SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA

SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM

SEMESTER II
SKILL BASED ELECTIVE COURSE (SBEC) - I
INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS
UNIT -I
Introduction To The Internet: Computer in Business – Networking – Internet - E-mail – Resource
Sharing – Gopher – World Wide Web – Telnet – Bulletin Board Service – Wide Area
Information Service.

UNIT – II
Internet Technologies: Modem - Internet addressing – Physical connections – Telephone Lines –
Internet browsers – Internet Explorer – Netscape Navigator.

UNIT - III
Introduction to HTML: Designing a home page – HTML documents – Anchor tag – Hyperlinks.

UNIT – IV
Traditional text and formatting – tables - images - frames

UNIT - V
Case Study: Online Passport – Online Gas Services – Online Train Reservation – Tamilnadu
government services

TEXTBOOKS
1. C Xavier, “World Wide Web with HTML”, Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2000.
2. H.M.Deital, P.J. Deital,“Internet and World Wide Web – How to Program”, 4th Edition “PHI
Learning.

REFERENCE WEBSITES
1. http://www.ebharatgas.com/
2. http://passportindia.gov.in/
3. https://www.irctc.co.in
4. http://www.tn.gov.in/

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
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UNIT -I
Introduction To The Internet: Computer in Business – Networking – Internet - E-mail – Resource
Sharing – Gopher – World Wide Web – Telnet – Bulletin Board Service – Wide Area Information
Service.

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNET:

When the computer was invented, it was considered a fast calculating device.
So people thought that computers could be used for business applications too because they need more
memory capacity.
The main difference between a scientific application and a business applications are as follows:
1. Scientific applications require only a small amount of input and give only a small amount of
output. But business applications need a high volume of data to be input and lengthy reports
are given as output
2. Scientific applications involve complex computations, whereas business applications involve
only simple additions, subtractions, etc.
When people thought that a computer could be used for business applications, an immediate need was
of a programming language, which would be suitable for such applications. Since FORTRAN, which
was very popular at that time, was not flexible enough for business applications, a new language
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed.

2. COMPUTERS IN BUSINESS
 Computer-based business applications were called Business Data Processing Systems (BDPS) and
COBOL was largely used to design them.
 Business data was stored in the form of data files, and COBOL programs were used to process the
data files and generate useful reports.
 In COBOL, programs have very lengthy codes. Even a simple payroll system may require a
program of 500 lines and sometimes even more than 1000.
 Software that supports creation and management of data files easily and simple queries from the
data files and also gives reports in an attractive formal is called a Data Base Management System
(DBMS).
 Dbase was the first popular DBMS, version III became very popular.
 Foxbase was a similar DBMS. The same company updated the features of Foxbase and introduced
Foxpro. Now Foxpro is used in several small companies.
 At this stage a new technology called Graphical User Interface (GUI) was introduced. This
technology calls for designing programs in such a way that the user can see some pictures and
icons on the monitor, and selects them for giving input, which is very easy for the user.
 A GUI divides a program into two parts.
1. To managing the data files, called back end
2. To design pictures and icons to get input from the user, called the front end.
 The database management system which supports relational databases and relational features is
called a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).

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 Oracle 2000 being a popular one is given in several modules, which include:
 Oracle Workgroup 2000 (for the back end)
 Oracle Developer 2000 (for the front end)
 Oracle Designer 2000 (also for the front end)
 Oracle Power Object 2000 (also for the front end)
 Oracle Developer 2000 includes Forms 4.5 which is a tool for designing GUI, ane Report Writer
for designing and getting reports.
 There are some software’s which can be used only for the front end; such as applications software
is called a front-end tool Visual Basic, Visual C++ and Power Builder are some front-end tools.
 Visual Basic normally used with the back-end tool called Access. It can also be used with Oracle
Power Builder is popularly used with the RDBMS Sybase.
 Ingres, Informix, and Unify are some other RDBMS.
 Mainframe computers still use COBOL for business applications.
 Another system for business applications on mainframe computers is called DB/2.

3. NETWORKING
 A networking is a computers connected to each other.
 A centralized network is a network having a central computer (called a server) and other
computers called nodes.

Centralized Network
 Example: A centralized airline reservation system has a server at the main office and nodes al all
airports, travel agencies, etc.
 In some types of networks, no central server exists.
 All the computers are simply connected together through telephone connections and/or radio
waves.
 In centralized networks, a remote node can communicate only with the server, whereas in the other
type any two nodes can communicate with each other directly.
 In client server architecture, two types of software are needed for the system. The software needed
to do the work of the node is called client software.

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 The software needed to run the central system is called the server. Clients always ask for resources
(software and data tiles) from the server which does the work of resource sharing.
 Computer networks support an enormous number of applications and services such as access to the
World Wide Web, digital video, digital audio, shared use of application and storage servers,
printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications as well as many
others.
 Computer networks differ in the transmission medium used to carry their signals, communications
protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size, topology and organizational internet. The
best-known computer network is the Internet.
Following is the list of hardware's required to set up a computer network:-
 Network Cables
 Distributors
 Routers
 Internal Network Cards
 External Network Cards

Characteristics of a Computer Network:-

 Share resources from one computer to another.
 Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the other computer(s)
connected over the network.
 Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the network and let other
computers of the network use the machines available over the network.
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4. INTERNET
 The Internet is the world's largest network of computer networks.
 There are more than 100 million users on the Internet, and they are growing rapidly by the day.

4.1 History of Internet

 In 1969, the American defense department wanted to connect all the computers in the Department
of Defense (DOD) offices and military research contractors including a large number of
universities doing military funded research. That network was called Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), was also called DARPANET, the D for defense.
 It was very successful and all the universities wanted to get connected to ARPANET.
 At one stage the military officials wanted to preserve the unity of the DOD, and so divided the
network into two parts:
1. ARPANET
2. MILNET (Military Network)
 These two parts remained connected with a technical scheme called Internet Protocol (IP)
 The word protocol means "rules for meeting a person/king". On the Internet, if we want to contact
a person on another network, we need a protocol.
 Network designers have designed several protocols now, and some of them are as follows:
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
 Hyper-Text transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Internet Protocol is a technical switching scheme, which enables a node of one net-work to
communicate with a node of another network.
 The American National Science Foundation then established another network of computers in
America. It permitted all the universities and research centers to hook on to their network National
Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) and to contribute to super-computer research.
 During 1994, several commercial organizations introduced networks across the globe. They also
designed protocols to communicate from one node of a network to another node in another
network.
 As a result of this we now have a network of so many different networks. This network of
networks is called the Internet.
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It also known as “network of
networks” that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government
networks is central interconnecting structure that connects one or more networks just like the trunk
of a tree or the spine of a human being.
 Internet is not governed by the any particular body. It is coordinated by
many volunteer organizations.
 The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is responsible for approving standards and allocating
resources.

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 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for discussing and investigating the
operational and technical problems of Internet.
 The Inter NIC is responsible for providing registration services to Internet community.

4.2 Internet Applications:

 Exchange messages using e-mail (Electronic mail).
 Transfer files as well as software.
 Browse through information on any topic on web.
 Communicate in real time (chat) with others connected to the Internet.
 Search databases of government, individuals and organizations.
 Read news available from leading news groups.
 Send or receive animation and picture files from distant places.
 Set up a site with information about your company’s products and services.

Connection of Internet:-
 Through Dial-up Connection: A dials us connection is a temporary connection, set up between
your computer and ISP (Internet Service Provider) server. A dial-up connection is established
using a modem, which uses the telephone line to dial up the number of ISP server.
 Through Broadband Connection: The term broadband is short for broad bandwidth. Bandwidth
refers to the amount of data that a signal or circuit can carry. Broadband connection speeds are
measured in megabits per second (mbps).
 Wireless Connection: These days we can also connect to Internet wirelessly.
 Wi-Fi: It refers to Wireless Fidelity, which lets you connect to the Internet without a direct line
from your PC to the ISP.
 WiMAx: It is a wireless digital communication system. WiMAX can provide broadband wireless
access (BWA) up to 50 km for fixed stations

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5. E-MAIL
Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It
offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people.

E-Mail Address
Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is known as E-mail
address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail address.
E-mail is generally of the form username@domainname. For example,
[email protected] is an e-mail address where webmaster is username and
tutorialspoint.com is domain name.
 The username and the domain name are separated by @ (at) symbol.
 E-mail addresses are not case sensitive.
 Spaces are not allowed in e-mail address.

E-mail Message Components

E-mail message comprises of different components: E-mail Header, Greeting, Text, and
Signature. These components are described in the following diagram:

E-mail Header
The first five lines of an E-mail message is called E-mail header. The header part comprises of
following fields:
 From
 Date
 To
 Subject
 CC
 BCC

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From: The From field indicates the sender’s address i.e. who sent the e-mail.
Date: The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent.
To: The To field indicates the recipient’s address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent.
Subject: The Subject field indicates the purpose of e-mail. It should be precise and to the point.
Cc: CC stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to keep
informed but not exactly the intended recipient.
Bcc: BCC stands for Black Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the
recipients to know that someone else was copied on the message.
Greeting: Greeting is the opening of the actual message. Eg. Hi Sir or Hi Guys etc.
Text: It represents the actual content of the message.
Signature: This is the final part of an e-mail message. It includes Name of Sender, Address, and
Contact Number.

Advantages:
E-mail has proved to be powerful and reliable medium of communication. Here are the benefits
of E-mail:
 Reliable
 Convenience
 Speed
 Inexpensive
Reliable: Many of the mail systems notify the sender if e-mail message was undeliverable.
Convenience: There is no requirement of stationary and stamps. One does not have to go to post
office. But all these things are not required for sending or receiving an mail.
Speed: E-mail is very fast. However, the speed also depends upon the underlying network.
Inexpensive: The cost of sending e-mail is very low.

Disadvantages
Apart from several benefits of E-mail, there also exists some disadvantages as discussed below:
 Forgery
 Overload
 Misdirection
 Junk
Forgery: E-mail doesn’t prevent from forgery, that is, someone impersonating the sender, since
sender is usually not authenticated in any way.
Overload: Convenience of E-mail may result in a flood of mail.
Misdirection: It is possible that you may send e-mail to an unintended recipient.
Junk: Junk emails are undesirable and inappropriate emails. Junk emails are sometimes referred to
as spam.

E-mail Protocols
E-Mail Protocols are set of rules that help the client to properly transmit the information to or from
the mail server. Here in this tutorial, we will discuss various protocols such as

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1. SMTP,
2. POP, and
3. IMAP.

1. SMPTP: SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It was first proposed in 1982. It is a
standard protocol used for sending e-mail efficiently and reliably over the internet.
 SMTP is application level protocol.
 SMTP is connection oriented protocol.
 SMTP is text based protocol.
 It handles exchange of messages between e-mail servers over TCP/IP network.
 Apart from transferring e-mail, SMPT also provides notification regarding incoming mail.

2. IMAP stands for Internet Mail Access Protocol. It was first proposed in 1986. There exist five
versions of IMAP as follows:
1. Original IMAP
2. IMAP2
3. IMAP3
4. IMAP2bis
5. IMAP4
 MAP allows the client program to manipulate the e-mail message on the server without
downloading them on the local computer.
 The e-mail is hold and maintained by the remote server.
 It enables us to take any action such as downloading, delete the mail without reading the
mail. It enables us to create, manipulate and delete remote message folders called mail boxes.
 IMAP enables the users to search the e-mails.

3. POP stands for Post Office Protocol. It is generally used to support a single client. There are
several versions of POP but the POP 3 is the current standard.
 POP is an application layer internet standard protocol.
 Since POP supports offline access to the messages, thus requires less internet usage time.
 POP does not allow search facility.

Signatures
Whenever we write a letter, we affix our signature at the end of the letter. This facility has been
included in electronic mail also.
The software we use for sending e-mail has the facility to create and modify our signature
electronically.
The electronic signature is a text-based collection of one or more lines. For example, my signature
can be set as the following.

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This signature is appended automatically to all e-mails and sent It is also possible to set the e-mail
signature as a small diagram using text-based symbols.

Voice E-mail
In a usual (text) e-mail, we type the message in the body of the e-mail in text mode.
Recently, some companies have introduced software systems which support voice.
Such software is given as an enhancement to their usual software.
After keying the address to which the e-mail has to be sent, we must speak the message. This voice
e-mail travels just like the text e-mail and reaches its destination. When the receiver opens his
mail, the voice message of the e-mail is heard.

