SUSTAINABLE FACADES FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AS A PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

SEMESTER VIII

2015-2020
SUSTAINABLE FACADES FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AS A PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

Dr Smriti Mishra

Thesis Guide

Department of Architecture

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure in expressing my gratitude towards all those people who have
supported me and contributed in making this research possible.
I express a deep sense of gratitude towards my guide PROF. DR. SMRITI MISHRA, for her
constant guidance and support throughout the course of this dissertation. She was always
there to support me and help me whenever I was in doubt. Her valuable comments have been
extremely helpful to me.
I extend my deepest gratitude towards the Head of Department, PROF. DR. DEBJYOTI
BISWAS, for being a constant source of motivation and wisdom.
Also, I would like to thank my professor in charge PROF. DR. BIMAL CHANDRA ROY &
all the faculty members of the department, who have guided and helped me during the course
of research. As their critical remarks and suggestions have helped me in my research work.
I would like to thank my juniors, ISHITA AND SANCHARI and all my friends, for their
constant support throughout the course of this research. They were always there to help me
whenever I needed them.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my MOTHER, FATHER and my brother
AYUSH, for being a constant source of inspiration and support. Whatever I am today is
because of them and I would like to take this opportunity to thank them for everything they
have done for me. I owe everything to them.
At last, a lot of people have knowingly and unknowingly helped me during the course of this
project. And I would like to thank all of them.
Thank you.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Research Questions
4. Aims and Objectives
5. Scope and Limitations
6. Research Methodology
7. Literature Reviews
8. Research Design
9. Inference
10. Conclusion
11. References
ABSTRACT

Façades are the most strategic and visible part of the building which leads to an improvement in
appearance and environmental performances in buildings. This study discusses about the
importance of facades in building systems in today’s environmental context. It also details few of
the case studies around the world which are relevant for this research. This study ultimately helps in
identifying the various types of sustainable, green, eco-friendly façade systems and materials for
commercial buildings in the tropical regions through an extensive comparative analysis.
1. INTRODUCTION

Facades play a significant role in the quality of a building. It forms the barrier between the internal
space and the outside climate. This means that the façade is the medium through which the
interaction takes place between the activities, inside and outside. The image of a building, and
therefore for the users, is reflected through the design of the façade.

Facades are crucial to energy consumption and comfort within buildings. The ability of specific
façade systems to work reliably and effectively is one of the challenges towards sustainable,
energy-efficient, high performance buildings. Different design strategies are required for different
climatic zones.

During the last decade façade technologies and materials have undergone to substantial
development and innovation by integrating specific elements to adapt the variation of the outside
conditions to occupant requirements.

The report will discuss the concept and the importance of façade treatment according to their types
and implementations. It will also highlight the evolution of these facades. The report will present a
comparative analysis of various façade treatments in green and sustainable buildings around the
world. Moreover, the report will detail examples of buildings with popular façade treatment.

1
1.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the various types of active and passive techniques or materials applicable for
commercial building facades?
2. Which are the most frequently used technique or material for commercial buildings in tropical
climate?
3. How can high green rating be achieved for commercial buildings using materials, techniques
and technology?

1.2 AIMS

Assessment of high performing facades for tropical climatic regions.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1. To study the various kinds of systems, materials & design strategies for facades.

2. To identify the suitable, functional & responsive building facades for proposed hotel project for
both indoor and outdoor thermal comfort.
1.4 SCOPE

1. Study of various types of active and passive façade systems and green/sustainable/eco-friendly
materials which can be applied to commercial buildings.

2. Analyse the most popular or frequently used treatment for commercial facades.

1.5 LIMITATION

The area of study will only take into account the types of façade systems and materials and its
application in various green rated commercial buildings.

2
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

c
ABSTRACT DISCUSSING THE PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION

DEFINING RESEARCH QUESTIONS, AIMS, OBJECTIVES, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

RESEARCH PAPER STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW ABOUT FACADES

RESEARCH DESIGN

PREPARATION OF AN EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF GREEN ACTIVE, PASSIVE SYSTEMS

AND MATERIALS

SELECTING ONLY THOSE GREEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SYSTEMS AND

MATERIALS WHICH CAN BE APPLICABLE TO COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE/PASSIVE SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS

VERSUS GREEN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS IN THE TROPICS WORLDWIDE

ANALYSING THE MOST POPULARLY USED TREATMENT/ MATERIALS FOR

FACADES OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

3
1.7 THEORY

What is a Façade?

A facade is generally one exterior side of a building, usually the front. It is a foreign loan word from
the French façade, which means "frontage" or "face".

Facades are the first thing we notice about a building. It’s the outermost cover of a building, and to
a layman, it is what decides the look of the building. When we delve deeper, facades are much more
than just coverings. While they protect and hide the structure of the building and introduces an
aesthetic element to it, facades also play important role in shielding the building frame and interiors
from weather and other factors. Facades decide the amount of heat and light that enters the building,
which in turn regulates the energy used. Most importantly, facades complete the role of sheltering
and protecting everything within.

Evolution of Facades

Through the years, facades have undergone massive changes in design and structure,
depending on evolution in materials and architecture.

The earliest record of building facade can be found in Japan in 800 BC, where wooden logs,
clay, and mud were used to create sturdy exteriors for buildings. A century later, European
buildings began using clay, mud, stone, and glass to build durable structures.

The Pyramids of Egypt are outstanding examples of ancient facades built using stones and
intelligent masonry. All these building facades were load-bearing, the frame and skin system
we see today.

With Industrial Revolution, non-load-bearing facades came into prominence, covering a load
bearing frame within. Metals like iron and steel began to be used in construction. Just like
every other industry, this also marked a new era in construction, where there was no turning
back.

The skyscraper era was introduced with the curtain wall system, which essentially meant a
facade that hung like a curtain over a steel or concrete frame. The frame carried all the
building loads while the facade was simply a protective covering. This allowed large areas of
glass to adorn the walls, transforming the look of buildings altogether.

4
The latest trend calls for sustainable building facades that not only protects the internal
environment, but also helps in preserving the external environment. Sustainable green
materials and technology are in great demand, and facades that bring down energy use within
buildings are being increasingly incorporated.

What is a Sustainable Façade?

Sustainable facades are defined as exterior enclosure that use least possible amount of energy to
maintain a comfortable environment, which promotes productivity to certain material which has
less negative impact on environment. The role of sustainable facades is to reduce buildings’
energy consumption.

Why Sustainable facades?

