T ORQUE & P OWER M EASUREMENT

Assignment:6
Course title: ERGY 311 Measurements Lab
Instructor: Dr.Tamer
Group no: 2 Section : 3
Pre- Junior Energy & Renewable Energy

Names:
1.Mostafa Ahmed Zein ID:12P5115
2.Islam Mohamed Ibrahim ID:12P5018
3.Ahmed Ismail Tawfik ID:12P5041
4.Mostafa Sherif Mohamed ID:12P5032

May 2015
QUESTION 1
- DESCRIBE H OW THE OUTPUT TORQUE OF A MOTOR
MAYBE EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED USING A ROBE
BRAKE .

A rope or belt brake is wrapped around a flywheel carried by the shaft

as shown in Figure (1). The rope passes once around the flywheel and
is attached to a mass, m at the bottom. The other end of the rope is
connected to a spring balance which measures the tension in the rope,
Fs. The force in the lower end of the rope arises from the weight, and
is mg. If the spring balance reading is Fs, the difference in tension
between the ends of the rope is (mg – F)

If the radius of the flywheel is R, the torque will be: Torque, T= (mg- Fs)*Re,
Where Re= effective radius = R+r, r = rope radius

1
QUESTION 2
- DISCUSS HOW THE STRAIN GAUGES CAN
BE USED FOR TORQUE MEASUREMENT .
With this device four strain gauges are mounted onto the shaft, as
shown in figure. The twisting of the shaft as a result of an applied
torque results in a change in resistance of the strain gauge system
or bridge. Brushes and sliprings are used to take off the electrical
connections and complete the circuit, as shown. More recently use
has been made of the resistance change converted to a frequency
change.

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QUESTION 3
-Using a mild steel torsion bar; the output torque of a motor was
measured and the angular twist was 2 degrees. Torsion shaft
specifications are: Shear modulus = 80 GPa, diameter = 20
mm, length = 150 mm. It’s required to calculate the motor
output torque. If the motor shaft rotates at 1500 r.p.m.
Calculate the motor power.

=
32
2
Where, G =Shear modulus (N/m ), θ =Angular twist (rad), d =
Shaft diameter (m) and L = Shaft Length (m). Various
methods are used to measure angular twist of torsion bar.
2
= 2° =
180

= 80 → = 80 × 10

= 20 × 10 , = 150 × 10

× × × ×
= = 93.084 . ≈ 93 .
× ×

2 2 (1500)
= 1500 , = = = 50
60 60

= 157.0796 / ≈ 157.1 /

= × = 93.084 × 157.079 = 14.62 ( −

3
QUESTION 4
TORSION BAR
OPTICAL METHOD CAPACITIVE METHOD

• Figure shows a typical torsion bar

system using an optical method for • A torsion bar system using capacitive
deflection measurement. Due to the torque sensing is shown above. A shaft is
transmission of torque, the two discs fitted with a concentric sleeve of dielectric
1 and 2 mounted at a distance L on material. The sleeve is fixed to the shaft at
the shaft move relative to each other one end, and rests on a bearing at the other
through an angle θ. It is recorded by end.
the observer.

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• When torque is applied to the shaft it causes
relative motion between the surface of the
shaft and the free end of the concentric
tube. This motion is used to vary the
capacitance applied two opposing patterns
of conducting strips, one of which is applied
to the shaft and the other one is to the tube.

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B)

LASER-OPTIC METHOD PROXIMITY SENSOR

METHOD

• The system consists of two black-and-white- • An arrangement using toothed

stripped wheels are mounted at either end of wheels and proximity sensors is
the rotating shaft. The wheels black strips shown in Figure (6). Two identical
are arranged in-line when no torque is toothed wheels are fixed on the
applied to the shaft. Light from a laser diode shaft at a certain distance. The two
light source is directed by a pair of fiber proximity sensors produce output
optic cables on to the wheels. The rotation of voltage with phase difference
the wheels causes pulses of reflected light proportional to torque.
and these are transmitted back to a receiver Alternatively, an arrangement
by a second pair of fiber optic cables. When using photo-cells and a light source
no torque is applied, the two pulse trains of may be employed.
reflected light are in phase with each other.