Considering the fact that computer users type an average of 20-30 words per min, and professional
typists type an average 60-80 words, human speech averages 200-250 words per minute. So voice
e-mail is approximately eight times faster.
In voice e-mail technology, editing spell checks, grammar and punctuation checks become
redundant.
Pictures and photographs can also be sent along with voice e-mail messages. One need not be
online at the same time to hear the message.
The message packet reaches the mailbox, and the recipient can open and hear it at any time.

6. RESOURCE SHARING
Every Internet system has some files open for anybody on the Internet.
For example, every Ph D thesis of a university can be copied by anybody free of cost.
These file names and the protocols are advertised in newspapers or private communications or web
pages. Software companies offer the beta version of their new products available on the net.
We can download these files using File Transfer Protocols (FTP).
There are two types of FTP resources available on the Internet They are:
1. Anonymous FTP: The anonymous FTP service is open to everybody on the net. The user
can log on to an FTP server without opening an account on the server. He/she can just log
on with the user ID (Identification) "anonymous". The system will then responds and ask
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your e-mail address. Then it will ask for your (systems') password. After that you can
download any file from the FTP server
2. Non-anonymous FTP: One can download a file only if one creates an account with the
FTP server. The user must already have an account, user ID and a password to download a
file.

7. GOPHER
 Gopher is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching and retrieving
documents over the internet.
 It presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages.

 The Gopher service was first used in the campus-wide Information System of the University of
Minnesota. It became very popular during 1991-93.
 Gopher is easy-to-use and user-friendly as com-pared to FTP.
 Gopher facilitates simple menu selection features and also provides browsing of large files.
 The resources (files) available on Gopher are called gopher space.
 Two types of search engine are available in gopher
1. Veronica
2. Jug head
 Veronica is popular of the two. Both work much like the web search engine. They search pre-built
databases for keywords that you provide.

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 It was designed as a response to the problem of resource discovery in gopher space.
 Veronica is simply accessed through a gopher client, which is already known by gopher users.

 The gopher does not retain any information about the client across transactions.
 This aspect of gopher design is the key to gopher’s efficiency: the server is only connected to the
user long enough to serve a particular request.
 It does not pay the high overhead cost of having hundreds or thousands of users logged in at once.
 Later, another search facility called Jughead was also developed. Since the Gopher resources are
arranged in simple linear forms, searching takes more time, and further it does not support
multimedia features. Both FTP and Gopher mainly have text-based resources.
 A large quantum of FTP and Gopher-based resources are still available on the Internet However,
things have moved to a better technology the World Wide Web. Now some of the FTP and Gopher
resources have migrated to WWW.

8. WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of pages maintained on the Internet using a
technique that is called hyper-text

8.1 Hyper-Text:
Hyper-text is a text of more than two dimensions.
Consider any text that is typed from left to right It has only two dimensions:
1. Left to right
2. Top to bottom
Left to right is normally considered as the x-axis and top to bottom is considered the y-axis.
In hyper-text one 2-D text is shown on the screen. Certain words are highlighted.
If we click one of those highlighted words, more details about that word appear in an-other
window. We say that these details form the third dimension, the z-axis, which goes deeper into the
text
This can be done further on the smaller window also. For example, consider the window shown
below Fig.

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The word link is appearing in a different color. If we click on it further details are shown in
another window.
Hypertext system can store a large collection of textual and multimedia documents

8.2 Http:
The acronym for Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol is HTTP, and WWW for the World Wide Web.
Pointers connect the web pages in multiple ways in the form of multiple linked lists.
For example, educational websites are arranged in one list, religious webs in another and similarly
for other types also.
 com - businesses
 edu - educational institutions
 gov - government organizations
 mil - military organization
 org - nonprofit organizations
 net - network resources
A site may be in more than one list.
Each page of the web is called a web page or website.
Every Internet-connected system may have a website. If you have a web page, you can keep any
text, pictures, sound or even animation on your website.
Nowadays companies give a complete profile in text, picture and sound on their websites. Text,
picture, sound or animation kept on a website can be seen by anybody who browses the web.
Browsing the web means looking at various web pages one after the other, also called surfing the
web.

8.3 Browsers
The software used for browsing web pages is called a browser. The following are some popular
browsers:
 Netscape Navigator
 Mosaic
 Hot Java
 Microsoft Internet Explorer
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8.4 Search Engines
The universally accepted computer language to create hyper-text is called Hyper-Tem Mark-up
Language (HTML).
Websites on the Internet are connected in such a way that one site has a pointer to the next website.
Each website has an address. In the web, we can begin search from a search site or an index site.
These websites are also called search engines. The following are some popular search engines.
1. http:// www.yahoo.com is a search site.
2. http:// www.lycos.com is an index site.
3. http:// wwwAskleeves.com

The home page of the Lycos search engine is shown in Fig It has a text box to choose a particular
topic. We can also choose some of the sites of the Lycos network, such as 11-ipod.com,
Angelfire.com, MailCity.com, WhoWhere.com. Each of these sites help us in their unique ways to
search for information.
AskJeeves is a different type of search engine, which gets us the necessary information by asking
us several questions. Depending upon our replies, it uses other search engines and gets the required
website.

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The home page of Ask Jeeves is shown in Fig. This has several questions related to our search. We
can proceed further by replying to these queries.
The home page of the most popular search engine, Yahoo, is shown in Fig.

It also has a text box to type our search key.

We can also choose any topic from the hot texts shown below the text box.
Yahoo is quite popular with the users. A user can also get a free e-mail account in the Yahoo site.
We must first register our e-mail address on this site, and if the registration is accepted, we can
have e-mail free of cost
When we give a user name which was not used earlier by anybody, it is accepted by Yahoo.
For example, the following can be an e-mail address.
[email protected]

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HT mail is a webserver which provides a free e-mail service to all Internet users. We can just
register our name in the home page of the Hobnail website. The home page is shown in Fig.

We can give the user ID and the password for registration. If the user ID is not one which is
already registered, it is accepted by the server. We can then have an e-mail address similar to the
ones shown below.
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]

9. TELNET
Telnet was developed in 1969 to aid in remote connectivity between computers over a network
Telnet is a utility which enables an Internet user to log in and work on another system which is
geographically located in another place of the world. This is also called a remote login facility.
For example, a person has a computer in his office at New Delhi. He has to visit Mumbai on a
family trip. But when he is free at Mumbai, he can log in his system at Delhi from Mumbai and
use all the databases and files, and work on the system.

Telnet can access almost all the libraries in any part of the world and their books.

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We can log in to research laboratory computers and access some useful software. When we want
to log in to a system using Telnet, we must know the password of the system, which is a very
important security feature.
Telnet can connect to a remote machine that on a network and is port listening. Most common
ports to which one can connect to through telnet are:
 Port 21 - File Transfer Protocol
 Port 22 - SSH Remote Login Protocol
 Port 23 - Telnet Server
 Port 25 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Port 53 - Domain Name Server (DNS)
 Port 69 - Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
 Port 70 - Gopher
 Port 80 - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Port 110 - Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)
The most common use of telnet stands to enable remote authentication and access
To use Telnet, you need to know the address of the host whose resources you want to use.

10. BULLETIN BOARD SERVICE

A Bulletin Board Service (BBS) is a service provided by private parties on the Internet.
The parties providing this service collect enormous amounts of information and keep it on their
system for the use of their subscribers.
The BBS is available in most cities. If we want to join any one, BBS, we must apply and get
permission.
Then members can log in to that BBS and access a wide variety of data.
Depending upon your interest, you can get information on anything: cinema, science, education,
games, sports, etc.
Most BBS offer general information, but there are a few which offer specialized services in
specific subjects like medical guidance, stock market information, children's education, etc.

11. WIDE AREA INFORMATION SERVICE

Three companies, Apple, Thinking Machines and Dow Jones, came out with a project of
maintaining a large resource database in the form of files.
They called this service Wide Area Information Service (WAIS). They suggested that all the
knowledge must be stored in the WAIS database in the form of essays, bits, pictures, etc.
A user must have a facility to search and get any desired resource by paying for it
The WAIS is not used much, but its resources are still available on the Internet
The search for WAIS information on the Internet is done simply by typing the word or words
which describe the information that we are looking for.
WAIS will quickly search the database and send back a list of articles, ranked according to
relevancy.
We can then select whichever articles we want to read, and WAIS will send the entire text
Due to the immense popularity of the Web, the WAIS is not used much:
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UNIT-I
2 MARK
1. What is Internet Explorer?
2. What is meant by Internet?
3. What is the full form of ARPANE7?
4. What is the full form of HTML?
5. What is the full form of EDP
6. What is the full form of MILNE7?
7. What is the full form of WWW?
8. What is the full form of CGI?
9. What is Hot Java?
10. What is the full form of modem?
11. What is the full form of D7D?
12. What is the full form of FTP?
13. What is the full form of GIAS?
14. What is Archie?
15. What is NSFNET?
16. What is a BBS? Write a note on it.
17. What is the full form of IRC?
18. What is WAIS?
19. Explain the various protocols used in Internet.
20. What is the specialty of the Hotmail web server?
21. Compare the features of FTP , Gopher and WWW.
22. Differentiate between internet and intranet.
23. What is the use of network?
24. Write note on applications of internet?
25. Define the term E-mail?
26. What is the use browser?
27. State the term Hypertext?
28. Write the features of TELNET.

5 MARK
1. Briefly describe about search Engine.
2. Write note on Hyper-Text with example.
3. Describe about browsers with suitable example.
4. Write a short note on any two search engines.

10 MARK
1. Briefly describe about WWW.
2. Explain the term Electronic Mail (E-MAIL).

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
UNIT – II
Internet Technologies: Modem - Internet addressing – Physical connections – Telephone Lines –
Internet browsers – Internet Explorer – Netscape Navigator.

INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES:
If we want to connect our computer to the Internet, we can do so only through an Internet server.
There are Companies which have Internet servers and provide Internet connectivity called Internet
Service Providers (ISP).
They have satellite connections with the Internet.
We must apply to an ISP and ask for an Internet connection.
They give a web page, an e-mail box and other facilities. We must have a telephone connection to
communicate with the ISP 's office, and a device called Modem.
Our computer gets connected to the Internet.
We connect our computer to the modem, and the modem is connected to the telephone line. This is
illustrated in Fig.

There are various types of Internet connections. The following are some of them.
 Shell Account (text only).
 TCP/IP Account (text, graphics, sound and animation).
Shell accounts enable us to browse through text items only: the graphics and multi-media elements
cannot be viewed. So the shell account does not permit full use of Internet capability. Using a shell
account, we can make use of the e-mail facility.
Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is very powerful and most popular. With a
TCP/IP connection, we can have the benefit of Internet fully.

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MODEM
 Conversion of digital signals into signals transmittable through a telephone is called modulation.
Converting telephone signals into digital signals is called demodulation.
 A modem is a device used for modulation and demodulation (Modulator-Demodulator).

 Modems are classified according to their rate of transfer of data, measured in terms of bytes per
second (BPS).

 If the data transfer capacity of a modem is 14.4 kilobytes, it means that the rate of transfer of data
through the modem is 14.4 kilobytes per second.
 The first modems were "dial-up," meaning they had to dial a phone number to connect to an ISP.
 Modern modems are typically DSL or cable modems, which are considered "broadband" devices.
 DSL modems operate over standard telephone lines, but use a wider frequency range.
 This allows for higher data transfer rates than dial-up modems and enables them to not interfere
with phone calls.
Types of Modem
Modem can be categorized in several ways like direction in which it can transmit data, type of
connection to the transmission line, transmission mode, etc.
Depending on direction of data transmission, modem can be of these types −
1. Simplex − A simplex modem can transfer data in only one direction, from digital device to
network (modulator) or network to digital device (demodulator).
2. Half duplex − A half-duplex modem has the capacity to transfer data in both the directions
but only one at a time.
3. Full duplex − A full duplex modem can transmit data in both the directions simultaneously.
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SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
INTERNET ADDRESSING
◊ Millions of computers have been connected to the Internet.
◊ When we want to communicate with a computer through the Internet, we need to specify the
address of that computer, every computer connected to the Internet is given an address, called the
IP Address [Internet Protocol Address].
◊ The IP address of a computer consists of four groups of numbers separated by periods or dots 0.
◊ For example, 18.181.0.24 is an IP address.
◊ Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is responsible for assigning IP addresses.
◊ The first octet referred here is the left most of all. The octets numbered as follows depicting dotted
decimal notation of IP Address:

◊ The number of networks and the number of hosts per class can be derived by this formula:

◊ When calculating hosts' IP addresses, 2 IP addresses are decreased because they cannot be
assigned to hosts, i.e. the first IP of a network is network number and the last IP is reserved for
Broadcast IP.