 As the growth and contribution of infrastructure to GDP of India is increasing at a fast

rate, it becomes important to address the effects of building construction on environment.
 As we know that facades act as an interface between indoor and outdoor environment of
a building for heat, light & air exchange. It has the power to increase the performance of
a building.
 In present day context it is not only important for facades to have a unique and
aesthetically pleasing appearance but also to play a pivotal role in energy efficiency
 Reducing energy use in buildings is one of the most important ways to reduce humans’
overall environmental impact.
 Sustainability is clearly a key issue in today’s construction industry with many different
products being used in ways and combinations that will hopefully bring about a lower
environmental impact in the future.
 The sustainability level of a building is highly affected by the sustainability performance
of its components. One of the main building components, which can have a great impact
on energy saving and sustainability level of the building, is its façade.

5
There are many functions of facade system for a building such as-
 Enhancement of natural light
 Protection from glare
 Sound and noise insulation,
 Heat or cold collection
 Protection from pollution
 Safety protection
 Protection from rain
 Solar gain & solar protection
 Increase building aesthetic

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Experimental Studies:

2.1.1 Faridah Hanim Mohamed Farid, Sabarinah Sh Ahmad, Abu Bakar Abd. Raub, Mariam
Felani Shaari, February 2016, Green Breathing Facades ‘For Occupants’ Improved Quality Of
Life

The aim of this paper was to analyse the suitable, functional and responsive building envelopes
for the proposed Respiratory Centre. Economic, ecological & social aspects were considered for
selecting facades. Literature based analysis of sustainable facade materials in tropics & sub-
tropics, site based study of 3 green façade buildings and comparative analysis to find the most
suitable façade system was carried out as part of methodology. The paper finally suggests
breathing façades which is an integration of use between different types of sustainable facades
categorised as green facade, sustainable glass façade, and self-cleaning facade, to maximise the
desired potential.

This research paper provided a thorough study of breathing facades which can be applied to
commercial buildings.

6
2.1.2 Doris Sung, 9th March 2016, A New Look At Building Facades As Infrastructure

The aim of this paper was to control the urban climate by making the outside surfaces of
buildings contribute to urban welfare, public health, and pedestrian comfort. The various
parameters considered for this design were energy use, heat, ventilation, climate, materials,
thermal comfort, acoustics, and reflectivity. To make functional façades, different types of
mechanisms / technology can be applied to reduce urban heat island effect. Methods include:-
Eco-Clean, Low tech passive design strategies, vortex systems in cavity walls, breathe brick,
titanium dioxide coating on aluminium etc. Reducing energy usage through innovations in
fabrication technology, development of the wall section in which the building skin performs on
both technical and programmatic platforms—on both surfaces of the building’s outer envelope.
This paper gave an understanding about multi-functional facades.
2.1.3 Mostafa M.S. Ahmed, Ali K. Abel-Rahman, Ahmed Ramza H. Ali, 9-10 October 2014,
Development Of Intelligent Façade Based On Outdoor Environment & Indoor Thermal
Comfort

The aim was investigating intelligent façade to promote the use in building design.
Parameters like climate type, indoor air quality, visual comfort, thermal comfort, outdoor
environment, energy performance were considered for carrying out the qualitative study.
A Relationship between indoor thermal comfort & building façade was found out.
Analytical review of intelligent façade carried out and sustainable potentials embodied in
various types of intelligent facades was studied too.
This paper gave an understanding of how intelligent facades can increase the
performance of a building and increase the comfort levels.

2.1.4 Muhammad Shamsuddeen Abdullahi, Halil Zafer Alibaba, 27th January 2016, Facade
Greening: A Way To Attain Sustainable Built Environment

This paper discusses of how façade greening positively affects the built environment. Air
quality, Thermal Impact, Carbon footprint, Aesthetic Value, Climate were considered for the
study. Types of green façade, its installation & maintenance, effects of green façade on urban
climate, built environment, urban aesthetics, carbon footprint, air quality and thermal impact
of green facades were studied. Integration of greenery on building façade provides a way in

7
attaining a sustainable built environment through- reduction of urban heat island effect,
improvement of both indoor and outdoor air quality making the environment more
aesthetically pleasing, reduction of carbon foot prints in urban areas.

This paper provided a thorough study stating the importance of façade

3. RESEARCH DESIGN

3.1.1 List of sustainable/green/eco-friendly ‘ACTIVE’ systems

Following facades can be applicable for all climatic conditions:-

• A Facade That Eats Smog
The facade, a mixture of cement and titanium dioxide, captures nitrogen-oxide pollution
and converts it into a harmless salt that easily rinses off the walls when it rains.

Fig 1: https://www.smart-magazine.com/content/uploads/2015/11/smog-eating-facade-hospital-general-Mexico-close-up.jpg

• Light Control dynamic façade

The façade consists of diaphragms and panels that are operated by central computer that
regulates the amount of light entering the building.

Fig 2: http://compositesandarchitecture.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/New-Headquarters-Al-Bahar-Towers-Abu-Dhabi-UAE-9-
682.jpg

• Light Projection Dynamic Façade

8
The façade features a vertical top layer followed by an angled back layer of customised
aluminium extrusion profiles which results in a wave like appearance that changes with
the view point.

Fig 3: https://www.arch2o.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Arch2O-Dynamic-Facades-The-Story-04-600x437.jpg

• Wind Responsive Dynamic Façade

Wind is a renewable source of energy and this façade contains elements that harness this
energy to provide a dynamic pattern of motion creating a direct interface between built
and natural environments.

Fig 4: https://www.arch2o.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Arch2O-Dynamic-Facades-The-Story-02-600x343.jpg

• Seasonal Green Dynamic façade

A facade which integrating the greeneries to make the facade responsive to the 4 seasons.

Fig 5: https://www.arch2o.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Arch2O-Dynamic-Facades-The-Story-03-600x400.jpg

• A Low-Tech, Operable Skin

Based on humidity and temperature inside the building, these rods pivot automatically to
facilitate (or block) the flow of air through the facade. A simple but clever solution.

9
Fig 6: https://66.media.tumblr.com/f6e06f89706e47e1f170ff1c83228884/tumblr_nlrniwgwJ21tlx9sco2_640.jpg

• Wind Turbines
It is a device which converts the winds kinetic energy into electrical.

Fig 7: https://www.bdcnetwork.com/sites/bdc/files/styles/content_display_image/public/BDC-WindRail-
Anerdgy1_0.jpg?itok=Dv5jKzJo

• Geothermal Heat Pumps

It is a centrally heating and /or cooling system that transfers heat to or from the ground.
This has been in use since the late 1940s.they use the constant temperature of earth as the
exchange medium instead of the outside air temperature. In a commercial building, a
series of heat pumps removes heat from an energy supply source in the ground. The heat
pump concentrates this low-grade heat, raising its temperature and then transfers it to the
building’s energy distribution system (usually radiant in-floor and hydronic fan coils) via
a heat exchanger. In the summer, the process is reversed. The heat pumps collect heat
from the building and deposit it into the ground loop, providing cooling.

