Basic Structural Analysis

(81 Units)
Second Edition

C S flEDDY
Principal
K S R M College of Engineering
Cuddapah
in memory of
my parents

© 1981, 1996, Tata McGraw-HiU Publishing Company Limited

Sixth reprint 2002

RXDYYRQARALZR

No part of this publication can be reproduced in any form or by any

means without the prior written permission of the publishers

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

Tata McGraw-HiU Publishing Company Limited

ISBN 0-07-461366-4

Published by Tata McGraw-Hili Pub1ishing Company Limited,

7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110008, and printed at
Ram BookBinding House, New Delhi 110020.
Preface to the Second Edition

Encouraged by the tremendous response to the first edition, this book has been
revised keeping in mind the valuable suggestions received from the reviewers,
publishers, readers and colleagues.
Keeping the basic approach of the first edition intact, the second edition has
been written to make the book broad-based and gain wider acceptance amongst
teachers and students.
Chapter 3 on 'Theory of vectors and matrices' has now been removed from
the main text and placed in Appendix A.
Chapter 7, 'Rolling loads-Influence lines' has been completely revised and
a number of illustrative examples have been added for better conceptual
understanding.
This edition incorporates new chapters on 'Cables and suspension bridges'
(Chapter 8), 'Column analogy' (Chapter 14), and 'Plastic analysis of steel
structures' (Chapter 18).
Chapter 12 on 'Moment distribution methods' has been expanded by including
topics like 'No sheer moment distribution, and adding concept building illustrative
examples.
Chapters 17 and 18 on 'Flexibility and stiffness matrix methods of analysis'
have been rewritten to include a large number of worked-out examples. In
these chapters, the emphasis has been laid on computer applications for which
flow charts for flexibility and stiffness have been provided.
I hope that the above changes in the second edition will widen the scope of
the book and meet the approval of the students, teachers and practising engineers.
Further suggestions for the improvement of the book are welcome.
In the end, I wish to express my sincere thanks to the publishers for their
expert guidance in bringing out this revised edition.
I also appreciate the ardous effort of Shri K Subba Reddy in typing the
manuscript.

C S REDDY
Preface to the First Edition

The use of computers for structural analysis has completely altered the method of
presentation of structural theory. While the student is expected to be familiar with
this presentation, it is far more important that he understands the basic principles of
~tructural analysis.
This book endeavours to present in one volume, the classical as well as matrix
methods if structural analysis. It is expected that for sometime to come, the student
win be required to study both these approaches, for the matrix methods are not very
different from classical methods-the only difference is in the emphasis laid in
formulating them so as to be suitable for computer programming. An understand ing
of the basic principles in both these methods necessarily requires the solving of
simple problems using hand computations.
This book is intended for a course in structural analysis following the usual
course in mechanics of solid or, as it is more commonly called, strength of materials.
It aims to provide a smooth transition from the classical approaches that are based
on physical behaviour of structures in terms of their deflected shapes to a formal
treatment of a general class of structures by means of matrix formulation.
Chapters I and 2 deal with basic principles of structural analysis of simple
structures using only equilibrium equations. Chapter 3 is devoted to the theory of
vectors and matrices. This review is intended to provide the background material for
the analysis of space trusses in Chapter 5 and matrix methods of structural analysis
later in Chapters 14 to 17. Chapter 4 deals with the analysis of plane trusses.
Chapters 6 and 7 deal with displacement calculations by geometric and energy
methods respectively. Chapter 8 is devoted to the approximate analysis of statically
indeterminate structures, while Chapter 9 discusses the analysis for moving loads
by influence lines.
Chapters 10 to 13 are devoted to the analysis of statically indeterminate
structures using classical methods, such as consistent displacement, slope-
deflection and moment distribution. Kani's method is presented in some detail in
Chapter I~.
x Preface to the [<,rstt.dltlOn

Chapters 14 and 15 discuss the preliminaries required for the formulation of

matrix methods of structural analysis. The flexibility and stiffness methods of
analysis are presented in Chapters 16 and 17. Simple examples needing only hand
computations have been illustrated in these chapters. However, the matrix formu-
lation of the problems and computation techniques employed are suitable for
computer programmes.
Contents
A book such as this, devoted to basic aspects of structural analysis cannot claim
to contain any original work, and only material collected over the years is presented.
The author gratefully acknowledges the sources he has consulted.
The author sincerely thanks all his colleagues and students who helped in writing
this text. The author is grateful to his wife for her understanding and forebearance
during the long hours he spent working on the manuscript. A word of appreciation
is due to his children who refrained from disturbing him. The author also thanks
Usharanjan Bhattacherjee for typing the manuscript and S.P. Hazra for makiQg the vii
Preface to the Second Edition
final diagrams. ix
Prefa(:e to the First Edition
xviii
Sf Units for Structural Engineers
CS REDDY