Class A Address:-
◊ The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0 (zero). Thus the first octet ranges from 1 – 127,
i.e.

◊ Class A addresses only include IP starting from 1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x only. The IP range 127.x.x.x
is reserved for loopback IP addresses.
◊ The default subnet mask for Class A IP address is 255.0.0.0 which implies that Class A
addressing can have 126 networks (27-2) and 16777214 hosts (224-2).
◊ Class A IP address format is thus: 0NNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class B Address:-
◊ An IP address which belongs to class B has the first two bits in the first octet set to 10, i.e.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
◊ Class B IP Addresses range from 128.0.x.x to 191.255.x.x. The default subnet mask for Class B
is 255.255.x.x.
◊ Class B has 16384 (214) Network addresses and 65534 (216-2) Host addresses.
◊ Class B IP address format is: 10NNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class C Address:-
◊ The first octet of Class C IP address has its first 3 bits set to 110, that is:

◊ Class C IP addresses range from 192.0.0.x to 223.255.255.x. The default subnet mask for Class
C is 255.255.255.x.
◊ Class C gives 2097152 (221) Network addresses and 254 (28-2) Host addresses.
◊ Class C IP address format is: 110NNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH

Class D Address:-
◊ Very first four bits of the first octet in Class D IP addresses are set to 1110, giving a range of:

◊ Class D has IP address rage from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Class D is reserved for
Multicasting. In multicasting data is not destined for a particular host, that is why there is no
need to extract host address from the IP address, and Class D does not have any subnet mask.

Class E Address:-
This IP Class is reserved for experimental purposes only for R&D or Study. IP addresses in this class
ranges from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254. Like Class D, this class too is not equipped with any subnet
mask.

Text-based addressing:
◊ Computers are also given another address, which is text-based.
◊ For example, skp .mit .edu is a valid Internet address.
◊ All users have text-based addresses.
◊ An Internet service called DNS (Domain Name System) converts into the actual numerical
address. This address is also called the Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
◊ The Internet address has two parts. They are the:
• Name of the user (user ID)
• Name of the server (server ID).
The @ symbol is given in between the above two names. For example, our address is
[email protected]
◊ My user ID is stxavier and my ISP's server ID is md2 vsnl .net .in. The server ID contains several
parts separated by dots.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
◊ The extreme right part of the address in the above example refers to India. This part of the address
is usually called the top-level domain to which the computer is connected.
◊ All addresses on the Internet are classified into several top-level domains.
◊ The classification may either be geographical or organizational.
◊ Table shows some examples of codes used for geographical classification.

Another top-level domain classification is based for the nature of the organization. For example, all
universities and educational institutions are given "edu" as the top-level domain name. Other top-level
domain' names for organizations are given in Table.

The first part of the URL specifies the protocol used. Table shows some URL.s.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS
Internet connectivity is done through a modem and a telephone line. The path of the data is as follows

1. The user's node sends the digital data.

2. The modem of the user converts the digital data into analog signals.
3. The telephone line transmits the data to the modem of the ISP.
4. The modem of the ISP converts the analog signals received into digital data.
5. The ISP's node receives the message in digital form.
In this communication process, two important devices work together.
• modem
• telephone line
The quantity of data transferred by a device is called its throughput or data transfer rate. The
throughput is measured in terms of KBPS (Kilobytes per Second). For example, the speed of two
popular types of modems is shown in Table 2.4.

Most of the V.34 modems can compress the data in ratio of 4 :1. So, they can achieve a throughput of
28.8 x 4 = 115.2 KBPS in an ideal situation. However, practically they can achieve a speed of at least
56 KBPS.

TELEPHONE LINES
◊ An ordinary Internet account holder gets only a dial-up connection.
◊ Several users share one port of the ISP Server and at one time, only one user can work.
◊ The port is connected to a particular telephone number.
◊ When one user dials the telephone number to get physical connection to the server, if the port is
already in use by another user, an engaged tone will be heard.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
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◊ When the port is free, the user gets connected to the ISP and can work on the Internet. Figure
shows the dial-up connections of users.

Leased Lines:
◊ A leased line connection is very expensive.
◊ The user is given full freedom on a port of the ISP server one port is for his exclusive use.
◊ So he can use it around the clock without any interruption.
◊ Whenever the user dials, he gets a connection and can work on the Internet. Figure shows the
leased line of a user.

Speed of Telephone Lines:

◊ One can achieve a speed of 56 KBPS only in the case of a leased line.
◊ In the case of dial-up connections, the telephone connection is so designed that three or four
users can simultaneously use the same port.
◊ This is possible by getting four connections on the same number. In such a case, each user will
share the line. So, any user can get a speed of only 56/4 = 14 KBPS.
Figure shows dial-up users accessing a port simultaneously.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
If a company gets a leased line connection, it is possible for several units of the company to access the
Internet simultaneously. It is possible to have several types of media in telephone connections, as
shown in Table.

◊ Ordinary lines have a capacity of 56 KBPS speed.

◊ The T1 type medium has four conductor-wise, two standard phone lines wrapped around each
other in a single sheath.
◊ The connector at the end of the wire is a modular R1-45 jack, which is similar to a standard
modular phone plug but slightly larger.
◊ A T1 connection can support a speed of 1544 KBPS.
◊ A T3 type connection is a very high capacity one, and very expensive too. It has an enormous
capacity, of 44 736 IMPS. Only very large communication companies in America use T3 type
Wires.

Frame Relay:
◊ The frame relay type of connection is cheaper compared to leased line connections.
◊ In a frame relay type connection, we connect our network to the telephone company's frame
relay switch.
◊ The frame relay switch then routes the data traffic to the ISP.

ISDN
◊ Different telecommunication services such as telephone, telex and facsimile fax use separate
networks for each service.
◊ These non-integrated services require separate switching systems, special customer access
networks, individual trunk networks and separate operation staff. These services are costly.
◊ An effort to integrate all these services into a single network is ISDN.
◊ Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is a communication network which is used for
transmitting all -types of integrated data, which includes voice, video, facsimile and computer
signals.
◊ The following are the advantages of an ISDN network
1. increases user productivity
2. higher transmission Rate
3. all types of services are integrated into a single network
4. lower cost
5. higher accuracy level
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SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
There are two types of ISDN services. They are:
1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
2. Primary Rate Interface (PRO)
Basic Rate Interface is economically cheaper and is used to connect home or small business
establishments. In a BRI type connection, there are two B-type channels and one D-type channel. Each
B-type channel has 64 KBPS bandwidth and the D channel has 16 KBPS bandwidth as shown below.

The two B-channels are used to send bulk data. The D-channel is used to control the data flow in the
B-channels. Since the data flows in the two B-channels, each of 64 KBPS bandwidth, the theoretical
bandwidth of a BRI line is 128 KBPS. Practically, it may be a little less than 128 KBPS due to several
factors affecting the data transfer.

Interfaces for ISDN

To connect our communications device to an ISDN line, we need to use two items of interface
equipment. They are:
1. Network Terminater for Layer 1 (NT-1)
2. Terminal adapter
◊ The ISDN terminal is usually called an ISDN wall jack.
◊ A device called network terminater for Layer 1 (NT-1) is connected to the ISDN wall jack.
◊ The NT-1 acts as the interface between the devices and the outside ISDN line. Another device
called a terminal adapter is connected between the devices and the NT-1.
◊ The function of the terminal adapter is to convert the signals of the equipment to ISDN-
acceptable signals.
An ISDN connection is shown in Fig.

Recently such computers have become available which are "ready for connecting to ISDN". These
computers have in-built terminal adapter cards, so they can be directly plugged into NT-1.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
INTERNET BROWSERS
 Internet is working on the client server architecture.
 The web server runs a server program, and an Internet node runs a client program.
 The client program used to see websites is called a browser.
 Web Browser is application software that allows us to view and explore information on the web.
User can request for any web page by just entering a URL into address bar.
 Web browser can show text, audio, video, animation and more. It is the responsibility of a web
browser to interpret text and commands contained in the web page
 Following are the most common web browser available today:
Browser Vendor
Internet Explorer Microsoft
Google Chrome Google
Mozilla Firefox Mozilla
Netscape Navigator Netscape Communications Corp.
Opera Opera Software
Safari Apple
Sea Monkey Mozilla Foundation
K-meleon K-meleon

Architecture:-
There is a lot of web browser available in the market. All of them interpret and display information on
the screen however their capabilities and structure varies depending upon implementation. But the
most basic component that all web browsers must exhibit is listed below:
 Controller/Dispatcher
 Interpreter
 Client Programs
Controller works as a control unit in CPU. It takes input from the keyboard or mouse, interpret it and
make other services to work on the basis of input it receives.
Interpreter receives the information from the controller and executes the instruction line by line.
Some interpreter is mandatory while some are optional For example, HTML interpreter program is
mandatory and java interpreter is optional.
Client Program describes the specific protocol that will be used to access a particular service.
Following are the clients programs that are commonly used:
 HTTP
 SMTP
 FTP
 NNTP
 POP

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM

Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are used commonly to browse the Internet

INTERNET EXPLORER
Internet Explorer is graphical user interface software for browsing the Internet.
Internet explorer is a web browser developed by Microsoft.
To start internet explorer, follow the following steps:
 Go to Start button and click Internet Explorer.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
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The Internet Explorer window will appear as shown in the following diagram

This graphical environment basically contains four primary objects.

They are:
1. Window
2. Icon
3. Menu
4. Dialog box

Window
A portion of the computer screen that is enclosed by a border is called a window. The size of the
window can be small or big. A typical window is shown in Figure.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
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A window contains the following.
 title bar
 tool bar
 control box
 menu bar
 minimize, maximize and close buttons
 horizontal scroll bar
 left and right arrows
 vertical scroll bar
 up and down arrows
 status bar
The title bar is the horizontal bar at the top of the window showing the title of the window. The control
box is at the top left corner of the window. When we click the control box, we get a menu as shown in
Figure.

It contains the some or all the following commands.

1. Restore: returns window to the size it was before
2. Move: moves the entire window
3. Size: resizes the entire window
4. Minimize: shrinks the window into an icon
5. Maximize: enlarges the window into full size
6. Close: closes the window
7. Tool bar: a toggle key to show or hide the tool bar
8. Status bar: a toggle key to show or hide the status bar

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In the menu bar, there are six menus. They are the:
1. File menu
2. Edit menu
3. View menu
4. Go menu
5. Favorites menu
6. Help menu
They appear as a horizontal bar at the top of the window. When we click one of them, a pull down
menu appears. For example, when we click ‘File’ we get the File menu

File Menu
The file menu has the following choices as shown in Fig

 Open : opens a selected website

 Save : saves the document
 Save as : saves the document in a different file name
 Page setup: for setting up a page format
 Print: for printing the document
 New: to create a new window, message, post or contact
 Send Link to: to link with other URLs
 Create shortcut: to create a shortcut for the website; on selecting this command a shortcut is
automatically made available using an icon
 Properties: to find the properties of the website
 Browse offline to browse offline
 Close: closes Internet Explorer

Saving Webpage:-
You can save web page to use in future. In order to save a webpage, follow the steps given below:
 Click File > Save As. Save Webpage dialog box appears.
 Choose the location where you want to save your webpage from save in: list box. Then
choose the folder where you want to save the webpage.

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 Specify the file name in the File name box.
 Select the type from Save as type list box.
o Webpage, complete
o Web Archive
o Webpage HTML only
o Text File
 From the encoding list box, choose the character set which will be used with your webpage.
By default, Western European is selected.
 Click save button and the webpage is saved.
Saving Web Elements:-
Web elements are the pictures, links etc. In order to save these elements follow the steps given below:
 Right click on the webpage element you want to save. Menu options will appear. These
options may vary depending on the element you want to save.

Save Picture As: This option let you save the picture at specific location with its name. When you
click this option, a dialog box is opened where you can specify its name and location.

Opening a site
When we want to open a website document, we must select Open on the File menu.
The window as shown in Fig appears.

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If we know the URL of the website, we can type the name in the window and click the OK button.
If we don't know the URL, we can browse and find it In order to browse, we must click the Browse
button. We get the window as shown in Fig.

We must select the URL and then click Open to go to the open window, then click the OK button of
the window to open the website.

Edit Menu
The edit menu is used to edit the current document.It is got by clicking Edit on the menu bar.