Fig 8:
https://basc.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/styles/resource_large/public/images/HVAC133_geothermalheat%20pump-s_PNNL_8-30-
11.jpg?itok=aN8JwpvB

10
• Cellular Morphology Façade
An algorithmically designed façade system that can be optimized for any climatic context
and building typology, controlling heat, light & visibility in a space. The façade is
currently in proposal stage.

Fig 10: https://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/ratLAB-Cellular-Morphology-Facade-7.jpg

• User control dynamic façade

It is a simple technology which does not include any type of responsive system and
responds only to the use input from the building occupants. The facade itself is
functioning as a shading device but given the users to control the angle of the panel, and
amount of light transmitted into the interior space.

Fig 11: https://www.arch2o.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Arch2O-Dynamic-Facades-The-Story-0011.jpg

• Double Skin façade

The double-skin facade is a system of building consisting of two skins, or facades, placed
in such a way that air flows in the intermediate cavity. The ventilation of the cavity can
be natural, fan supported or mechanical.

11
Fig 12: http://www.fachadavariable.cl/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Figure-6-RWE-Headquarters-Detail-of-the-ventilated-chamber-
inlet-outlet-1-Double-1-417x400.png

• Integrated Facades
It actively employs the façade as a design strategy that is an active, restorative and
generative building system that maximises the use of natural resources -light, heat, rain
and wind and engages occupants often as a visual stimulator.

Fig 13: http://www.master-buildingsystems.ethz.ch/_jcr_content/fullwidthimageHome/image.imageformat.carousel.195823128.jpg

• 3D Printing
The action or process of making a physical object from a three-dimensional digital model
typically by laying down many thin layers of a material in succession.

Fig 14: https://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/3d-printed-bloom-pavilion-Ronald-Rael-UC-Berkeley-21.jpg

12
• Pixel Façade
Pixel façade is designed to be prefabricated with a timber frame construction, allowing
for a streamlined, economic and sustainable approach to the typical design and building
process.

Fig 15: https://www.designboom.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/pixel-facade-biophilic-facade-system-next-generation-offices-

designboom-600.jpg

• Bioclimatic Façade
These are a lightweight, innovative facades providing both solar and thermal protection
bioclimatic façade contributes greatly to maximise the energy performance of buildings
and increases the transmission of natural and homogeneous light by 28 %.

Fig 16: http://www.ng-lab.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/French-Embassy-in-China-Bioclimatic-Fa%C3%A7ade-

%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%A9%BB%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A6%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%B9%95%
E5%A2%99-%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC-00-1.jpg

• Fuel cells
Fuel cells are devices that convert the energy of a chemical reaction, typically between
hydrogen and oxygen, directly into low-voltage DC electricity and into heat.

13
Fig 17: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcStb-cEF-wn37vRqkMeKzwNoJBRLfwq-
06GQgFzab_owH81OBX5

For ‘HOT’ climatic conditions, following façade systems can be applicable:-

• SMIT Solar Ivy

Photovoltaic ‘leaves’ that generate wind and solar power. Mimicking the look and
function of ivy, this mimic has wind and solar power generating photovoltaic leaves that
can be attached to building facades.

Fig 18: https://asknature.org/wp-content/uploads/idea/256b9f497821497773d9f0c442ab367a/5081678222_1635702970_b.jpg

• Radiant Cooling System

A radiant cooling system is a temperature-controlled surface that cools indoor
temperatures by removing sensible heat and where more than half of heat transfer occurs
through thermal radiation.

Fig 19: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dongliang_Zhao2/publication/325158653/figure/fig1/AS:681297148116992@1539445306141/Radiant-

floor-cooling-system-configurations-an-example-construction-left-source.jpg

14
• Ventilated Façades
It is a system for the covering of the façade that allows the formation of an air chamber
between the external wall of the building and the cladding. These façade systems create a
very comfortable indoor environment. They are very good for heat insulation and energy
saving. It reduces the amount of heat a building can absorb. Provides very good sound
insulation of the building. The Ventilated facades increase the durability of the building
and the external facade cladding. Keeps the building dry and prevents any kind of water
seepage.

Fig 20: https://3dwarehouse.sketchup.com/warehouse/v1.0/publiccontent/e69dd159-b6e6-4027-b9fb-

dcc74f2e833c

• The Living Leaf as a Skin

The skin may be considered as the leaf surface having several stomata, cellular openings
involved in gaseous exchange and transpiration in plants. The surface would allow the
entry of light, air and water into the building. It would automatically position itself
according to the sunlight and let in light; thus, electricity for lighting would not be
needed during the day. The air and wind would be channelled into the building and
filtered to provide clean air and natural air-conditioning. The active skin would be
capable of rain water harvesting where water would be purified, filtered, used and
recycled. The skin could even absorb moisture from the air. The waste produced would
be converted into biogas energy that could be put to diverse uses in the habitat.

Fig 21: https://khyatirajani.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/4-leaf-11.jpg

15
• Bionic Facades
The bionic façade consists of bionic leaves, which are made of photovoltaic cells and
evaporative matrices. The evaporative matrix decreases air temperatures in the
microclimatic layer along building façade and increases the PV cell efficiency by
cooling.

Fig 22: http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LAVA-Bionic-Tower-1.jpg

• Solar façade cassettes

The solar cassettes are installed like conventional façade cassette systems with space for
controlled water discharge and rear ventilation behind the modules to prevent interstitial
condensation.

Fig 23: https://www.solliance.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/engie004-e1538561636122-1024x576.jpg

• Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

A Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) system consists of integrating photovoltaics
modules into the building envelope, such as the roof or the facade. By simultaneously
serving as building envelope material and power generator, BIPV systems can provide
savings in materials and electricity costs, reduce use of fossil fuels and emission of ozone
depleting gases, and add architectural interest to the building.

16
Fig 24: https://worldofrenewables.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Building-Integrated-Photovoltaics-BIPV.jpg

• Micro Hydro
Micro hydro is a type of hydroelectric power that typically produces from 5 kW to 100
kW of electricity using the natural flow of water.