INTRODUCflON TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1

Chapter 1:

Forms of Structures
1
1.1 4
1.2 Analysis and Design
Loads and Forces
4
1.3 '5
1.3.1 Dead Load
5
1.3.2 Imposed Loads and Forces
7
1.3.3 Load Combinations
Idealizatiod of Structures
8
1.4
Supports and Connections-Conventional Representation 9
1.5
Elastic and Linear Behaviour of Structures 9
1.6
Principle of Superposition
11·
1.7

STATICS OF STRUCTURES 13
Chapter 2:

Equations of Equilibrium
13
2.1 14
2.2 Free-body Diagrams
Sign Convention
19
2.3 22
2.4 Simple Cable and Arch Structures
22
2.4.1 Cables
26
2.5 Arches
26
2.5.1 Theoretical Arch or Line of Thrust
27
2.5.2 Actual Arch
27
2.5.3 Types of Arches
Graphic Statics
34
2.6
34
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 Resultant of 1\vo Concurrent Forces 34 6.3 Strain Energy in Members 120
Resultant of Sewnl Forces in a Plane 35 6.3.1 Axially Loaded Members 120
2.6.3
36 6.3.2 Members Under Bending 121
2.6.4 Equilibriant
37 6.3.3 Members Under Shearing 121
2.6.5 Funicular Polygon
Funicular Polygon through 1\vo Points 39 6.3.4 Circular Members in Torsion 122
2.6.6
6.4 Energy Relations in Structural Theory 123
6.4.1 Law of Conservation of Energy 123
Chapter 3: PLANE TRUSSES 47 6.5 Virtual Work 126
6.5.1 Virtual Work on a Rigid Body 127
3.1 Introduction 47 6.5.2 Virtual Work on an Elastic Body 128
3.2 Plane Truss 47 6.6 Betti's and Maxwell's Laws of Reciprocal Deflections 130
3.3 Geometric Stability and Static Determinancy of Trusses 48 6.7 Applications of Virtual Work 132
3.4 Analysis of Trusses 51 6.8 Deflection of Trusses and Frames 140
3.4.1 Assumptions 51 6.9 Castigliano's Theorems 148
3.4.2 Methods of Analysis 51
3.4.3 Subdivided Truss 57..
Compound and Complex Trusses 59 Chapter 7: ROLLING LOADS AND INFLUENCE LINES 162
3.5
3.6 Graphical Analysis of Trusses 61
61 7.1 Introduction 162
3.6.1 Analysis of a Simple Truss
63 7.2 A Single Concentrated Load 162
3.6.2 Analysis of a Fink Roof. Truss
I 7.3 Unifomlly Distributed Load Longer Than the Span 165
69 7.4 Uniformly Distributed Load Shorter Than Span 167
Chapter 4: SPACE TRUSSES
7.5 1\vo Concentrated Loads 170
4.1 Introduction 69 7.6 Series of Concentrated Loads 173
4.2 Simple Space Truss 69 7.6.1 Maximum S.F. at a Section 174
7.6.2 Maximum Bending Moment Under a Given Load 174
4.3 Types of Supports 70 7.6.3 Maximum Bending Moment at a Given Section 174
4.4 Equilibrium and Stability Conditions 70 7.6.4 A9solute Maximum Shear and Moment in Beams 175
4.5 Analysis of Space Trusses • 72 7.7 Equivalent U.D.L 181
7.8 Influence Lines 183
83 7.8.1 Introduction 183
Chapter 5: DISPLACEMENTS-GEOMETRIC METHODS
7.8.2 Influence lines 183
83 7.8.3 Uses of Influence Lines 185
5.1 Deflected Shapes
Moment-area Method 86 7.8.4 Distributed Loads 193
5.2
5.3 Conjugate Beam Method 101 7.8.5 Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Frames
504 Deflection of Trusses-Graphical Method 107 and Beams with Hinges 201
5.4.1 Williot-Mohr Diagram 107 7.9 Influence Lines for Panelled Beams 204
7.10 Influence Lines for Truss Members 207
7.11 Influence Lines for Three-hinged Arches 213
Chapter 6: DISPLACEMENTS-ENERGY METHODS 116 7.11.1 Influence Line for Horizontal Reaction H 213