This menu contains the editing commands such as cutting, copying and pasting.
Copy - Copy highlighted images or text to paste into another application; MS Word, PowerPoint or
other applications. You can also use the keyboard combination Ctrl + C
Find- Used for searching a word or part of word within the document. When we click Find on the Edit
menu we get a window as shown in Fig.

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When we type the word to be searched and click the button Find Next, the word is searched and the
cursor goes to that location.

View Menu
 The view menu is used to customize the view in our screen.
 The view menu as shown Fig has the following commands:

 Tool bar: A toggle key to show or hide the tool bar

 Status bar: A toggle key to show or hide the status bar
 Fonts: This command is used to select the font on our screen. we can select any one of the
following sizes.
1. Largest
2. Large
3. Medium
4. Small
5. Smallest
 Stop
 Refresh: This command refreshes the page; recent updates can be seen when refresh the page
 Source: This command is used to view the HTML source code of the web page
 Options: This command is used to select aesthetic colors for text, background and hyperlinks.
When we choose the Options command, we get the multiple tabs as shown in Fig. 3.10.

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This is a combination of six windows, namely:

1. General
2. Connection
3. Navigation
4. Program
5. Security
6. Advanced
The window shown in above Fig is the General window.
This has three tick boxes at the top portion of the window, namely:
1. Show pictures
2. Play sounds
3. Play videos
4. These tick boxes can be ticked by just clicking on the box.
5. The tick can be removed another click on the box.

Option Window
If the Show pictures box is ticked, the web page will show the pictures (if any).
If this box is not ticked, the pictures will not be shown on the web page. Similarly, the tick boxes Play
sounds and Play videos can be used for sound and video. In the middle part on the left there is a panel
called Colors with a tick box called Use Windows colors, and two boxes for selecting colors of the text
and background color. ii we tick on the tick box, the original Windows colors are chosen for the
background and the text. If we remove the tick by another click, we can choose the background and
text color. In a web page hot texts will appear in a different color. This can be designed using the right
hand side panel in the middle of the window, called Links. This panel has a tick box, Underline links,

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using which we can set the display to underline all hot texts (links). They can also be displayed in a
different color. When we open a web page, several links may appear in a page. By clicking the hot
text, we visit the linked document In order to distinguish between the links which have been visited
already and those which have not yet been visited, we can assign two different colors for the hot texts.
These colors can be assigned using the two keys Visited and Unvisited. On selection of either of these
keys, we get the color palette as shown in Fig.

We can now select any color from the palette. If we are not able to choose from this palette, we can
define a new custom color by clicking the button Define Custom Colors. When we click this button,
we get a window as shown in Fig.

We can create a color using the basic colors red, green and blue and add it to the custom colors.
The General window also has a button, Languages, to choose a language for the web.
As websites are created in several languages, this option helps us select the language and then open the
website. On clicking the Languages button, we get a window as shown in Fig.

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If we want to add a new language, we click the Add button. We can choose the font for our display by
clicking the Font Settings in the General window. On clicking this button, we get a window as shown
in Fig. We can select a font and click the OK button.

Navigation Window:
The Connection window is to set up connections. The navigation window shown in Fig is a very
useful tool in the Internet Explorer.

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Using this window, we can set the starling page URL and can preserve a history of the websites we
visit The number of days up to which the history must be preserved can also be set.

Favorites Menu:
The History option keeps the history of all the sites visited. Internet Explorer also has a provision to
store the addresses of the favorite sites. This is clone in a folder called Favorites. This Favorites folder
can be used in a very convenient form by creating subfolders within this Favorites folder. When we
click the Favorites option in the menu bar, the Favorites menu is displayed as shown in Fig. 3.18. If we
want to add this current web page in Favorites, we can just click the Add to Favorites command of the
Favorites Menu shown in Fig.

On clicking Add to Favorites, we get the window as shown in Fig. 3.19. If we click OK the current
website address will be stored in the Favorites folder. Suppose we want to store it in a subfolder. We
must click the Create in button of this window.-

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On clicking it, the window gets extended as shown in Fig. This displays all the subfolders in the
Favorites folder. We can now select the folder in which the address has to be stored and then click the
OK button. If we want to create a new folder, we must select the parent folder and then click the
button New Folder.
Opening a Favorite Site: If we want to open a favorite site which was already stored in a Favorite
folder, we must first click the Favorite menu in the menu bar. All the subfolders of the Favorite folder
appear at the bottom of the pull down menu. Select the desired folder and the desired address. The site
is opened. For example, suppose a site with the name "Xavier" is al-ready in a subfolder Research in
the Favorites folder.
Organizing the Favorites Folder: If we want to rearrange the Favorites folder, we must click the
Organize Favorites command in the Favorites menu. We can rearrange them by click-and-drag mouse
operation. We can delete any subfolder by just pressing the delete key after selecting the subfolder.
This window has five buttons, namely:
• Delete
• Rename
• Move
• Open
• Close

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Tool Bar
The tool bar contains some icons as keys for important functions. By just clicking on an icon in the
tool bar, a job can be done. The following are some important keys on the tool bar.

NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR
Netscape Navigator was the most popular web browser before Microsoft launched Internet Explorer.
The Netscape Navigator window has a format similar to that of Intern Explorer.
The window has a menu bar with the following menu options.

• File
• Edit
• View
• Go
• Communicator
• Help

File Menu
The File menu is used to customize the page setup, to preview, to print the document for opening or
saving a page, closing a page or exiting Netscape Navigator.

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The File menu is used to manipulate your files. Using the file menu you can:
 Open a New browser window, or create a New blank page in Composer
 Open Page - open pages on your hard drive that you might have created with composer, or
open a page that has been saved from the Internet
 Save As - you can save Web pages from the Internet on your disk
 Print files - prints the current web page

Edit Menu
The Edit menu is used to edit the content of a frame. It is possible to select a portion o the whole, Cut
it, Copy it, Move it or Paste it at any desired location. The Edit menu i similar to the edit menu of any
word processor

Use the Edit menu to:

 Cut - cut text
 Copy - copy highlighted text on a web page
 Paste - paste text
 Select All - selects all the text on a page
 Find in Page - searches the current page for words
 Search Internet - this will take you to Netscape's search page
 Edit Preferences - this is where you can change your preferences for Netscape. You can
enter your e-mail information, change the default home page, font size, etc.

View Menu
The View menu is used to customize the view screen of Navigator

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SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
The View menu can be used to:
 Show - Using this item you can show or hide the various toolbars at the top of your
Navigator Window
 Increase/Decrease Font size - this will increase or decrease the size of the text on a web
page
 Reload - this will cause Netscape to reconnect to the web server and download the web page
again
 View Page Source - this will display the HTML code for the page you are viewing
 View Page Info - this displays information about the web page you are viewing - date
created, date modified, etc.

Communicator Menu
This menu is very important in choosing the communicator and choosing bookmarks, etc. It has four
parts. In the first part of the menu, the list of communications are shown, which are:

Bookmark
The Bookmark's option of the Communicator menu is used to make bookmarks for our favorite
websites. This is similar to the Favorites option of Internet Explorer.

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SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
History
The history of the Websites visited so far can be preserved for easy reference. This is done using the
History option of the Tools menu in communicator menu.

Security
Netscape Navigator has a set of security options to make you feel secure. Since the Internet connects
your system (network) to other systems across the globe, you have to be very careful and secure lest
your valuable data is copied or damaged by anybody. We must click the Security tool on the tool bar
to go into the security window.

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SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
There are several security provisions. It is possible to set a password for Communicator. For creating
the password, we must select the Password option in the left frame.
This is used to set the password. It is possible to protect our Java applets and Java Script from the
access of others. For doing this, there is an option called Java/JavaScript. The following are some
more security provisions. • Navigator • Messenger • Certificates • Yours • People • Web Sites •
Signers • Cryptographic

Go menu:
The Go menu is used to navigate through pages that you have visited.

 Back - this takes you back to the page you just viewed
 Forward - this will take you forward a page
 Home - this returns you to the Home page set in Netscape Preferences
At the bottom of this window you will find a list of the titles of the last few pages that you have
viewed. You can highlight any of the pages on the list and go to that page.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
UNIT - II

2 MARK:
1. Define MODEM.
2. List out types of modem.
3. What is meant by port? List out types.
4. What is meant by ISP?
5. Expand ISDN, DSL.
6. Define Netscape navigator.
7. Define socket.

5 MARK:
1. Explain about Internet addressing.
2. Explain on types of port.
3. Write short note on Internet browser.

10 MARK:
1. Briefly explain telephone lines.
2. Write short note on Internet explorer.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
UNIT - III
Introduction to HTML: Designing a home page – HTML documents – Anchor tag – Hyperlinks.

INTRODUCTION TO HTML
What is HTML?
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup
 HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages
 HTML elements are represented by tags
 HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph", "table", and so on
 Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the page
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output:

HTML Tags
 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines this document to be HTML5
 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the document
 The <title> element specifies a title for the document
 The <body> element contains the visible page content
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph

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Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:
 <b> - Bold text
 <strong> - Important text
 <i> - Italic text
 <em> - Emphasized text
 <mark> - Marked text
 <small> - Small text
 <del> - Deleted text
 <ins> - Inserted text
 <sub> - Subscript text
 <sup> - Superscript text

Creating heading:-
Headings are highlighting overall topic of the current page.
There are six levels of headings, from h1 to h6. H1 headings should be used as main headings,
followed by H2 headings, then the less important H3 headings, and so on.
<html>
<body>
<h1> Main Heading </h1>
</body>
</html>

< H1 > tag should use only once in a page and it is supposed to be the main heading of the page. Each
heading has a line break before and after of each heading display, and don't use headings to make text
bold.
Heading tags are used by the search engines to identify words which are more important than the rest
of the page content.
There are six levels of heading and each using a slightly smaller font size.

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Heading Align
Heading tags are the simplest way to divide up your document. You can poition headings of a page in
specific locations like RIGHT, LEFT and CENTER.

Bold Text
 HTML <b> tag is used to display the written text in bold format. It is strictly a
presentational element.
 If you want to show your text in bold letters and not have real semantic meaning, then put it
within <b>.......</b> tag.
 The text in between the tags will be bold, and stand out against text around it, the same as in
a word processor. example:
Example
<b>Write Your First Paragraph in bold text.</b></p>
Output:
Write Your First Paragraph in bold text.

2) Italic Text
If you write anything within <i>............</i> element, is shown in italic letters.
<i>Write Your First Paragraph in italic text.</i>
Output:
Write Your First Paragraph in italic text.

3.Underlined Text
If you write anything within <u>.........</u> element, is shown in underlined text.
Example:
<p> <u>Write Your First Paragraph in underlined text.</u></p>
Output:
Write Your First Paragraph in underlined text.

4.Strike Text
Anything written within <strike>.......................</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough. It is
a thin line which cross the statement.

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SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
Example:
1. <p> <strike>Write Your First Paragraph with strikethrough</strike>.</p>
Output:
Write Your First Paragraph with strikethrough.

Superscript Text
If you put the content within ^{..............} element, is shown in superscript ; means it is
displayed half a character's height above the other characters.
Example:
<p>Hello ^{Write Your First Paragraph in superscript.}</p>
Output:
Hello Write Your First Paragraph in superscript.

Subscript Text
If you put the content within _{..............} element, is shown in subscript ; means it is
displayed half a character's height below the other characters.
example:
<p>Hello _{Write Your First Paragraph in subscript.}</p>
Output:
Hello Write Your First Paragraph in subscript.

Deleted Text
Anything that puts within <del>..........</del> is displayed as deleted text.
example:
<p>Hello <del>Delete your first paragraph.</del></p>
Output:
Hello

Inserted Text
Anything that puts within <ins>..........</ins> is displayed as inserted text.
example:
<p> <del>Delete your first paragraph.</del><ins>Write another paragraph.</ins></p>
Output:
Delete your first paragraph.Write another paragraph.

Larger Text
If you want to put your font size larger than the rest of the text then put the content within
<big>.........</big>. It increase one font size larger than the previous one.
Example:
<p>Hello <big>Write the paragraph in larger font.</big></p>
Output:
Hello Write the paragraph in larger font.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
Smaller Text
If you want to put your font size smaller than the rest of the text then put the content within
<small>.........</small>tag. It reduces one font size than the previous one.
Example:
1. <p>Hello <small>Write the paragraph in smaller font.</small></p>
Output:
Hello Write the paragraph in smaller font.

Font Colour :-
 <font color="#??????"> </font>
 Change the colour of a few words or a section of text. The 6 question marks represent the hex
color code, see this list of colours and codes for some samples.

