Cairo University Prof. Dr.

Hamed Hadhoud

Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced

Concrete (STR721)

Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Material Nonlinearity

Geometrical Nonlinearity
Nonlinearity

Load Nonlinearity

Construction Nonlinearity

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Material Nonlinearity
Linear Nonlinear

Stress Stress Stress Stress

Strain Strain Strain Strain

Concrete in Concrete in Reinforcement
tension compression in tension or
compression

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Geometrical Nonlinearity

Linear Nonlinear

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Load Nonlinearity

Linear Nonlinear

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Construction Nonlinearity
Linear Nonlinear
w
w w

L
L L

wL2/8 wL2/8
+ w

wL2/16 wL2/16 L L
< wL2/8

= > wL2/16
< wL2/8

> wL2/16 > wL2/16

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Plastic Analysis of Beams

An elastic analysis does not give information about the loads that will actually
collapse a structure. An indeterminate structure may sustain loads greater
than the load that first causes a yield to occur at any point in the structure. In
fact, a structure will stand as long as it is able to find redundancies to yield. It
is only when a structure has exhausted all of its redundancies will extra load
causes it to fail.
Plastic analysis is the method through which the actual failure load of a
structure is calculated, and as will be seen, this failure load can be significantly
greater than the elastic load capacity.

“a structure only collapses when it has exhausted all means of standing”

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Methods of Plastic analysis

Equilibrium Kinematic
Incremental
(Statical) (Mechanism)
Method
Method Method
Incremental Method
The loads on the structure are incremented until the first plastic hinge forms.
This continues until sufficient hinges have formed to collapse the structure. This
is a labor intensive approach, but one that is most readily suited for computer
implementation
Equilibrium (Statical) Method
Free and reactant bending moment diagrams are drawn. These diagrams are
overlaid to identify the likely locations of plastic hinges.
Kinematic (Mechanism) Method
A collapse mechanism is first postulated. Virtual work equations are then
written for this collapse state, allowing the calculations of the collapse bending
moment diagram. 8
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Equilibrium (Statical) Method

1. Find a primary structure by removing redundants until the structure is
statically determinate

2. Draw the primary(or free) bending moment diagram

3. Draw the reactant BMD for each redundant (connecting moments)

4. Construct a composite BMD by combing the primary and reactant BMDs

5. Determine the equilibrium equations from the composite BMD

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

P P
M’u
Mu Mu
L L

P M’u P

PL/4 PL/4
M’u
PL M u
PL/4  Mu 
4 2
4 M 
P  Mu  u 
L 2 
Mu Mu

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Kinematic (Mechanism) Method

1. Allow the presumed shape at collapse to be the compatible
displacement set,

2. Allow the external loading and internal bending moments to be the

equilibrium set.

3. Equate external and internal virtual work

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

P P
M’u
Mu Mu
L L
External Work  2 Pd
Internal Work  2M u q  b   M u b 
d
q b 
q d b L 2 
qb External Work  Internal Work
M’u 2 Pd  2M u q  b   M u b 
 4d   2d 
Pd  M u    M u  
 L   L 
4 M 
P  Mu  u 
Mu Mu L 2 

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Plastic Hinges and Moment Redistribution of

Bending Moments

Elastic Moment

Redistribute Moment

• The limit for Egyptian Code is 10%

• This limit is accompanied by reduction of maximum RFT ratio (Table 4-2)

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Moment- curvature curve for RC sections

Moment

Ultimate Mu
Yielding My

Cracking Mcr

Curvature
fcr fy fu

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Calculation of Yielding Curvature (fy)

b
ec fc
A’s (n-1)A’s e’s Cs
z Cc

N.A.
My d fy
d-z

As nAs T
ey/gs

First moment of area @ N. A. = 0

bz2/2 + (n-1) A’s(z-cover)- nAs(d-z)=0  z

fy= (ey/gs)/ (d-z)

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Calculation of Ultimate Moment (Mu) and Ultimate Curvature (fu)

b
e cu=0.003 0.67 fcu/gc
Cus y2= a/2 -cover
A’s c e’s a Cuc
N.A.
Mu d
fu d-c
y1=d-a/2

As Tu=Asfy/gs
es >> ey/gs

Assume compression RFT is yielded

Tu = As (fy/gs)
Cus = A’s (fy/gs)
Cuc= (0.67 fcu/gc) a b

From equilibrium of internal forces

Tu = Cus +Cuc a = (As-A’s)(fy/gs)/ (0.67 fcu/gc b)
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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

c =a/0.8
e’s =(0.003/c) (c-d’)

If e’s ≥ ey/gs  Assumption that compression steel is yielded is correct

If not, recalculate (a) as follows;

Cus = A’s f’s= A’s {Ese’s}= A’s {Es x (0.003/c) x (c-cover)}

= A’s {Es x (0.003/[a/0.8]) x ([a/0.8]-cover)}

From equilibrium of internal forces

Tu = Cus +Cuc a

Calculate Mu
Mu= Tu y1 +Cus y2 where: y1=d-a/2 & y2= a/2 -cover

Calculate fu
fu= 0.003 /c

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Plastic Hinges and Redistribution of Moments

P P
Let Mu > M’u

M L L
Elastic Plastic Instability M’u
(mechanism)
x Mu M’=0.188 PL
Elastic
Analysis 1
2 M=0.156 PL
3

Mu
x M’u
Plastic
hinge M’u

P Plastic
Analysis 3
4
5
Mu

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Plastic Analysis using Equilibrium Method Pu

Pu
Pu L M u
 Mu 
4 2 L L
4 M u  M’u
Pu   M u  
L 2 
Pu L
4

Mu

Pu can be achieved if a sufficient rotation capacity is available at plastic hinge in

the middle.