7.11.2 Influence Line Diagram for Moment 215
6.1 Introduction 116 7.11.3 Influence Line Diagrams for Radial Shear and
6.2 Forms of Elastic Strain Energy 117 Normal Thrust 215
6.2.1 Axial Stress 117 7.11.4 Absolute Maximum Moment in a Three-Hinged
6.2.2 Shearing Stress 118 Parabolic Arch 221
6.2.3 Multi-Axial State of Stress 119 7.12 Influence Lines from Deflected Shapes 226
xiv Contents 330
10.7 1\vo-hinged Arches
236 Influence Lines for Continuous Members
349
Chapter 8: CABLES AND SUSPENSION BRIDGES 10.8
8.1 Introduction 236
364
Chapter 11: SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD
8.2 Cables 237
8.2.1 Equation of the Cable 237 364
11.1 Introduction 365
8.2.2 Horizontal Tension in the Cable 238
11.2 Sign Convention
8.2.3 Tension in Cable Supported at Different Levels 239 Development of Slope-deflection Equations 366
242 11.3 368
8.2.4 Length of the Cable 11.4 Analysis of Continuous Be.ams
8.2.5 Effect on Cable Due to Change of Temperature 244 Analysis of Frames With No Lateral Translation of Joints 373
249 11.5 377
8.3 Stiffening Girders Analysis of Frames With Lateral Translation of Joints
249 11.6
8.4 Three-hinged Stiffening Girder
8.4.1 Single Concentrated Load 250
386
8.4.2 Influence Line for H 252 Chapter 12: MOMENT DISTRmUTION METHOD
8.4.3 I.L. for B.M. at Section X 252
386
8.4.4 Maximum B.M. Under U.D.L. Longer than Span 255 12.1 Introduction 387
8.5 Influence Lines for Stiffening Girder 256 12.1.1 Absolute and Relative Stiffness of Members 387
8.5.1 Influence Line for Shear Force 256 12.1.2 Carry Over Factor (C.O.F.)
388
8.5.2 Uniformly Distributed Load Longer than Span 258 12.1.3 Distribution Factor (D.F.)
389
8.6 1\vo-hinged Stiffening Girder 266 12.2 Devewpmem of Method
Analysis of Frames With No Lateral Translation of Joints 400
8.6.1 Influence Lines for a Single Concentrated Load 12.3 404
Rolling Over the Girder 266 12.4 Analysis of Frames With Lateral Translation of Joints
419
8.6.2 Uniformly Distributed Load Longer than Span 270 12.5 Symmetrical Frames
426
12.6 Multistorey Frames 429'
12.7 No-shear Moment Distribution
Chapter 9: APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES 276 •
, 439
Chapter 13: KANI'S METHOD
9.1 Introduction 276
439
9.2 Methods of Analysis 277 13.1 Introduction 439
9.2.1 General 277 13.2 Basic Concept
Frames Without Lateral Translation of Joints 453
9.2.2 Indeterminate Trusses 277 13.3
Frames With Lateral Translation of Joints
460
9.2.3 Mill Bents 279 13.4
9.2.4 Portal Frames 282 13.5 General Case-Storey Columns Unequal in Height and
482
9.2.5 Continuous Beams and Building Frames 283 Bases Fixed or Hinged
9.3 Portal Method 285
9.4 Cantilever Method 287 493
Chapter 14: COLUMN ANALOGY
493
Chapter 10: INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES- 14.1 Introduction
296 493
COMPATIBILITY METHODS 14.2 Development of the Method
495
14.2.1 Sign Convention 500
10.1 Introduction 296 14.2.2 Stiffness and Carry-over Factors
Analysis of Frames by the Column Analogy Method 507
10.2 Degree of Indeterminancy and Stability of Structures 297 14.3 511
10.3 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures 302 14.3.1 Closed Frames 514