Font Size
 <font size="?"> </font>
 Replace the ? with a number from 1 to 7 to change the size of the font. One being the
smallest and seven the largest.

Font Size Change:-

 <font size="+/-?"> </font>
 For an immediate change of font size with respect to the font size preceding it, this tag
increase or decreases the size of the font by the number you specify. Eg: <font size="-
1">Some Text</font>

Change Font Face :-

 <font face="?"> </font>
 To show text in a particular font, use the font name such "Helvetica" or "Arial" or "Courier".
Be aware that using some fancy font from your computer means that the person viewing that
page must also have that font installed on their computer too, otherwise it will look totally
different to them.

Centre:-
 <center> </center>
 A useful tag, as it says, it makes everything in between the tags centred (in the middle of the
page).

DESIGNING A HOME PAGE

The first page of a website is called the home page.
The home page is like the drawing room of our house or the reception area of an office.
It normally has the logo of the company, with a pleasant background, having several hot texts.
We can proceed further by clicking the appropriate hot text.
The home pages of some websites are shown in Figs.
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The acronym for Hyper-Text Mark-up Language is HTML.

It is a documentation language to mark the headings, title, tables, etc.
It is a universal language to design a static web page. It is machine independent, and all Internet
browsers accept the HTML code.

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HTML DOCUMENTS
Using HTML, we can create static web pages. Every HTML document has the following two
sections:
 Head
 Body

HTML Head tag:

The head begins with the <HEAD> tag and ends with the < /HEAD> tag. In the head section, the
Title is the most important item. The Title begins with <TITLE> and ends with < /TITLE>. The
body begins with <BODY> and ends with < /BODY>. Headings can be created with tags H1, H2, ...,
H6. Hi will make a big heading, H2 will make it smaller and H3 will make it still smaller, and so on.

For example, if we want "Dr C. Xavier" to appear as a big heading, we type

<h1>Dr C. Xavier </hl>.
The output will be as shown below. Dr C. Xavier Suppose a document has the following lines:
<h1> WELCOME TO HTML <hl>
<h2> WELCOME TO HTML <h2>
<h3> WELCOME TO HTML <h3>
<h4> WELCOME TO HTML <h4>
<h5> WELCOME TO HTML <h5>
<h6> WELCOME TO HTML <h6> .
One should note that HTML accepts both upper (i.e. capital) and lower (i.e. small; case letters. In
other words, HTML program codes are not case sensitive, e.g. one ma) type <HEAD> or <Head> or
<Head>.

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HTML <body> Tag

The <body> tag defines the document's body.
The <body> element contains all the contents of an HTML document, such as text, hyperlinks,
images, tables, lists, etc.

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ANCHOR TAG
 HTML uses the <a> (anchor) tag to create a link to another document.
 An anchor can point to any resource on the Web: an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a
movie, etc.
 The syntax of creating an anchor:
<a href="url">Text to be displayed</a>
 The <a> tag is used to create an anchor to link from, the href attribute is used to address the
document to link to, and the words between the open and close of the anchor tag will be
displayed as a hyperlink.
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools!</a>
 The <a> tag defines a hyperlink, which is used to link from one page to another.
 The most important attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which indicates the
link's destination.
 By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:
1. An unvisited link is underlined and blue
2. A visited link is underlined and purple
3. An active link is underlined and red
For example, if a hot text "St Xavier's College" is to be created with an HTML document, college,
html we must type
<ahref="college.html"> St Xavier' s Col lege</a>.
For example, an HTML file, Xavier.Html, is shown below. It contains details about Dr C. Xavier.
<HTML>
<head>
<title>Xavier </title>
</head>
<body>
<hl>Dr C. Xavier </hl> <hr> <br> Dr C. Xavier is working as a senior lecturer in computer science
in <a href= "college .html"> St Xavier' s College</a> Palayamkottai Palayamkottai and Tirunelveli
are considered as twin cities of the famous <a href= "district .html"> Tirunelveli Kattabomman</
a>District.<br>
</body>
</HTML>
When this file is opened using an Internet browser we get the page shown in Fig.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM

Please note that the foregoing text of Xavier.html has been shown on different lines only for better
readability. Actually, it would be keyed in continuation, and would fill lines of the width of the page
before starting a fresh line.
A fresh line para will start only after an </h>, </p> or a <br> tag. This may be kept in mind while
reading the contents of HTML files throughout the book. In this page, "St Xavier's College" is a hot
text. When this is clicked, it will open college . html shown as follows.
<HTML>
<head>
<title>College </title>
</head>
<body>
<hl>St Xavier' s College</hl>
<hr>
<br> St Xavier' s College is a famous college. This was started in 1923 by the Society of Jesus . It is
in Palayamkottai . Palayamkottai and Tirunelveli are considered as twin cities of the famous <a href-
--- "district . html" >Tirunelveli Kattabomman</a> District .<br>
</body>
</HTML>
When this file is opened, the output appears as shown in Fig. 4.6

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Here tlrunelveli kattabomman" is a hot text. It will open a file district.html as follows.
<HTML>
<head>
<title>Tirunelveli </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Tirunelveli Kattabomman District </hl>
<hr>
<br>
Tirunelveli District is in the southern part of Tamil Nadu. It is famous for Halwa. River<a
href="thamirabarani .html"> Thamirabarani </a>
is the gift of God to this district .
<br>
</body>
<HTML>
When this file is opened, it appears/ as shown in Fig.

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SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
In the above file "Thamirabarani" is a hot text. On clicking it, the HTML file thamirabarani.html
will be opened..It is as follows.
<HTML>
<head>
<title>Thamirabarani </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Thamirabarani River" </h1>
<hr>
<br> Thamirabarani is the gift of God to Tirunelveli District.
It starts from the Western Ghats and flows towards the east. This serves as the main source of water
for Tirunelveli and its neighbor Tuticorin. <br>
</body>
</HTML>
The output of the above file is shown in Fig. 4.8. It is also possible to bring image files, audio files
and tables into an HTML file. The web page background can be designed colorfully. Tables and
frames can be designed to make the web page precise and simple.

HYPER LINKS
A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts of a
given page. These links are known as hyperlinks. Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web
sites by clicking on words, phrases, and images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images
available on a webpage.
Linking Documents A link is specified using HTML tag . This tag is called anchor tag and anything
between the opening tag and the closing tag becomes part of the link and a user can click that part to
reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to use tag.

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Example:

This will produce following result, where you can click on the link generated Tutorials Point to reach
to the home page of Tutorials Point.

The target Attribute:

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify the location
where linked document is opened. Following are possible options:

Example

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Another sample example:
Consider the following HTML document
<html>
<head>
<title> <St Xavier' s College> </title>
</head>
<body> <h1> St Xavier 's College </hl>
The <a href = "#comp"> Computer Science </a> is rendering commendable service to the society.
<a name = comp> </a>
<h4> Department of Computer Science </h4> The department offers
</body>
The HTML document shown above is a single document. <a name = comp> </a> defines an
identification of the location. The hot text "Computer Science" is given a short-cut link to this
location.
The identification of the location can also be defined in the <br> tag or <hl> tag or any head or similar
tags. For instance in the above example, the location identification has been defined as:
<a name = comp> </a>
<h4> Department of Computer Science </h4>
Instead of the above code, we can simply write:
<h4 id = comp> Department of Computer Science </h4>
Similarly, we can also write it as an attribute of a break tag.
<br id = comp>
Example Consider the following HTML document
<head>
<title> Tamil Nadu Tourist Information </title>
<body> Tamil Nadu has very interesting tourist spots at the following places.
<ul>
<li> <a href = "#maha"> Mahabalipuram </a>
<li> <a href = "#kodai"> Kodaikanal </a>
<li> <a href = "#ooty"> Ooty </a>
<h4 id = maha> Mahabalipuram </h4>
<h4 id = kodai> Kodaikanal </h4>
<h4 id = ooty> Ooty </h4>
</body>
Output:

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
UNIT -III
2 MARK:
1. Define HTML.
2. Define head tag.
3. Define body tag.
4. What is Anchor tag?
5. What is meant by hyperlink?
6. Write the usage of head, title tag.
5 MARK:
7. How to design home page in html.
8. Discuss about anchor tag with example.
9. Explain about formatting tags used in HTML.
10 MARK:
10. Briefly explain hyperlink with example.
11. Write short note on HTML documents.

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SUB: INTERNET AND APPLICATIONS CLASS: I-BCA
SEM: II STAFF NAME: V.BALASUBRAMANIYAM
UNIT – IV
Traditional text and formatting – tables - images - frames

TRADITIONAL TEXT AND FORMATTING

The following HTML tags are used to format the appearance of the text on your web page. This can
jazz up the look of the web page, however, too much variety in the text formatting can also look
displeasing.
Header:-
 <h?> </h?>
 There are 6 levels of headings available, from h1 for the largest and most important heading,
down to h6 for the smallest heading.
Bold:-
 <b> </b>
 The text in between the tags will be bold, and stand out against text around it, the same as in
a word processor.
Italic:-
 <i> </i>
 Also working the same way as a word processor, italics displays the text at a slight angle.
Underline:-
 <u> </u>
 Again, the same as underline in a word processor.
Strike-out :-
 <strike> </strike>
 Puts a line right through the centre of the text, crossing it out. Often used to show that text is
old and no longer relevant.
 Also works by using <s> </s> instead.
Preformatted Text :-
 <pre> </pre>
 Any text between the pre tags, including spaces, carriage returns and punctuation, will appear
in the browser as it would in a text editor (normally browsers ignore multiple spaces)
Source Code:-
 <code> </code>
 Text is displayed in a fixed-width font, commonly used when showing source code. I have
used it on this site, along with style sheets, to show all tags.
Typewriter:-
 Text - <tt> </tt>
 The text appears to have been typed by a typewriter, in a fixed-width font
Block Quote :-
 <blockquote> </blockquote>:-
 Defines a long quotation, and the quote is displayed with an extra wide margin on the left
hand side of the block quote.

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Small:-
 <small> </small>
 Instead of having to set a font size, you can use the small tag to render text slightly smaller
than the text around it. Useful for displaying the 'fine-print'.
Font Colour :-
 <font color="#??????"> </font>
 Change the colour of a few words or a section of text. The 6 question marks represent the hex
color code, see this list of colours and codes for some samples.
Font Size
 <font size="?"> </font>
 Replace the ? with a number from 1 to 7 to change the size of the font. One being the
smallest and seven the largest.
Font Size Change:-
 <font size="+/-?"> </font>
 For an immediate change of font size with respect to the font size preceding it, this tag
increase or decreases the size of the font by the number you specify. Eg: <font size="-
1">Some Text</font>
Change Font Face :-
 <font face="?"> </font>
 To show text in a particular font, use the font name such "Helvetica" or "Arial" or "Courier".
Be aware that using some fancy font from your computer means that the person viewing that
page must also have that font installed on their computer too, otherwise it will look totally
different to them.
Centre:-
 <center> </center>
 A useful tag, as it says, it makes everything in between the tags centred (in the middle of the
page).
Emphasis:-
 <em> </em>
 Used to emphasize text, which usually appears in italics, but can vary according to your
browser.
Strong Emphasis:-
 <strong> </strong>
 Used to emphasize text more, which usually appears in bold, but can vary according to your
browser.

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TABLES
 A table is defined using the <table> element, and contains a number of table cells ( <td>, for
“table data” ) which are organized into table rows ( <tr>). The markup (HTML code) for a table
is always based on rows, never columns.
 Table cells which act as column headers or row headers should use the <th> (table header)
element.
 Table cells can be merged using the colspan and rowspan attributes.
 Tables can be broken into sections using the following elements:
o <thead> — Table header
o <tbody> — Table body
o <tfoot> — Table footer
 A caption can be added to a table using the <caption> element.
 You can use <col> and <colgroup> to define table columns for styling. However, there are
a number of limitations with this practice.
Table Code Sample: Simple Table
Example
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Favorite Color</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bob</td>
<td>Yellow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Michelle</td>
<td>Purple</td>
</tr></table>
This will produce the following result –
Name Favorite Color
Bob Yellow
Michelle Purple

Tables and the Border Attribute

To display a table with borders, you will use the border attribute. This Code Would Display

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Open up your text editor. Type in your , and tags. From here on I will only be writing what goes
between the tags. Type in the following:

Headings in a Table
Headings in a table are defined with the tag.

Cell Padding and Spacing

The <table> tag has two attributes known as cellspacing and cellpadding. Here is a table example
without these properties. These properties may be used separately or together.

