Data Structure and Algorithm by Y. Narahari
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Ranveer Singh GehlotData Structure and Algorithm by Y. Narahari
Uploaded by
Ranveer Singh Gehlot
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Example
1) Initial state 2) Merge a and d
0.12 0.40 015 0.08 0.25 0.20 0.40 015 0.25
0 0 0 0 0
a b c d e
0 0 0
d a b c e
3) Merge {a,d} with c 4) Merge {a,c,d} with e 3) Merge
0.35 0.60 1.00
0.40 0.25 0.40
0 0 0
c e b
b e b
d c e
a
d a c
d a
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O|04C^A*jx0:AS2I]B*0:B(«CfLR3aS:I7.Z.10:3GIUABC^A*j@^0457>{_
weight root
1 .12 1 1 a .12 1 1 0 0 0
2 .40 2 2 b .40 2 2 0 0 0
3 .15 3 3 c .15 3 3 0 0 0
4 .08 4 4 d .08 4 4 0 0 0
5 .25 5 5 e .25 5 5 0 0 0
Forest Alphabet lchild rchild parent
(Dynamic) (Static) (Dynamic)
Shrinks grows
as many elements as the number as many elements as the number
of trees in the forest currently of nodes in all the current trees
of the forest
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% '*)4HJ)K) !)K) :;.&O3 :;& .)4
P
.12 .40 .15 .08 .25 1 a .12 1
0 0 0 0 0 2 b .40 2
a b c d e
3 c .15 3
Inintial Forest d .08 4
4
5 e .25 5
Alphabet
weight root
1 .12 1 1 0 0 0
2 .40 2 2 0 0 0
3 .15 3 3 0 0 0
4 .08 4 4 0 0 0
5 .25 5 5 0 0 0
last node
last tree Forest lchild rchild parent
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e.
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!
Step 2
1 0 0 6
weight root 2 0 0 0
0.20 0.40 015 0.25 1 .25 5 3 0 0 0
0 0 0
2 3 5 2 .40 2 4 0 0 6
d a 3 .15 3 5 0 0 0
i = least = 4
4 1 j = second = 1 .20 6 6 4 1 0
4
last tree Forest last node lchild rchild parent
Tree
Step 3
lchild rchild parent
1 0 0 6
0.35 weight root 2 0 0 0
7 1 .25 5 3 0 0 7
0.40 0.25
6 0 0 2 .40 2 4 0 0 6
c b e
3 2 5 3 0.35 7 5 0 0 0
d a 6 4 1 7
4 1 i = least = 3 last tree
j = second = 4 3 6 0
7
last node Tree
"! #9%')(]*-,$. /;=(
A ;)(
.
Step 4 lchild rchild parent
1 0 0 6
2 0 0 0
weight root
0.60 0.40 3 0 0 7
1 0.60 8
0 4 0 0 6
b 2 .40 2
2 5 0 0 8
e
5 last tree 6 4 1 7
i = least = 1 Forest
c j = second = 3
3 7 3 6 8
d a 5 7 0
4 8
1
last node
Step 5
lchild rchild parent
1 0 0 6
1.00 weight root
2 0 0 9
1 1.0 9
3 0 0 7
b last tree
4 0 0 6
e 5 0 0 8
6 4 1 7
c
7 3 6 8
d a
8 5 7 9
9 2 8 0
last node
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*
17
17
13 21
delete 4 13 21
10 15 24
10 15 24
4 11 16 23 27 /* delete leaf */
11 16 23 27
25
25
26
26
delete 10
17
/* delete a node with no left
13 subtree */
21
15 24 17
11
delete 27
16 23 25
13 21
/* delete node with no
26 15 24
right subtree */ 11
16 23 27
delete 13
25
/* delete node with both
26
left and right subtrees */
17
17
Method 1. Method 2
15 21
11 21 Find highest valued element 24 Find lowest valued element
among the descendants of 11 16 among the descendants of
15 24
left child right child
23 25
16 23 25
26
26
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a
BST with
BST with
i elements n-i-1
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.xKQ2/E?@:)(¥K+2/3~@}>`2/E·@q>`2±K+2;34,/*dEF([email protected]:)E?@j:)(j¸:)*d&).x@Q2;3~U NO2/2=K :1<d`KQ2©OU´/`U
Eo(+F,R>o.