Fig 25:
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/styles/borealis_photo_gallery_large_respondmedium/public/microhydropower_house_large.jpg?itok=psEPMYD
Q

• Perforated façade
Perforated facades allow interaction with natural and artificial light, both as a means of
creating night-time lighting effects, media walls and providing solar shading during the
day. It is cost effective and are comparably light in weight therefore offering a sun
shading solution as well as helping reduce loadings on the structure of a building.

Fig 26: https://image.architonic.com/img_pro2-4/125/9205/perforationen-uusfang-ermatingen-b.jpg

17
• Mechanical Louvres
A louver is a ventilation product that allows air to pass through it while keeping out
unwanted elements such as water, dirt and debris, a number of fixed or operable blades
mounted in a frame can provide this functionality. When these louvers are operated
mechanically are known as mechanical louvers.

Fig 27: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/00/36/2f/00362f61e49ecbb864e014034fa5ccef.jpg

For ‘COLD’ climatic conditions, following façade systems can be applicable:-

• An Energy-Producing Algae Façade

An algae façade system integrates an algae bioreactor within a glazing façade. Algae
facades provide good daylight transmission and shading capability, perform efficiently as
a loadbearing façade system, and can replace current glazing systems with adequate
thermal and structural performance. An algae facade is designed to improve indoor air
quality through O2 production and CO2 absorption as a result of photosynthesis of algae.
In addition, algae grown from bio-facades have the potential to be converted into
renewable fuel stocks such as biomass or biofuel.

Fig 28:
https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5134/a6e4/b3fc/4b02/dd00/0165/medium_jpg/full_1359667569BIQ2.jpg?1362405089

18
• Mycoform Technology
This technology involves actually growing building materials using mycelium, a type of
fungal spore. The inexpensive and require no toxic chemicals or a lot of energy. They are
also totally biodegradable. This is still in experimental stages.

Fig 29: https://s.hswstatic.com/gif/green-commercial-advances-6.jpg

3.1.2 List of sustainable/green/eco-friendly ‘PASSIVE’ systems

Passive Ventilation:

• Operable windows
It is used to increase the supply of high-quality outdoor air and promote a connection to
the outdoor environment by encouraging occupants to open windows when outdoor air
qualities acceptable.

Fig 30: http://www.feldcochicago.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/operable-windows.jpg

• Wind towers
A traditional Persian architectural element used to create natural ventilation in buildings

Fig 31: https://99percentinvisible.org/app/uploads/2017/05/windcatchers.jpg

19
• Cross Ventilation
It refers to one form of naturally occurring ventilation in building that occurs when there
is a pressure difference between one side of the building and the other.

Fig 32: http://content.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/sites-and-buildings/mixed-

use/details/guidance/thebuilding/sections/buildingperformance/ventilation/adm_mixed_use_ventilation/ADM_Mixed_Use_Building_Depth74eafaa5-4fe8-4848-86e3-
14bc21d98e55.png

• Solar Shaft
It is vertical shaft utilising the solar energy to enhance the natural stack ventilation
through a building by using convection of air.

Fig 33: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Solarchimney.svg/268px-Solarchimney.svg.png

Passive Cooling:

• Fixed/operable external shading

External shading devices are preferable and more effective than internal ones. This
includes devices fixed to the outside of the window or attached to building envelop.

Fig 34: https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-319-03074-

6_2/MediaObjects/313582_1_En_2_Fig11_HTML.jpg

20
• Thermal mass

It is a property of the mass of a building which enables it to store heat providing inertia
against temperature fluctuation.

Fig 34: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/images/9/93/Overheating2.jpg

• Passive ventilation

It is a system that uses a series of winds on exterior façade to allow outdoor air to enter
the home in a controlled way.

Fig 35: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/08/3c/72/083c720a12c42ca0c9b2884e7c2abc2c.jpg

• Nocturnal cooling

It is the cooling of a building by radiation to the night sky.

Fig 36: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kevin_Nwaigwe/publication/270470695/figure/fig5/AS:295103592714258@1447369587686/Innovative-residential-nocturnal-

radiation-cooling-concept-Parker-2005-showing-the.png

21
• Passive evaporative cooling

In passive evaporating cooling evaporation occurs inside a heat exchanger and the water
content of the cooled air remains unchanged.

Fig 37: http://www.nzeb.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/EVAPORATIVE-COOLING_1.jpg

• Earth-tempering ducts

It is a ground-air heat exchanger system also known as earth tubes for pre-tempering
ventilation air that is drawn through underground pipes buried at a depth of 1.5m.

Fig 38: http://www.ercshowcase.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/01/earth_tubes_infographic.jpg

Daylighting:

• Light shelves

It is a horizontal surface that reflects daylight deep into the building.

Fig 39: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/images/d/db/Lightshelf.jpg

22
• Skylights and light tubes

Light tubes bring natural light into your home in ways artificial light sources cannot and
can be added anywhere there is 6 meters or less between your ceiling and your roof.

Fig 40: https://cdn.fixr.com/vs_guide_pictures/skylights-vs-solar-tubes-58db9489a9db3.png

• Clerestories

It is a high section of wall that contains windows above eye level. The purpose is to
admit light, fresh air or both.

Fig 41: https://majorskylights.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/m959.jpg

• Eco Cell

It is a new technology in which gas generating particles are infused into the polymer melt
to create a cellular structure in the plastic.

• Atrium

An atrium is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building.it

provides it provides light and ventilation to the interiors.

Fig 42: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ2SXA6V28RYCv1Q9DPC0JkMtUdkFI85sAEC8KrGz1p3aNTVW6m

23
• Light Wells

It is an unroofed external space provided within the volume of a large building to allow
light and air to reach otherwise dark and unventilated spaces.

Fig 43: https://www.lightwellhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Museum-lightwell-cropped-768x522.jpg

Others include:

• Summer Angle examination

Fig: 44: http://www.see.murdoch.edu.au/resources/info/Tech/house/image054.jpg

• Water Reclamation

It is a process of converting waste water into water that can be reused for other purposes
including irrigation and replenishing surface and ground water.

Fig 45:
https://www.mwrd.org/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MWRD/internet/protecting_the_environment/Water_Reclamation_Plants/images/M
WRD_Kirie_WRP.jpg

24
• Bioclimatic Wall

It is an important new international design trend that can help to reduce building energy
requirements.

Fig 46: https://www.imoa.info/images/molybdenum_uses/architecture/Stockholm_Congress_1.jpg?m=1435499447

• Green Facades

A green façade is created by growing climbing plants up and across the façade of a
building ,either from plants grown in garden beds at its base, or by container planting
installed at different at different levels across the building.

