students on the teacher code switching and teachers` feelings on

students code switching more especially where teachers are not native

speakers of students` native language.

2.1. Procedures of Code-switching Strategies’

A. Teaching Learning Process:

Opening Activity (Apperception)

1. Greeting

2. Starting the lessson with a prayer

3. Checking attendance list

4. Apperception (Question answer about students conditions)

5. Give motivation reinforcement

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Main Activity

1. Eksploration

1. Teacher give some explanation about Listening Comprehension and

Code-switching to learners

2. Learners listen to a text and learners answered the questions

3. Learners listen to text while providing the essay test

4. With the guidance of teachers, learners ask the meaning of difficult

words in a text

2. Elaboration

1. One by one, the students answered questions orally on explicit

information on the text that have been played

2. One by one the students answered questions about the information

implicit in a text that have been played

3. Confirmation

1. Learners make conclusions about the material they have learned

2. Learners who have difficulties, will provide solutions

4. Closing Activity:

In closing activity the researcher can:

1. The researcher gives conclusion using slide share.

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2. The researcher gives the time to the students to ask.

3. The researcher gives Homework (PR).

4. The researcher closes the meeting and praying.

2.2. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Code-switching Strategies’

A. The Advantages of Code-switching Strategies’

Brock-Utne (2001) points out that reasons for code-switching may be

expressed differently but; more importantly, teachers show concern for the

understanding capability of the students. Brock-Utne (2001) recommends that

using a language for learning, i.e. as a medium of instruction is different from

learning a language. She recommends that it is better to have good instruction

in a language per se (such as English in the Namibian situation) and the other

subjects should concentrate on content and teachers could code-switch in

order for their students to understand the content.

MBESC (2003) emphasizes the fact that a person's identity is contained

in his/her language and culture and they need to possess their cultural identity

and traditional norms in order for them to be individuals in a multicultural

society. In many Namibian schools, learners are encouraged to use English

when they are on the school grounds and even more so when they are in class.

Sometimes punitive action is taken against students who fail to obey this rule.

This may have a negative effect on the way these learners see their home

languages. Code switching may, hence, be viewed as a way of recognising the

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learners‟ cultural identities and a gesture of respect for the learners‟ mother

tongues.

Mpofu (2006) suggested that teachers should encourage their students

to formulate their thoughts and ideas in their home language and then

translate them into English. Mpofu (2006), further, recommended that the

teachers should use code-switching when in class in order for their students to

understand better as well as for the learners to recognize that using their home

language is not a sign of stupidity.

Rollnick and Rutherford (1996 cited in Setati et al. 2002), emphasize

that the use of learners‟ main language is a useful means for learners to

explore their ideas. They argue that the use of code-switching exposes the

learners‟ alternative ideas. Hence, code switching would allow learners to

discuss the ideas that they cannot express in English and thereby exposing

such ideas which would have, otherwise, been concealed if they were to

adhere to the exclusive English use in the classrooms.

B. The Disadvantages of Code-switching Strategies’

The lack of some culturally equivalent terms between the home

language and the target language may lead to a violation of the transference

of the intended meaning of the subject content (Sert, 2005). This is especially

true for scientific terminologies which usually have no equivalent expressions

in our national languages.

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Sert, supported by Gabusi (n.d), further, stated that code-switching may

result in lack of fluency in the second language in the long run, especially if

the learners know that they are allowed to fill the “stopgaps” with home

language use. This means that proficiency of the students in the medium of

instruction might not be developed strong enough when code-switching is

practised in lessons.

As discussed earlier, in a multilingual nation such as Namibia, code-

switching may not be so desirable if the students practice it when writing

national examinations which are marked by teachers from different language

backgrounds (MoE, 2004). The examination markers would expect the

learners to answer in English and if any learner wrote some things in his/her

home language then it would be a problem, especially if the examination

marker did not understand that language and did not have the patience to find

out from those that understand the language.

B. Previous Related Study

A. Chidambaran (2000)

In research for his dissertation, Chidambaram (2000) examines the code

switching in Cochin Tamil community in India. In a study titled "A

sociolinguistic Study of Code Switching Among the Cochin Tamils" were

found: (1) over the code on society Cochin Tamil form of intermediate code

from one language to another language, a dialect of into another dialect, and

one variation register to variations register other; (2) mixed code is a mixture
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of two languages, mixing two or more languages, and mixing two or more

variations of diglossia; and (3) the shift code is a shift from one language to

another, one dialect into another dialect, and from one variation to another

variation diglossia. Besides, Chidambaram also explained that during interact

with the displacement information or subject, there is also a shift from one

language to another, one dialect into another dialect, and from one variation

to another variation, depending on the role and position of the speaker and

partners said, as well as the situation of the occurrence of such utterances.

B. Siregar (1987, in Fasya: 2009)

Other research on the selection of languages on multilingual society

made by Siregar (1987, in Fasya: 2009). Respondents were Indonesian who

lives in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Respondents consisted of several

ethnicities and languages, namely Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Bali,

Indonesia, Batak, Flores, and Bugis. The results were presented in a

dissertation entitled "Language Choice, Mixing Language, and Language

Attitudes: Indonesian in Australia". He combines antarfaktor social situation,

namely the role relationships antarpartisipan and factor of the situation said it

describes seven circumstances: (1) denied, (2) persuaded, (3) praise, (4) ask

for assistance, (5) request and provide information, (6) chatted casually, and

(7) greeting. His analysis shows that the pattern of election of Indonesian and

regional languages are functionally very dominantly influenced by the role

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antarpartisipan. In addition, factors explained the situation and the age factor

also determines the selection of participants language.