,;.L(+20¥¤j2 ¡J`¡F¡J&12u@q>`2 ¸:)*d&).x@q:)*dE @q>`2@QK+2/2 ¡OM K+2 2P.|@q2/3F&=M
. F &=M:)E`<£@q>`2K+2/,/*d&1*d`KQ:)E`<@QKq.0EF(s{*0KQrX.x@q:)*dE¢*0s K :1<?`K+2±*0K K :=<?`K+2££FEA@q:1&
:¶@^EF*z&)*0E`<d2/K . F &1:12/(/U S>F:1(³2/:=@q>`2/K³2;&1:)r:1EJ.x@Q2;(n@q>`2¥¸:)*d&).x@q:)*dE©*0K KQ*O3FF,62/(8.
(+:¶@}J.|@}:1*dE±:)E¤C>F:1,R>*dE`2D*0sf@}>`[email protected](st*LKqr.x@q:)*dEF(:1WE K :1<?`K+2/(º` FAC. F &1:12/(6
+
2;.0,R>*0sn¤C>F:1,R>4&=2P.;¸?2/(¥EF*£¸`:1*d&.x@q:1*dE~U
%'E-:1EF(2/K@q:)*dEK+'2 fF:=K+2;( ¢¨t&1*0< nª K+2/,/*0&)*d`KQ:)E`<d(³.LEF3¢.x@ r*d(v@º@ ¤j*§KQ*L@}.x@q:)*dEF(6U
K :=<?`K+2;(COU´ -.0EF3 fU´P:)&1&)F([email protected]@Q2'@ ¤j*£U2 IF.0r &=2;(6U
+
M V % F B #&%(%(G %9F%
NO262=Kº:=<?`K+2;( JU d JU OU
+ +
K :1KQ(v@;`(2P.LKQ,R>·s{*0K9.0E42/&12/r¢2/EA@D@q*$¡«2©3`2/&12G@Q2;3~U
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ »+¼
25
20 30
10 28 35
8 15 y
9
x Just inserted
( Fig. 2) Recolouring
25
20 y 30
x 10 28 35
8 15
( Fig. 4) Right rotate with recolouring
20
10 25
8 30
15
28 35
9
!#" $'& » $ ( 1#"2! <>3 A!#" 0 , <>!?"2" 1 ( + *, - .0" ¼
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ »+¼
7 !?" $'& »( "20" <# 3 <>!?"2"21 ( <#T, <>3 »
!?" '$ & »'( "20" <# 3 R !?" 0 , <>!?"2" 1 ( <#T, <>3 ¼
!?" '$ & »( "20" <# 3 R !?" 0 , <>!?"2" 1 ( <#T, <>3
!?" $'& »( "20" <# 3 R !?" 0 , <>!?"2" 1 ( <#T, <>3
!?" $'& ¼( "20" <# 3 R !?" 0 , <>!?"2" 1 ( <#T, <>3 $
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ »+¼
!#" $'& ¼/» ( " 0 " <# 3 R R!#" 0 , <#!#"2" 1 ( + *, - .0" »
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ »
!#" $'& ¼R¼'( " 0 " <# 3 R R!#" 0 , <#!#"2" 1 ( + *, - .0" ¼
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ »;»
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EF*O3`2©¤C:¶@}> @q>`2£*dE`2 ,6*[email protected]:)EF:)E`<$@q>`2 &.LK+<d2/(v@_2/&12/r¢2/EA@':)E @q>`2 &126s´@§(+`¡`@QK+2/20U
¨tS>F:1(jEF*O3`2>J.L(EF*-KQ:1<?>?@j,R>F:)&13«ªU
hs^@q>`2£2;&=2;r-2;E?@_@q*¡2$3`2;&=26@Q2/3:1(¹:)E].EF*f3`2£¤C:¶@}>*dEF&=MuKQ:=<?>A@_,R>F:1&)3~~(¤¥.