Fig 47: https://livingroofs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ZURICH-CABLE-GREEN-WALL-1.jpg

3.2 Following are the list of sustainable/green/eco-friendly Façade Materials:-

 Green concrete

Green concrete is defined as a concrete which uses waste material as at least one of its
components, or its production process does not lead to environmental destruction, or it
has high performance and life cycle sustainability.

25
Fig 48: http://en.envirocitiesmag.com/images/article-10/art-3-2.jpg

 Thermo Bimetal

Thermostatic Bimetal is comprised of two metals with different coefficients of thermal

expansion (CTE) that are bonded together. ... It is these unique properties that make
Thermostatic Bimetal useful in any application where it is desirable to sense and react as
a function of temperature.

Fig 49: https://www.certifiedenergy.com.au/hubfs/maxresdefault-2-768x432.jpg

 Insulated concrete forms

Insulating concrete form or insulated concrete form (ICF) is a system of formwork for
reinforced concrete usually made with a rigid thermal insulation that stays in place as a
permanent interior and exterior substrate for walls, floors, and roofs

26
Fig 50: https://logixicf.com/uploads/files/products/thumb-r503Oufy-STANDARD_500x500.jpg

 Recycled steel

Steel that is used more than one time. Steel is 100% recyclable.

Fig 51: https://www.mrw.co.uk/pictures/1240x826/5/0/1/3003501_Handbook-steel-bundles.jpg

 Electrochromic Glass

Electrochromic glass (a.k.a. smart glass or dynamic glass) is an electronically tintable

glass used for windows, skylights, facades and curtain walls. Electrochromic glass, which
can be directly controlled by building occupants, is popular for its ability to improve
occupant comfort, maximize access to daylight and outdoor views, reduce energy costs
and provide architects with more design freedom.

27
Fig 52: https://www.sageglass.com/sites/default/files/rte/tinted.png

 Sheep Wool

Wool insulation is made from sheep wool fibres that are either mechanically held
together or bonded using between 5% and 20% recycled polyester adhesive to form
insulating batts, rolls and ropes. Natural wool insulation is effective for both thermal and
acoustic insulation.

Fig 53: https://inhabitat.com/files/sheepswool1.jpg

 Ferrock
Ferrock is an emerging eco-building material which uses a wide range of recycled
materials such as steel dust, to create a material that resembles concrete but is
stronger. Ferrock is not only a sustainable source of building material, it is also carbon
neutral.

28
Fig 54: https://rqnj0mo0em-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Ferrock_FB-1.jpg

 Lightweight bricks

Light Weight Bricks have all the answers! Green Energy Bricks brings you the ultimate
in structural light weight bricks. Using our light weight Bricks will eliminate many of the
back problems associated with laying normal bricks or blocks.

Fig 56: https://3.imimg.com/data3/YR/HN/MY-16144303/light-weight-bricks-500x500.jpg

 3i-isolet blocks

The blocks are insulating with the integration of insulation systems within the building
materials. Due to the integrated special assembly 3i-isolet products are easy to build and
to assemble. Made of recycled materials they can be reutilized for building material.

Fig 57: http://www.3i-isolet.cz/pict/content_en/face/10.jpg

29
 Rain Screen Cladding

A rain screen is an exterior wall detail where the siding (wall cladding) stands off from
the moisture-resistant surface of an air barrier applied to the sheathing (sheeting) to create
a capillary break and to allow drainage and evaporation.

Fig 58: https://proteusfacades.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/proteus.site_img-proteus-sc.png

 Rammed Earth

Rammed earth, building material made by compacting certain soils, used by many
civilizations. The most durable of the earth-building forms, rammed earth may be used
for making building blocks or for constructing whole walls in place, layer by layer. In
making building blocks, the soil is rammed into a box-shaped mold.

Fig 59:
https://static.spacecrafted.com/c13eba20232342d0a4d18d7f3ddc6c64/i/b4e40c5fca2b410c9b029110940c07cc/1/HeFQid7LQXgcb94x
Yvs5phWX56a2v8sSE5pbW?dpr=2.625

 Timbercrete

Timbercrete is a multi- award-winning environmentally sensitive masonry building

product, from which is made bricks, blocks, panels and pavers. ... It is used in domestic,

30
industrial and commercial buildings as well as landscaping and a range of other
applications.

Fig 60: http://www.jirehexim.com/images/timbercrete.jpg

 Bamboo

Bamboo can be utilized as a building material as for scaffolding, bridges and houses.
Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight
ratio useful for structures. Bamboo has a higher compressive strength than wood, brick or
concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel.

Fig 61: https://www.silkblooms.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/R11821_image1.jpg

 Reclaimed or recycled wood

Reclaimed and recycled wood flooring are usually treated as the same product. ...
Saved wood is wood that has been salvaged from unmarred or decayed wood. Makers
scour through abandoned buildings, warehouses and barns to find these materials.

Fig 62: https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/U7YAAOSwsy9amUzZ/s-l300.jpg

31
 Fritted Glass

Fritted glass is finely porous glass through which gas or liquid may pass. It is made by
sintering together glass particles into a solid but porous body. This porous glass body can
be called a frit.

Fig 63: https://sc01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1eZHpKFXXXXXsXFXXq6xXFXXXa/Ceramic-Fritted-Glass.jpg_350x350.jpg

 Air Cleaning Bricks

Above is a masonry system that filters polluted outdoor air so that it becomes healthy
enough to bring directly into occupied spaces. Based on the principle of cyclonic
technology, in which physical particles are removed from a fluid via vortex separation,
Breathe Brick does not require any energy to operate, as it works with pressure and
temperature differentials. Air flows into the individual modules by way of faceted
surfaces, and an embedded cyclone filter causes air to create a small vortex, filtering out
impurities in the process.

Fig 64: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/55cb/9d06/e58e/ce67/c100/0373/large_jpg/07_CMUevolution.jpg?1439407361

 Self-Healing Materials

For a material to be strictly defined as autonomously self-healing, it is necessary that

the healing process occurs without human intervention. Self-healing polymers may,
however, activate in response to an external stimulus (light, temperature change, etc.) to
initiate the healing process.

32
Fig 65: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/01/f8/3f/01f83f1f0b2cb6aae30537a0ead4a705.jpg

 Mass Timber

Mass timber construction uses large prefabricated wood members for wall, floor and roof
construction. They are diverse with proven performance and safety, showcasing the wide
range and variety of opportunities with wood products.

Fig 66: https://www.weyerhaeuser.com/application/files/1915/3175/8645/UBC-ESSB-.jpg

 Strand Rods

The Strand Rod is a carbon fibre composite which is covered in both synthetic and
inorganic fibres and finished with a thermoplastic resin. The material has been used on
the exterior of Komatsu Seiten's head office. The carbon fibre strands have many
advantageous features.