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• If torque is now applied to the shaft, the
reflected light is modulated. Measurement
by the receiver of the phase difference
between the reflected pulse trains.
Therefore, it allows the magnitude of torque
in the shaft to be calculated

• •

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QUESTION 5
- Describe the construction and operation of a prony
brake absorption dynamometer
-
Construction:

It consists of wooden block mounted on a flexible rope or band the

wooden block when pressed into contact with the rotating drum
takes the engine torque and the power is dissipated in frictional
resistance

Operation: works on the principle of converting power into heat

by dry friction, attempts to stop the engine by means of a brake on
the flywheel and measure the weight which an arm attached to the
brake will support, as it tries to rotate with the flywheel.
Spring-loaded bolts are provided to tighten the wooden block and
hence increase the friction. The whole of the power absorbed is
converted into heat and hence this type of dynamometer must the
cooled. The brake power is given by:
Power (Watt) = Torque (N.m) × Angular Velocity (rad/sec)
- Where, Torque = Weight × l

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. QUESTION 6
Compare –in detail- between two different power
measurement methods.

E DDY C URRENT DYNAMOMETER TRANSMISSION DYNAMOMETER

The working principle of eddy current Transmission dynamometers, also called torque
dynamometer is shown in Figure above. It meters, mostly consist of a set of strain-gauges
consists of a stator on which are fitted a fixed on the rotating shaft and the torque is
number of electromagnets and a rotor disc measured by the angular deformation of the
made of copper or steel and coupled to the shaft which is indicated as strain of the strain
output shaft of the engine. When the rotor gauge. Usually, a four arm bridge is used to
rotates eddy currents are produced in the reduce the effect of temperature to minimum
stator due to magnetic flux set up by the and the gauges are arranged in pairs such that
passage of field current in the the effect of axial or transverse load on the
electromagnets. These eddy currents are strain gauges is avoided.
dissipated in producing heat so that this
type of dynamometer also requires some Transmission dynamometers are very accurate
cooling arrangement. The torque is and are used where continuous transmission of
measured exactly as in other types of load is necessary. These are used mainly in
absorption dynamometers. automatic units.

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Advantages:
1- High brake power per unit weight
dynamometer.
2- Development of eddy current is
smooth hence the torque is also
smooth and continuous under all
conditions .
3- Relatively higher torque under low
speed conditions.
4- It has no intricate rotating parts
except shaft bearing.
5- No natural limit to size-either small
or large.

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QUESTION 7
In measuring an electric motor power, the available facilities
were a mass of 20 kg, a Prony brake and a tachometer. If
the tachometer reading was 1400 r.p.m and the torque arm
length was 200 mm, determine the motor power.

= 20 , = 1400 , = 200

= ??

= × = × = 20 × 9.81 × 200 × 10 .
2 (1400)
= × = 39.24 × ≈ 5.75
60

QUESTION 8

In a laboratory experiment, the following data were recorded

with rope brake: Diameter of the flywheel 1.2 m; diameter
of the rope 12.5 mm; speed of the engine 200 r.p.m.; dead
load on the brake 600 N; spring balance reading 150 N.
Calculate the brake power of the engine.

= 1.2 , = 200 , = 600 , = 150

2
= × = ×( − )×
2 60
1.2 2 (200)
= × (600 − 150) × = 1800 ≈ 5.655
2 60

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QUESTION 9

A torsion dynamometer is fitted on a turbine shaft to

measure the angle of twist. It is observed that the shaft
twists 1.5° in a length of 5 meters at 500 r.p.m. The shaft
is solid and has a diameter of 200 mm. If the modulus of
rigidity for the shaft material is 85 GPa, find the power
transmitted by the turbine.

= 1.5° → = 1.5 × ( )=
180 120
=5 ,
= 500 , = 200 = 0.2
= 85 = 85 × 10

=?
= ×

85 × 10 × × (0.2)
∴ = = 120 = 22252.94 .
32 32 × 5
≈ 22253 .
2 50
= = = 52.36
60 3
= × = 22253 × 52.36 = 1165.16

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