@q>F:1(©EF*O3`2¤C:¶@q> @q>`2·*dE`2,6*dEA@}.0:1EF:)E`<H@q>`2(+rX.0&1&12/(@2/&12/r¢2;E?@©:)E @q>`2XKQ:1<d>A@
(+`¡`@QK+2/2¨tS>F:1(¥EF*f3`2z>J.0(jEF*¢&126s´@9,R>F:1&)3«ªRU
hs @q>`2©2/&12/r¢2;E?@¥@q*¢¡«23`2/&12G@q2/3 :)(C:)Eu.EF*O3`2¤C:¶@q>4¡*L@q>u.&=2/s´@C,R>F:1&)3u.0EF3 .
KQ:=<?>A@j,R>F:1&)3~@q>`2;E(¤¥. :1EH.0E?M·*0sT@q>`2z.L¡*¸d2§@ ¤j*£¤¥.;M`(6U
S >F:1&12±(v¤. F :)E`<J`(v¤¥. *dEF&¶MX@q>`2¹id26M(¥¡J@9EF*L@j@}>`2z,6*d&)*0`Kq(6U
S>`2¢:=@Q2/r @q*H¡2X3`2/&12G@Q2;3 :)(zEF*P¤ :1E. EF*O3`2X>J.;¸`:1E`< *dEF&¶M .H&126s´@,}>F:)&)3 *0K
*0EF&=M . KQ:1<?>?@£,R>F:1&)3~U 2 &).0,62@q>F:1(©EF*O3`2¤C:¶@q> :¶@}(©(Q*0&12,R>F:1&)3~UuS>F:)(rX.;M
¸:)*0&.x@Q2_K+2/3H,6*dEF([email protected]:1EA@j*0K¡J&).0,}i,6*dEF([email protected]:1EA@;UTg¹:1*d&.x@q:1*dE*0sTK+2;34,/*dEF([email protected]:)E?@
,/.0E·¡2±2P.L(Q:1&=M +I2;3~U
hs§@q>`2 3`2;&=26@Q2/3pEF*f3`2 :1(¡J&)*O,}i @q>`2u¡J&.L,}i ,/*0EF(@QKq.0:1EA@¢:)(¢¸:)*d&).x@Q2;3~U S>`2
K+2/r*P¸L.0&T*0s8.·¡J&.L,}iuEF*f3`2 ,/.0F(2;(±.0E?M .x@q> @q>J.x@±,6*dE?@}.0:)E`2/3 @q*·>J.P¸d2
*0E`2¹s{2G¤ 2/K¥¡J&).0,}iXEF*O3`20U
Sj¤j* ,;.L(+2/(9.LKQ:)(205
LU S>`2CK+2 &.0,6:)E`<±EF*O3`2C:)( K+2/3~O:1E$¤C>F:1,R>¢,/.0(2¤j29r¢26K+2;&¶M£,6*d&)*0`K^:=@^¡J&.0,}i
@}*$rX.Li02¹ s{*0Kj@q>`2±&)*0(Q(*Ls *dE`2±¡J&.0,qiXEF*f3`20U
fU S>`2zK+2 &.0,6:)E`<$EF*O3`2±:)(¥¡J&).0,}iU
E¹@q>F:)( ,;.0(20;¤j2 ¡J`¡F¡J&12 @q>`2 +(+>F*0K@qE`2/(Q( ¥ @q>`2³@QK+262 ¡AM§K+2 2P.|@q2/3F&=M
. F &=M:)E`<z@}>`2'K+2;,6*d&)*0`Kq:1E`<¹@qKq.0EF(s{*0KQrX.x@q:1*dE *0s Kº:=<?`K+2±OU´/zFEA@q:)&«:=@ EF*
&)*dE`<d26K. F &):12/(6U
S>`2/E ¤ 2 2/K+s{*0KQr @q>`[email protected](s{*0KQrX.x@q:1*dE4:1E K :1<?`K+2¢fU -:1s^:=@±. F &):12/(6st*0&¶e
&1*P¤j2/3:=sIE`2;,G2;(+(Q.LKM ¡OM*dE`2-. F &1:),/.x@q:)*dE *0/s K :1<?`K+2fU ` Kº:=<?`K+2fU´/ *0K
K :=<?`K+2©fU\ U
.-
B³e3`2;&=26@q:1*dE·K+'2 fF:=K+2;(¦-¨t&1*0<¢E«ª8KQ2/,6*d&)*d`KQ:1E`<?(j.LEF3 .x@9r*0(@ KQ*L@}.x@q:1*dEF(6U
NO26=2 K :1<?`K+2/(CfU\¹.LEF3 fU\0©s{*0K @ ¤j* J2 IF.0r &12/(6U
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"-#
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% Pe STK+2/2©:)(_.EfF&1& @QKQ262¨tw626Kq*XEF*O3`2/(Rª¥*0K_.(+:)E`<?&=2EF*O3`2©@QKQ262¨ *0EF&=M *0E`2
EF*O3`2ªD*0K9.$r$F&¶@q: &12'EF*O3`2±@QK+262§¤C:=@q>·@q>`2¹s{*d&)&1*P¤C:)E`< KQ* 26K@q:12/(/5
LUºk8.0,R>4:1EA@Q26KQ:)*0K EF*f3`2z>J.0(j@ ¤¥* *0K @}>`K+262±,R>F:)&13`K+2;E
fUºk8.0,R> .|@}>·s Kq*0r @q>`2¹KQ*O*L@¥@q*¢. &12;.Ls >J.L(j@}>`2z(Q.0r¢2§&12/E`<0@q>~U