Fig 67: https://www.komatsumatere.co.jp/cabkoma/en/images/content_strandrodfeature_bg_sp.jpg

33
 Tumbled glass

The name "beach glass" is used for glass that has been naturally tumbled along the shore
of a lake or a river. These naturally tumbled glasses are desired by collectors and often
used for jewelry or craft projects. They have inspired many people to use a rock tumbler
to produce tumbled glass.

Fig 68: https://bedrockindustries.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/sq-SeaMix-Large-Tumbled-Glass-Cullet-1.jpg

 Mycelium

Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus. ... It actually eats that ground
up material and it grows through and around the particles binding them together through
the growth of the organism transforming discrete particles into a physical composite.

Fig 69: https://rqnj0mo0em-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/3.jpg

 Hempcrete

Hempcrete or Hemplime is bio-composite material, a mixture of hemp hurds (shives) and

lime (possibly including natural hydraulic lime, sand, pozzolans) used as a material for
construction and insulation.

34
Fig 70: https://i0.wp.com/media.boingboing.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/hempcrete-block.jpg?resize=496%2C330

 Ashcrete

AshCrete is a concrete substitute that relies heavily on the use of recycled fly ash. It is
produced from blast furnaces used to make iron and, like fly ash, creates a very strong
cement when mixed with lime and water. Commonly referred to as slag, it can be easier
to find than fly ash.

Fig 71: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/1gXAzIihYfY/hqdefault.jpg

 Recycled Plastic

Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the
material into useful products. ... When different types of plastics are melted together, they
tend to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in these layers.

35
Fig 72: https://5.imimg.com/data5/RU/TT/MY-22045255/alfa-plastic-sheet-500x500.jpg

 Plant-based Polyurethane Rigid Foam

Made from bamboo, hemp or kelp, this insulation (also makes furniture and more!) is
great for chemically-sensitive people and is also high-moisture and high-heat resistant.
Added bonuses are its great acoustics, protection against mold and pests and higher
thermal resistance.

Fig 73: https://pro.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/polyurethane_rigid_foam-e1427144690323.jpg

 Straw Bales

Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat,
rice, rye and oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation, or both. ... This is a
moisture level that does not aid in the breakdown of the straw.

Fig 74: https://images-na.ssl-images amazon.com/images/I/51WrhKEAVNL._SX425_.jpg

36
 Structural Insulated Panels

A structural insulated panel, or structural insulating panel, is a form of sandwich panel

used in the construction industry. SIP is a sandwich structured composite, consisting of
an insulating layer of rigid core sandwiched between two layers of structural board, used
as a building material.

Fig 75: https://5.imimg.com/data5/WS/QG/MY-2647038/structural-insulated-panels-500x500.png

 Vacuum Insulation Panel

A vacuum insulated panel is a form of thermal insulation consisting of a gas-tight

enclosure surrounding a rigid core, from which the air has been evacuated.

Fig 76: http://www.vacuum-panels.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ultra-thin-insulation-panels.jpg

 Precast concrete panel

Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable

mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the
construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up"). Precast is used within exterior and
interior walls.

37
Fig 77: https://5.imimg.com/data5/GR/AA/MY-41832020/precast-concrete-500x500.jpg

 Bagasse Particle Board

Bagasse is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks
are crushed to extract their juice. It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat, energy,
and electricity, and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials.

Fig 78: https://img1.exportersindia.com/product_images/bc-small/dir_115/3427882/particle-board-1774336.jpg

 Nano glass

Liquid Glass Shield is a highly durable, flexible, super smooth, breathable and 'Super
Phobic' coating. Being 'Super Phobic' means that it repels oil, water, and dry soiling.
Dry dirt will not stick to the treated surface and liquids such as red wine, or coffee,
are unable to penetrate the coating on fabrics.

Fig 79: https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1h6hmLpXXXXXtapXXq6xXFXXX0/PERFECT-SUPER-WHITE-NANOGLASS-

NANO-GLASS.jpg_350x350.jpg

38
 Terracotta Panels

Terracotta cladding is a 100% natural material composed of clay, made using fire and
water. Terracotta cladding can give the look of exposed bricks with a very smooth and
flawless finish. These tiles can be glazed or unglazed and are available in various colours.

Fig 80: https://www.shackerley.com/assets/images/additional-cladding-material/terracotta/terracotta1.png

 Aerocon sandwich panels

Aerocon panels are a slim and lightweight wall panel consisting of a core of portland
cement, binders, silicaceous & micaceous aggregate sandwiched between two fibre
reinforced cement sheets. Sturdy, aesthetically pleasing and cost-effective, partitions
made with Aerocon Panels offer tremendous flexibility in design and function. Some
specific advantages are: Properties of Aerocon Panel Partitions: Being light weight and
prefabricated, they are easy to install.

Fig 81: https://4.imimg.com/data4/KC/KD/MY-18937311/aerocon-solid-wall-panel-500x500.jpg

 The Zykron-Siding

Zykron Siding. Sidings lend a wonderful finish to a building's exteriors and Zykron is
highly durable as it is made from Fibre Cement Composite. With its high strength and
unparalleled durability, Zykron is the perfect choice for all your indoor and outdoor
construction needs. Zykron Fibre Cement Boards are far superior to conventional
building materials. These boards are easy to install, have a great finish and can be used in
a wide variety of applications.

39
Fig 82: https://5.imimg.com/data5/YX/SM/MY-29677202/img-20170926-wa0004-500x500.jpg

 Sunshield glass

This type of glass is built to provide superior cooling comfort even in harsh Indian
weather. It enhances aesthetics, improves energy efficiency and is durable. With such a
plethora of unmatched features, it is a favourite choice among those looking to
design green buildings. Once installed, it drastically reduces glare and improves energy
efficiency. It comes with a superior protective coating that keeps occupants safe from
harmful UV rays. Its various features and benefits make it the perfect glass to be used for
exterior uses in buildings.

Fig 83: http://globalnyumba.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/COMMERCIAL-1.gif

 Opal glass

Solar control glass is a green glass type that also improves the aesthetics of the
structure that it has been installed on. It has great value for money and is
primarily designed to keep heat from entering the building. Solar control glass is
typically installed on building exteriors, facades and windows.

40
Fig 84: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sI4rfWZ8ezw/maxresdefault.jpg

 Ecosense glass

Such glass types are designed to achieve the perfect blend of aesthetics and economics,
finesse and function. It is designed specifically keeping in mind the Indian subcontinent’s
tropical climate. It prevents solar radiation from entering a space and delivers a cooling
effect rather than a heating effect.