10.4 Flexibility Coefficients 305 14.4 Gable Frames
10.5 Theorem of Three Moments 318
10.6 The Method of Least Work 326
14.5 Analysis of Unsymmetrical Frames 517 Chapter 18: STIFFNESS OR DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF
ANALYSIS 622
Chapter 15: MATRIX METIIODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 525
18.1 Introduction 622
15.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Stiffness Method-Steps to be Followed 622
525 18.1.2 Effect of Support Displacements, Temperature
15.2 Stiffness and Flexibility Coefficients 529
15.3 Changes, etc. 626
Member Stiffness and Flexibility Matrices 545,
15.4 Energy Concepts in Structures 18.2 Development of Stiffness Matrix for a Pin-jointed
552 636
15.5 Maxwell's and Betti's Reciprocal Deflections Structure
557 638
15.6 Strain Energy in Elements and Systems 18.2.1 Member Forces
560
18.3 Development of Method for a Structure Having Forces at
all Degrees of Freedom 644
Chapter 16: TRANSFORMATION OF INFORMATION 'IN 18.3.1 Computer Programme for the Stiffness Analysis
STRUCTURES TIIROUGH MATRICES 567 of Kinematically Determinate System 654
18.4 Development of Method for a General Case 654
16.1 Transformation of System Forces to Element Forces 567 18.4.1 Computer Programme for the Stiffness Analysis of
16.2 Transformation of System Displacements to Element Kinematically Indeterminate Structures 665
Displacements 568 18.4.2 Temperature Stresses, Lack of Fit, Support
16.3 Transformation of Element "Flexibility Matrices to System Settlements, etc. 665
Flexibility Matrix 570 18.5 Direct Stiffness Method 667
16.4 Transformation of Element Stiffness Matrices to System 18.6 Analysis by Tridiagonalization of Stiffness Matrix 679
Stiffness Matrix 572 18.7 Comparison of Flexibility and Stiffness Methods 691
16.5 Transformation of Forces and Displacements in General 574
16.6 Tranformation of Information from Member Coordinates
to Structure Coordinates and Vice versa Chapter 19: PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STEEL STRUCTURES 696
576
19.1 Introducti9n 696
Chapter 17: FLEXIBILITY OR FORCE METIIOD OF • 19.2 Stress-strain Curve 697
ANALYSIS 583 19.3 Plastic Moment 697
19.3.1 Plastic Modulus, Shape Factor 699
17.1 Introduction 583 19.3.2 Load Factor 700
17.1.1 Flexibility Method-Steps to be Followed 583 19.3.3 Mechanism of Failure 700
17.1.2 Sign Convention 584 19.4 Methods of Analysis 709
17.1.3 Effect of Displacements at Releases 591 19.4.1 Statical Method of Analysis 710
17.2 Generalised Method of Analysis 594 19.4.2 Mechanism Method of Analysis 710
17.3 Statically Determinate Structures 594 19.5 Gable Frames or Frames with Inclined Members 715
17.3.1 Computer Programme for Statically Determinate 19.6 1\\'0 Bay Portal Frame 719
Structure 601
17.3.2 Flow Chart 601 Appendix A 724
17.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures 603 Appendix B 754
17.4.1 Computer Programme for Statically Indeterminate Appendix Cl 755
Structures 614 Appendix C2 756
17.4.2 Flow Chart 614 757
Select Bibliography
17.5 Temperature Stressses, Lack of Fit, Support Settlements,
,etc. Answers to Problems for Practice 759
614
Index 776
Sf Units xix