This is achieved when rotation capacity > required rotation

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Plastic Hinge Length

Mu Plastic Rotation

Bending Moment
Lp q p  ff f dx
u
y

q p  fu  f y  L p
fu

fy

Curvature
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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Plastic Hinge Length

L p  0.5 d  0.05 Z

d= effective depth of cross section

Z= Distance of critical section to the point of contraflexure

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Rotation Capacity
q capacity  fu  f y  L p

Moment
L p  0.5 d  0.05 Z
Ultimate Mu
Yielding My

Cracking Mcr

fcr fy fu Z
Curvature

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Required rotation is calculated using conjugate beam

Required Rotation method (Rotation =shear of BM/EI)

Pu M’u

Mu

Pu
M’u
qM
qP
M’u

PuL/4= (Mu+M’u/2)

1  1  M u  M u / 2 L M u  M u / 2 L 1  2  M u L M u L
qP     qM    
EI  2  2 4 EI EI  3  2 3EI
L  5 
q  qP qM   M u  M u 
4 EI  6 
This is the required rotation at the plastic hinge at the middle support
for the case when Mu > 5/6 M’u. If Mu=(5/6) M’u , no rotation
required, elastic analysis 23
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

30 cm 30 cm
Example
Pu Pu 4 m 6F22 2F22
4m 1

75 75
8m 8m
2
fcu= 300 kg/cm2 2F22 6F22
fy= 3600 kg/cm2
Sec (1) Sec (2)
n=Es/Ec=15

Required
1) Calculate Pu and the percentage of moment redistribution a
2) Check the possibility of this moment redistribution

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Calculation of Yielding Curvature (fy)

30 cm
ec fc
(n-1)A’s e’s Cs
2F22 z Cc

N.A.
My
75 fy
d-z

6F22
nAs T
ey/gs
As = 22.8cm2, A’s= 7.6 cm2
(ey/gs)=(3600/2000000)/1.15= 0.001565
First moment of area @ N. A. = 0
bz2/2 + (n-1) A’s(z-cover)- nAs(d-z)=0

30/2x(z)2+ (15-1)x7.6x(z-5) –15x22.8x(70-z)=0

15 (z)2 + 448.4 (z) -24472=0  z=28.1 cm

fy= (ey/gs)/ (d-z) = 0.001565/(70-28.1)= 3.735x10-5 cm-1

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Calculation of Ultimate Moment (Mu) and Ultimate Curvature (fu)

30 cm
e cu=0.003 0.67 fcu/gc
Cus y2= a/2 -cover
2F22 c e’s a Cuc
N.A.
Mu
75
fu 75-c
y1=d-a/2

6F22 Tu=Asfy/gs
es >> ey/gs
Mu= M’u
As = 22.8 cm2, A’s= 7.6 cm2
Assume compression RFT is yielded
Tu = As (fy/gs)=22.8 x 3600/1.15 = 71373.9 kg
Cus = A’s (fy/gs) =7.6 x 3600/1.15 = 23791.3 kg
Cuc= (0.67 fcu/gc) a b= 4020 (a)

From equilibrium of internal forces

Tu = Cus +Cuc a =11.83 cm
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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

c =a/0.8 = 14.8 cm
e’s =(0.003/c) (c-d’) =(0.003/14.8) (14.8-5)= 0.0019
e’s ≥ ey/gs (=0.001565)  Assumption that compression steel is yielded is correct

Calculate Mu
Mu= Tu y1 +Cus y2 where: y1=d-a/2 & y2= a/2 -cover
 71373.9 x (70-11.83/2) + 23791.3 x (11.83/2-5)
= 4595765 kg.cm = 45.96 m.t
Calculate fu
fu= 0.003 /c = 0.003/14.8= 2.027x10-4 cm-1

Calculation of Ultimate Load (Pu)

4 M u 
Pu   u
M   M’u
L 2 
4 45.96 
  45.96   Pu L
8 2 
4
 34.47 t
Mu
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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Elastic Analysis of Beam

4m Pu= 34.47 t Pu 4 m

a 8m b 8m c

Applying 3-Moment Eq.

0 + 2Mb(8+8 )+ 0= -6 x 2(34.47x8/4)(8/2)(1/2)

Mb= 51.705 m.t

51.705 m.t
MP= 34.47x8/4- (51.705/2) =43.0875 m.t
45.96 m.t
Calculation of moment redistribution
M b  M u
a
Mb
51.705  45.96
  11.1%
51.705

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Check Possibility of Moment Redistribution

Required Rotation
(n-1)A’s = 14x 7.6
L  5  c= 14.8
q  qP qM   M u  M u 
4 EI  6 
800

4  242487 1084724.26
 5  nAs = 15x 22.8
  45.96 105   45.96 105 
 6 
bc 3
 nAs d  c   n  1As c  cov er 
4
 5.8244 10 rad I cr 
2 2

3
30 14.83
  15  22.8  70  14.8
2

3
 14  7.6  14.8  5
2

 1084724 .26 cm 4

E  14000 f cu  242487 kg / cm 2

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Rotation Capacity
M’u= Mu
q capacity  fu  f y  L p
 
 2.027 10-4  3.735 10-5  45
 0.0074 rad
Z=2 m

Since Rotation Capacity > Required Rotation, Mu

then the moment redistribution is possible 4m
8m

L p  0.5 d  0.05 Z
 0.5  70  0.05  200
 45 cm

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Plastic Analysis using FEM Frame element

(SAP2000)

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

M3 Hinge

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Fiber Hinge

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

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