Fig 85: https://4.imimg.com/data4/AA/GC/MY-1188386/ecosense-from-ais-architectural-glass-500x500.jpg

 Supersilver glass

Heat reflective glass is produced with a glazing solution made using chemical vapour
deposition that is much more effective than spray-coated reflective glass products
available in the market. This type of glass can be tempered or used with other glass in a
laminated or double-glazed solution. This type of glass is easy to install, and can be
customized to provide thermal insulation, acoustic insulation and protection from UV

41
radiation. Its glazing properties allow it to reflect light during the day, thereby enhancing
the privacy of a space. Similar to most heat reflective glass, this type of glass is also
installed on facades and exterior windows.

Fig 86: https://www.agc-yourglass.com/sites/default/files/styles/product_large/public/maps_picture/original/18485-

STOPSOL_SUPERSILVER-GREY.jpg?itok=hgxIW15d

 Light Steel Infill Walls/panels

Infill panels, also known as infill walls, are non-load-bearing panels that are installed
between the floors of a building’s primary structural frame. The benefits of light steel infill
walls are: Rapid installation allows other activities within the building to proceed much
earlier than would be possible with block-work infill walls. Light steel walls are much
lighter and thinner than conventional block work walls; they do not apply heavy line
loads to the floor.

Fig 87: https://www.steelconstruction.info/images/b/bd/N1_Fig16.png

 Brick Slip System

Brick Slip cladding is a non-load bearing skin attached to the building that combines the
traditional look and warm feel of natural bricks. Brick slips are made of natural eco-
friendly materials and then baked in the kiln. There are many advantages to brick slip
cladding. Most notably for local authorities is the speed of delivery and the
aesthetic advantage of achieving a real brick finish, whether it is a new-build
development or as part of a refurbishment project.
42
Fig 88: https://www.insulationshop.co/image/catalog/product/Eurobrick%20brick%20slips/eurobrick_brick_slips_5.jpg

 Glass fibre

Glass fibre also called fiberglass. It is material made from extremely

fine fibres of glass Fiberglass is a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust material.

Fig 89: https://3.imimg.com/data3/UD/NX/MY-11203689/glass-fibre-cloth-500x500.jpg

 Lego smart bricks

The bricks are made from high-strength concrete with hollow cores to allow insulation
and wiring to be fitted easily. They can also be stuck together using a kind of double-
sided tape rather than conventional mortar.

Fig 90: https://media.fromthegrapevine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SmartBricks-2.jpg

 Clay bricks

Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to
denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil,

43
sand, and lime, or concrete materials. ... Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-
fired bricks.

Fig 91: https://images.homedepot-static.com/productImages/21bd11f8-81e9-4ea6-a9c8-cba1ed8119e7/svn/bricks-red0126mco-64_1000.jpg

 Porotherm bricks

Porotherm bricks are the product of a highly innovative and advanced technology. These
hollow clay bricks are 60% lighter than traditional walling bricks. They can be used to
construct non-load bearing walls (HP) as well as load bearing walls (VP). 2. Faster
construction.

Fig 92: https://static1.realbud.com/8332-large_default/clay-brick-porotherm-tg-25-cm.jpg

 Hydroceramics

Hydroceramic, and is a combination of a hydrogel with support materials such as ceramic

material, which responds to moisture and heat. “It works as an evaporative cooling device
that reduces the temperature 5 or 6 degrees and increases the humidity Passive
intelligence makes its performance is proportional to the heat in the outside environment.

44
Fig 93: https://iaac.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4final-prototype-copy_1-1.jpg

 Plastic Bricks

Plastic bricks made from used water bottles. The PET (polyethylene terephthalate)
material the bottles (and bricks) are made from is as strong as a conventional
house brick made from sand and cement.

Fig 94: https://www.expertskiphire.co.uk/images/blog/2018/replast-byblocks-plastic-bricks.jpg

 Rish Husk Ash Concrete

Rice husk ash contains 85% to 95% weight percent of amorphous silica. Rice husk ash as
a pozzolanic reactive material can be used to improve surface area of transition zone
between the microscopic structure of cement paste and aggregate in the high-
performance concrete. These are resistant to natural degradation.

Fig 95: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/522005d3e4b005122eb8eb5e/t/57a39e973e00be88b83d2565/1470340916512/Watershed-Materials-

Blog-Rice-Husk-Ash-Supplementary-Cementitious-Material-08.jpg

 AAC blocks

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete is a Lightweight, Load-bearing, High-insulating, Durable

building product, which is produced in a wide range of sizes and strengths. AAC
Blocks is lightweight and compare to the red bricks AAC blocks are three times lighter.

45
Fig 96: http://glimageurl.golocall.com/golocal-post/image/385847_brickvisionequipment1495393926.png

 Rock Wool Insulation

Rockwool insulation is a rock-based mineral fibre insulation made from Basalt rock and
recycled slag. Rockwool is made when Basalt and slag are melted then spun into fibres.
Those fibres are then made into batts which slide between studs or joists.

Fig 97: https://3.imimg.com/data3/KP/MG/MY-1108354/rockwool-insulation-material-250x250.jpg

 Metal Mesh

Metal mesh is produced on special wire weaving machines. The range of materials for
metal meshes extends from non-alloyed steel to non-ferrous metal such as copper,
bronze, brass, nickel, nickel-based alloys and high-alloy stainless steels through to
titanium and precious metals. Metal mesh also differs significantly from high-
performance textiles: thanks to the mechanical strength, temperature resistance,
conductivity and the versatile possibilities of metal processing.

Fig 98: https://previews.123rf.com/images/naiaekky/naiaekky1505/naiaekky150500014/40055693-metal-mesh-seamless-pattern.jpg

46
3.3 CASE STUDIES

3.3.1 PEARL RIVER TOWER

Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merril

Location: Guangzhou, China

Climate: Hot-Humid

Category: Office

Fig 99:
AIM: To create an integrated system to consume
https://www.som.com/FILE/23322/pearlriver_372x372_timgriffth_new.jpg
nearly 60% less energy than a traditional
building. This was done using the following ‘4’
[Cite your source here.]
steps:-

Step 1: Reduction –

Radiant Cooling
 “Chilled radiant” ceiling through perimeter chilled beams is used instead of normal
ventilation and air conditioning.
 Cold water pumped (at approx 14.5deg C) through copper pipes in the slab which
cool curved metal plates used for the ceiling system and metal fins for the perimeter,
consequently cooling the surrounding air.
 Chilled air cools the office space below and above.
Displacement ventilation
 Provides only fresh air that is cooled by the chilled-water system and delivered via a
raised access floor.
High performance glazing
 Internally ventilated double wall with blinds on northern& southern façade
 Façade on the eastern and western sides is made of triple glazed glass which helps
insulate the building’s interior.
High efficiency plan
 Shallow floor plate for easier cooling keeping workspaces as close to the perimeter
windows.