C. Ruan (2003)

Research on the usage behavior of code switching between Chinese and

English by bilingual children performed by Ruan (2003). In the research

entitled "Study of Bilingual Chinese / English Children's Code Switching

Behavior", Ruan concluded that just as in bilingual adults, children who are

bilingual Chinese also do over the code in their speech as a communication

device. Children bilingual Chinese-English transferring the code in their

conversations to discover the diverse functions, such as social functioning,

pragmatic function, and the function of meta-linguistic.

3. Description of Traditional Method

The traditional method (old concept) emphasizes the importance of

mastering the lesson material. Traditional language teaching is based on a

traditional approach to the target language, which regards the language as a

body of grammatical rules and an enormous number of words that are

combined according to the rules. Traditional method thus focuses on

grammatical structures and isolated items of vocabulary. Uwameiye (2008)

state that conventional method is a traditional method of teaching where the

teachers transmits information (subject matter content) verbally to his/her

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students , sometimes writing on the black board of using instructional

materials. The students listen and take notes of facts and ideas that are

considered important and also sometimes asking the teacher question for

clarifications.

From the passage above, it can be conclude that conventional or

traditional method is teaching technique in which the teacher become the

controller or teacher centered approach and the students just respond what the

teacher ask and they study in silent way.

3.1. Advantages of Traditional Method

As Chuda (2008) states the very last thing the teacher does during the

lesson is that “he sums up the topic and sets assignments for the next lesson”.

We can see that the students always know what follows. First, the previous

lesson’s.

Subject matter is revised either collectively or by one student, who is

examined, or possibly in a test that all the students take. The second

component is the new subject matter: the teacher’s explanation of it, followed

by exercises, mostly translations as practice. The last component is revision

and the assignment homework.

So in traditional method the students just listen the explanation of the

teachers about the subject. When teachers explain about the subject, the

teachers using national language, so the students not using their language like
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mother tongue language is not use. It means that the students can know of the

using of national languages

3.2 Disadvantage of Traditional Method

Traditional methodology, however, also appears to have some

disadvantages. According Tyler (2008), there is not enough attention paid to

teaching the basic skills, reading and writing, speaking and listening. As

mentioned above, “reading” in a foreign language seems to have more to do

with deciphering than with reading in one’s mother tongue. The student tries

to understand every single word and its grammatical form, because he

believes it is essential for understanding the text.

So the weakness in traditional method the learning process is not

interactive because the students just listen the explanation of the teachers. The

students should pay more attention if they want to understand about the

subject. It means the students not more active in learning process.

Based on explanation above it can be concluded that the traditional

method generally is the learning center teachers, and placing students as

objects in the study. So, here the teachers act as versatile and as a learning

resource. Traditional learning system has a characteristic that the learning

management is determined by the teacher. The role of students only perform

activities in accordance with the instructions of teachers. The traditional

method is more focused effort or spend the subject matter, so that the

traditional method is more oriented on the text subject matter. Teachers tend
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to deliver any material, problems understanding or the reception quality of the

material the students get less attention seriously. The lecture method is the

traditional method, because it has always been used as a means of verbal

communication between teachers and students in the learning process. And

like the other method in teaching learning, the traditional method has the

advantages and disadvantages in teaching process

C. Conceptual Framework

Listening comprehension is a complex and active processes of

interpretation in which listeners match that they hear with their prior

knowledge. It is more than just perception of sounds, it also requires

comprehension of meaning in a message. In listening process, successful

listeners are good predictors. They predict what they hear by using the

knowledge they already. Teacher as guider in the class should prepare

appropriate materials for the students, because the materials is very needed in

listening to know what is discussed, it means the materials is the topic of

discussion (narrative text). Materials should be arranged logically in order to

the listener (student) can receive it correctly and comprehend the messages of

the materials.

On the other hand, the researcher would find out some aspects which

influence of mastering listening comprehension, they are hearing the sounds,

understanding intonation and stress, coping with redundancy and noise,

predicting, understanding colloquial vocabulary, fatigue, understanding

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different accents, using visual and aural environment clues. These aspects can

be a problem for the listener if they do not master English well but the most

important of them, the listener should master the listening and pronunciation

in English because without mastering them the listener cannot interpret the

message of the spoken language.

Some of teacher has not found appropriate strategy in teaching

listening. They still use step to teach listening a narrative text to students. It

will be comfortable if they teach listening by applying Code-switching

strategies’ and simple step which can make them enjoyed.

Lecturing strategies’ is the oldest teaching method applied in

educational institution. This teaching method is one way channel of

communication of information. Students’ involvement in this teaching

method is just to listen and sometimes pen down some notes is necessary

during the lecture, combine the information and organized it.

One of the problem in this method is to make them really to relax and

not panic when their learning of Code-switching. Another big problem is that

many students in the class cannot follow the theme. Learning has a strong

influence on method of teaching.

D. Hypothesis

Based on the review of literature and framework related above in this

study, alternative hypothesis (Ha) and Null hypothesis (Ho) was formulated

as the following :
33

Ha : There is a significant effect of applying Code-switching Strategies’ on the

listening comprehension achievement

Ho : There is no significant effect of applying Code-switching Strategies’ on the

listening comprehension achievement