Cellspacing is the pixel width between the individual data cells in the table (The thickness of the lines
making the table grid). The default is zero. If the border is set at 0, the cellspacing lines will be
invisible.

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Cellpadding is the pixel space between the cell contents and the cell border. The default for this
property is also zero. This feature is not used often, but sometimes comes in handy when you have
your borders turned on and you want the contents to be away from the border a bit for easy viewing.
Cellpadding is invisible, even with the border property turned on. Cellpadding can be handled in a
style sheet.

Table Size: Table Width

The width attribute can be used to define the width of your table. It can be defined as a fixed width or
a relative width.
A fixed table width is one where the width of the table is specified in pixels.
For example, this code,
<table width="550">, will produce a table that is 550 pixels wide.
A relative table width is specified as a percentage of the width of the visitor's viewing window.
Hence this code,
<table width="80%">, will produce a table that occupies 80 percent of the screen.

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Example:
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Web Page </title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="90%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" >
<tr bgcolor="#EDDD9E">
<td width="200" valign="top"><img src="graphics/contact.gif" width="100"
height="100"></td>
<td valign="top"><h1 align="right">Janet Doeson</h1>
<h3 align="right">Technical Specialist</h3></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="200">
<h3>Menu</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="home.html">Home</a></li>
<li> <a href="faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
<li> <a href="contact.html">Contact</a></li>
<li> <a href="http://www.austincc.edu">Links</a> </li>
</ul></td>
<td valign="top"><h2 align="center">Welcome!</h2>
<p>Welcome to my first webpage. I created this webpage without the assistance of a
webpage editor. Just my little text editor and a keen understanding of html.</p>
<p>Look around. Notice I'm able to use paragraphs, lists and headings. You may not
be able to tell, but the layout is done with a table. I'm very clever. </p>
<blockquote>

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<p>I always wanted to be somebody, but now I realize I should have been more
specific.</p>
<cite>Lily Tomlin </cite> </blockquote> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="90%" align="left">
<address>
Janet Doeson<br>
Technical Specialist<br>
512.555.5555
</address>
<p>Contact me at <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> </p>
</body>
</html>
Output:

Janet Doeson
Technical Specialist

Welcome!
Welcome to my first webpage. I created this webpage
without the assistance of a webpage editor. Just my
Menu little text editor and a keen understanding of html.

 Home Look around. Notice I'm able to use paragraphs, lists

 FAQ and headings. You may not be able to tell, but the
 Contact layout is done with a table. I'm very clever.
 Links
I always wanted to be somebody, but now I realize I
should have been more specific.

Lily Tomlin

Janet Doeson
Technical Specialist
512.555.5555

Contact me at [email protected]

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IMAGES
 HTML <img /> tag is insert image into a web document.
 HTML image path define/declare inside <img /> tag.
 The <img /> tag is empty tag, that mean's no closing tag.
 <img /> tag have some attributes are use for display image on web page.
 The src attribute, src stands for "source", that is path of image URL.
 Alt Attribute used to define an "alternate text" for an image. This specifies text to be identified in
the image name.
 Width and Height specifies the size of image to display on webpage.
Image Tag Attribute:
Attributes Description
src Required, Image path should be absolute path.
width Specifies the Width to display the image.
Height Specifies the Height to display the image.
Align Specifies the image align side.
Border Specifies the image border size.
alt Required Attribute. Specifies text to be identifying the image.
Set Size Attributes:
The size attributes define the width and height of the image. They look like this:
<img src="image.jpg" width="200" height="150">
These attributes are optional but strongly recommended as they help the browser arrange the page
more quickly.

Adding Space around the Image

It is possible to leave some space around the picture. The attributes vspace and hspace are
used for this purpose. The vspace attribute specifies the vertical space which is the space at the top and
at the bottom of the image.
The hspace attribute specifies the horizontal space which is the space at the left and right
sides of the picture.

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<img src="elephant gi f " height=250 width=150 hspace=25 vspace=40>
The above html tag loads the image file elephant .gi f and displays it with a size of 250 pixels height
and 150 pixels width. It also gives a horizontal space of 25 pixels and vertical space of 40 pixels, as
depicted.

Set Alignment
We can use the align attribute to position the image:
<img src="image.jpg"align="left">
The following alignment options are available: left, right, top, middle, bottom, absmiddle, absbottom,
baseline, texttop
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The img align attribute</h1>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The align attribute is not supported in HTML5. Use CSS instead!</p>
<h2>align="bottom" (default):</h2>
<p>This is some text. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="42" height="42"> This is some
text.</p>
<h2>align="middle":</h2>
<p>This is some text. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="42" height="42"
align="middle"> This is some text.</p>
<h2>align="top":</h2>
<p>This is some text. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="42" height="42" align="top">
This is some text.</p>
<h2>align="right":</h2>
<p>This is some text. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="42" height="42"
align="right"> This is some text.</p>
<h2>align="left":</h2>
<p>This is some text. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="42" height="42" align="left">
This is some text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output:

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Border for an Image

 It is possible to give a border of desired thickness to images.
 This is done using the border attribute in the <img> tag. The thickness of the border may be from
1 pixels to 10 pixels
 For example, when we write <img src= "elephant . gi f " border= "5 "> the picture is shown with
a 5 pixel thick border. This is illustrated in the following example.
Example Consider the following HTML document
<html>
<head>
<title> elephant </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=#aabbcc text=#001100>
<CENTER>
<img src="elephant.gif" align=center width=250 height=175 border=10>
</img>
<hr>
</body>
</html>
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Low Resolution Images

Whenever the image file given in the src tag is of high resolution, the browser takes some
time to load the image file. It is possible to show an image of low resolution until the high resolution
image is loaded. For example, suppose elephant .gi f is a high-resolution image file.
It can also create another image of an elephant as a low-resolution image and call the file
elephant low. gif. Now we can instruct the browser to first display the file elephant low. gi f and then
to load and display the high-resolution file elephant.gif . This can be accomplished by the lowsrc
attribute of the <ling> tag as follows.
<img sr=”elephant.gif” lowsrc=elephant low.gif”>

FRAMES
 In HTML, frames enable you present multiple HTML documents within the same window.
 Frames are achieved by creating a frameset page, and defining each frame from within that page.
 This frameset page doesn't actually contain any content - just a reference to each frame.
 The HTML frame tag is used to specify each frame within the frameset.
 All frame tags are nested with a frameset tag.
 The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame) within a <frameset>.
 Each <frame> in a <frameset> can have different attributes, such as border, scrolling, the ability
to resize, etc.
A set of frames is defined using the <frameset> tag which ends with the < frameset.> tag.
The <frameset> tag has two attributes.
1. row or column frame
2. size of each frame
The basic concept behind frames is pretty simple:
 Use the frameset element in place of the body element in an HTML document.
 Use the frame element to create frames for the content of the web page.
 Use the src attribute to identify the resource that should be loaded inside each frame.
 Create a different file with the contents for each frame.
The sizes of the frames are mentioned in any one of the following units:
1. Pixel
2. Percentage
3. Fraction
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Pixel Unit: The pixel unit simply represents the number of pixels (Picture element} in each frame.
Commas must separate the numbers. For example, consider the following.
<frameset cols="150, 70, 70">
------------
</- frameset>
This definition creates three column-wise frames, with the first frame of 150 pixels width, the second
of 70 pixels width and the third also of 70 pixels width.
Percentage Unit: The percentage unit divides the window according to the specified percentages. For
example, consider the frameset definition:
<frameset rows=70%, 30%>
-------------
</- frameset>
In the above definition, two row-wise frames are defined in the container. The first frame has 70 per
cent of the container and the second one has 30 per cent of the container. If the total percentages is
greater than 100, all percentages are scaled down. If the sum of the percentages is less than 100, the
extra spaces are left out.
Fraction Unit: Instead of using Pixel of percentage units, we can use fraction units to represent the
relative sizes of the frames. Suppose we give the following.
< frameset cols="4", 4*, *, *">
-------------
</frameset>
The first two frames have sizes of four units each, and the third and fourth ones have one unit each. So
the frame sizes are 4/10, 4/10, 1/10 and 1/10 of the overall container size.

Creating Frames:-
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag.
The Frameset Tag
 The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames
 Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
 The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column will
occupy
 The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical
frames.
 Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into
the frame.

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The <frame> Tag Attributes
Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag
S.No Attribute & Description

src
This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its value
1
can be any URL. For example, src = "/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file
available in html directory.

name
This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which frame a
2 document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you want to create
links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in which case the second frame
needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link.

frameborder
This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it overrides
3
the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if one is given, and
this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).

marginwidth
This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of
4
the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example
marginwidth = "10".

marginheight
This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and bottom
5
of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For example
marginheight = "10".

noresize
By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of a frame.
6
The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the frame. For example
noresize = "noresize".

scrolling
This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the frame. This
7
takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling = "no" means it should
not have scroll bars.

longdesc
8 This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long description
of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc = "framedescription.htm"

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Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<frameset cols="25%,*,25%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frame src="frame_b.htm">
<frame src="frame_c.htm">
</frameset>
</html>

Creating Vertical Columns

To create a set of four vertical columns, we need to use the frameset element with the cols attribute.
The cols attribute is used to define the number and size of columns the frameset will contain. In our
case, we have four files to display, so we need four frames. To create four frames we need to assign
four comma-separated values to the cols attribute.
To make things simple we're going to assign the value * to each of the frames, this will cause them to
be automatically sized to fill the available space.
Example:

And here's how that HTML will render.

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Creating Horizontal Rows

Rows of frames can be created by using the rows attribute rather than the cols attribute as shown in the
HTML below.

By making that one change, the frames now load as four rows stacked up on top of each other.

Mixing Columns and Rows

Columns and rows of frames can both appear on the same webpage by nesting one frameset inside of
another. To do this, we first create a frameset and then nest a child frameset within the parent element.
Here's an example of how we could nest two rows within a set of three columns.

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Output:

Nested Frameset:
The nested frameset takes the place of the first frame within the parent element. The nested element
can be placed in any position. For example, if we wanted the nested element to appear in the center
position we would just rearrange the elements like this.

Here's how the rearranged frames would render.

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UNIT -IV
2 MARK:
1. What is meant by table in HTML?
2. Write the usage of caption tag.
3. Define frame.
4. Define pixel.
5. List out 3 element separating head, body and footer in table.
6. How to set table height & width in html?
5 MARK:
1. How to add images in HTML.
2. What is meant by frame? Explain it.
3. How to add background for table in html.
10 MARK:
1. Write short note on text and formatting in HTML.
2. Explain how to create table in html.

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UNIT - V
Case Study: Online Passport – Online Gas Services – Online Train Reservation – Tamilnadu
government services

5.1 CASE STUDY

5.1.1 ONLINE PASSPORT
The Passport Seva Project was launched by the Ministry of External Affairs with the objective of
delivering Passport Services to the citizens in a comfortable environment with wider accessibility and
reliability. The project envisages setting up of Passport Seva Kendras (PSKs) across the country, a
Data Centre and Disaster Recovery Centre, Call centre operating in multiple Indian languages, and a
centralized nationwide computerized system for issuance of passports.
With the implementation of the Passport Seva Project, Passport Seva Kendras are working as extended
arms of Regional Passport Offices.
An applicant may ascertain the jurisdiction of Regional Passport Office and Passport Seva Kendra
before submitting an application.
Visit Passport Seva Project for more information.

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Passport Services
For issue of fresh passport and reissue of passport, you need to fill the application form online via e-
Form Submission (preferred) or via Online Form Submission. Apart from this applicant can submit the
application form directly in the respective CPO/passport office/ Passport Seva Kendra (PSK)/District
Passport Cell (DPC)/Speed post centres.
The various passport services are:
I. Issue of Fresh Passport: You can apply for fresh passport if applying for the first time.
II. Reissue of Passport: You can apply for reissue of passport if you want another passport in
lieu of an existing passport for any of the following reasons:
 Change in existing personal particulars.
 Validity expired within 3 years/ Due to expire.
 Validity expired more than 3 years ago.
 Exhaustion of pages.
 Damaged passport.
 Lost passport.
If you ever held a passport in the past, no matter how much long back or at what age, you should
choose the Re-Issue category only.
 Miscellaneous Service: Issue of Police Clearance Certificate (PCC)
 Liberalization of Police Verification procedure for passport issuance
Police Verification (PV) has been an integral part of Passport issuance process since its inception.
The modalities of police verification have undergone various changes from time to time, whereas the
principles have remained the same i.e., ascertaining the applicant’s identity, citizenship and absence of
criminal antecedents.
In order to further improve and liberalize Police Verification procedure for passport issuance, the
Government has decided that henceforth normal passport applications of all first time applicants
furnishing Aadhaar, Electoral Photo Identity Card (EPIC), Permanent Account Number (PAN) Card
and an affidavit in the format of Annexure-I will be processed on Post-Police Verification basis,
enabling faster issue of passport, without payment of any additional fees, subject to successful online
validation of Aadhaar number. In addition, EPIC and PAN card may also be validated, if required,
from the respective databases.
In addition to the above, Ministry has also launched mPassport Police App for speedy submission of
Police Verification Report (PVR). The App would facilitate the field level verification officers to
directly capture the PV report into the system digitally.
With the launch of this App, the need to download and print the physical Personal Particulars Form
and questionnaire would no longer be required resulting in paperless end-to-end digital flow of the PV
process, further reducing the time required for completion of PVR, within the desired time limit of 21
days.
Source: Ministry of External Affairs
Procedures
Under Passport Seva, new measures and procedures have been introduced in order to improve
governance in Passport Offices. The new measures and procedures are aimed at ensuring citizens'
comfort, improvement in delivery of passport services, transparency and enhanced security.