47
 The building presents a minimal profile to the rising and setting sun and due to the
high solar angles from its low latitude, absorbs minimal solar radiation during the
hottest portion of the day.
Day light responsive controls
 Maximizing the use of natural light by the use of lighting controls that respond to
light, integrated into the system of the blinds.
High efficacy lighting
 Low-energy, high-efficiency lighting system using radiant panel geometry to assist in
distribution of light.
High efficient office equipment
 Water Conservation – Ultra Low Flow Toilets, low flow sinks and Waterless Urinals
The façade features an internally ventilated double wall system that incorporates motorized
venetian blind system controlled by PV cells that track the sun movement. The exterior
glazing will take form of insulated, tempered glass with low-E coating, inner layer will be
operable for maintenance.

Step 2: Reclamation –

Chiller heat recovery, generator heat recovery, exhaust air heat recovery
 Using double walls with mechanized blinds on the northern and southern facades,
insulates the interior and traps some heat in the double walls
 This heat is used in the de-humidification system to tackle the humidity in the city.
 Hot air is vented to the north face and is drawn out through a stack effect.
 Cool air is brought in at night to cool the thermal mass of the building.
 Condensate reclamation system- Harvests water from chilled surfaces to control
interior humidity. Water is filtered and used for interior plantings and toilet flushing.
Step 3: Absorption –

 Photovoltaic cells were incorporated into the mechanized shade system to capture the
sun’s energy in the eastern & western facades.
 The automated blinds system are programmed to make the most of the natural
lighting.
 PV cells are incorporated only in certain locations on the building envelope and in an
asymmetrical manner and at the roof level where the system also acts as a sunshade
for the rest of the building.

48
 The Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are incorporated exclusively on the
south façade.
 An innovative aspect of the building’s design was the use of vertical-axis wind
turbines to generate electricity.
 Exterior of the building has four large openings, 6 by 6.8 meters wide, on either side
of the core at the mechanical levels.
 The room for these openings was made available due to the lack of ventilation shafts
and fans in this building.
 These openings run through the building and are funnel shaped to increase the air
speed as it rushes through the building.
 Hydrogen fuel cells store the energy produced.

Step 4: Generation-
 In order to achieve it’s goal of becoming a net-zero building, the Pearl River Tower
needed to use a system of linked micro-turbines.
 These small, highly efficient turbines would run off of anything from biodiesel to
natural gas.
 With these micro-turbines in place the excess electricity being generated would have
been sold back to the grid making the Pearl River Tower a mini power plant.

3.3.2 THE PARK HOTEL HYDERABAD

Fig 100: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5014/d5ee/28ba/0d58/2800/07cd/large_jpg/stringio.jpg?1414462334

 Architect : Skidmore Owings & Merril
 Location : Hyderabad, India
 Climate : Tropical Wet and Dry Climate
 Category : 5-star Hotel
 Sustainable design strategies include-

49
1. Solar studies influenced the site orientation and building massing, with program
spaces concentrated in the north and south facades, and service circulation on the west
to reduce heat gain.
2. Water treatment facility and sewage treatment plant.
3. Perforated and embossed metal screens over a high-performance glazing system give
privacy to the hotel rooms while allowing diffused daylight to enter the interior
spaces, and provides acoustic insulation from trains passing nearby.
4. Design with the local craft tradition
5. Roof top garden

50
5. CONCLUSION

Thus, selecting the right kind of façade treatment for a particular climatic region is crucial for
ensuring high performance of buildings to reduce its impact of the environment. As resources
are depleting and construction industry is increasing at a fast pace it becomes important to
address the need for sustainability. The climate in the cities is worsening day by day due to
urban heat island effect, which ultimately increases energy load on buildings to maintain
indoor comfort, to control this situation there is a need for eco-friendly/green/sustainable
treatments on buildings to not only cater to indoor thermal comfort but benefit the outdoor
environment too as buildings occupy the major part of a city today.

51
6. REFERENCES

1. AJLA AKSAMIJA, (2014), Climate Considerations for Facades

2. Doris Sung, (9 March 2016), A New Look at Building Facades as Infrastructure, ELSIVIER on
behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company.
3. Matthias Haase, Alex Amato, (6-8 September 2006), Sustainable Façade Design for Zero
Energy Buildings in the Tropics, The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy
Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland (PLEA 2006)
4. Zoltan Nagy, Bratislav Svetozarevic, Prageeth Jayathissa, Moritz Begle, Johannes Hofer,
Gearoid Lydon ,Anja Willmann, Arno Schlueter, (12 March 2016), The Adaptive Solar Facade:
From concept to prototypes, Frontiers of Architectural Research, High Education Press
5. Mahmoud Elghawaby, (24 Oct 2012), Breathing façades: a new concept to create dynamic
thermal ambiances in buildings located in hot climates, HAL
6. B. L. H. Hasselaar, Climate Adaptive Skins: towards the new energy-efficient façade, WIT
Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 99, © 2006 WIT Press
7. Andreas Hammer, Climate Adaptive Building Shells for Plus-Energy-Buildings, Designed on
Bionic Principles, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International
Journal of Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:2, 2016
8. Mostafa M.S. Ahmed, Ali K. Abel-Rahman, Ahmed Ramza H. Ali, (9-10 October 2014),
Development of Intelligent Façade Based On Outdoor Environment & Indoor Thermal Comfort,
ELSIVIER
9. Dr. Riham Nady, (2016), Dynamic Facades Environmental Control Systems for Sustainable
Design, Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 3 Issue 1
10. Muhammad Shamsuddeen Abdullahi, Halil Zafer Alibaba, (2016), Facade Greening: A Way to
Attain Sustainable Built Environment
11. Faridah Hanim Mohamed Farid*, Sabarinah Sh Ahmad, Abu Bakar Abd. Raub, MariamFelani
Shaari, 25 – 27 February 2016, Green “Breathing Facades” for Occupants’ Improved Quality of
Life, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, ELSIVIER
12. Özlem Eren and Banu Erturan, (2013), Sustainable Buildings with Their Sustainable Facades,
IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 6, December 2013
13. Ajla Aksamija, 23 rd September 2015, High-Performance Building Envelopes: Design Methods
For Energy Efficient Facades, BEST4 Conference Technical Committee

52