X 103 mm3 and moment of inertia x 106 mm4. Very small sections, such
3
as light gauge steel sha~es may be listed as section modulus x mm and
moment of inertia x 10 mm4•

Mass and Density

SI Units for Structural Mass is a basic quantity in the system. The base unit of mass is the
kilogram (kg). The use of kg should not be confused with the old metric

Engineers force called kgf.

Material quantities are measured in mass units rather than in weight
or force· units. Thus, the mass per length of a steel beam is expressed in
kg/m, gravity floor loading in kglm2 and the mass of an object in kg.
Mass density is given in kg/m3. In contrast to weight units, these quan-
tities do not depend upon the acceleration due to gravity. Weight is not
used directly in the SI system, but force is obviously caused by gravity
acting on mass.

Force, Moment and Stress

The unit of force is the newton (N), which is the force required to give
1 kg mass 1 m/s2 acceleration. Thus 1 N is 1 kg.m/s2. The newton is a
derived unit that is independent of the acceleration due to gravity. A kilo-
newton (1000 newtons) or kN, which is about 100 kgf, is a convenient
The international system of units (System Internationale d'Unites), com- quantity in structural analysis and design. Approximating the acceleration
monly called SI, is being adopted allqver the world as a uniform meas- due to gravity as 9,.81 m/s2, a kg of mass exerts a force of 9.81 N on
urement system. While the complete transition from customary units to
• its support point.
the SI system may take years, the use of SI units in the fields of en- The stress unit is newton per square metre (N/m2) called pascal (Pa).
gineering and science is proceeding rather ~apidly, and it will soon be- This is a very small unit (1 kglcm2 approximates to 98100 Pa) and be-
come necessary for the modern civil engineer to gain experience in using comes practical only when used with a prefix (k or M). The most con-
the SI system. Fortunately, the chanje.over from the now common MKS venient SI stress unit for structures is 1,000,000 Pa, the mega pascal or
units to SI units is quite simple, unni<~ the changeover from FPS to MK5 MPa, which is identical to MN/m2 or N/mm2• The modulus of steel is
units. In this book, SI units have been used throughout, with only mi,nor
about 200,000 MPa in SI units.
modifications, to suit the requirements of the engineering world. Surface loadings and allowable soil pressures have the units of pressure
The basic and derived units for various categories of measurement are or stress and thus may be expressed in Pascals, but common usage will
discussed in the following sections. dictate their expression in kN/m2 or similar units. Surface loads in par-
ticular are well expressed in kN/m2 because their effects must be con-
verted into kN during structural analysis.
TYPICAL BASIC UNITS Moment is expressed in N.m or kN.m. These units are convenient since
1 N.m is close to 10 kg.cm and I kN.m is close to 1/10 t.m.
Geometry
Angle, Temperature, Energy and Power
The basic unit of length is the metre (m), which together with the mil-
limetre (mm) is used exclusively for geometrical quantities. Although the Plane angles are measured in radians (rad), but degrees are also used.
centimetre (cm) is a convenient quantity, its use is generally avoided in Temperature in the 51 system should be expressed in Kelvin (K) but the
the SI system. The use of mm for section modulus and moment of inertia use of degrees Celsius ("C), formerly called centigrade, is also permis-
involves large numbers for the majority of common flexural members. sible. Kelvin and Celsius are equal for temperature changes since an in-
This problem is met by listing steel sections properties as section modulus crement of 1°C equals an increment of I K. Energy is expressed in joules
(J), where I J is I N.m. The unit of power is the watt (W) which is
equal to one joule per second (I/s).

Some Simple Rules to be Observed in Using SI Units

1
Prefixes are to be selected from the following table, in which each prefix
is a multiple of 1000.

Prefix Symbol
Introduction to Structural
MultIplying factor
glga
mega
G
M
109
106
Analysis
kilo k 103
milli m 10-3
micro 10-6
~
nano n 10-9
Compound units, such as for moments, are written with a dot to indi-
cate multiplication, such as kN.m (kilonewton-metre).

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SI UNITS

(Standard Gravitational Acceleration = 9.80665 m/s2) 1.1 FORMS OF STRUCTURES

MKS To Sf Units
I. ForcelLoad/Weight ] kgf (kg) Any civil engineering structure is conceived keeping in mind its intended
] tonne (t)
= 9.80665 N
use, the materials available, cost and aesthetic considerations. The struc-
2. ForcelLoad/Weight
= 9.80665 kN • tural analyst encounters a great variety of structures and these are briefly
per Unit Length
I kgf/m = 9.80665 N/m
reviewed here.
3. Unit Weight
I tf/m
I kgf/m 3
= 9.8Q665 kN/m
One of the simplest structures is a simply supported beam, supported
4. Stress/Pressure!
= 9.80665 N/m3
on a pin at one end and a roller at the other (Fig. I.la). Such a beam,
Modulus of Elasticity 1 kgf/m2 it may be recalled from the fundamentals of strength of materials, is quite
= 9.80665 N/m2

1 kgf/cm2
= 9.80665 Pa
= 98066.5 N/m2
= 98066.5 Pa
5. Moment of Force/ I kgf.m
= 98.0665 kN/m2
Bending moment!
= 9.80665 N.m
Torque I tf.m
1 kgf.cm = 98.0665 x 10-3 N.m
= 9.80665 kN.m