K :12/&)3F(j*0s . C*f3`2-5
®L°¬UQ® . "0 O¬
$ $ ( .( =
$ 5 º*d:)E?@Q2/KD@}*£@q>`2 JKQ(@C,}>F:)&)3
( 5 º*d:)E?@Q2/KD@}*£@q>`2±(2;,6*dEF3H,R>F:1&)3
= 5 º*d:)E?@Q2/KD@}*£@q>`2§@q>F:1KQ34,R>F:1&)3
$ 5 NfrX.0&1&12/(v@jid2GMX@q>J.x@9:1(9.$3`2/(+,62/EF3`2;E?@C*0sn@q>`2z(2;,6*dEF3H,}>F:)&)3
( 5 NfrX.0&1&12/(v@jid2GMX@q>J.x@9:1(9.$3`2/(+,62/EF3`2;E?@C*0sn@q>`2¹@q>F:1KQ34,}>F:)&)3
J¬ , . 10A¬
i026M *L@q>`62 K J2;&13F(
2/,6*0KQ3F(9.LK+2 &.0,G2;34.x@¥@q>`2z&12;.;¸?2;(6U³k8.0,R>4&=2P.xs ,/*0EA@}.0:1EF(¥.$K+2/,/*LKq3]¨ .0EF3i026MJª
=¬ 0¬6¬ ¯+* Q¬
0¬ &
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(2;.LKQ,R> .|@}>~U
S *(2P.LKQ,R>s{*0KD.zKQ2/,6*0KQ3¢¤C:=@q>¢id2GM-¸L.L&)`2 nA¤j2 JKQ(@D(v@}.LK@ .x@I@q>`2'KQ*O*L@;Uºm 2G@
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.(
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ »
7 16
5 - 8 12 19 -
2 5 7 8 12 16 19
7 !?" $'& ¼)( 6 " *, - .0"%3)5, ¼ <>!?"2"
L Uº s Fr*P¸?2_@q*£@}>`2 JKQ(v@C,R>F:1&)3
$
fUº s .0EF3@q>`2§EF*O3`2§>J.0(D*dEF&=M$@ ¤j*,R>F:1&)3`K+2/E~fr*P¸?2@q*@q>`2§(2/,/*dEF3
$
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( (
k³¸d2;E?@qJ.0&)&¶M??¤j2±K+2P.L,R>4.$&12;.Ls U u:)(:1E·@q>`2¹@QKQ262±:=µ :)(9.|@¥@q>F:)(¥&=2P.Ls U
° J¬/® *°
% Pe$STK+262±¤C:¶@q> &=26¸d2;&1(¥>J.0(¥¡2G@ ¤ 262;E .0EF3H &12;.P¸d2;(
"%$ "%$
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& =
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& (
M
HG
KF*0K9.LE42UIF.0r &=2df(+262=K :1<?`K+2©fU JU +
®7 ¬°
xU m *f,/.x@Q2§@q>`2±EF*f3`2«`¤C>F:),R>·(+>F*dF&)34¡«2¹@}>`2 .LK+2/EA@¥*0s
OU hsX>J.0( ,R>F:)&13`K+2;E~
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ »
7 16
5 - 8 12 19 -
2 5 7 8 12 16 19
Insert(18)
7 16
5 - 8 12 v 19 -
2 5 7 8 12 16 18 19
Insert(10)
Split v into v and v‘
7 16 w
v‘
5 - 8 - v 12 - 18 19
2 5 7 8 10 12 16 18 19
Split w into w and w‘ and make
a new root
10 - New root
Old root
w 7 - 16 -
v‘
5 - 8 - v 12 - 18 19
2 5 7 8 10 12 16 18 19
!?" $'& ¼3( 1#" !?<# 3 A ¼ <>!#" "21 ( 6 " *,)- .0 "
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ » $
10 -
7 - 16 - p
5 - 8 - 12 - v 18 19
2 5 7 8 10 12 16 18 19
delete (12)
10 -
7 - p 18 -
5 - 8 - v 16 - 18 -
2 5 7 8 10 16 18 19
L delete(7).This leads to deletion
of node v
- p 18 - p’
5 8 16 - 18 -
2 5 8 10 16 18 19
leads to deletion of p and p’
and decreases the number of levels by 1
12 18
5 8 16 - 19 -
2 5 8 12 16 18 19