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Applicants are now required to present themselves at the respective Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) for
enabling the Passport Issuing Authority to obtain applicants' photographs, biometrics and granting
decision in their presence.
Online application and Appointment
The Online Appointment system has been introduced to ensure avoiding congestion at the Passport
Seva Kendras (PSKs) and cutting down the waiting time for applicants. Appointment date/time will be
automatically allotted by the system as per the availability of appointment slots at the desired PSK.
steps to be followed for online application and appointment
 Online registration, filling up and submitting online application form, (alternatively,
download e-form, fill up and upload the same at the Online Portal)
 Fix the Schedule (Online Appointment Booking instruction) for an appointment and visit a
Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) for completing the process. To know the appointment
availability for the passport office of your choice, .
 Following steps may be followed to obtain and manage appointment:
 Step 1: Visit the website passportindia.gov.in;
 Step 2: Register ‘user name’ and assign a ‘password’;
 Step 3: Log in using your ‘user name’ and ‘password’;
 Step 4: Fill online application form as the case may be and submit online (alternatively,
download e-form, fill up and upload the same at the portal). Uploading of documents is
optional;
 Step 5: Now take an appointment to visit the nearest Passport Seva Kendra (appointments are
released region-wise). It is advised that the citizen should be ready with step ‘1’ to ‘4’ above
before the ‘appointment release time’. As soon as appointments are released (please see
region-wise timings), they should click on ‘Schedule Appointment’ link to book the
appointment. Appointment will be automatically booked and allocated to you if available.
Note: Prior payment of passport service fee has been mandatory for booking appointments at PSKs.
For this purpose, the Online Payment feature has been introduced through the Passport Seva Online
Portal. Online Payment can be made using any one of the following modes:

 Credit/Debit Card (MasterCard & Visa)

 Internet Banking (State Bank of India(SBI) and Associate Banks Only)
 SBI Bank Challan

Payment Through Credit/Debit Card

To pay using Credit/Debit Card OR Internet Banking, following steps may be followed
Step 1: Click the “Schedule Appointment” link, select the appointment quota (i.e. Tatkaal Quota or
Normal Quota (required only for Tatkaal ARN cases)), select the desired Passport Seva Kendra, and
click the Next>> button.
Step 2: Click the Pay and Book Appointment button to redirect t State Bank of India’s Multi Option
Payment System (MOPS).

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Step 3: Select the Mode of Payment (NET BANKING or CARD PAYMENTS), follow the
instructions and make payment. Please do not click the Back button or refresh the page, as this may
lead to failure of transaction.
Step 4: Once the payment is successful, an appointment will be booked automatically for the selected
Passport Seva Kendra and the “Appointment Confirmation” screen of PSP Portal will be displayed.
Step 5: Take a printout of the Application (ARN) Receipt, and carry it along while visiting the
Passport Seva Kendra on the given appointment date/time.
Visit passportindia.gov.in for more information about e-Form and it's submission.

To pay using a Challan:-

Step 1: Generate and print SBI Bank Challan through the “Pay using Challan” link.
Step 2: Submit the Challan along with indicated application fee at the nearest SBI branch after at least
three hours of Challan generation.
Step 3:Payment will be reflected after at least two working days of depositing the fee in the SBI
branch. Click the “Track Payment Status” link to track Payment Status.
Step 4: If Payment Status is displayed as Success, click the “Schedule Appointment” link to schedule
an appointment.
Step 5: Select the Appointment Quota (ie. Tatkaal Quota or Normal Quota (required only for Tatkaal
ARN cases)), select the desired Passport Seva Kendra, and click the Book Appointment button. An
appointment (if available) will be booked automatically for the selected Passport Seva Kendra.
Step 6: Take a printout of the Application (ARN) Receipt, and carry it along while visiting the
Passport Seva Kendra on the given appointment date/time.
Applicants applying under Tatkaal need to pay only the fee as applicable under Normal Category
while making Online Payment. The balance fee as applicable for Tatkaal will be payable in “Cash” at
Passport Seva Kendra/ Passport Office, once Tatkaal application is accepted by Passport Officials.
Online Payment will remain valid for one year from the first appointment date. The paid fee will be
forfeited if applicants do not submit application at PSK within this period.
Charge back/Refunds
No claim for refund, return or exchange of fee will be entertained for passport related services. In case
of multiple payments for the same ARN, for Passport related services including miscellaneous
services, the claims for refund will be dealt with as per extant policy governing them.
Reschedule/Cancel an Appointment:-
An applicant will be able to cancel/reschedule the appointment only twice within one year of first
appointment date. System will not allow booking of online appointment for that ARN once two
reschedule options are exercised or first appointment was scheduled more than one year ago.
Take printout of Application Reference Number (ARN) and visit the PSK at the given appointment
Date/Time along with a copy of the printed ARN;
Step 1: Visit the Passport Seva Kendra with requisite original documents and their photocopies.
Photograph is not required. The list of requisite documents is available at the website;
Step 2: Applicants who, despite appointment, have been “refused token” due to non-availability of
required set of documents can re-visit the same PSK as “Walk-IN”, within next 3 working days from

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the date of appointment and as per the time mentioned in the appointment slip. On-line appointment is
not mandatory for these applicants;
Step 3: Some categories are allowed as Walk-in applicants and obtaining online appointment is not
mandatory. [Please see below: - Walk-in Appointments with online Registration]
Step 4: In case you are unable to secure appointment or don’t fall under Walk-in category, you may
visit concerned Passport Office for submission of manual passport application form if permitted by the
concerned RPO [Please refer the section Manual Submission of Applications that is given below].
Alternatively RPO may consider giving staggered appointments keeping in view the load/capacity at
the respective PSK under their jurisdiction. Tatkaal and other urgency applications will be given
preference in allotting appointments through this route.
Such applicants should fill-up the application online, generate 'Application Reference Number' and
visit RPO along with printed copy of 'ARN Sheet';

Walk-in Appointments with Online Registration:

In order to facilitate submission of passport applications at Passport Seva Kendras, some types of
services such as ‘Tatkaal’ and issuance of Police Clearance Certificates and some categories of
applicants such as senior citizens, minors and differently-abled persons are allowed to submit their
duly registered online applications with ARN number as Walk-in applicants. Applicants falling under
these categories are also required to register their applications online and obtain ARN number and visit
the nearest Passport Seva Kendra at their convenience (no prior appointment required). In addition,
applicants should also refer to any advisory issued by the concerned Passport Offices from time to
time.
Currently, online application for Passport Seva Kendra is available for these cities and an applicant
may confirm the jurisdiction of Regional Passport Office and Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) before
submitting an application.

5.1.2 ONLINE GAS SERVICES

How to Apply for an Indane New Connection Online
 As a part of the Digital India initiative, Indian Oil Corporation introduced the e-SV and
SHAHJ schemes that will enable the customers to apply for an Indane Gas connection online.
 e-SV or the electronic subscription voucher has the details regarding the pressure regulator
and the number of cylinders offered to the customer for the security deposit that the customer
has offered.
 Upon release of the LPG connection, this document is sent by email to the customer directly

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Process for SAHAJ Indane New Gas Connection Online

Given below is the process flow for SAHAJ and e-SV system to apply for a new Indane Gas
Connection online.
 The customer registers for a new LPG gas connection by completing the online KYC form
and uploading the supporting proof of address & proof of income documents.
 Indane Gas will make and online check of inter company dedupe of KYC documents.
 For the applications that have cleared the dedupe, a waitlist will be created.
 After verification of the submitted KYC details against the POA and POI, the waitlist will be
released to the concerned distributors.
 The prospective customers will be notified by email and SMS to proceed with the request
and to select the equipments and the suitable mode of payment.
 The customer can make an online payment by selecting the mode of payment as debit card,
credit card or net banking.
 Alternatively, the customer can also make a payment at the distributor showroom while
availing the gas connection.
Process to Apply Indane Gas New Connection Offline at The Distributor Office
Customers can also apply for a new Indane Gas connection offline by visiting the nearest distributor
office. Follow the easy steps given below to apply for a new Indane Gas connection through your
nearest neighborhood Indane Gas distributor.
Locate your Nearest Indane Gas Distributor:-
 You can find out the nearest Indane LPG distributor by performing a simple search on the
Indane LPG gas portal.

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 Alternatively, you can also get in touch with the Indane Gas customer care to find out your
nearest distributor.
Submit the Documents Required:-
 Your distributor will ask you to submit a completely filled in application form along with
KYC documents like Proof of Address and Proof of Identity.
 Also, submit two photograph copies and proof for subsidy, if applicable.
Confirmation:-
 Your dealer will send you a confirmation by message or email acknowledging the request
that you have placed for a new gas connection.
 You can also check your application status online at the Indane Gas LPG portal
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Documents Required for Indane Gas New Connection:-
While requesting a new Indane Gas connection, customers will be required to submit some KYC
documents for their application to be processed. If the customer is applying online, he must attach the
KYC documents and if the customer is applying directly at the distributor’s showroom, he must submit
the documents given below with the application form.
 Aadhaar Card
 Driving License
 Voter ID
 Lease Agreement
 Recent telephone, water or electricity bills
 Passport
 LIC policy
 Bank account statement or credit card statement
 House registration document
 Flat possession letter
From the above given list, all relevant documents are to be submitted by the customer while applying
for a new Indane Gas Connection.
Indane Gas Booking Procedure:-
Customer can book a refill Indane gas cylinder using the website, mobile app or the IVRS system. The
customer can also directly contact the nearest dealer to make the booking for a refill cylinder.
Online Indane Gas Booking Procedure:-
All registered Indane Gas customers can book a refill gas cylinder online by providing details like the
17 digit LPG ID, PAN card number, consumer number and contact address.
 You will have to log onto that portal using the user id and password.
 Just fill in the form to book an Indane Gas cylinder easily and submit to place an order.
 You will be able to track the status of your booking online and pay directly to the distributor
after delivery.
Indane Gas Booking through SMS:-
Consumers can also book an Indane Gas refill using the SMS facility. Just send out an SMS in the
format - IOC to the IVRS number for your area.
Indane Gas Booking through IVRS:-

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Customers will be able to place a booking for a refill Indane LPG cylinder using the IVRS facility in
three language options including their regional language. Customers just have to enter the STD code of
the distributor and the the consumer number to make a booking.
Indane Gas Booking using Mobile App:-
Indane has come up with a mobile App for Android and iOS and customers can directly download the
mobile app to register a request for refill cylinder and also to place request for a second gas cylinder.
The customer just has to enter details like the consumer number, distributor details and other contact
information.
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Indane Gas Booking Through Distributors:-
Customers can visit their nearest distributor to place a request for an Indane refill cylinder. The
customer will have to provide details including customer number and contact details to place a request.
Indane Gas Cylinder Prices:-
Indane provides domestic as well as commercial LPG cylinders. From 5KG to 19KG, subsidized to
non-subsidized, the prices varies for different areas. If you want to know the exact prices of the Indane
gas products, please click here: Indane Gas Cylinder Price
Advantages of Indane Gas Online Application Process:-
The new age LPG gas customers want a hassle free experience when booking a new connection,
requesting a gas refill or surrendering a connection. Keeping this in mind, Indane Gas has come up
with the e-SV initiative which will offer an array of benefits for the customers. Here are some of the
advantages that come with the Indane Gas online application process.
Intimations and Tracking:-
Consumers can track their request and get intimations by email and SMS at various stages of
processing which will keep them informed about the progress
Better Monitoring of New Connections:-
Every new stage in a new LPG gas connection release can be monitored electronically via the e-SV
process and this will lead to a significant reduction in time taken for the release of a new connection.
Consumer Awareness:-
While applying for a new Indane LPG gas connection, consumers can read and go through all the
conditions applicable for availing an LPG connection.
Consumer Choice:-
The prospective customer can make a new choice regarding the type of connection including single
cylinder, double cylinder and also other products like hot plate etc. Since the customers can select
these products directly from the online portal, forced selling by distributors is reduced.
Cashless Transactions:-
Prospective consumers can pay using their credit cards and debit cards or net banking through a strong
online payment gateway. Making a payment online reduces the possibility of overcharging and also
helps customers make immediate purchase decisions.

No Visits to Distributor Showroom:-

Indane Gas e-SV process offers a great flexibility to the customers by allowing them to apply for a
new LPG connection right from the comfort of their homes. The customer does not have to visit the

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distributor or fill forms to apply for a new Indane Gas connection. Also, the original Subscription
Voucher (SV) copy will be sent directly to the customer’s residence along with the equipment
requested.
Online De-Duplication Process:-
The e-SV facility offered by Indane Gas is integrated with online de-duplication check for multiple
LPG gas connections before releasing a connection to a prospective customer. Thanks to this process,
the possibility of releasing multiple connections to the same household and the blocking of gas
connection at a later date is avoided.
FAQs on Indane Gas:-
What are the Value Added Services offered by Indane Gas?
Indane Gas distributors offer value added services to its customers in the form of high efficient thermal
LPG stoves, Suraksha safety hoses and BIS approved portable fire extinguishers.
Who do I call if I have a query regarding my Indane LPG connection?
For any queries regarding your Indane gas connection, call on the customer care number provided for
your region. These are available throughout the day. You can also contact an officer from the
company, details of which are available on the Indane website.
What is Indane Preferred Time Delivery?
Usually, LPG cylinders are delivered based on booking numbers. However, in the case of Preferred
Time Delivery, you can choose a delivery slot on a day on your choice at an additional charge. The
charges depend on the time of day selected.
Are there options for Indane Preferred Time Delivery customers?
Yes, there are three slots available for Preferred Time Delivery customers, as mentioned below:
 Preferred Time customer- you can choose a preferred time from Monday to Friday.
 Preferred Day and Time customer- you can choose the day as well as the time slot for
delivery.
 Saturday/Sunday Preferred customer- you can choose a time slot on either Saturday or
Sunday for cylinder delivery.
How do I register for the Indane Preferred Delivery option?
To become a Preferred Delivery customer, you will have to register yourself on the Indane website or
you can submit an application to this effect at your local Indane LPG distributor.
Does Indane conduct a safety audit on its products? If so, when does this take place?
Indane conducts a safety audit of all its products, from the safety hose to the regulator and stove or
hotplate. The audit is conducted once every 2 years, and you are required to schedule a visit by an
Indane mechanic. The mechanic will conduct a thorough check of the entire LPG apparatus.
What is the cost of the safety audit?
The safety audit costs Rs.75, which is payable to your Indane LPG distributor. You will also have to
schedule the visit through your distributor.

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5.1.3 ONLINE TRAIN RESERVATION
Online ticketing:-
It is known for changing the face of railway ticketing in India.
It pioneered internet-based rail ticket booking through its website, as well as from the mobile phones
via WiFi, GPRS or SMS. In addition to e-tickets, Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation
also offers I-tickets that are basically like regular tickets except that they are booked online and
delivered by post.
The tickets PNR status is also made available. Commuters on the suburban rail can also book season
tickets through the website. It has also launched a loyalty program called Shubh Yatra for frequent
travelers. Through this program, passengers can avail of discounts on all tickets booked round the year
by paying an upfront annual fee.
Seeking to make it easier to book e-tickets, It launched a scheme called Rolling Deposit Scheme
(RDS). RDS is a hassle-free e-ticket booking scheme allowing passengers to reserve seats against
advance money kept with the corporation. It has also added flights and hotels booking facilities to their
line of online reservation services.
Tatkal scheme:-
Under the Tatkal scheme, passengers who plan their journey at short notice can book their tickets in
almost all Mail/Express trains through the Indian railways internet portal.
The booking starts at 10:00 AM daily for AC coach reservation and for NON-AC timing is residual to
11.00 AM, one day prior to the departure of the train from source station.
Tatkal E-ticket can be booked for selected trains one day in advance excluding date of journey from
the train originating station. It can be booked on the opening day from 10:00 AM onwards for AC
coach and 11:00 AM onwards for NON-AC. Passengers travelling on Tatkal tickets should carry a
photo ID proof along with them to be shown to the ticket checker. Earlier this year, the website has
launched Lite version which doesn't include ads, pop ups, etc. and check pnr status.

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Tourism:-
Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation also organises budget and deluxe package tours
for domestic and foreign tourists. A popular tourism package for budget tourists covering important
tourist destinations across India is called "Bharat Darshan". Luxury tourism packages are also
available, that involve special luxury trains such as Buddhist Circuit Train and Maharajas'
Express operation.
Apart from conventional tourism, it also offers adventure tourism packages that include water sports,
adventure and wildlife treks, etc. A provision for customising tours as per specific requirements is also
an added attraction. Recently a new venture of Indian Railways, named as Rail Tourism India has been
launched to provide direct catering and tourism packages to users.
Milestones
As a biggest e-commerce portal in India, it made lot of records.
 On 2 September 2013, nearly 5,82,000 tickets booked in a day.
 On 19 March 2014, nearly 5,80,000 tickets booked in a day.
 On 1 April 2015, Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) created a new
national record with 13,45,496 tickets booked in a day.
 On 2 April 2015, nearly 11,00,000 tickets booked in a day.
In April 2015, nearly 13,40,000 tickets booked in a day.

5.1.4 TAMILNADU GOVERNMENT SERVICES

Tamilnadu government provides the services such as,
 Applying birth certificate through online
 Paying electricity bill through online
 Paying property tax through online
 Applying employment exchange through online

Birth certificate service:-

 A birth certificate is the most important identity document that makes it possible for anyone
in possession of it to benefit from services offered by a government to its citizens. In India,
nowadays it is mandatory that every birth should be registered with the government.
 Birth registration can be done within 22 days from the date of birth occurrence free of cost.
From 22nd day to 365th day the birth can be registered by paying a fine amount.
 In India, Registration of birth /stillbirth is mandatory with Birth and death act 1969 to obtain
the birth certificate and avail privileges.
 In case the birth has not been registered within the specified time of its occurrence, then non-
availability of birth certificate (N-A-B-C) should be claimed. Post submission of the N-A-B-
C to the Revenue Divisional Office, the birth certificate is issued after due police verification
ordered by the revenue authorities.
Steps to register your Birth and avail Birth Certificate:-
 Contact municipal corporation office
 Fill the application form
 Fill in Data of birth, Place of birth, name of child, name of father/mother
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Along with the application, you should pay a small amount has fee to municipal office. If you fail to
register within the allotted time as said and if you find any difficulty in registration you can contact
any agents or consultants to make your work easy.
Apart from Indian Residents, NRI’s living in the US should obtain either birth certificate or non-
availability of birth certificate for them to apply for Green Card. Henceforth as you can see the usage
of a birth certificate is varied and is of priority.
 I tried to get N-A-B-C Online from Tamilnadu government for my good old parents residing
with me in Florida.
 As I cannot travel to Tamilnadu, solely for this purpose, I decided to hand over the job to a
reliable consultant. After making conversations with many consultants, I placed the order
with Christ Consultants.
 I personally would suggest http://www.christconsultants.com/ for birth certificate services in
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, as they are leaders in it; giving a good service at the
earliest. They are almost the third hand for most NRI’s in need
How to pay your Tamil Nadu Electricity Board’s (TNEB) electricity bill online:-
 New users can sign up through this Web Page for payment of CC charges through Credit / Debit
cards or through Net Banking.The consumer has to sign up once for registration.This requires a
valid Consumer ID and an e-mail account.
 With valid e-mail ID & Consumer Number the consumer chooses a unique username for entering
the web site.
 On completion of registration requirements, an e-mail is generated to the consumer for
successful validation of e-mail ID. A click on the link in the e-mail will lead to user login screen.
 The user shall login and key in his authenticated password for making payments through web
site.
 Consumer number/username for which registration has been made cannot be modified and if
required, the user can be deleted through the support link and a fresh registration can be made.
 One user can permanently register for many Consumer Numbers using "Add Consumer No"
button and shall pay during the corresponding collection cycle for the respective consumer.
 Every consumer number has to be individually selected for making payment.
 A print of the e-receipt could be generated.
 The changes in consumer number and e-mail ID and other personal particulars could be carried
out using "Update Profile" button.
 The user shall change his passwords frequently for security purposes using "Change Password"
button.
 A “Forget password” link is available for generating e-mail to the registered mail-id which shall
furnish the current password.
 Gone are those days when you had to stand in long queues to pay your electricity bills over the
counters. Apart from that, one also has to take almost half a day off from their work to stand in
long queues only to find that the server doesn’t work for the day.
 Thanks to Tamil Nadu government, it has now facilitated the public to pay their electricity bills
online through its website, https://www.tnebnet.org/, at their convenience.

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All you have to do is just follow the following easy steps:-
 Register your online account with your customer number or service number mentioned in your
electricity card. You may also add your other customer numbers or service numbers in case you
have more than one later by logging in to your account.
 Once the registration is done, you will get an email activation link to activate the account. Open
the link and activate your online account. This will complete the registration process.
 Go to https://www.tnebnet.org/awp/login and login using your credentials.

 Choose the consumer number, if you have more than one consumer number.
 Select the payment mode. For eg., Net banking or Credit Card or Debit Card

 Enter your bank or card details and complete the payment.

 You will get an e-receipt on successful completion of payment
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How to Pay Property Tax Online:-
You will be able to pay property tax online only if your municipal corporation has made the facility
available. To be able to pay tax online you will need to gather the details of your property in relation to
the location of the property. Once you have the details you can go to the portal and enter the relevant
information and proceed with the payment.
Example:
 Go to the site of the municipal corporation.
 Go to the page that allows you to pay property tax online.
 On that page enter assessment codes and area details as needed.
 You may also be asked to enter details such as owner number, old assessment number and door
number.
 Once all the details have been entered you will be shown the details of the tax due on your
property and you can proceed to make the payment via credit cards, debit cards or net banking.
 If you do intend to use net banking then you should remember that only net banking provided by
authorized banks will work for property tax payments.
Register with Employment Exchange:-
 Online Registration Process
 Please visit State Employment Exchange website for online registration.
 If you are not a registered member, you need to register to create your account.
 Log in to State Employment exchange website with your credentials.
 Select the district name. In case of certain states, your native state and district details are also
asked for. Hence follow the instructions given in the respective state portal.
 Fill the profile form. On submission of the form, an acknowledgement containing the
Registration Number, Registration Date and Name of the Employment Exchange is generated.
 This acknowledgement may be printed and kept for future reference.
 Produce all relevant certificates in support of education, experience, caste, sports, handicapped
(issued by Medical Board/CMO), ex-serviceman, widow, freedom fighter and proof of residence
etc. to the Employment Exchange mentioned within 15 days from the date registration. The time
limit may vary from state to state.
 Apart from the above documents you need to submit one of the following documents as
residence proof :
 Ration Card.
 Voter ID Card.
 Certificate from Municipal Councilor/Sarpanch.
 Proof of job in the State of either of the parents.
 Certificate of Education in the State.
 Letter from gazette officer or school head.
 Certificate issued by an MLA/MP.
 Domicile Certificate.
 Finally, Employment Exchange will issue you a registration card carrying Registration No with
date of renewal of that registration.
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UNIT - V
2 MARK
1. What is meant by gravity form?
2. Expand for PSK & DPC.
3. What are the Value Added Services offered by Indane Gas?
4. What is the cost of the safety audit?
5. Online De-Duplication Process.
6. Define police verification.
7. Define www.
8. Define frames.
9. Write the Advantages of Indane Gas Online Application Process.
10. Define Tourism.

5 MARKS
1. Write short note on online gas service.
2. Explain in detail about train reservation.
3. What are the Documents Required for Indane Gas New Connection.
4. What are the steps to be followed for online application and appointment.
5. Write the case study for gravity flow.

10 MARKS
1. Explain about processing of online passport
2. Explain about tamilnadu government service.
3. Explain the case study of online reservation?

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