7 !?" $'& ¼ $ ( "20" <# 3 ¼ <>!?"2" 1 ( 6*, - .0"
°v¬
® & ¬ 0 Q¬G¬ »
rX.Lid2 u.LEF*L@q>`2/K,}>F:)&)3·*0s·.0EF3 &.0,G2±:=@C:1E·@q>`2 KQ* 26K*0KQ3`26K
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$ .(
U hsX>J.0( ,R>F:)&13`KQ2/E~
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st*0`K_,R>F:1&)3`K+2/E (@}.;M·¤C:=@q> H.0EF3 .0(+(+:1<dE @q>`2©*L@q>`2/K9@ ¤j*.0(',R>F:)&13`K+2;E *0s
U
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*0s «U S>`2uK+2;,6`KQ(+:)*dEy,;.LElKQ: F &12 .L&)&¥@q>`2u¤¥.;M @q* @q>`2 KQ*O*L@;
&12;.03F:1E`< @q*-.$3`2/,GKQ2;.0(2z:)E@}>`2zEOFr£¡26K¥*0s &=26¸d2;&1(/U
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0"-#
Z 2/E`2/Kq.0&1:1w;.x@q:)*dEX*0s Pe STKQ262/(
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NA@}.0EF3J.xKq3·*0K+<A.0EF:=wP.|@}:1*dEs{*0K¥:1EF3F:),G2;(:1E43J.x@}.L¡ .L(+2±(vM(v@q2/r(
BI.0&.LEF,62/3'@QK+2/20/¤C>F:),R>±.L,R>F:12G¸?2/( r¢:)EF:)r¢:1w;.x@q:)*dE*0sO3F:1(+i§.0,6,62/(+(+2/( :)E¹3J.x@}.L¡ .0(2
K+2G@QKq:=26¸L.L& . F &):1,;.|@}:1*dEF(6U
VXW_Y U BD.;M?26K/U NAMrr¢2G@QKq:1,-¡J:1EJ.LKM B eh@QK+2/2/(65 _.x@}.]NA@QKQF,G@q`K+2;(.0EF3rX.0:1EA@Q2e
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2- !-
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% 0L 'Fr£¡26KCO F P`ReR6 f~/ L`U
M
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k8.L,R> EF*f3`200U2 I`,G2 @ st*LK @q>`2¥KQ*O*L@ .0EF3 @q>`2j&12;.P¸d2;(6d>J.0( ¡2G@ ¤ 2/2/E d .0EF3
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S>`2¹KQ*O*L@;2P.L,R>4:[email protected]& EF*f3`20J.0EF342;.0,R>4&=2P.xs :)(j@ M :1,;.0&1&=MX.$3F:1(+i¡J&1*f,}iU
k8.L,R>¢:[email protected]&FEF*f3`2C>J.0(8 @q*¨ Pªºid2GM ¸L.0&)`2/(8.0EF3 @q* *d:)E?@Q2/KQ(
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_ l = j [ Q l
Z= _ m\ U^O^ g mVv j Z _Gy Y[Z g \ O^
= _ l <
C NCEi b h \ ^_! aOF bUf g b!I \ ] U g W g gs^ `
Z= _ m\ O^ g ^
mVv j < Z _>y YZ ^_g P\
= _ l O^
:
C NCEi b h \ ! = aOF bUf g b!I \ ] U g W g gs^_g ` =
W m\ ZU,^ _ j [ Q= l
^ m\ Z^ _ = j [ Q: l
m\ Z^^ _ j [ [ Q 4l
m\ O^Z= _ :
H
:
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v b g bUmNF4v bUf C A ! bUm C mNa j v l ( a F
vvmNv
t
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g A C D
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g
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S I bUf C i F I
j F K l
6
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b m
i C a[mNv bUf C
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m 4AUg f Q
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d ;
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C g
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g
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a f g a g
F A ~m b0f C v g |C apb0F i F
b C b0f C b AUg vaDm|bUm 8 4 F4a F`d bUf C
( I ( Z (
Ci ADC
$ g`i2C v i g b A m Pd g v m `A0g f Q " g;A D a f g a g F A m|bUf
ADC xg b C a F a
6
Z (
g
g F A m|bUf g v aDm a C a bUf C d7F F smVv 7d F A g mVvRbUf C g aDa C a
`
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g F A m|bUf
g \ 0|q g Z%\ k]`_ Z%\ ^]`_ j 0|q g 0 |q g Z%\ _ Z ^]`_ l
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b f C I
g b A m C v>bUa ; b AOC g b C
8 4 ^
g a F9F NC g v U
C a F A g v bUf C
( 8 4
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a F a g v
qC vF;b C L F m E F A M g v
L F m i g og v M ADC a C i U b m C 4Q b{mVa
( 6 I ( K
i g
C g a bUFha CC bUf g
b " D
a f a
F m~b0f f g a g F A a'b iEg a s
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4 CEA U
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8 F
g
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1
6
A
6 F
1 2
10 11
2 3
3
B C 7 G 14
H 8
7
4
9
5
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p ( ! C v C C>j plsr
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B C
C E
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Tree DAG but not a tree.
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l Z CC m qADC [ U"UQ Q
m 4AUg
f sm|bUfF b g v
i i |C a Q
4C v CEAUg bUf
F ADC g v b AOCC a
CC"! m qADC$# Q&%(' d F A aDF *) C C xg ) NC a
&sa C d mVv+) g v
g mi g b0mNF4va a i f g a
%;Q C,ADC a C v>bUmNv a v>b g`i U
b m i -
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b ms
i C ADC aDaOmNF4va
'Q C,ADC a C v>bUmNv b g a & 4AUg fa
. Q
% AOCEi2C qC v iC{ADC g bUmVF`va mNv/)
g v a i f C
mNv g m iEg bUmVF4va
0 21 43 *5 5
687,9: < ;
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; 7
7 ; 7 9
! m E a'b8 E ? b0f g b
A g;i C g EOi "! i qi F
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f a j,'.-/0/1/0- * -2' l sm A g i i {mVv bUf3 m *EUg f F
7
b8{ aDf TbUf g b
i i 4! A g`i C gEOi F
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Iteration 3. U = {1,3,6}
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